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⇔ bt 2 + 2at − b − 2c = 0
Giaû i (2) tìm ñöôïc t, roà i so vôù i ñieà u kieä n t ≤ 2
⎛ π⎞
giaû i phöông trình 2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟ = t ta tìm ñöôï c x
⎝ 4⎠
Baø i 106 : Giaû i phöông trình sin x + sin2 x + cos3 x = 0 ( *)
(
(*) ⇔ sin x (1 + sin x ) + cos x 1 − sin2 x = 0 )
⇔ (1 + sin x ) = 0 hay sin x + cos x (1 − sin x ) = 0
⎡sin x = −1 (1 )
⇔⎢
⎢⎣sin x + cos x − sin x cos x = 0 ( 2 )
π
• (1) ⇔ x = − + k2π ( k ∈ Z )
2
⎛ π⎞
•Xeùt ( 2 ) : ñaët t = sin x + cos x = 2 cos ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
ñieàu kieän t ≤ 2 thì t 2 = 1 + 2 sin x cos x
t2 − 1
Vaä y (2) thaø n h t − =0
2
⇔ t 2 − 2t − 1 = 0
⎡t = 1 − 2
⇔⎢
⎢⎣ t = 1 + 2 ( loaïi )
⎛ π⎞
Do ñoù ( 2 ) ⇔ 2 cos ⎜ x − ⎟ = 1 − 2
⎝ 4⎠
⎛ π⎞ 2
⇔ cos ⎜ x − ⎟ = − 1 = cos ϕ vôùi 0 < ϕ < 2π
⎝ 4⎠ 2
π 2
⇔ x− = ±ϕ + h2π, h ∈ , vôùi cos ϕ = −1
4 2
π 2
⇔ x = ± ϕ + h2π, h ∈ , vôùi cos ϕ = −1
4 2
3
Baø i 107 : Giaû i phöông trình −1 + sin 3 x + cos3 x = sin 2x ( *)
2
3
( *) ⇔ −1 + ( sin x + cos x )(1 − sin x cos x ) = sin 2x
2
⎛ π⎞
Ñaët t = sin x + cos x = 2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
Vôù i ñieà u kieä n t ≤ 2
Thì t2 = 1 + 2sin x cos x
⎛ t2 − 1 ⎞ 3 2
Vaä y (*) thaø n h : −1 + t ⎜⎜ 1 −
2
⎟⎟ =
2
(t −1 )
⎝ ⎠
( ) (
⇔ −2 + t 3 − t 2 = 3 t 2 − 1 )
⇔ t 3 + 3t 2 − 3t − 1 = 0
( )
⇔ ( t − 1) t 2 + 4t + 1 = 0
⇔ t = 1 ∨ t = −2 + 3 ∨ t = −2 − 3 ( loaïi )
⎛ π⎞ 1 π
vôùi t = 1 thì sin ⎜ x + ⎟ = = sin
⎝ 4⎠ 2 4
π π π 3π
⇔ x + = = k2π ∨ x + = + k2π, k ∈
4 4 4 4
π
⇔ x = k2π ∨ x = + k2π , k ∈
2
⎛ π⎞ 3−2
vôù i t = 3 − 2 thì sin ⎜ x + ⎟ = = sin ϕ
⎝ 4⎠ 2
π π 3−2
⇔ x+ = ϕ + m2π ∨ x + = π − ϕ + m2π, m ∈ , vôùi = sin ϕ
4 4 2
π 3π 3−2
⇔ x =ϕ− + m2π ∨ x = − ϕ + m2π, m ∈ , vôùi = sin ϕ
4 4 2
Baø i 108 :Giaû i phöông trình 2 ( sin x + cos x ) = tgx + cot gx ( *)
⎧sin x ≠ 0
Ñieà u kieä n ⎨ ⇔ sin 2x ≠ 0
⎩cos x ≠ 0
sin x cos x
Luù c ñoù (*) ⇔ 2 ( sin x + cos x ) = +
cos x sin x
sin2 x + cos2 x 1
⇔ 2 ( sin x + cos x ) = =
sin x cos x sin x cos x
⎛ π⎞
Ñaët t = sin x + cos x = 2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
Thì t 2 = 1 + 2 sin x cos x vôùi t ≤ 2 vaø t 2 ≠ 1
2
(*) thaøn h 2t = 2
t −1
3
⇔ 2t − 2t − 2 = 0
(Hieå n nhieâ n t = ±1 khoâ n g laø nghieä m )
(
⇔ t− 2 )( )
2t 2 + 2t + 2 = 0
⎡t = 2
⇔⎢ 2
⎢⎣ t + 2t + 1 = 0 ( voâ nghieäm )
⎛ π⎞
Vaä y ( *) ⇔ 2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟ = 2
⎝ 4⎠
⎛ π⎞
⇔ sin ⎜ x + ⎟ = 1
⎝ 4⎠
π π
⇔ x + = + k2π, k ∈
4 2
π
⇔ x = + k2π, k ∈
4
⇔⎢
(
⎡ t = −1 − 2 loaïi do ñieàu kieän t ≤ 2 )
⎢ t = −1 + 2 ( nhaän so vôùi ñieàu kieän )
⎣
⎛ π⎞ 2 −1
Vaä y sin ⎜ x + ⎟ = = sin ϕ
⎝ 4⎠ 2
⎡ π ⎡ π
⎢ x + 4 = ϕ + k2π, k ∈ ¢ ⎢ x = ϕ − 4 + k2 π, k ∈ ¢
⇔⎢ ⇔⎢
⎢ x + π = π − ϕ + k2π, k ∈ ¢ ⎢ x = 3π − ϕ + k2 π, k ∈ ¢
⎣⎢ 4 ⎣⎢ 4
Baø i 111 : Giaû i phöông trình 2sin 3 x − sin x = 2 cos3 x − cos x + cos2x ( *)
(*) ⇔ 2 ( sin 3 x − cos3 x ) − ( sin x − cos x ) + sin 2 x − cos2 x = 0
⇔ sin x − cos x = 0 hay 2 (1 + sin x cos x ) − 1 + ( sin x + cos x ) = 0
⎡sin x − cos x = 0 (1)
⇔⎢
⎢⎣sin x + cos x + sin 2x + 1 = 0 ( 2 )
• (1) ⇔ tgx = 1
π
⇔x= + kπ, k ∈ ¢
4
⎛ π⎞
•xeùt ( 2 ) ñaët t = sin x + cos x = 2 cos x ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
Vôù i ñieà u kieä n : t ≤ 2
t 2 = 1 + sin 2x
Vaäy ( 2 ) thaønh t + ( t 2 − 1) + 1 = 0
⇔ t ( t + 1) = 0 ⇔ t = 0 ∨ t = −1
⎛ π⎞
Khi t = 0 thì cos ⎜ x − ⎟ = 0
⎝ 4⎠
π π
⇔ x − = ( 2k + 1) , k ∈ ¢
4 2
3π
⇔x= + kπ, k ∈ ¢
4
⎛ π⎞ 1 3π
Khi t = −1 thì cos ⎜ x − ⎟ = − = cos
⎝ 4⎠ 2 4
π 3π
⇔ x− =± + k2 π, k ∈ ¢
4 4
π
⇔ x = π + k2 π hay x = − + k2 π, k ∈ ¢
2
Ta coù : (*)
⇔ ( sin x − cos x ) + ( sin 2 x − cos2 x ) + ( sin 3 x − cos3 x ) + ( sin 4 x − cos4 x ) = 0
⇔ ( sin x − cos x ) = 0 hay 1 + ( sin x + cos x ) + (1 + sin x.cos x ) + ( sin x + cos x ) = 0
⎡sin x − cos x = 0 (1)
⇔⎢
⎢⎣2 ( sin x + cos x ) + sin x cos x + 2 = 0 ( 2 )
Ta coù : (1) ⇔ tgx = 1
π
⇔ x = + kπ, k ∈ ¢
4
⎛ π⎞
Xeù t (2) : ñaë t t = sin x + cos x = 2 cos ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
Vôù i ñieà u kieä n t ≤ 2
Thì t 2 = 1 + 2 sin x cos x
t2 −1
(2) thaø n h 2t + +2 = 0
2
⇔ t 2 + 4t + 3 = 0
⇔ t = −1 ∨ t = −3 ( loaïi )
⎛ π⎞ 1 3π
khi t = -1 thì cos ⎜ x − ⎟ = − = cos
⎝ 4⎠ 2 4
⎡ π 3π
⎢ x − = + k2 π, k ∈ ¢
⇔⎢ 4 4
⎢ x − π = − 3π + k2 π, k ∈ ¢
⎢⎣ 4 4
⎡ x = π + k2 π, k ∈ ¢
⇔⎢
⎢ x = − π + k2 π, k ∈ ¢
⎣ 2
( )
Baø i 113 : Giaû i phöông trình tg 2 x 1 − sin 3 x + cos3 x − 1 = 0 ( *)
Ñieà u kieä n : cos x ≠ 0 ⇔ sin x ≠ ±1
sin 2 x
Luù c ñoù (*) ⇔
cos x
2 (1 − sin 3 x ) + cos3 x − 1 = 0
⎡ cos x = 1
⇔⎢ 2
⎣sin x − cos x + sin x cos x ( sin x − cos x ) = 0
2
⎡ cos x = 1
⇔⎢
⎣sin x − cos x = 0 hay sin x + cos x + sin x cos x = 0
⎡ cos x = 1 ∨ tgx = 1
⇔⎢
⎣sin x + cos x + sin x cos x = 0
⎡ x = k2 π, k ∈ ¢
⎢ π
⇔ ⎢ x = + kπ, k ∈ ¢
⎢ 4
⎢sin x + cos x + sin x cos x = 0
⎣
xeù t pt sin x + cos x + sin x cos x = 0
ñaë t
⎛
(
π⎞
t = sin x + cos x = 2 cos x ⎜ x − ⎟ ñieàu kieän t ≤ 2 vaø t ≠ ±1
⎝ 4⎠
)
⇒ t = 1 + 2 sin x cos x
2
t2 − 1
Ta ñöôï c phöông trình t + = 0 ⇔ t 2 + 2t − 1 = 0
2
⎡ t = −1 − 2 ( loaïi )
⇔⎢
⎢⎣ t = − 1 + 2 ( nhaän so vôùi ñk )
⎛ π⎞ 2 −1
Vaä y cos ⎜ x − ⎟ = = cos ϕ
⎝ 4⎠ 2
π π
⇔ x − = ±ϕ + k2 π, k ∈ ¢ ⇔ x = ± ϕ + k2 π, k ∈ ¢
4 4
⇔ m ≤ − 2 −1
Vaä y f ( x ) thaønh g ( t ) = − t 4 + 2t 2 + 2t 3 − 3 ( t 2 − 1) + m
a/ Khi m = -3 thì g(t) = 0
(
⇔ −t 2 t 2 − 2t + 1 = 0)
⇔ t = 0∨ t =1
vaäy khi m = -3 thì f( x) = 0
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ 1
⇔ cos ⎜ x − ⎟ = 0 hay cos ⎜ x − ⎟ =
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 2
π π π π
⇔ x − = ( 2k + 1) hay x − = ± + k2π, k ∈ ¢
4 2 4 4
3π π
⇔x= + kπ hay x = + k2 π ∨ x = k2 π, k ∈ ¢
4 2
b/ Ta coù g ' ( t ) = −4t + 6t − 2t = −2t ( 2t 2 − 3t + 1)
3 2
⎧g ' ( t ) = 0 1
⎪
Vaä y ⎨ ⇔ t = 0 ∨ t = 1∨ t =
⎪⎩t ∈ ⎡⎣ − 2, 2 ⎤⎦ 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 47
Ta coù : g ( 0 ) = 3 + m = g (1) , g⎜ ⎟ = +m
⎝ 2 ⎠ 16
g ( 2) = 4 2 − 3 + m, g ( 2) = m −3−4 2
Vaä y : Maxf ( x ) = Max g ( t ) = m + 3
x∈ ¡ t∈ ⎡⎣ − 2 , 2 ⎤⎦
Minf ( x ) = Min g ( t ) = m − 3 − 4 2
x∈ R t ∈ ⎡⎣ − 2 , 2 ⎤⎦
2
Do ñoù : ⎡⎣ f ( x ) ⎤⎦ ≤ 36, ∀x ∈ R ⇔ −6 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 6, ∀x ∈ R
⎧Max f ( x ) ≤ 6
⎪
⇔⎨ R
⎪⎩Min f (x) ≥ − 6
R
⎧⎪m + 3 ≤ 6
⇔⎨
⎪⎩m − 3 − 4 2 ≥ −6
⇔ 4 2 −3 ≤ m ≤ 3
( )
2
Caù c h khaù c : Ta coù g ( t ) = −t 2 t 2 − 2t + 1 + 3 + m = − ⎡⎣ t ( t − 1) ⎤⎦ + 3 + m
Ñaë t u = t 2 − t
⎡ 1 ⎤
Khi t ∈ ⎡ − 2, 2 ⎤ thì u ∈ ⎢ − ,2 + 2 ⎥ = D
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎦
Vaä y g ( t ) = h ( u ) = − u + 3 + m
2
( )
Ta coù : ( *) ⇔ cos2 x − sin2 x + 5 = 2 ( 2 − cos x )( sin x − cos x )
⇔ ( sin x − cos x ) ⎡⎣ 2 ( 2 − cos x ) + ( sin x + cos x ) ⎤⎦ − 5 = 0
⇔ ( sin x − cos x ) [sin x − cos x + 4] − 5 = 0
⎛ π⎞
Ñaë t t = sin x − cos x = 2 sin ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
Vôù i ñieà u kieä n t ≤ 2
(*) thaøn h : t ( t + 4 ) − 5 = 0
⇔ t 2 + 4t − 5 = 0
⇔ t = 1 ∨ t = −5 ( loaïi )
⎛ π⎞ 1 π
Vaä y ( *) ⇔ sin ⎜ x − ⎟ = = sin
⎝ 4⎠ 2 4
π π π 3π
⇔ x− = + k2π ∨ x − = + k2π, k ∈
4 4 4 4
π
⇔ x = + k2π ∨ x = π + k2π, k ∈
2
( )
⇔ t 3 − t 2 = 2m ( 2)
a/ Khi m = 1 thì (2) thaø nh t3 − 3t + 2 = 0
( )
⇔ ( t − 1) t 2 + t − 2 = 0
⇔ t = 1 ∨ t = −2 ( loaïi )
⎛ π⎞ 2 π π
Vaä y cos ⎜ x + ⎟ = ⇔ x + = ± + k2π, k ∈
⎝ 4⎠ 2 4 4
π
⇔ x = k2π ∨ x = − + k2π, k ∈
2
⎡ π π ⎤ π π
b/ Neá u x ∈ ⎢ − , ⎥ thì 0 ≤ x + ≤
⎣ 4 4⎦ 4 2
⎛ π⎞
neâ n 0 ≤ cos ⎜ x + ⎟ ≤ 1
⎝ 4⎠
⎛ π⎞
⇔ 0 ≤ t = 2 cos ⎜ x + ⎟ ≤ 2
⎝ 4⎠
nhaä n xeù t raè n g vôù i moãi t tìm ñöôï c treâ n ⎡⎣0, 2 ⎤⎦
⎡ π π⎤
ta tìm duy nhaá t moä t x ∈ ⎢ − , ⎥
⎣ 4 4⎦
xeù t f ( t ) = −t + 3t treân ⎡⎣0, 2 ⎤⎦
3
⇒ f ' ( t ) = −3t 2 + 3
⎡ π π⎤
vaä y (1) coù ñuù n g hai nghieä m x ∈ ⎢ − , ⎥
⎣ 4 4⎦
⇔ ( d ) y = 2m caét ( C ) y = −t 3 + 3t treân ⎡⎣0, 2 ⎤⎦ taï i 2 ñieå m phaâ n bieä t
⇔ 2 ≤ 2m < 2
2
⇔ ≤ m<1
2
( )
Caù c h 1 : (*) ⇔ 2 1 + cot g 2 x + 2tg 2 x + 5 ( tgx + cot gx ) + 4 = 0
( )
⇔ 2 tg 2 x + cot g 2 x + 5 ( tgx + cot gx ) + 6 = 0
2
⇔ 2 ⎡( tgx + cot gx ) − 2⎤ + 5 ( tgx + cot gx ) + 6 = 0
⎣ ⎦
2
Ñaë t t = tgx + cot gx = , vôùi t ≥ 2
sin 2x
Ta ñöôï c phöông trình : 2t 2 + 5t + 2 = 0
1
⇔ t = −2 ∨ t = − ( loaïi )
2
2
Vaä y ( *) ⇔ = −2 ⇔ sin 2x = −1
sin 2x
π
⇔ 2x = − + k2π, k ∈
2
π
⇔ x = − + kπ, k ∈
4
Caù c h 2 : Ñaë t u = tgx (vôù i ñieà u kieä n u ≠ 0 )
2 5
Vaä y (*) thaø n h : 2 + + 2u 2 + 5u + + 4 = 0
u 2
u
⇔ 2 + 2u 4 + 5u 3 + 5u + 6u 2 = 0
(
⇔ ( u + 1) 2u 3 + 3u 2 + 3u + 2 = 0 )
⇔ ( u + 1)
2
( 2u 2
)
+u+2 =0
⎡u = −1 ( nhaän )
⇔⎢ 2
⎢⎣2u + u + 2 = 0 ( voâ nghieäm )
Vaä y (*) ⇔ tgx = -1
π
⇔ x = − + kπ, k ∈
4
5
a/ Giaû i phöông trình khi m =
2
b/ Tìm m ñeå phöông trình coù nghieä m
Ta coù : (1) ⇔ tg 2 x + cot g 2 x + m ( tgx + cot gx ) + 3 = 0
2
Ñaë t t = tgx + cot gx =
sin 2x
( ñieàu kieän t ≥ 2)
⇒ t 2 = tg 2 x + cot g 2 x + 2
Vaä y (1) thaø n h : t 2 + mt + 1 = 0 ( 2)
5
a/ Khi m = ta ñöôï c phöông trình 2t 2 + 5t + 2 = 0
2
1
⇔ t = −2 ∨ t = − ( loaïi )
2
2
Do ñoù = −2 ⇔ sin 2x = −1
sin 2x
π
⇔ 2x = − + k2π, k ∈
2
π
⇔ x = − + kπ, k ∈
4
b/ Caù c h 1 :
Ta coù : (2) ⇔ mt = −1 − t 2
1
⇔ m = − − t (do t = 0 khoâ n g laø nghieä m cuû a (2))
t
1
Xeù t y = − − t vôùi t ≥ 2
t
1 1 − t2
Thì y ' = 2 − 1 =
t t2
Ta coù : y ' = 0 ⇔ t = ±1