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CHÖÔNG III: PHÖÔNG TRÌNH BAÄ C HAI VÔÙ I CAÙ C HAØ M SOÁ LÖÔÏ N G GIAÙ C
a sin2 u + b sin u + c = 0 ( a ≠ 0)
a cos2 u + b cos u + c = 0 ( a ≠ 0)
atg 2 u + btgu = c = 0 ( a ≠ 0)
a cot g 2 u + b cot gu + c = 0 ( a ≠ 0)
Caù c h giaû i:
Ñaët : t = sin u hay t = cos u vôù i t ≤ 1
π
t = tgu (ñieà u kieä n u ≠ + kπ )
2
t = cot gu (ñieà u kieä n u ≠ kπ )
Caù c phöông trình treâ n thaø n h: at 2 + bt + c = 0
Giaû i phöông trình tìm ñöôïc t, so vôù i ñieà u kieä n ñeå nhaä n nghieä m t.
Töø ñoù giaû i phöông trình löôï n g giaù c cô baû n tìm ñöôï c u.
Baø i 56: (Ñeà thi tuyeån sinh Ñaï i hoï c khoá i A, naê m 2002)
Tìm caù c nghieä m treâ n ( 0, 2π ) cuû a phöông trình
⎛ cos 3x + sin 3x ⎞
5 ⎜ sin x + ⎟ = 3 + cos 2x ( * )
⎝ 1 + 2 sin 2x ⎠
1
Ñieà u kieä n : sin 2x ≠ −
2
( ) (
Ta coù : sin 3x + cos 3x = 3sin x − 4 sin 3 x + 4 cos3 x − 3 cos x )
(
= −3 ( cos x − sin x ) + 4 cos3 x − sin3 x )
(
= ( cos x − sin x ) ⎡ −3 + 4 cos2 x + cos x sin x + sin 2 x ⎤
⎣ ⎦ )
= ( cos x − sin x )(1 + 2 sin 2x )
(
Luù c ñoù : (*) ⇔ 5 ⎡⎣sin x + ( cos x − sin x ) ⎤⎦ = 3 + 2 cos2 x − 1 )
⎛ 1⎞
⎜ do sin 2x ≠ − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⇔ 2 cos2 x − 5 cos x + 2 = 0
⎡ 1
cos x =
⇔⎢ 2
⎢
⎢⎣cos x = 2 ( loaïi )
π 3 1
⇔ x = ± + k2π (nhaä n do sin 2x = ± ≠− )
3 2 2
π 5π
Do x ∈ ( 0, 2π ) neâ n x = ∨ x =
3 3
Baø i 57: (Ñeà thi tuyeån sinh Ñaï i hoï c khoái A, naê m 2005)
Giaû i phöông trình: cos2 3x.cos 2x − cos2 x = 0 ( *)
1 + cos 6x 1 + cos 2x
Ta coù : (*) ⇔ .cos 2x − =0
2 2
⇔ cos 6x.cos 2x − 1 = 0 (**)
( )
Caù c h 1: (**) ⇔ 4 cos3 2x − 3 cos 2x cos 2x − 1 = 0
⇔ 4 cos4 2x − 3 cos2 2x − 1 = 0
⎡cos2 2x = 1
⇔⎢ 2
⎢cos 2x = − 1 ( voâ nghieäm )
⎢⎣ 4
⇔ sin 2x = 0
kπ
⇔ 2x = kπ ⇔ x = ( k ∈ Z)
2
1
Caù c h 2: (**) ⇔ ( cos 8x + cos 4x ) − 1 = 0
2
⇔ cos 8x + cos 4x − 2 = 0
⇔ 2 cos2 4x + cos 4x − 3 = 0
⎡cos 4x = 1
⇔⎢
⎢cos 4x = − 3 ( loaïi )
⎣ 2
kπ
⇔ 4x = k2π ⇔ x = ( k ∈ Z)
2
Caù c h 3: phöông trình löôï n g giaù c khoâ n g maã u möï c :
⎡cos 6x = cos 2x = 1
(**) ⇔ ⎢
⎣cos 6x = cos 2x = −1
Caù c h 4: cos 8x + cos 4x − 2 = 0 ⇔ cos 8x + cos 4x = 2
⇔ cos 8x = cos 4x = 1 ⇔ cos 4x = 1
Baø i 58: (Ñeà thi tuyeån sinh Ñaï i hoï c khoái D, naê m 2005)
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ 3
Giaû i phöông trình: cos4 x + sin 4 x + cos ⎜ x − ⎟ sin ⎜ 3x − ⎟ − = 0
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 2
Ta coù :
(*)
1⎡ π⎞ ⎤ 3
( )
2 ⎛
⇔ sin2 x + cos2 x − 2 sin2 x cos2 x +
⎢ sin ⎜ 4x − ⎟ + sin 2x ⎥ − = 0
2⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦ 2
1 1 3
⇔ 1 − sin2 2x + [ − cos 4x + sin 2x ] − = 0
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2
( 2
)
⇔ − sin2 2x − 1 − 2 sin2 2x + sin 2x − = 0
2
2
⇔ sin 2x + sin 2x − 2 = 0
⎡sin 2x = 1
⇔⎢
⎣sin 2x = −2 ( loaïi )
π
⇔ 2x = + k2π, k ∈
2
π
⇔ x = + kπ, k ∈
4
1 1
Baø i 60: Giaûi phöông trình: 2 sin 3x − = 2 cos 3x + ( *)
sin x cos x
π π π 7π
⇔x=− + kπ ∨ 2x = + k2π ∨ 2x = − + k2π ∨ 2x = + k2π, k ∈
4 2 6 6
π π 7π
⇔ x = ± + kπ ∨ x = − + kπ ∨ x = + kπ, k ∈
4 12 12
1 1 1
Ta coù : (*) ⇔ cos x ( cos 2x + cos x ) + sin x ( cos 2x − cos x ) =
2 2 2
2
⇔ cos x.cos 2x + cos x + sin x cos 2x − sin x cos x = 1
⇔ cos 2x ( cos x + sin x ) = 1 − cos2 x + sin x cos x
⇔ cos 2x ( cos x + sin x ) = sin x ( sin x + cos x )
⇔ ( cos x + sin x )( cos 2x − sin x ) = 0 ( * * )
( )
⇔ ( cos x + sin x ) 1 − 2 sin 2 x − sin x = 0
⎡ cos x = − sin x
⇔⎢ 2
⎣ 2 sin x + sin x − 1 = 0
⎡ π
⎡ ⎢ x = − 4 + kπ
⎢ tgx = −1 ⎢
⎢ π
⇔ ⎢sin x = −1 ⇔ ⎢ x = − + k2π ( k ∈ Z)
⎢ 2
⎢ 1 ⎢
⎢sin x =
⎣ 2 ⎢ x = π + k2π ∨ x = 5π + k2π
⎢⎣ 6 6
⎛π ⎞
Caù c h khaù c: (**) ⇔ tgx = −1 ∨ cos 2x = sin x = cos ⎜ − x ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
π
(*) ⇔ 2 cos 2x.cos + 4 sin x = 2 + 2 (1 − sin x )
4
⇔ ( ) ( )
2 1 − 2 sin2 x + 4 + 2 sin x − 2 − 2 = 0
( )
⇔ 2 2 sin2 x − 4 + 2 sin x + 2 = 0
⎡sin x = 2 ( loaïi )
( )
⇔ 2 sin x − 2 2 + 1 sin x + 2 = 0 ⇔ ⎢⎢
2
1
⎢⎣sin x = 2
π 5π
⇔ x = + k2π hay x = + k2π, k ∈
6 6
( )
Baø i 65 : Giaû i phöông trình : 3 cot g 2 x + 2 2 sin 2 x = 2 + 3 2 cos x ( * )
cos x
Ñaët t = ta ñöôï c phöông trình:
sin 2 x
( )
3t 2 − 2 + 3 2 t + 2 2 = 0
2
⇔t= 2∨t=
3
2 cos x 2
* Vôù i t = ta coù : 2
=
3 sin x 3
(
⇔ 3 cos x = 2 1 − cos2 x )
⇔ 2 cos2 x + 3 cos x − 2 = 0
⎡cos x = −2 ( loaïi )
⇔⎢
⎢cos x = 1 ( nhaän do cos x ≠ ±1)
⎢⎣ 2
π
⇔ x = ± + k2π ( k ∈ Z )
3
cos x
* Vôù i t = 2 ta coù : = 2
sin2 x
(
⇔ cos x = 2 1 − cos2 x )
⇔ 2 cos2 x + cos x − 2 = 0
⎡cos x = − 2 ( loaïi )
⎢
⇔⎢ 2
⎢cos x = ( nhaän do cos x ≠ ±1)
⎣ 2
π
⇔ x = ± + k2π, k ∈
4
⇔ 4 cos2 2x + 6 cos 2x + 2 = 0
1
⇔ cos 2x = −1 ∨ cos 2x = −
2
1
⇔ 2 cos2 x − 1 = −1 ∨ 2 cos2 x − 1 = −
2
⎡cos x = 0 ( loaïi do ñieàu kieän )
⇔ ⎢⎢ 1
⎢⎣ cos x = ± ( nhaän do cos x ≠ 0)
2
π 2π
⇔ x = ± + k2π ∨ x = ± + k2π ( k ∈ Z )
3 3
1 2
Baø i 67: Cho f ( x ) = sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x
3 5
Giaû i phöông trình: f ' ( x ) = 0
Ta coù : f '(x) = 0
⇔ cos x + cos 3x + 2 cos 5x = 0
⇔ ( cos x + cos 5x ) + ( cos 3x + cos 5x ) = 0
⇔ 2 cos 3x cos 2x + 2 cos 4x cos x = 0
( ) ( )
⇔ 4 cos3 x − 3 cos x cos 2x + 2 cos2 2x − 1 cos x = 0
( )
⇔ ⎡ 4 cos2 x − 3 cos 2x + 2 cos2 2x − 1⎤ cos x = 0
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎡ 2 (1 + cos 2x ) − 3⎤ cos 2x + 2 cos2 2x − 1 = 0
⇔ ⎢⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣cos x = 0
⎡4 cos2 2x − cos 2x − 1 = 0
⇔⎢
⎣cos x = 0
1 ± 17
⇔ cos 2x = ∨ cos x = 0
8
1 + 17 1 − 17
⇔ cos 2x = = cos α ∨ cos 2x = = cos β ∨ cos x = 0
8 8
α β π
⇔ x = ± + kπ ∨ x = ± + kπ ∨ x = + kπ ( k ∈ Z )
2 2 2
17
Baø i 68: Giaûi phöông trình: sin8 x + cos8 x = cos2 2x ( *)
16
Ta coù :
( )
2
sin 8 x + cos8 x = sin4 x + cos4 x − 2 sin 4 x cos4 x
2
1
( )
2
= ⎡⎢ sin 2 x + cos2 x − 2 sin 2 x cos2 x ⎤⎥ − sin4 2x
⎣ ⎦ 8
2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
= ⎜ 1 − sin2 2x ⎟ − sin 4 2x
⎝ 2 ⎠ 8
1
= 1 − sin2 2x + sin4 2x
8
Do ñoù :
1
( *) ⇔ 16 ⎛⎜ 1 − sin2 2x +
⎝ 8
⎞
(
sin4 2x ⎟ = 17 1 − sin2 2x
⎠
)
⇔ 2 sin4 2x + sin2 2x − 1 = 0
⎡sin2 2x = −1 ( loaïi )
1 1
⇔ ⎢⎢ 1 ⇔ (1 − cos 4x ) =
2 2 2
⎢⎣sin 2x = 2
π
⇔ cos 4x = 0 ⇔ x = ( 2k + 1) , ( k ∈ Z )
8
5x x
Baø i 69 : Giaûi phöông trình: sin = 5 cos3 x.sin ( *)
2 2
x
Nhaän xeù t thaáy : cos = 0 ⇔ x = π + k2π ⇔ cos x = −1
2
Thay vaø o (*) ta ñöôï c :
⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
sin ⎜ + 5kπ ⎟ = − 5. sin ⎜ + kπ ⎟ , khoâ n g thoû a ∀k
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
x
Do cos khoâ n g laø nghieä m cuû a (*) neâ n :
2
5x x x x x
( *) ⇔ sin . cos = 5 cos2 x. sin cos vaø cos ≠ 0
2 2 2 2 2
1 5 x
⇔ ( sin 3x + sin 2x ) = cos3 x.sin x vaø cos ≠ 0
2 2 2
x
⇔ 3sin x − 4 sin3 x + 2 sin x cos x = 5 cos3 x.sin x vaø cos ≠0
2
⎧ x
⎪cos ≠ 0
⇔⎨ 2
⎪3 − 4 sin2 x + 2 cos x = 5 cos3 x ∨ sin x = 0
⎩
⎧ x
⎪⎪ cos ≠0
2
⇔ ⎨
⎪5 cos3 x − 4 cos2 x − 2 cos x + 1 = 0 ∨ sin x = 0
⎪⎩ 2
⎧cos x ≠ −1
⎪
⇔ ⎨ x
( )
⎪⎩( cos x − 1) 5 cos x + cos x − 1 = 0 ∨ sin 2 = 0
2
⎧cos x ≠ −1
⎪
⎪⎡
⎪ ⎢cos x = 1
⎪⎢
⇔ ⎨⎢ −1 + 21
⎪ ⎢cos x = 10
= cos α
⎪⎢
⎪⎢ −1 − 21
⎪ ⎣⎢cos x = 10
= cos β
⎩
⇔ x = k2π hay x = ±α + k2π hay x = ±β + k2π, ( k ∈ Z )
6x 8x
Baø i 71 : Giaûi phöông trình: 2 cos2 + 1 = 3 cos ( *)
5 5
⎛ 12x ⎞ ⎛ 2 4x ⎞
Ta coù : (*) ⇔ ⎜ 1 + cos ⎟ + 1 = 3 ⎜ 2 cos − 1⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
4x 4x ⎛ 4x ⎞
⇔ 2 + 4 cos3 − 3 cos = 3 ⎜ 2 cos2 − 1⎟
5 5 ⎝ 5 ⎠
4
Ñaë t t = cos x ( ñieàu kieän t ≤ 1)
5
Ta coù phöông trình :
4t 3 − 3t + 2 = 6t 2 − 3
⇔ 4t 3 − 6t 2 − 3t + 5 = 0
⇔ ( t − 1) ( 4t 2 − 2t − 5 ) = 0
1 − 21 1 + 21
⇔ t = 1∨ t = ∨t = ( loïai )
4 4
Vaä y
4x 4x
• cos =1⇔ = 2kπ
5 5
5kπ
⇔x= ( k ∈ Z)
2
4x 1 − 21
• cos = = cos α ( vôùi 0 < α < 2 π )
5 4
4x
⇔ = ±α + l 2 π
5
5α l 5π
⇔x=± + ,(l ∈ Z)
4 2
⎛ π⎞
Baø i 72 : Giaûi phöông trình tg3 ⎜ x − ⎟ = tgx − 1 ( *)
⎝ 4⎠
π π
Ñaë t t = x − ⇔ x = + t
4 4
⎛π ⎞ 1 + tgt
(*) thaø n h : tg3 t = tg ⎜ + t ⎟ − 1 = − 1 vôùi cos t ≠ 0 ∧ tgt ≠ 1
⎝4 ⎠ 1 − tgt
2tgt
⇔ tg3 t =
1 − tgt
⇔ tg3 t − tg 4 t = 2tgt
⇔ tgt ( tg3 t − tg 2 t + 2 ) = 0
⇔ tgt ( tgt + 1) ( tg 2 t − 2tgt + 2 ) = 0
⇔ tgt = 0 ∨ tgt = −1( nhaän so ñieàu kieän )
π
⇔ t = kπ ∨ t = − + kπ, k ∈¢
4
Vaä y (*)
π
⇔x= + kπ hay x = kπ, k ∈¢
4
sin 4 2x + cos4 2x
Baø i 73 : Giaûi phöông trình = cos4 4x (*)
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
tg ⎜ − x ⎟ tg ⎜ + x ⎟
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
Ñieà u kieä n
⎧ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎧ ⎛π ⎞
⎪sin ⎜ 4 − x ⎟ cos ⎜ 4 − x ⎟ ≠ 0 ⎪sin ⎜ 2 − 2x ⎟ ≠ 0
⎪ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎪ ⎝ ⎠
⎨ ⇔⎨
⎪sin ⎛ π + x ⎞ cos ⎛ π + x ⎞ ≠ 0 ⎪sin ⎛ π + 2x ⎞ ≠ 0
⎪⎩ ⎝ 4⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎪⎩ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟
⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎠
⇔ cos 2x ≠ 0 ⇔ sin 2x ≠ ±1
Do :
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ 1 − tgx 1 + tgx
tg ⎜ − x ⎟ tg ⎜ + x ⎟ = . =1
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ 1 + tgx 1 − tgx
Khi cos2x ≠ 0 thì :
(*) ⇔ sin 4 2x + cos4 2x = cos4 4x
⇔ 1 − 2 sin 2 2x cos2 2x = cos4 4x
1
⇔ 1 − sin 2 4x = cos4 4x
2
1
⇔ 1 − (1 − cos2 4x ) = cos4 4x
2
⇔ 2 cos4 4x − cos2 4x − 1 = 0
⎡ cos2 4x = 1
⇔⎢ 2 ⇔ 1 − sin 2 4x = 1
⎢ cos 4x = − 1 ( voâ nghieäm )
⎢⎣ 2
⇔ sin 4x = 0
⇔ 2 sin 2x cos 2x = 0
⇔ sin 2x = 0 ( do cos 2x ≠ 0 )
π
⇔ 2x = kπ, k ∈¢ ⇔ x = k , k ∈¢
2
1 2
Baø i 74 :Giaû i phöông trình: 48 − − 2 (1 + cot g2x cot gx ) = 0 ( *)
cos x sin x
4
1 1
Luù c ñoù (*) ⇔ 48 − − 4 =0
cos x sin x
4
1 1 sin 4 x + cos4 x
⇔ 48 = + =
cos4 x sin 4 x sin 4 x cos4 x
⇔ 48sin 4 x cos4 x = sin 4 x + cos4 x
⇔ 3sin 4 2x = 1 − 2 sin 2 x cos2 x
1
⇔ 3sin 4 2x + sin 2 2x − 1 = 0
2
⎡ 2 2
⎢sin x = − 3 ( loïai )
⇔⎢
⎢sin 2 x = 1 ( nhaän do ≠ 0 )
⎢⎣ 2
1 1
⇔ (1 − cos 4x ) =
2 2
⇔ cos 4x = 0
π
⇔ 4x = + kπ
2
π kπ
⇔ x = + ( k ∈ Z)
8 4
π
⇔ 2x = + kπ, k ∈¢
2
π kπ
⇔x= + , k ∈¢
4 2
Caù c h khaù c: Ta coù 4 ( sin 8 x − cos8 x ) = 5 voâ nghieä m
Vì ( sin 8
x − cos8 x ) ≤ 1, ∀ x neâ n 4 ( sin 8 x − cos8 x ) ≤ 4 < 5, ∀x
Ghi chuù : Khi gaë p phöông trình löôï n g giaùc daï n g R(tgx, cotgx, sin2x, cos2x, tg2x)
vôù i R haø m höõ u tyû thì ñaë t t = tgx
2t 2t 1 − t2
Luù c ñoù tg2x = , sin 2x = , cos 2x =
1 − t2 1 + t2 1 + t2
Baø i 76 : (Ñeå thi tuyeån sinh Ñaïi hoï c khoái A, naêm 2003)
Giaû i phöông trình
cos 2x 1
cot gx − 1 = + sin2 x − sin 2x ( *)
1 + tgx 2
Ñieà u kieä n : sin 2x ≠ 0 vaø tgx ≠ −1
Ñaët t = tgx thì (*) thaø nh :
1 − t2
1 1 + t 2 1⎡ 1 − t 2 ⎤ 1 2t
−1 = + ⎢1 − ⎥− .
t 1+t 2⎣ 1 + t2 ⎦ 2 1 + t2
1−t 1 − t 1 2t 2 t
⇔ = + . − ( do t ≠ −1)
t 1+t 2
2 1+t 2
1 + t2
2
1 − t t 2 − 2t + 1 (1 − t )
⇔ = =
t 1 + t2 1 + t2
⇔ ( 1 − t ) (1 + t 2 ) = ( 1 − t ) t
2
⎡1 − t = 0 ⎡ t = 1 ( nhaän do t ≠ −1)
⇔⎢ ⇔⎢ 2
⎣1 + t = (1 − t ) t ⎢⎣2t − t + 1 = 0 ( voâ nghieäm )
2
π
Vaä y (*) ⇔ tgx = 1 ⇔ x = + kπ ( nhaän do sin 2x = 1 ≠ 0)
4
⇔ (1 − t ) =1+t
1 + t2
⎡ t = −1
⎡ t = −1
⇔ ⎢ (1 − t )(1 + t ) ⇔ ⎢
⎢ =1 ⎣1 − t = 1 + t
2 2
⎢⎣ 1+t 2
⇔ t = −1 ∨ t = 0
⎡ tgx = −1 π
Do ñoù (*) ⇔ ⎢ ⇔ x = − + kπ hay x = kπ, k ∈
⎣ tgx = 0 4
⎧⎪t = cos x ([ t ] ≤ 1)
⇔⎨ 2
⎪⎩2t − ( 2m + 1) t + m = 0
⎧ t = cos x ([ t ] ≤ 1)
⎪
⇔⎨ 1
⎪t = ∨ t = m
⎩ 2
3
a/ Khi m = , phöông trình thaønh
2
1 3
cos x = ∨ cos x = ( loaïi )
2 2
π
⇔ x = ± + k2π ( k ∈ Z )
3
⎛ π 3π ⎞
b/ Khi x ∈ ⎜ , ⎟ thì cos x = t ∈ [−1, 0)
⎝2 2 ⎠
1
Do t = ∉ [ −1, 0] neân
2
π 3π
( *) coù nghieäm treân ⎛⎜ , ⎞⎟ ⇔ m ∈ ⎡⎣ −1, 0)
⎝2 2 ⎠
⎡ 2π ⎤
Vaä y (*) coù ñuù ng hai nghieä m treâ n ⎢0, ⎥
⎣ 3⎦
⎡ 1 ⎤
⇔ (d) caé t (P) taï i hai ñieå m phaân bieä t treâ n ⎢ − ,1⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
1
⇔ −1 < m ≤
2
2
Baø i 82 : Cho phöông trình (1 − a ) tg 2 x − + 1 + 3a = 0 (1)
cos x
1
a/ Giaû i (1) khi a =
2
⎛ π⎞
b/ Tìm a ñeå (1) coù nhieà u hôn moä t nghieä m treâ n ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
π
Ñieà u kieä n : cos x ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ + kπ
2
(1) ⇔ (1 − a ) sin2 x − 2 cos x + (1 + 3a ) cos2 x = 0
⇔ (1 − a ) (1 − cos2 x ) − 2 cos x + (1 + 3a ) cos2 x = 0
⇔ 4a cos2 x − 2 cos x + 1 − a = 0
⇔ a ( 4 cos2 x − 1) − ( 2 cos x − 1) = 0
⇔ ( 2 cos x − 1) ⎡⎣a ( 2 cos x + 1) − 1⎤⎦ = 0
1 ⎛ 1⎞
a/ Khi a = thì (1) thaø n h : ( 2 cos x − 1) ⎜ cos x − ⎟ = 0
2 ⎝ 2⎠
1 π
⇔ cos x = = cos ( nhaän do cos x ≠ 0 )
2 3
π
⇔ x = ± + k2π ( k ∈ Z )
3
⎛ π⎞
b/ Khi x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟ thì cos x = t ∈ ( 0,1)
⎝ 2⎠
⎡ 1
cos x = t = ∈ ( 0,1)
Ta coù : (1) ⇔ ⎢ 2
⎢
⎢⎣2a cos x = 1 − a ( 2 )
⎧
⎪a ≠ 0
⎪
⎧1 ⎫ ⎪ 1−a
Yeâ u caà u baø i toaù n ⇔ (2) coù nghieä m treâ n ( 0,1) \ ⎨ ⎬ ⇔ ⎨0 < <1
⎩2⎭ ⎪ 2a
⎪1 − a 1
⎪⎩ 2a ≠ 2
⎧a ≠ 0 ⎧
⎪1 − a ⎪0 < a < 1
⎪ >0 ⎧1
⎪ ⎪ <a <1
⎪ 2a ⎪ 1 ⎪3
⇔⎨ ⇔ ⎨a < 0 ∨ a > ⇔ ⎨
⎪1 − 3a < 0 ⎪ 3 ⎪a ≠ 1
⎪ 2a ⎪ 1 ⎩⎪ 2
⎪2 (1 − a ) ≠ 2a ⎪⎩a ≠ 2
⎩
1
Caù c h khaù c : daë t u = , ñieà u kieä n u ≥1 ; pt thaø n h
cos x
(1 − a ) ( u 2 − 1 ) − 2u + 1 + 3a = 0 ⇔ (1 − a ) u 2 − 2u + 4a = 0
⇔ ( u − 2 ) [ (1 − a)u − 2a ] = 0
Yeâ u caà u baø i toaù n ⇔ (d) y = m caé t taï i hai ñieå m phaâ n bieä t treâ n [ 0,1]
17
⇔2 ≤ m <
8
Caù c h khaù c :ñaët f (x) = 2t 2 − 3t + m − 1 . Vì a = 2 > 0, neâ n ta coù
⎧Δ =17 − 8m > 0
⎪ f (0) = m −1≥ 0
⎪⎪ 17
Yeâ u caà u baø i toaù n ⇔ ⎨ f (1) = m − 2 ≥ 0 ⇔ 2 ≤ m <
⎪ 8
S 3
⎪ 0 ≤ = ≤1
⎪⎩ 2 4
⎛ 1⎞
⇔ cos x = 0 hay ⎜ cos x − ⎟ [ 2 cos x + 3 − a ] = 0
⎝ 2⎠
1 a−3
⇔ cos x = 0 ∨ cos x = ∨ cos x =
2 2
⎧t = cos 2x
⎪ ( t ≤ 1)
⇔⎨
( )
⎪⎩2 2t − 1 = 1 + 4t − 3t + a (1 − t )
2 3
⎧⎪t = cos 2x ( t ≤ 1)
⇔⎨
⎪⎩−4t + 4t + 3t − 3 = a (1 − t )
3 2
⎧1 = cos 2x
⎪ ( t ≤ 1)
⇔⎨
( )
⎪⎩( t − 1) −4t + 3 = a (1 − t ) ( * *)
2
⇔ 4t 2 − 3 = a ( do t ≠ 1)
⎛ 3 ⎞
X eù t y = 4t 2 − 3 ( P ) treân ⎜⎜ ,1 ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 3 ⎞
⇒ y ' = 8t > 0 ∀t ∈ ⎜⎜ ,1 ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
Do ñ o ù (*) coù nghieä m treâ n ⎜ 0, ⎟ ⇔ ( d ) : y = a caét ( P ) treân ⎜⎜ ,1 ⎟⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 3⎞
⇔ y ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ < a < y (1)
⎝ 2 ⎠
⇔ 0<a <1
BAØI TAÄP
1. Gia û i ca ù c phöông trình sau :
a/ sin4x = tgx
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ 9
b/ sin4 x + sin4 x ⎜ x + ⎟ + sin4 ⎜ x − ⎟ =
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 8
c/ tgx + cot gx = 4
d/
( )
sin x 3 2 − 2 cos x − 2 sin 2 x − 1
=1
1 − sin 2x
4
e/ 4 cos x + 3 2 sin 2x = 8 cos x
1 1 2
f/ + =
cos x sin 2x sin 4x
⎛ π⎞
g/ sin 2x + 2 sin ⎜ x − ⎟ = 1
⎝ 4⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
h/ 2 ( 2 sin x − 1) = 4 ( sin x − 1) − cos ⎜ 2x + ⎟ − sin ⎜ 2x + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
4x
k/ cos = cos2 x
3
x
l/ tg .cos x + sin 2x = 0
2
m/ 1 + 3tgx = 2sin 2x
n/ cot gx = tgx + 2tg2x
3x 4x
p/ 2 cos2 + 1 = 3 cos
5 5
2
q/ 3 cos 4x − 2 cos 3x = 1
3x
r/ 2 cos2 + 1 = 3 cos 2x
2
x
s/ cos x + tg = 1
2
t/ 3tg2x − 4tg3x = tg 2 3x.tg2x
3
u/ cos x.cos 4x + cos 2x.cos 3x + cos2 4x =
2
3
v/ cos2 x + cos2 2x + cos2 3x + cos2 4x =
2
w/ sin 4x = tgx
13
x/ cos6 x + sin6 x = cos2 2x
8
⎛ 3π x ⎞ 1 ⎛ π 3x ⎞
y/ sin ⎜ − ⎟ = sin ⎜ + ⎟
⎝ 10 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 10 2 ⎠
2. sin6 x + cos6 x = a sin 2x (1)
a/ Giaû i phöông trình khi a = 1.
1
b/ Tìm a ñeå (1) coù nghieä m (ÑS : a ≥ )
4
3. Cho phöông trình
cos6 x + sin6 x
= 2mtg2x (1 )
cos2 x − sin2 x
1
a/ Giaû i phöông trình khi m =
8
1
b/ Tìm m sao cho (1) coù nghieä m (ÑS : m ≥ )
8
4. Tìm m ñeå phöông trình
sin 4x = mtgx coù nghieäm x ≠ kπ
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ÑS : − < m < 4 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
5. Tìm m ñeå phöông trình :
cos 3x − cos 2x + m cos x − 1 = 0
⎛ π ⎞
coù ñuù n g 7 nghieä m treâ n ⎜ − , 2π ⎟ ( ÑS :1 < m < 3)
⎝ 2 ⎠
6. Tìm m ñeå phöông trình :
( ) ( )
4 sin 4 x + cos4 x − 4 sin 6 x + cos6 x − sin 2 4x = m coù nghieä m
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ÑS : − ≤ m ≤ 1 ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠
7. Cho phöông trình :
6 sin2 x − sin2 x = m cos2 2x (1)
a/ Giaû i phöông trình khi m = 3
b/ Tìm m ñeå (1) coù nghieä m ( ÑS : m ≥ 0 )
8. Tìm m ñeå phöông trình :
m
sin4 x + cos 4x + sin 4x −
( 2m + 1) sin2 x = 0
4 4
⎛ π⎞
π
coù hai nghieä m phaâ n bieä t treâ n ⎜ , ⎟
⎝4 2⎠
⎛ 1⎞
⎜ ÑS : 2 5 − 4 < m < ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
9. Tìm m ñeå phöông trình :
( )
sin6 x + cos6 x = m sin 4 x + cos4 x coù nghieä m
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ÑS : ≤ m ≤ 1 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
10. Cho phöông trình :
cos 4x = cos2 3x + a sin2 x
⎛ π⎞
Tìm a ñeå phöông trình coù nghieä m x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
( ÑS : 0 < a < 1)