B GIO DC V O TO I HC NNG LM TP.

H CH MINH B MN CNG NGH HA HC

SEMINAR: C CH TC NG CA THUC BO V THC VT

Gio vin hng dn: PGS. TS. Phan Phc Hin Nhm sinh vin thc hin: 1. Nguyn Th Phng Dung 2. Nguyn V Pht t 3. Phm Minh Hong 4. Nguyn Huy Huyn 5. o Tin Hng 6. Nguyn Th Hng 7. Nguyn Th Tm

Ngnh: Cng Ngh Ha Hc Nin kha: 2010 - 2014

Thnh ph H Ch Minh Thng 12/2013

MC LC
LI M U ................................................................................................................1 CHNG 1 C CH TC NG CA TBVTV TI C TH SINH VT .......2 1.1. S bin i ca cht c trong c th sinh vt.................................................2 1.2. Tc ng ca cht c n c th sinh vt .......................................................2 1.3. Cc hnh thc tc ng ca cht c ................................................................ 4 1.4. Con ng xm nhp ca thuc vo c th sinh vt .......................................5 1.4.1. Tip xc .........................................................................................................5 1.4.2. V c .............................................................................................................5 1.4.3. Xng hi ........................................................................................................5 1.4.4. Ni hp (lu dn) ......................................................................................... 5 1.4.5. Thm su .......................................................................................................6 1.5. Ph tc dng ph tc ng ..............................................................................6 1.6. Tnh chn lc ca thuc tr c ..........................................................................6 1.6.1. Chn lc sinh l ............................................................................................ 6 1.6.2. Chn lc sinh thi ......................................................................................... 7 1.6.3. Chn lc khng gian ....................................................................................7 1.7. Thi gian tc ng ca thuc tr c .................................................................7 1.8. C ch tc ng ca thuc BVTV .....................................................................7 1.8.1. Thuc tr su................................................................................................ 7 1.8.2. Thuc tr bnh ........................................................................................... 12 1.8.3. Thuc tr c ................................................................................................ 13 1.8.4. Thuc tr chut .......................................................................................... 14 18.5. Cht iu ho sinh trng cy trng ........................................................ 14 CHNG 2 TC NG CA TBVTV I VI CY TRNG ........................ 15 i

2.1. Tc hi ca cht c ti cy trng ..................................................................15 2.2. Tc dng kch thch ca cht c ....................................................................16 CHNG 3 TC NG CA TBVTV TRN NGI ........................................17 3.1. Cch xm nhp ca thuc vo c th ngi...................................................17 3.1.1 Tip xc do tai nn ...................................................................................... 18 3.1.2 Tip xc do cng vic ..................................................................................18 3.1.3 Tip xc vi thuc trong nh ..................................................................19 3.1.4 Tip xc qua thc phm b nhim thuc ..................................................19 3.1.5 S tip xc vi TBVTV t cc ngun khc ..............................................20 3.2. Cc con ng thuc i vo c th .................................................................20 3.2.1 Qua da ..........................................................................................................20 3.2.2 Qua ng ming ........................................................................................ 20 3.2.3 Qua ng h hp ....................................................................................... 20 3.2.4 Qua mt ........................................................................................................21 3.3. Hu qu ca s tip xc vi TBVTV .............................................................. 21 3.3.1 Triu chng ng c ...................................................................................21 3.3.2 Loi tn thng ........................................................................................... 22 3.3.3 Cc nh hng khc trn con ngi ......................................................... 22 CHNG 4 TC NG CA TBVTV LN H SINH THI ............................. 23 CHNG 5 KT LUN ............................................................................................ 24 TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................... 25

ii

LI M U
T thp nin 70 ca th k 20, cng vi s pht trin v bo ca cc ngnh khoa hc khc, lnh vc ha hc v k thut s dng thuc bo v thc vt (TBVTV) c s thay i rt mnh m: S hiu bit v phng thc tc ng ca TBVTV cho php pht hin ra nhiu hot cht mi c phng thc tc ng khc trc, c hiu lc cao vi dch hi, dng liu thp, nhng li an ton vi cc sinh vt khc khng phi i tng phng tr. Nhm nghin cu v C ch tc ng ca thuc bo v thc vt nhm hiu r hn cc c ch tc ng ca TBVTV ln cc i tng cn phng tr (su bnh, c, cn trng, gm nhm, ) cng nh tc ng ca chng ln h sinh thi v c bit l sc khe ca ngi s dng TBVTV. Do thi gian c hn nn bi bo co ca nhm cha c hon chnh, rt mong c s gp ca thy.

CHNG 1 C CH TC NG CA TBVTV TI C TH SINH VT

1.1. S bin i ca cht c trong c th sinh vt Trong qu trnh xm nhp vo c th sinh vt, cht c c th b bin i do cc qu trnh thy phn, oxy ho kh, lin hp, phn ng trao i v.v.. Ngoi ra s bin i ca cht c cn c th xy ra do hot ng ca cc men, do tc ng ca nc bt, tc ng ca thc n, tc ng ca huyt dch v.v.. S bin i c th xy ra theo 2 hng: c gim: Cc alkaloid thc vt + tanin trong thc n => cc cht ha tan => gim c Thng qua cc phn ng t bo v bng cc enzyme phn gii c t tng: thuc tr nm lu hunh -----kh-- hydrosunfua: c cao
S C 2H 5O C 2H 5O P O NO2 C 2H 5O C 2H 5O Paraoxon O P O

Thiophos (Ethyl Parathion )

1.2. Tc ng ca cht c n c th sinh vt Cch thc thuc bo v thc vt (TBVTV) tiu dit hoc khng ch cc sinh vt gy hi c gi l cch tc ng. C rt nhiu cch tc ng khc nhau. Hiu bit r cch tc ng ca thuc s gip ngi s dng chn ng thuc v tin on c kt qu s dng thuc trong mt mi trng c th no , chng hn, nu gp mt loi cn trng khng mt loi thuc A, ta c th chn mt thuc khc c cch tc ng d bit vi thuc A t c kt qu phng tr tt hn. Thng thng, cc thuc TBVTV trong cng mt nhm c cch tc ng in hnh ging nhau do chng c th c mt s ng im v cu trc ha hc, tnh bn vng trong mi trng. TBVTV c th gy ra tc ng cc b, lu dn hoc c hai. Khi thuc tip xc vi l v gy h hi l, ta c tc ng cc b. Khi thuc c dn n 2

cc v tr khc trong cy ta c tc ng lu dn, chng hn mt s thuc dit c phun trn l c dn n nh sinh trng r v thn. Thuc chng ng mu c dn t h tiu ha bn gm nhm vo trong mu v cn tr tin trnh ng mu bnh thng. Cc thuc thuc nhm Ln hu c v Carbamate cn tr s vn chuyn lung thn kinh ti mt s v tr trong h thn kinh trung ng ca cn trng. Thuc TBVTV c th c phun vo cy k ch bo v ton cy khi s hy hoi ca dch hi, chng hn khi phun cc thuc dit cn trng lu dn vo t, n s c dn ln l v gy ng c cho cc su n l. i vi thuc dit c, mt s c cch tc ng hy dit trc tip trn b l b phun thuc v gy ho, mt s khc cn tr s ht dinh dng v kh nng sinh trng v quang hp ca cy. Cch thc tc ng s l c s quy nh cch s dng thuc dit c. Loi thuc c ch s ny mm v tng trng cy mi mc c gi l thuc tin ny mm. Thuc c a vo t khng ch cy con c di trc khi chng tri ln mt t. Cc loi khc c tc dng sau ny mm c phun vo b l hoc t ang c c mc. Mt s thuc sau ny mm cng c tc dng tip xc. Thuc dit cn trng c nhiu loi tc dng: 1. c thn kinh, 2. c c, 3. Gy rng l, 4. Kch thch tng trng thc vt, 5. Trit sinh sn, hoc ch c 6. Tc dng bt nght cc l kh. Thng thng thuc st trng c nhiu cch tc dng khc nhau. Mt s thuc dit nm c tc dng hy dit v chng c kh nng tiu dit nm xm nhim vo m v gy bnh. Cch tc ng ca thuc ny l c ch cc hot ng bin dng ca cc nm ang sinh trng. Cc loi khc c tc dng phng nga s xm nhim ca nm. Ni tm li khi TBVTV xm nhp vo c th dch hi s: To ra cc bin i l ha hc. Tc ng n s phn hy cc acid amin trong t bo sinh vt.

O HC H Formalin e + RC H

NH2

R-CH-COOH + H2O N CH2

COOH Acid amine

Methyl amine

Kt hp vi nhng kim loi v cc thnh phn khc ca t bo gy cn tr cho s pht trin. Lm t lit hot ng ca cc men hoc c ch hot tnh ca cc men. Tc ng n s hnh thnh ca cc vitamin trong c th hoc lm mt tc dng ca chng. Khi xy ra nhng bin i v l ho hc ni trn th t bo khng hon thnh chc nng sinh l ca chng c na. Trong mt s iu kin no , s ph hy trng thi keo bnh thng ca t bo c th dn n s cht ca chng. 1.3. Cc hnh thc tc ng ca cht c C hai hnh thc tc ng ca cht c ln sinh vt l: (1) ton b v, (2) cc b . Khi cht c xm nhp vo c th nhiu ln th s c hai hin tng tch ly: * Tch ly ho hc * Tch ly chc nng: hay tch ly hiu ng. Trong trng hp tch ly chc nng, cht c c th c bi tit hon ton ra ngoi, song hiu ng ca n vn tc ng n cc chc nng ca c th v c tng cng thm do hiu qu ca liu cht c thm nhp vo c th ln sau. Cc dng trng c ca c th gm c: * Cp tnh * Mn tnh * D hu. Khi s dng cng mt lc hai hay nhiu cht c khc nhau th c th c hai dng tc ng: * Hp lc Tc ng: * i khng 4

Hin tng tch ly sinh hc, khuch i sinh hc Tch ly sinh hc l hin tng cc cht c trong mi trng c hp th vo trong c th sinh vt, nhng khng c o thi ra trong qu trnh tiu ha, bi tit m tch t li trong cc c quan, b phn ca sinh vt. Hin tng gia tng nhanh nng cht c t nng s dng nh n nng cao v rt cao c tch lu trong chui thc n cc c th sng c gi l "khuch i sinh hc - biomagnification".
1.4. Con ng xm nhp ca thuc vo c th sinh vt C 5 cch tc ng ch yu sau: 1.4.1. Tip xc Thuc tr su tip xc xm nhp vo c th su qua biu b da tiu dit. Thuc tr bnh tip xc khi phun ln cy ch bm dnh trn b mt l cy hoc v thn cy v ch dit nhng vi sinh vt c tip xc vi thuc b mt cy. Thuc tr c tip xc ch gy chy nhng ni cy c tip xc vi git thuc. 1.4.2. V c L tc ng ca thuc khi xm nhp vo con ng ti u ho ca ng vt (cn trng, chut, chim ...). Cht c n qua ng ming vo trong rut, ho tan trong dch v d dy v rut gia, thm qua thnh rut v di chuyn n cc c quan trong c th gy hi. 1.4.3. Xng hi Thuc c th sinh kh, khi, mi c tc dng dit cn trng, nm, vi khun, chut. Thuc tc ng xng hi c th dng phun ln cy, xng hi trong nh , kho tng, nh knh, hng ho hoc trong t d tiu dit cc sinh vt gy hi. Hi thuc c xm nhp qua l th hoc trc tip tiu dit dch hi. 1.4.4. Ni hp (lu dn) L kh nng ca thuc c th xm nhp v di chuyn trong cy tiu dit dch hi bng cch tip xc hay v c. Trong cy, thuc c th di chuyn theo 2 chiu l

hng ngn (ch di chuyn ln cc l, chi pha ngn) v hng r (thuc xm nhp vo l ri di chuyn xung pha gc, r). 1.4.5. Thm su Thuc c kh nng thm qua cc lp t bo biu b cy git dch hi nm di lp biu b, m khng c kh nng di chuyn trong cy. Ngoi 5 cch tc ng ch yu trn, mt s thuc tr su cn c kh nng xua ui hoc lm su ngn n m khng ph hi na. 1.5. Ph tc dng ph tc ng L s lng cc loi dch hi m thuc c th tc ng tiu dit c. Tu theo s lng cc loi dch hi tiu dit c nhiu hay t m gi l thuc c ph tc dng rng hay ph tc dng hp. Thuc c ph tc dng hp cng cn c gi l thuc c tnh chn lc, ph tc dng cng hp th tnh chn lc cng cao. 1.6. Tnh chn lc ca thuc tr c Thuc tr c chn lc l thuc khi phun ln rung c c cy trng v c di th thuc ch dit c m khng hi cy trng (v d nh : Quinix 32wp, Acenidax 17wp, Natos 15wp, Butanix 60EC ...) Thuc tr c khng chn lc l thuc dit c c v cng hi c cy trng do vy ch s dng trn t khng c cy trng hoc khi phun khng thuc bay vo l cy trng (v d nh: Niphosate 480SL, Paraquat ...) C 3 c ch chnh to nn tnh chn lc ca thuc tr c l: 1.6.1. Chn lc sinh l Khi phun ln rung, thuc c c cy trng v cy c ht vo nhng i vi cy trng, thuc sau khi xm nhp vo s b phn gii trc khi gy c hi hoc b c lp ti mt im m khng vn chuyn c trong cy gy hi. Trong cy trng c th sinh ra cc cht phn gii hoc c lp thuc trc khi xm nhp vo. Ngc li, trong cy c thuc phn gii chm v vn chuyn ti im sinh trng lm cy c b hi v cht.

1.6.2. Chn lc sinh thi Mt s loi c c lp sp trn mt l t, phin l rng hoc mc xo ra nn lng thuc xm nhp nhiu v d b hi. Cy la c lp sp trn l dy, l li hp v mc ng nn t b thuc xm nhp hn nn khng b hi. 1.6.3. Chn lc khng gian Sau khi phun thuc ln rung, thuc c thng tp trung nhiu tng trn mt t, khong 1 2 cm. Phn ln ht c li tng ny nn b thuc tc ng. R cy trng, nht l vi la cy, mc lp t su hn nn khng b hoc t b tc ng bi thuc. 1.7. Thi gian tc ng ca thuc tr c Nhng loi thuc tr c ch tc ng ln ht c khi ny mm v phi s dng khi ht c sp hoc ang ny mm, gi l thuc tr c tin ny mm. Nhng thuc ny xm nhp vo cy c qua r v mm c mi mc. Khi s dng t phi m ht c ny mm th hiu qu tr c mi cao. (v d nh: Butanix 60EC, Sofit (pretilachlor)...) Nhng loi thuc tr c ch c tc ng dit c khi mc thnh cy gi l thuc tc ng hu ny mm. Nhng thuc ny xm nhp ch yu vo cy c qua l, mt t qua r. (v d nh: Whip (Fenoxaprop-P-Etyl), Ally ...) C th chia thuc tr c ra lm 3 loi: Thuc tr c tin ny mm: S dng thuc giai on t (0 5) ngy sau s khi ht c sp hoc ang ny mm. Thuc tr c hu ny mm sm: S dng thuc giai on t (5 10) ngy sau khi c mc c t (1 2) l. Thuc tr c hu ny mm mun: S dng thuc giai on t (10 25) ngy sau khi cy c mc t 3 l tr ln. 1.8. C ch tc ng ca thuc BVTV 1.8.1. Thuc tr su Thuc tr su sau khi xm nhp vo c th su c th dit su bng nhiu cch: a. Tc ng ln h thn kinh 7

L c ch tc ng ca cc thuc tr su nhm clo hu c, ln hu c, carbamate v pyrethroid. Nhm thuc gc Clo hu c: (CHC) Cc thuc CHC dng tr cn trng, hin nay phn ln thuc nhm ny b cm do tnh tn lu qu lu trong mi trng m in hnh l DDT, Chlordane, Toxaphene, Dieldrin, Aldrin, Endrin .v.v. Mt s vn cn dng rt gii hn nh Difocol v Methoxychlor. Phn ln cc CHC kh phn hy trong mi trng v tch ly trong m m ca ng vt. Tnh tn lu cng c ch trong trng hp cn duy tr tnh c ca thuc lu di. Cc CHC gm nhng hp cht aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic c khi lng phn t khong 291 - 545. CHC c th c chia ra lm 5 nhm: (1) DDT v cc cht tng t; (2) BHC; (3) Cyclodiens cc hp cht tng t; (4) Toxaphene v cc cht tng t; v (5) cu trc khp kn ca Mirex v Chlordecone. Xu hng khng cho ca cn trng i vi cc thuc trong cng mt nhm v thuc thuc cc nhm khc nhau l gia tng mnh, mc d c ch tc ng gia cc nhm c s khc bit. CHC gy c thn kinh, tuy nhin cng c mt s khc bit v triu chng gia hai nhm: mt pha l DDT v nhng cht tng t vi n v pha kia l nhng cht cn li. DDT gy ra s run ry (tremor, hoc ataxia = mt u ha), khi s mc nh lc mi bt u b trng c v ngy cng tng cho n khi c triuchng co git (convulsion). Tri li lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, toxaphene, v nhiu hp cht c lin quan gy ra triu chng co git ngay t u. Mc kch thch thn kinh quan h trc tip vi nng c ca thuc trong m thn kinh. Thng thng cc hu qu c th phc hi sau khi hp thu mt hay nhiu liu thuc. S phc hi ny ch c th xy ra khi nng c a CHC trong m thn kinh khng vt qu mt ngng ti hn (critical level). Hu ht cc CHC c th i xuyn qua da cng nh qua h h hp v h tiu ha. Mc hp thu qua da khc bit ty theo cht, chng hn DDT hp thu qua da km cn Dieldrin li hp thu qua da rt mnh. Thng thng, v c p sut hi thp nn t khi CHC c nng trong khng kh cao qua mc cho php.

CHC lm thay i cc tnh cht in c th v ca cc men c lin quan n mng t bo thn kinh, gy ra bin i trong ng thi di chuyn ca ion Na+ v K+ qua mng t bo. C th c c s nhiu lon vn chuyn cht vi v hot tnh ca men Ca2+-ATP v men phosphokinase. Cui cng CHC gy cht do s dng h hp. C ch tc ng ca DDT ln h thn kinh. Tt c cc t bo, bao gm c t bo thn kinh, c mt mng huyt tng (ci m gii hn t bo vi bn ngoi, nh v trng). Mng huyt tng cho nhng cht c bit i vo v i ra khi c th (thc n, oxigen, nc). Mng huyt tng c to nn bi hu ht cc m m v c bit DDT l mt cht ho tan m v v vy n s h tan mt cch d dng khi i vo mng huyt tng. Khi DDT i vo mng huyt tng th lm cho ci mng bi thng. Ch c 2 cht s i qua l thng l Na + v K+. i vi t bo thn kinh, nng Na+ v K+ bn trong v bn ngoi l rt quan trng , chng gip cho vic nh hng khi cc t bo thn kinh pht ra tn hiu. Khi DDT i vo trong mng huyt tng, tn hiu thn kinh khng cn pht ra na . V vy, khi ch th b nhim DDT th s b co git hoc t lit v dn n ci cht. Cc thuc nhm ln hu c v carbamate Nhm ln hu c v carbamate: c ch hot tnh ca men ChE, lm t lit qu trnh dn truyn kch thch thn kinh. Vi ln hu c l qu trnh Phosphorin h, vi carbamat l qu trnh cabamil h men ChE. Khi dn chuyn kch thch thn kinh, u mt dy thn kinh sn sinh ra cht acetin cholin dn truyn kch thch. Sau khi lm xong nhim v dn truyn qua cc u mt thn kinh, acetin cholin c phn thu phn nh men ChE. Men ny li d b c ch bi thuc ln hu c v carbamate. Khi ChE b c ch, acetin cholin khng b thu phn s tch lu li vi lng ln lm cho dy thn kinh b tn thng v t on, s kch thch thn kinh b ri lon v t lit, cn trng s cht. i vi ngi v ng vt khc thuc ln hu c v carbamate cng tc ng theo c ch ny.

 Cc thuc nhm Pyrethroids Cc c tnh st trng ca hoa thy cc (Chrysanthemum spp., thng gp nht l C. cineraraefolium) c pht hin rng ri vo gia th k 19. Cng vi tnh dit cn trng mnh m, pyrethrin c u im l t tn lu trong mi trng. Trc khi c DDT, Pyrethrin l cht dit cn trng chnh dng trong nng nghip v gia nh mc d chng c yu im l b nh sng phn hy nhanh chng. T nhng nm 1950, khi dng cht piperonyl butoxide v mt s hp cht khc tng hiu lc ca pyrethrin, lm gim chi ph thuc trn n v din tch. Gi t v tnh km bn di nh sng l hai tr ngi chnh trc khi tng hp c cc pyrethroids bn hn v tnh dit trng cao hn. Chng hn, Dr. Elliot pht hin ra Deltamethrin, c tnh bn nh sng cao, phn hy sinh hc nhanh chng v cc c i vi cn trng. Ngy nay pyrethrin thin nhin ch dng trong gia nh, pyrethrin tng hp c dng rng ri v chim 25% thuc dit cn trng phun trn l ca th gii trong nm 1983. C hng ngn cht tng t c tng hp, mt s khc nhiu so vi cc pyrethrin nguyn thy. mt s cht thiu hn c vng cyclopropane trong acid chrysanthemic. Pyrethrin v cc cht cc tng hp l nhng cht gy c knh mui (sodium channel) ca mng thn kinh. Cc pyrethroid c i lc rt cao i vi cc knh mui, to ra nhng thay i nh chc nng ca knh. Cc pyrethroids thc cht l nhng cht gy c chc nng, hu qu xu ca thuc mang tnh th cp, l hu qu ca s kch thch qu h 10

thn kinh. iu ny th hin r ch khng tm thy cc du hiu bnh l trong h thn kinh trung ng, ngay c khi gy c nng nhiu ln cng nh s ch to thnh cc m hoi t khng c trng v c th phc hi trn cc thn kinh ngoi vi ca ng vt b co git v th hin cc triu chng ri lon vn ng nghim trng. Sau khi b pyrethroid lm cho bin i knh mui vn tip tc hot ng bnh thng, vn duy tr c chc nng chn la cc ion mui v ni vi in th mng. b. c ch s chuyn ho nng lng trong qu trnh trao i cht S chuyn ho nng lng l c s to nn qu trnh trao i cht trong c th sng. Khng c chuyn ho nng lng th khng c trao i cht, c th s cht. Nng lng b tiu hao trong cc hot ng s c ly li t cc cht hu c trong thc n thng qua s h hp di nhiu chng vi s tham gia ca cc men. Cc hp cht Asen, Rotenone v Cyanua c ch hot tnh ca cc men h hp Oxydaza, Hydrogenaza, Xitocrom lm tch lu acid Xetonic, ngn cn chu trnh Kreb trong qu trnh h hp. c. c ch qu trnh lt xc ca cn trng L c ch tc ng chnh ca cc cht iu tit sinh trng cn trng (TSTCT). Th tch v c th cn trng khng thay i sau khi hnh thnh. V ny li rt chc nn khi cn trng pht trin ln ln phi thay v mi ln hn. S thay v ny gi l s lt xc. Cht kitin l thnh phn c bn ca v c th, nn qu trnh tng hp kitin quyt nh s lt xc ca cn trng. Khng tng hp kitin s khng hnh thnh c lp v mi, u trng khng lt xc c s cht. Qu trnh tng hp kitin xy ra nh men kitin - UDPN - Acetyl glycoaminyl transferaze. Cc hp cht TSTCT lm mt hot tnh ca cc men ny, do c ch qu trnh tng hp kitin, do khng hnh thnh c lp v mi, u trng khng lt xc c m cht. Mt s cht TSTCT li kch thch hot ng ca cc men Phenoloxydaze v kitinnaze. Cc men ny c kch thch s ngn cn qu trnh hnh thnh v tch t cht kitin. Khi lt xc, trong c th cn trng cn sinh ra hoocmon lt xc. C 2 loi hoocmon lt xc chnh l Ecdizon v Ecdisteron. Mt s cht TSTCT c tc ng c ch hot tnh ca cc hoocmon lt xc lm cho cn trng khng lt xc c m cht. 11

Ngc li c cht TSTCT nh Methoxyfenozide li kch thch hot tnh ca men Ecdizon lm cho cn trng lt xc sm m cht. Ngoi ra c ngi cn cho rng cc cht TSTCT c ch sinh tng hp AND (Acid deoxyribonucleic) trong t bo m non ca lp biu b phn bng cng lm u trng khng lt xc c m cht. d. Hoocmon tr L cc cht c trong c th cn trng, gi vai tr iu ho sinh trng v pht trin ca cn trng cng vi cc hoocmon lt xc. Cc hoocmon ny nu c tch lu trong c th cn trng nng cao s lm cho trng khng hnh thnh hoc khng n c, su non b cht sau khi n, khng ho nhng hoc khng trng thnh c. Mt s thuc TSTCT nh Fenoxycarb, Prodone, Methoprene, Kinoprene, Hydroprene c tc ng nh cc hoocmon tr. Cht Buprofezin (Applaud) ngoi tc dng chng lt xc cn c tc ng nh mt hoocmon tr. e. Trit sn L nhng cht ph hu kh nng sinh sn ca cn trng. C ch tc ng ca nhng thuc ny l km hm s pht trin hoc dit trng, dit tinh trng, khng ch s th tinh, ph v nhim sc th ca trng hay tinh trng. Nhng thuc ny khng lm gim tui th v hot ng giao phi ca con trng thnh m ch lm cho con ci khng hoc t, trng khng n hay n t. Cc thuc trit sn c c tnh cao v cng nh hng n ngi v ng vt mu nng nn t c s dng trong nng nghip. f. C ch tc ng ca thuc vi sinh tr su Cc thuc tr su t vi khun Bacillus thuringiensis gy bnh cho su bi cc c t do vi sinh vt sn sinh ra. Su n phi thuc c cha bo t vi khun, rut su, vi khun pht trin v sinh ra c t. 1.8.2. Thuc tr bnh C 2 c ch tc ng chnh a. Tc ng trc tip c ch cc phn ng sinh tng hp trong t bo ca vi sinh vt gy bnh. Hu ht cc thuc tr bnh hin nay k c cc cht khng sinh ch yu l tc ng theo hng

12

ny. Cc cht nh Tricylazole c ch tng hp Melamin lm cho si nm khng xm nhp hoc khng pht trin c trong t bo cy k ch. b. Tc ng gin tip Thuc lm tng sc khng ca cy k ch i vi k sinh. Cht Probenazole khi phun ln cy la s kch thch s hot ng ca cc men chng li s xm nhp ca si nm gy bnh o n (cc men Peroxidaze, Lopoxidaze ). Nhng cht ny lm tng kh nng min dch ca cy, c tc dng phng chng bnh mt cch c bn. y l mt hng nghin cu nhiu v hy vng trong tng lai gn s a ra th trng nhng thuc tr bnh cy c c ch tc ng theo hng ny. 1.8.3. Thuc tr c C th tm tt cc c ch tc ng chnh ca thuc tr c nh sau: a. Hnh thnh cc hoocmon kch thch sinh trng gi Nhm thuc: Phenoxy, Benzoic acid Thuc c trng: 2.4D, Dicamba b. c ch qu trnh quang hp Nhm thuc: Phenyl urea, Triazine, Bipyridium Thuc c trng: Diuron, Atrazine, Paraquat c. c ch tng hp sc t (chlorophyl v carotenoid) Nhm thuc: Diphenyl ether, Imide, Pyridazin, Isoxazolidione Thuc c trng: Oxyfuofen, Oxadiazone, Norfluazon, Chlomazon d. c ch phn chia t bo (ph v qu trnh phn bo nguyn nhim) Nhm thuc: Dinitroanilines Thuc c trng: Trifluralin, Pendimethalin e. c ch tng hp vitamin (tng hp Folate) Thuc c trng: Asulam f. c ch tng hp Lipid c ch Accase: Thuc c trng: Fenoxaprop, Sethoxydim (nhm thuc: Fops and dims) 13

 Lin

k t

Oleate:

Thuc c

trng:

Metolachlor,

Acetochlor

(nhm

thuc: Chloracetamide) g. c ch tng hp Aminoacid (Leucin, Valin, Glutamin) Nhm thuc: Sulfonyl urea, Imidazolinone, Sulfonanilide, Pyrimidylbenzoate Thuc c trng: Pyrazosulfuron, Bensulfuron Methyl, Pyribenzoxim, Bispyribac Sodium, Glyphosate, Glufosinate 1.8.4. Thuc tr chut C 3 c ch chnh: a. Gy cht nhanh L nhng cht ph hu h thng thn kinh ca chut, in hnh l cc cht Stricnin, km phosphur. Cht Stricnin (c trong cy m tin) trc tip kch thch v lm ri lon hot ng ca h thn kinh trung ng. Cht km phosphur n vo trong d dy, di tc ng ca dch v sinh ra cht PH3, rt c vi thn kinh. b. Gy cht chm L nhng cht c ch tng hp vitamin K lm mu khng ng li c (gi l cht chng ng mu), c ch thiu vitamin K lm mu b long, khi b xut huyt mu s khng ng li c, con vt b xut huyt ni tng hoc di da v cht dn. Thuc chng ng mu th h 1 c nhc im l ch gy cht cho chut khi chng n phi b nhiu ngy lin tip. Thuc chng ng mu th h 2 c u im l ch cn chut n 1 ln l c th cht, in hnh cho c ch ny l cc cht nhm Coumarine. c. Gy bnh cho chut Vi khun Salmonella gy bnh ng tiu ho cho chut. 18.5. Cht iu ho sinh trng cy trng Cc cht ny ch yu l kch thch sinh trng cy trng theo c ch chnh l: Kch thch tng trng th tch t bo l, thn, qu. Kch thch hnh thnh t bo mi, lm tng cng s ny chi, m r, ra hoa. B xung v tng cng hot ng ca cc men trong qu trnh sinh tng hp ca cy bng cung cp thm cc cht vi lng (Fe, Mn, Cu, Bo, Zn )

14

 Ngc li c nhng cht c ch sinh trng ca cy, lm cho cy pht trin chm li, dng chng lp v kch thch cy ra hoa. Nhng cht ny hn ch s hnh thnh Auxin v Gibberellin trong cy.

CHNG 2 TC NG CA TBVTV I VI CY TRNG

2.1. Tc hi ca cht c ti cy trng Dng ho cht c liu lng qu cao x l ging hay t thng lm cho t l ny mm, sc ny mm ca ging b gim st, cc cy mc ln c cng pht trin km, r ngn, mu sc khng bnh thng. Thuc c tc ng trn ton b cy trn mt t trng. Thuc gim tnh chng chu ca cy trng, nh hng n phm cht ca nng sn (HCH k ngh lm cho nng sn c mi hi). Theo quy lut chung, tc ng ca cht c n cy trng ph thuc vo thnh phn cu trc, c im ca cht , ph thuc vo c im ca cy trng v nhng iu kin ngoi cnh. Khi cy trng b hi c hai hin tng: Hin tng b ng c cp tnh (kh, chy, thng, qun queo, dn, d rch, rng hoa tri) Hin tng b c mn tnh (gim sinh trng, gim tnh chng chu, cht lng thay i). Nguyn nhn gy ra cc tc hi: nh hng ca bn thn thuc v cht lng thuc nh hng ca loi cy trng v cc giai on pht trin ca chng cng nh c tnh sinh l ca cy trng. Phng php s dng thuc. 15

Do trong vic sn xut thuc ngi ta ch ti ch tiu ha tr liu l mt ch s ni ln mc an ton i vi thc vt ca mt loi thuc khi s dng tr dch hi trn ng rung. 2.2. Tc dng kch thch ca cht c nng thp, mt s thuc c tc dng kch thch nht nh i vi sinh trng ca cy trng Nng t l mc Ci thin s pht trin ca b r: 666 1% phun ln m lm r pht trin Tng chiu cao cy v din tch ng ha. Lm cho cy ra hoa sm, tri chn sm (trng hp mt s thuc chlor hu c). Chng ng (Kitazin) Nguyn nhn ca cc tc ng trn gm c: Thc y nhanh tc ng trao i cht ca cy trng, tng cng quang hp v h hp S c mt ca cc nguyn t vi lng Tng cng hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt t.

16

CHNG 3 TC NG CA TBVTV TRN NGI

Do tnh c ca TBVTV nn khi ht th, nut hoc lm , te thuc BVTV vo mt c th s gy nn mt s tn thng. Cc ha cht c gy hi hoc lm cht ngi bng cch ngn tr cc chc nng sinh l sinh ha ca c th. c im v mc tn thng ty thuc vo tnh c ca ha cht v liu lng xm nhp vo c th. Mt s TBVTV cc c gy hi liu rt thp, tri li c nhng ha cht t c gy hi cho sinh vt vi liu lng rt cao. V kh nng gy nguy him ca cc loi TBVTV, nhng ngi lm vic vi TBVTV cn phi trnh khng thuc xm nhp vo c th qua da, phi, h tiu ha v mt. Cn phi cn thn vi mi loi TBVTV. Khng ai c th tin on hu qu ca vic tip xc lp li lu di ngay c vi nhng loi TBVTV t nguy hi nht. 3.1. Cch xm nhp ca thuc vo c th ngi C nhiu cch thuc xm nhp vo c th ngi lm vic vi thuc BVTV nhng nhiu nht l lc pha trn phun xt thuc hoc khi i vo vng x l thuc ngay sau khi mi phun thuc xong. Do khi vo vng mi phun xt thuc cn phi c dng c bo h, cn phi theo ng quy nh trn nhn hiu v khong thi gian cch ly trc thu hoch bo m sc kho cho ngi tiu dng. Con ngi cn c th tip xc vi liu lng thp ca TBVTV nu h sng gn vng s dng thuc, n phi thc phm b nhim TBVTV, s vo thuc mi phun ln gia sc gia cm tr k sinh, s vo tn l, sn phm tn tr .v.v. c x l TBVTV. TBVTV b trn do tai nn cng l mt mi e da nghim trng cho sc kho con ngi. Cch nhim c c th do hp thu mt lng thuc ln mt ln hoc hp thu 17

lu di nhiu ln lng thuc nh. Con ngi phn ng khc nhau vi cng mt liu lng thuc. Tui tc v th trng cng nh hng n s hp thu thuc. Tr em v n gii nhy vi thuc hn so vi ngi ln v nam gii. 3.1.1 Tip xc do tai nn Thng thng s tip xc do tai nn l nguy hi hn c, i khi cn do s thiu cn thn khi tip xc vi thuc. Trong nng nghip, s ngi b tai nn do TBVTV cao nht v phn ln xy ra khi pha ch v phun xt thuc. trn, n hoc cc loi tai nn khc xy ra trong khi ch to v ng gi s gy hi cho nhng cng nhn lm vic trong nh my hoc nhn dn sng trong vng ph cn vi nh my(v d tai nn nh my Union Carbide Bhopal, An lm thot thuc hi thuc st trng lm cht gn 6000 ngi). trn, chy n nh kho cha c th gy hi nghim trng cho cng nhn, nhn vin cu cp v nhiu ngi khc. 3.1.2 Tip xc do cng vic Mc d ngi phun xt v vn chuyn b ri ro nhiu nht do TBVTV , nhng ngi khc c lin quan gin tip n sn xut nng nghip cng c th b nh hng. Tun th theo quy nh thi gian an ton trc khi vo tr li vng phun xt ha cht c l cch tt nht bo v sc kho ca nng dn. Hun luyn cch s dng thuc an ton cho nng dn l mt vic lm rt cn thit. Ra sch s cc dng c phun xt thuc l bin php rt cn thit trnh vy thuc vo ngi khi phun xt ln sau. Bo m thi gian dng thuc trc thu hoch va bo v sc kho ngi tiu th va bo v cng nhn trong cc xng ng hng nng sn, trong nh my ch bin nng sn. Nng dn lm vic trong nh king, vn m tip xc d dng vi tn l dnh thuc do trng cy dy v li i li cht hp cng nh khng kh t thng thong. iu kin ny cng xy ra cho nhng ngi phun xt thuc trong nhng ni khp kn nh nh , kho tng, nh xng, vn phng. Do vy nhng ngi lm vic trong cc iu kin ny cn phi lun lun mang dng c bo h lao ng.

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3.1.3 Tip xc vi thuc trong nh Dng qu nhiu hoc khng ng cch TBVTV trong nh s gy hi cho con ngi. Thng gp nht trong cc vng phi nng nghip l trng hp tr con tnh c nut phi TBVTV. Cn phi thuc trnh xa tm tay ca tr con. 3.1.4 Tip xc qua thc phm b nhim thuc D lng TBVTV trn thc phm thng lm cho ngi tiu th b trng c. D lng trong thc phm cn nhiu l do nng dn s dng sai cc loi TBVTV. Mt s loi TBVTV li d lng trn thc phm theo nhng di thi gian khc nhau ty theo loi thuc v nng sn. Cc loi TBVTV tn lu trong t cng c th c cy ht vo v to ra d lng trong nng sn thc phm. Cc c quan quc t nh FAO, WHO ra nhng tiu chun d lng trong nng sn thc phm, tng quc gia cng ra tiu chun ring ca mnh ty theo iu kin c th. Trn cc nhn thuc thng quy nh liu lng v thi gian dng thuc trc thu hoch, cn phi tun th theo cc hng dn ny. Nhng c quan chu trch nhim v an ton thc phm phi thng xuyn kim nghim gim st d lng trong thc phm. Thnh thong, thc phm cng b nhim TBVTV do s s dng sai TBVTV sau khi thu hoch. TBVTV thng c dng trong vic bo qun cc nng sn trong kho va, thng bng cch xng hi. Cng nghip thc phm c th dng TBVTV trong khi ng kin, ch bin v ng gi hp tiu dit hoc ngn nga dch hi bn trong cng nh bn ngoi nh my. i khi TBVTV cng c dng nhng ni tn tr v bn l thc phm phng dit cc dch hi xm nhim. Cc tim n cng c th dng TBVTV dit bn gm nhm. c th gim st d lng mt cch hiu qu cn phi c h thng lut l cn thit v nh nc phi kim tra cc c s ch bin, tn tr v phn phi nng sn thc phm. Nu s dng qu nhiu TBVTV tiu dit k sinh sng trn c th cc loi gia sc, gia cm c th dn ti s nhim c cc sn phm sa trng tht. gii quyt tnh trng ny cng cn phi c lut l v s kim sot ca nh nc. Cn phi c thi gian cch ly sau khi s dng TBVTV trn cc sn phm c dng lm thc n cho gia sc gia cm. Nc ung nhim TBVTV cng l mt cch a thuc vo c th con ngi. Thng thng s thi b hoc dng khng ng cch TBVTV cng lm cho nc ngm hay nc mt b nhim thuc st trng 19

3.1.5 S tip xc vi TBVTV t cc ngun khc Cc ngun khc c th l: (1) thuc d li sau khi xng hi nh hoc khu vc lm vic, (2) thuc dnh trn g, thm lt nh c x l TBVTV chng cn trng, nm mc, (3) thuc lu li trn cc ng vt nui trong nh c x l thuc chng k sinh trng. 3.2. Cc con ng thuc i vo c th TBVTV c th i vo c th qua nhiu con ng. Cc con ng hay gp nht l: (1) qua da; (2) qua ming; (3) qua h h hp; v (4) qua mt. 3.2.1 Qua da y l con ng tip xc thng thng nht. Khi dnh vo da, TBVTV thng gy mn hoc kch ng, mt s TBVTV khc c th lm h da. Nu lng thuc thm qua da qu nhiu s dn n nhim c mu v cc c quan ca c th. S thm qua da ty thuc vo loi TBVTV. Cc loi thuc d ha tan trong du hoc cc dung mi du la thm su vo da d dng hn nhng thuc ha tan d dng vo trong nc. phng nga s tip xc qua da cn phi mang y dng c bo h khi lm vic vi TBVTV. 3.2.2 Qua ng ming S xm nhp TBVTV qua ng ming xy ra do vic tnh c nut phi thuc, do s to thuc vo ming khi pha thuc, n ung cc thc phm thc ung b nhim TBVTV. Ht thuc khi s dng thuc cng a TBVTV vo c th. Thuc c thm vo mu qua mng lt ca ming, bao t v rut. Cn phi ring thc phm ra khi cc khu vc tn tr, pha ch thuc, gi tt c TBVTV trong chai l nguyn thy, khng nn chit tch ra cc loi chai l vn dng ng cc cht lng khc. Khng c dng dng c nh bp ong o TBVTV. 3.2.3 Qua ng h hp Nhng ngi s dng thuc st trng c th b tn hi do bi hoc hi ca TBVTV i vo phi. Nu khng mang khu trang th rt kh trnh ht phi thuc hoc bi trong khi pha trn TBVTV.

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3.2.4 Qua mt Thuc i vo mt s gy nn nhng tn hi nghim trng v t c th i vo c th qua h tun hon. Khi TBVTV vng vo mt phi di ra tht nhiu bng nc sch trong vng 15 pht, sau phi n bc s khm iu tr nu cn. 3.3. Hu qu ca s tip xc vi TBVTV Hnh thc ng c v trm trng ty thuc vo c ca thuc, cch thc tc ng ca TBVTV; lng thuc thm vo c th v kh nng phn hy bi tit TBVTV ca c th. trm trng do ng c c th gim i nu s cu sm. Hu qu ca s tip xc c th cc b nh rt mt, da, c hng hoc ton c th nu TBVTV thm vo trong mu v dn n cc c quan khc. TBVTV c th nh hng n nhiu h thng bn trong c th cng lc. Nu tip xc vi TBVTV v c nghi ng b nhim c cn phi i kim tra sc kho. 3.3.1 Triu chng ng c Triu chng ng c l nhng iu kin bt thng m bnh nhn thy hoc cm nhn c hoc thng qua cc th nghim trong phng th nghim cho thy rng c th b tn hi, tt bnh hoc ri lon. S nhim c c th dng cp tnh th hin ra ngoi lp tc hoc kinh nin, ch th hin sau mt thi gian di tim n. Mt s cc triu chng thng gp: Cc triu chng c th c do da tip xc vi dng bi, lng v hi TBVTV Da b nhum mu Da b ln vng tip xc Phng nh hoc cm gic nga ngy Cm gic chy bng au rt Da phng dp ln Mng tay chn b nt v tn hi Cc triu chng c th xy ra khi thuc dng bt, lng hoc hi vng vo mt Kh chu, bao gm chy nc mt v bng nh Bng dp nng au rt (c th thit hi mt vnh vin) Cc triu chng c th xy ra do ht hoc nut TBVTV dng bt, lng hoc hi 21

 Nhy mi Kch thch mi v c hng Nght mi Sng ty ming v c hng Ho Kh th Th ngn hi au ngc Cc triu chng nhim c thay i ty theo nhm thuc v ty theo c cc TBVTV khc nhau trong cng mt nhm. Triu chng ty theo liu lng tip xc. Cc triu chng thng thng gm: ni mn da, au u hoc kch thch mt, m i, hng. Cc triu chng ny c th bin mt i sau mt thi gian ngn hoc i khi kh phn bit vi triu chng do d ng hoc cm cm. Cc triu chng khi hp thu mt lng ln thuc thng l: m mt, chng mt, ra m hi, suy yu, i ma, au bao t, tiu chy, rt kht nc, bn chn, cu knh, da phng dp, co git, lc l v mt nhn thc. Mc d cc triu chng va k c th ch ra s trng c, vn c th lm ln vi triu chng do bnh tt hoc ri lon c th. Thng thng cn phi c xt nghim y khoa cn thn. 3.3.2 Loi tn thng Cc tn thng c th sinh ra do c th hp thu mt lng ln thuc mt ln hay hp thu nhiu ln v lu di cc lng nh. Tn thng c th xy ra dng cp tnh, t pht v mau dt hoc dng kinh nin ko di rt lu. Cc tn thng gy ra c th hi phc mt cch t nhin do kh nng c th hay do iu tr bng y dc hoc khng th hi phc m li cc di chng nh au bnh kinh nin, mt kh nng v cht. 3.3.3 Cc nh hng khc trn con ngi D ng C mt s ngi b d ng vi cc loi TBVTV s dng ni lm vic hoc ni . Cht gy d ng c th l bn thn hot cht TBVTV hoc cc ph liu c mt trong 22

ch phm. Triu chng c th l kh th, nhy mi, chy nc mt v nga mt, da ni mn, kh chu trong ngi . Lo u S lo u phi tip xc vi TBVTV mt phn gy ra do s thiu thng tin hoc nhn thng tin sai lc v kh nng gy nguy hi ca vic s dng TBVTV. Cc trng hp tai nn, ng c, v d lng trong thc phm c cng b thng xuyn trn phng tin thng tin i chng v tip tc c cng chng quan tm. Tuy nhin thng tin v s ch li ca vic s dng ng n TBVTV n nng dn hy cn t i.

CHNG 4 TC NG CA TBVTV LN H SINH THI

nh hng ti qun th sinh vt: tng loi ny v gim loi kia. Tiu dit s lng ln thin ch: TBVTV nu khng s dng ng cch s c th dit mt s cc loi thin ch c li. Dng thuc tr nm lm tng su: dng Bordeaux tr bnh lot cam li lm cho dn s rp nht tng ln (Bordeaux tiu dit cc nm k sinh trn rp nht Icerya purchasi do dn s chng tng ln). Dit cn trng th phn nh hng ti nng sut cy trng. nh hng n ngnh nui ong mt. nh hng n ngnh thy sn. nh hng n sc sng ca chim v th hoang. nh hng ti h vi sinh vt t. 23

 Cui cng l nh hng n sc khe con ngi.

CHNG 5 KT LUN
Thuc bo v thc vt l nhng hp cht ho hc (v c, hu c), nhng ch phm sinh hc, nhng cht c ngun gc thc vt. c s dng bo v cy trng v nng sn, chng li s ph hi ca nhng sinh vt hi nh: Cn trng, nm, vi khun, c di, chut Hiu c cc c ch cng nh cc tc ng ca TBVTV ln trn cc sinh vt k c con ngi, chng ta cn c gii php v cch s dng TBVTV hp l theo tiu ch 4 ng: ng thuc, ng lc, ng nng liu lng, ng cch, 24

Mun thc hin tt cc nguyn tc trn, chng ta phi hiu thu o mi quan h qua li gia cht c, dch hi v iu kin ngoi cnh. ng thi phi kt hp hi ha gia bin php ha hc vi cc bin php BVTV khc trong h thng phng tr tng hp.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. PGS. TS Nguyn Trn Onh, TS. Nguyn Vn Vin, KS. Bi Trng Thy (2007), Gio trnh s dng thuc bo v thc vt. 2. PGS. TS. Trn Vn Hai (2009), Gio trnh Ha bo v thc vt, i hc Cn Th. 3. Ch bin: Nguyn Mnh Chinh, Cm nang Thuc bo v thc vt (trang 22-27), Th vin Trng i Hc Nng Lm TP.HCM. 4. http://nicotex.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=154:co-chetac-dong-cua-thuoc-bao-ve-thuc-vat&catid=44&Itemid=66 5. http://laocai.gov.vn/sites/sonnptnt/Tintucsukien/Trang/634045956926334190.as px 25

6. http://www.vinhphuc.gov.vn/ct/cms/HeThongChinhTriTinh/SoBanNganh/CacS oBanNganh/SoTaiNguyenVaMoiTruong/Lists/TinTucHoatDong/View_Detail.a spx?ItemID=23 7. http://vietpat.com.vn/chung-nhan-hop-quy/thuoc-bao-ve-thuc-vat/145-thuocbao-ve-thuc-vat--thuoc-bao-ve-thuc-vat.html

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