Ccmchiukhinngcbccbn

Phn3ngcbcdchbionHip

Giithiu
ngcbinthinttr
ngchnhpvnamchmvnhcuncc
Dnngttrvncctrongthct
ngclngccvcuH
Mchdnnglngcctrongthct

Giithiu
Phnnycagiotrnhtrnhbyvmchdnngkhucuicangc
bc.Mchnytptrungvomtmchphtn,ngngtdngintrong
cundycangc,ngthiiukhinchiudngin.Mchinc
nitrctipvicundyvcpnguncangc,mchciukhinbi
mththngsquytnhkhinocngtcnghayngt.
Phnnycngninccloingc,tmchincbniukhinngc
bin thin t tr n mch cu H iu khin ng c nam chm vnh cu
lngcc.Miloimchdnngcminhhabngvdcth,tuynhin
nhngvdnykhngphilmtcatalogyccmchiukhincsn
trnthtrng,nhngthngtinnycngkhngphithaythbngdliu
vchititcanhsnxut.

Phnnycharamchiukhinnginnhtcatngloingc.Tt
c cc mch u c gi thit rng ngun cung cp mt in p khng vt
quinpngngcangc,iunygiihnhiusutcangc.Phn
k tip mch dn ng c dng gii hn s cp n cc mch dn ng
hiusutcaotrongthct.

ngcbinttr
Biukhininhnhcangcbcbinttrdatheonguyntcnh
trnHnh3.1:

Hnh3.1

Trn Hnh 3.1, cc hp k hiu cho cng tc, b iu khin (controller khng
thhintrnhnh)chutrchnhimcungcptnhiuiukhinngmcng
tc ti tng thi im thch hp quay ng c. Trong nhiu trng hp,
chngtaphithitkbiukhin,cthlmtmytnhhocmtmchiu
khingiaotiplptrnhc,viphnmmtrctipphttnhiuiukhin
ngm,nhngtrongmtstrnghpkhcmchiukhincthitk
kmtheongc,vikhicchominph.

Cundy,lisolenoidcangchocccchitittngtulccticm
ng.Nhvy,dnginquacundykhngthngngttcthimkhng
lmptngvttngt.Khicngtciukhincundyng,chodngin
iqua,lmdngintngchm.Khicngtcm,stngmnhinpcth
lmhcngtctrkhitabitcchgiiquytthchhp.

Chaicchcbnxlstnginpny,lmcsongsongvicun
dymtdiodhocmttin.Hnh3.2minhhahaicchny:

Hnh3.2

Diod trn Hnh 3.2 phi c kh nng dn ton b dng in qua cun dy,
nhngnchdnmikhicngtcm,khidnginkhngcnquacundy.

Nu ta s dng diod tc dng tng i chm nh h 1N400X chung vi cc

mchchuyntcdngnhanhthcnphimcsongsongvidiodmttin.
TintrnHnh3.2dnnvnthitkphctphn.Khicngtcng,
tinsxinquacngtcxungt,docngtcphichucdng
in x ny. Mtin trmc ni tip vi tin hoc vi ngun s gii hn
dnginny.Khicngtcm,nnglngtchtrtrongcundysnpvo
tinchonkhiinpvtqupcungcp,vcngtccngphichu
cinpny.tnhindungt,tangnhthaicngthctnhnng
lngtchtrtrongmchcnghng:
P=CV2/2
P=LI2/2
trong:

Pnnglngtchtr[Ws]hay[CV]

Cindung[F]

Vinphaiut

Ltcmcacundy[H]

Idnginquacundy

Tatnhkchthcnhnhtcatintrnhquptrncngtctheocng
thc:

C>LI2/(VbVs)2
trong:

Vbinpnhthngmchchuyn

Vsinpcungcp

ngcttrbinthinctcmthayitythucvogccatrc.Do
, trng hp xu nht c dng la chn t in.Hn na, t cm
cangcthngtcghir,nnchngtaphilmvy.

Tinvcundykthpvinhautothnhmtmchcnghng.Nuh
iukhinchongcquaytnsgnvitnscnghngny,dngin
qua cun dy, ko theo moment xon do ng c sinh ra, s rt khc so vi
momentxoniukinnnhviinpvnhnhdanhngha.Tnscng
hngl:
f=1/(2 (LC)0.5)

Mtlnnatnscnghngincangcttrbinthinliphthuc
vo gc ca trc. Khi ng c ny hot ng vi xung kch gn cng hng

dngindaongtrongcundystoramtttrngbngkhngtihai
lntnscnghng,iunycthlmgimmomentxonirtnhiu.

ngchnhpvnamchmvnhcuncc
BiukhininhnhngcbcnccthayitheostrnHnh3.3:

Hnh3.3

TrnHnh3.3,cngnhHnh3.1,hpbiudincccngtcvmtbiu
khin(khngthhintrnhnh)chutrchnhimcungcptnhiuiukhin
ngmcngtcvothiimthchhpquayngc.Biukhin
thnglmytnhhaymtmchiukhinlptrnhc,viphnmmtrc
tipphtratnhiucnthitiukhincngtc.

Cng nh i vi mch dn ng ca ng c bin t tr, chng ta phi gii

quyt s thay i t cm bt ng khi cng tc h. Mt ln na, ta c th
chuyn s thay i ny bng cch dng diod, nhng by gi ta phi dng 4
diodnhtrnHnh3.4:

Hnh3.4

Tacnthmvoccdiodvcundycangckhngphilhaicundy
clpmlmtcuncentertappednginvitapgiacinpcnh.
Chnghotngnhmtbtchuyni.Khimtucacundybko
xung u kia s b y ln v ngc li. Khi mt cng tc h, t cm
4

kickbackslmubncangcnivingundngvbkpbicc
diod.ubnkiabylnvnunkhngtcinpcungcpcng
lcthsxungdimc0,ochiuinpquacngtcu.Mtvi
cngtccthchucsochiunhvynhngnhngcngtckhcs
bh.

Mttincthcdnggiihninpkickbacknhtrnhnh3.5:

Hnh3.5

CcquytctnhkchthctintrnHnh3.5gingnhccquytctnh
kchthctintrnHnh3.2nhnghiungcnghngrtkhc.Vimt
ngcnamchmvnhcunutinhotnggnhaybngtnscng
hng, moment xon s tng gp hai ln moment xon vn tc thp. ng
congmomentxontheovntcsrtphctpnhtrnHnh3.6:

Hnh3.6

Hnh3.6chothytitnscnghngin,momentxonsvtlnvtitn
scnghngc,momentlistnhanh.Nutnscnghnginlnhn
vntctihncangcsdngmchdnngdngdiodmtmcno
thhiungnyslmvntctihngiatngngk.

Tnscnghngchcphthucvomomentxon,vvynutnsny
gnvitnscnghngin,tnscnghnginslmnthayi.Hn
na,rngcascnghngchcphthucvodcccbcang
5

cong moment xon theo vn tc. Nu moment xon gim theo vn tc, cng
hngsrtdc,cnnumomentxontngtheovntc,cnghngsrng
rathmchcthtchrathnhnhiutngscnghngkhcnhau.

Driverngcnccvbinttr
Trongccmchinphntrn,chngtakhngquantmncccngtcv
cctnhiuiukhin.BtkkthutngngtnotcudaonMOSFETS
cngudngcht!Hnh3.7lmtvicchmcchomiloicngtc,bao
gmccundycangcvdiodbovphcvchomcchngngt
ktrn:

Hnh3.7

MicngtctrnHnh3.7utngthchviuvoTTL.Ngun5Vsdng
chomchlogic,baogmopencollectordriver7407nhtrnhnh.Ngunin
chongc,thngt5V24V,khngcnchnhxccao.Tacnchrng
ccmchngngtccngunnyphithchhpchovicdnngcccun
dy,ngcDC,ccticmngkhcvcccngcbc.

TransistorSK3180trnHnh3.7lmtmchdarlingtoncngsutclidng
hn1000,dodng10mAquaintrhiuchnh470Ohmslnqua
transistor iu chnh dng vi Ampe qua cun dy ca ng c. B m 7407
dng iu khin darlington c thay th bi bt k con chip opencollector
inthcaonomncthiukhinmctithiu10mA.Ngayctrong
trng hp transistor h, open collector ny s gip bo v phn cn li ca
mchlogickhinguncangc.

IRCIRL540trnHnh3.7lmtpowerfieldeffecttransistor.Ncthchu
cdnginlnti20Avnbnhthng100V,doconchipnyc
thhpthunhnhncatcmmkhngcndiodbovnunc
gnvimtbtnnhitln.Transistornycthigianngngtrtnhanh
6

nnccdiodbovcngphinhanhtngnghoccchianhbicct
in.iunycbitcnthitchoccdiodbovtransistorchngliphn
ccngc.Trongtrnghptransistorbh,diodzenervintr100Ohm
sbovmchTTL.intr100Ohmcnngvaitrlmchmthigian
ngmcatransistor.

i vi nhng ng dng m mi cun dy ca ng c dn dng nh hn

500mA, mch darlington h ULN200x ca Allegro Microsystems hoc h
DS200xcaNationalSemiconductorhayMC1413caMotorolasdnngcho
cundyhocccticmngkhctrctipttnhiuvologic.Hnh3.8l
ccngvovngracachipULN2003,dy7transistordarlington:

Hnh3.8

in tr nn trn mi transistor darlington phi thch hp vi tn hiu ra TTL

lngccchun.CcphtcamidarlingtonNPNcnivichn8,lchn
nit.Mitransistorcbovbnghaidiod,mtnigiaccphtvcc
thu bo v transistor khi in p ngc, mt ni cc thu vi chn 9, nu
chn 9 ni vi ngun ca ng c th diod ny s bo v transistor khi nh
nhncatcm.

ChipULN2803cnggingnhchipULN2003mttrnnhngnc18chn
v8darlingtonchophpmtchipcthdnngchomtcpngcttr
binthinhocnamchmvnhcuncc.

i vi ng c m mi cun dydn dng nh hn 600mA, mch dn ng

quad UDN2547B ca Allegro Microsystems s iu khin c 4 cun dy ca
ngcbcnccchung.Nudndngnhhn300mA,tannchnmch
dnngkpSN7451,7452v7453caTexasInstruments,c3loinyubao
gmmtvimchlogiccngvimchdnng.

ngchaiccvmchcuH

Mithtrnnphctphnvingcbcnamchmvnhculngcc
vkhngcunichungtrncccundy.Vthochiucattrng
sinhrabicundytaphiochiudnginquacundy.Tacthdng
mtcngtckphaicclmcngvicny,mchintngngcamt
cngtcnhvycgilcuHvcmttrnHnh3.9:

Hnh3.9

Cngnhvimchdnngncccptrn,cccngtcsdng
trongcuHphicbovkhisvtinpkhingtdngintrongcun
dy.Talunsdngdiodchovicny,nhHnh3.9.

Cn ch rng cu H c th p dng khng ch iu khin ng c bc

lng cc m cn iu khin ng c DC, ht nh li solenoid (trong pittng
namchmvnhcu)vnhiungdngkhc.

Vi4cngtccuHchotathp16modehotng,trongc7modelm
ngnmchngun.Ccmodesauythngcsdng:

modethun:cccngtcAvDng
modengc:cccngtcBvCng

Cc mode ny cho php dng in it ngun qua cun dy ngc v t.

Hnh3.10minhhamodethun:

Hnh3.10

modesuygimnhanhhaymodetrt:ttccccngtcum

Btkdnginnoquacundyschngliinpngun,gystptrn
diodnndnginsbsuygimnhanh.Modenykhngtorahoctorart
thiunghmnglnrotorcangc,dorotorsquaytdo(trt)
nuttccundyccpnguntheomodeny.Hnh3.11minhhadng
inngaysaukhichuyntmodethunsangmodesuygimnhanh

Hnh3.11

modesuygimchmhaymodehmnglc:

Trongmodenydngincthchyvngliquacundycangcvi
intrnhnht.Nhdnginchytrongcundymttronghaimode
nyssuygimchm,vnurotorangquay,nssinhramtdngincm
ngcvaitrnhmtcihmrotor.Hnh3.12minhhamttrongnhiumode
suygimchmcch,vicngtcDng,nucundymivamodethun
thcngtcBcthnghocm:

Hnh3.12


HuhtcccuHcthitksaochobaogmcmchlogicdngphng
nga ngn mch nhng mc rt thp trong thit k. Hnh 3.13 minh ha
mtthitkccholttnht:

Hnh3.13

Vithitknytacccmodeiukhinsau:

XY ABCD

Mode

00 0000 fastdecay
01 1001 forward
10 0110

reverse

11 0101 slowdecay

Li ch ca thit k ny l tt c cc mode iu khin c ch c gi li v

chng c m ha vi mt s bit ti thiu iu ny rt quan trng khi s
dngvixlhaymytnhiukhincuHvcchthngnhvychc
snmtsbithu hncngsongsong.Tuynhinchviconchiptchhp
cuHcsntrnthtrnglcsiukhinngin.

Mchiukhinngchaiccthct

CmtsdrivertchhpcuHtrnthtrngnhngvncnxemsthcthi
tng thnh phn ri rc hiu mt cu H lm vic nh th no. Antonio
Raposo(ajr@cybill.inesc.pt)nghmchcuHnhtrnHnh3.14:

10

Hnh3.14

NgvoX,Ycamchnycthciukhinbingracabgpin
mTTLnhtrongmchiukhinnccdatrndarlingtontrnHnh3.7.
Cundycangcsccungcpnnglngnutronghaitnhiuvo
X,Ycmttnhiuonvmttnhiuoff.Nuchaiuoff,chaitransistor
koxung(pulldown)stt.Nuchaiucao,chaitransistorkoln(pull
up) s tt. Nh vy, mch in n gin ny t ng c vo tnh trng hm
nglcctrngthi11v00,khngthhinmodetrt.

MchintrnHnh3.14baogmhainaxcnh,minacmtchnh
xcnhmtmchkoy.ThutngnacuHthnhthongcpdng
cho nhng mch ny! Cn lu rng mt na cu H c mch rt ging vi
mchiunghinngradngtrongmchlogicTTL.Trongthct,ccmch
iukhinbatrngthiTTLnh74LS125Av74LS244cthcdngnh
mtnacuHivicctinh,nhminhhatrnHnh3.15:

Hnh3.15

Mchinnychiuquivingccintrtia50Ohmtrnmi
cun v in p ti a 4.5V khi dng ngun 5V. Mi mch m ba trng thi
trongLS244cthdngnuintrnicabmln,vdngsc
chia u trn cc ng iu khin (mc song song). iu ny cho php thit k

11

mchiukhingingnhHnh3.15,vkhichamhoiukhin,thchng
tacbngchntrnhdiy:

XYE

Mode

1 fastdecay
000 slowerdecay
010

forward

100

reverse

110 slowdecay

Mode hm th hai, XYE = 110, hm hi yu hn mode u tin XYE = 000 v

LS244htdngnhiuhn.

Chip TC4467 4 cu ca hng Microchip l mt th d khc ca cc driver 4

nacuH.Khnggingnhccdrivercsnxuttrc,datasheetca
ncungcpycnhngngdngiukhin,vnguncplnti18V,v
dngtrnmimucthtn250mA.

Mttrongnhngvncaccchipiukhinngcbcbnsnlas
chngctuithtrnthtrngkhngn.Vd,hSeagateIpxMxx,mchcu
i(tIP1M10nIP3M12)cthitkrtttnhngchdngchoccng
c bc nh v im u ca a cng Seagate. Mch dn ng cu H
ToshibaTA7279ttchongcdi1Anhngcngchcdngtrongni
hngmthi.

CuHiL293caSGSThompson(vcchiukhc)angcnhtranhvicc
chip trn nhng n khng tch hp cc diod bov. Chip L293D, s gii thiu
sau,cchntngthchvccccdiodbovny.NudngccL293gn
y,micundycangcphitquamtcuchnhlu(1N4001chng
hn). Vic s dng cc diod bn ngoi cho php ta t mt dy in tr trn
ngvcadngy nhanh s suy gimdng trong cun dy khi n b
ngt, c th trongmt s ng dng ngi ta khng mong mun iu ny.H
L293cthdngiukhinccngcbclngccnh,tia1A/cun
vinpcplnti36V.Hnh3.16chotaschncachipL293BvL293D:

12

Hnh3.16

Chipnycthxemnh4nacuHclp,ckchhottngcp,hochai
cuHy.yldngnggiDIP,vichn4,5,12,v13cthitk
truynnhitchobomchinhoctnnhitrangoi.

CuHiL298caSGSThompson(vcchiukhc)cnggingviloitrn
nhngcthchuctia2A/knh.NhviLS244,tacthnihaicuH
trongL298tothnhmtcuchuc4A(xemdatasheetbitcchniny).
MtiucnlulchipL298chuynmchrtnhanh,nhanhnniccdiod
bov(1N400X)khnglmvicc.VychngtaphidngdiodBYV27
thay th. Cu n LMD18200 ca National Semiconductor cng rt tt, c th
chucdng3Avcsnccdiodbovtchhp.

TrongkhicuHtchhpkhngsdngcchodnghaypqucaothtrn
thtrnglicnhnglinhkincthitkttnginhavictocu
Htcccngtcrirc.Vd,InternationalRectifierbnmtlotnacuH,
haitrongscthm4transistorngngtMOSFETlmmtcuH
hon chnh. Con IR2101, IR2102, IR2103 l cc mch dn ng c bn ca na
cuH.ConIR2104vIR2111cmchlogicbnngoitngtiukhin
cccngtccacuH,chngcngcmchlogicbntrongmtrongmtvi
ngdngcthlmgimthiuphctpphithitkmchlogicbnngoi.
Cth,con2104baogmmtngvoenablenh4conchip2104cngvi8
transistor ng ngt c th thay th mt con L293 m khng cn thm mch
logicno.

MtsnhsnxutchorainhngconchipcuHphctpbaogmcmch
hndng.Tacngcnchrngtrnthtrngcmtsmchcu3pha,dn
ngttchongcbcnamchmvnhcu3phacuhnhYhaydelta.Tuy
nhin,ToshibaTA7288P,GL7438,TA8405lnhngthitktt,haitrongsny,
nubquamttrong6nacuHthchngtacthiukhincmtng
c5pha,10bc/vng.
13