Chuyn Hp m (Chord Progressions)

i hi phi bit: - Hp m (chords) - m giai hay cn gi l Thang m (scale) .

I.

S cn thit:

Chuyn hp m (chord progressions) trong mt bi ht l vic sp xp cc hp m cho ph hp vi cc nt nhc hoc li ca. y l mt vic quan trng v cn thit cho nhng nhc cng. Nh vo s thay i ca cc hp m m gip cho Ca on ht c hay hn. 1. Thay i m sc: Cc hp m (trng , th, tng, gim, 7, 9, vv..) to ra nhng m sc khc nhau, cng nh khi v mt bc tranh, chng ta va phi bit pha mu, va phi bit t mu ng ni ng ch, mu no ng gn nhau s lm cho cnh vt ni hn, hoc sng hn, u m hn, vv... Vic chuyn hp m cho ng cng vy, c th lm thay i cm gic ca ngi ta: vui, bun, m i hoc chi tai, vv... 2. D ht: Cc hp m trong mt m giai khng phi ng ring bit, m n cn ty thuc vo nhau v lin kt vi nhau. Vic s dng cc hp m cho ng s gip Ca on ht c d dng, d l nhng bi kh ht; ngc li, dng hp m khng ng c lm cho ca on ht sai hoc lc tng.

II.

Nhng k hiu ca cc hp m

Cc bn bit qua v nhng k hiu ca cc hp m khi c ti liu v Hp m. Sau y l bng tm kt cc hp m thng dng (chng ta dng hp m lm tiu biu): K hiu C5 C Cm hay CTn gi 5 trng th Gii thch Hp m 2 nt: C - G C-E-G C - Eb - G

C hay Cdim C+ hay Caug Csus2 Csus4 C6 C7 CM7 Cm7 Cdim7 D/A C add9

gim tng sus2 sus4 6 7 (dominant) trng 7 th 7 diminished 7 D slash A C add 9

C - Eb - Gb C - E - G# C-D-G C-F-G C-E-G-A C - E - G - Bb C-E-G-B C - Eb - G - Bb C - Eb - Gb - Bbb (A) Hp m D, bass note A. C-E-G-D

III.

t hp m

Chng ta c th t hp m bt c u trong bi ht, nhng ty thuc vo 2 iu kin: kh nng ca ngi nhc cng v hnh ca bi ht. Ngi ta thng t (hay thay i) hp m nhng ch sau y:

1. u nhp hoc nhng ch ht chm.

Nu mt hp m c dng cho c mt trng canh, ngi ta thng ch trng n nt nhc phch mnh, ri n s nt trong trng canh m c trong hp m, chn. Th d 1:

2. nhng ch o phch
Th d:

phch 1 v 3 trong nhp 4/4 (hoc C) phch 1 hoc 3 trong nhp phch 1 v i khi phch 2 trong nhp 2/4 Khi thay i t on nhc ny sang on nhc khc. Hoc bt c u

IV.

Chn hp m

Vic chn hp m cho ng v hay l mt vn kinh nghim, tc l phi dng v nghe. Hp m cn phi to c nh hng trong cu ht, c lin quan n hp m trc, m cn phi gii quyt c cho hp m ng sau na. Ngi ta thng ni, nu cc hp m l mt ba n, th mn n chnh l cc hp m Trng, mn n ph l cc hp m Th, v gia v (mui, tiu) l cc hp m Tng v Gim. Sau y l mt vi nguyn tc ngi ta thng dng trong vic t hp m: - Dng hp m ch (tonic triad, hp m bc I) nhng ch quan trng: Hp m ch l hp m quan trng nht trong bi ht, thng c t u bi ht v nht l cui bi ht. Cng nh ci tn, hp m ny c v nh nh mnh (home sweet home), i u cng phi tr v nh - S dng hp m chnh nhiu hn: 3 hp m I, IV v V l nhng hp m chnh, ch cn dng 3 hp m ny cng c th chuyn m y trong mt bi ht. Ngoi hp m ch ra, hp m quan trng th nh l hp m tho6ng m (dominant triad, bc V) . C 3 hp m chnh nn nhiu hn nhng hp m khc bi ht c vng vng (Ca on khng b lc tng). - S dng nhng hp m ph thay i m sc: Ngoi 3 hp m chnh trn ra, nhng hp m khc trong m giai l nhng hp m ph. Ngh thut chuyn m chnh l bit dng nhng hp m ph ny m lm cho bi ht c c nhng mu sc v cm gic khc nhau.

Dng hp m nghch: to mt cm gic thc y, c ao, trc khi v hp m ng sau, ngi ta hay dng hp m nghch (7, 9, 11...), m i khi nt phch mnh khng c trong hp m. C th l ngi ta hay dng hp m 7 cho hp m bc V trc khi tr v hp m ch: (V7 - I) .

V. Cch chn hp m theo s mnh/yu ca cc hp m trong m giai.

S phn tch sau y s gip chng ta c mt khi nim v s mnh - yu trong vic s dng cc hp m trong m giai. o Mnh: c th hiu l sng, y , vn ln, linh hot, vv... o Yu: c th hiu l bun, nh, u m, thiu vng, vv... S mnh/yu c tnh bng lin h ca hp m i vi hp m ch. Nh ta bit, hp m bc V (dominant) c mt lin h gn nht vi hp m bc I (tonic), hp m bc II li c lin h mt thit vi hp m bc V (hp m bc II c xem nh thng m (secondary dominant) ca V. Cn c vo qui lut ny (dominant tonic), chng ta c th xem tng hp m trong m giai. Cc hp m trong m giai Trng: Hp m: Bc: C I Dm ii Em iii F IV G, G7 V, V7 Am Vi

Nu chng ta tnh s mnh yu ca cc hp m, ta c: o F mnh hn C (tuy C l hp m ch, nhng l dominant ca F, nn F mnh hn C) o C mnh hn G hoc G7 (G l dominant ca C) o G mnh hn Dm o Dm mnh hn Am o Am mnh hn Em Vy xp theo th t mnh yu trong mt m giai:

Cc hp m trong m giai trng: - Hp m bc I ( c nt nn l ch m - tonic): Hp m g c, quan trng nht ca bi ht, thng c dng trng canh u tin v kt bi ht .Nn dng nhiu cho bi ht c vng vng. Hp m bc I c th chuyn n bt c hp m no trong m giai v bt c hp m no trong m giai cng c th chuyn v n. - Hp m bc V (c nt nn l thng m - dominant): Hp m quan trng th nh ca bi ht. Thng c dng trong bn kt (half cadence) v nht l dng trong cc gii kt tr v hp m ch. - Hp m bc IV l hp m mnh nht trong m giai, nn c cng nhn mnh, hoc khi cu nhc vn ln... Hp m IV c dng c bit trong gii kt gio ng (plagal cadence) cho cm gic ca ch AMEN. - Hp m bc vi c cm gic ngc li vi hp m bc I. - Hp m bc ii c v tr gn ging nh hp m bc V, nhng nh nhng hn. - Hp m bc iii l hp m yu nht trong m giai, i khi c cm gic ri rc v t nht, khi dng trc hp m bc vi ngi ta hay bin n thnh III hay III7. Hp m trng thng tng i mnh hn hp m th. Trong m giai trng, c 3 hp m chnh u l hp m trng, cho nn m giai trng gy cm gic mnh, vui, linh ng, vv. Trong m giai th, c 3 hp m chnh u l hp m th, cho nn m giai th gy cm gic nh nhng, bun b, trm lng, vv... Cc nt trong mt bi ht c th t nt ny nhy qua bt c mt nt no khc, cn hp m th thng chuyn theo mt qung bc V (fifth progression) . S chuyn cung cn bn trong m giai c m t qua hnh sau y :

Cc loi gii kt. C 3 cch chuyn hp m: - Chuyn hp m qung 5, ln hay xung (fifth progressions), th d: C ln G, hoc C xung F. - Chuyn hp m qung 3, ln hay xung, th d : C ln Em, hoc C xung Am . - Chuyn hp m qung 2, ln hay xung, th d: Dm ln Em, hoc Dm xung C. 1. Chuyn hp m qung 5 xung (fifth down) l cch chuyn mnh nht. 2. Chuyn hp m qung 5 i ln thng l rt yu, ngoi tr 2 trng hp bn di th n l rt mnh. - Qung 5 i ln hp m ch; th d: F C - Qung 5 t hp m ch i xung; th d: C G Trong trng hp khc (nu dng), ngi ta dng cng loi hp m (ton Trng hay Th), v khng dng hp m nghch (7, 9, 11). 3. Chuyn hp m qung 3, d ln hay xung: - Thng l yu, v c 2 nt ging nhau trong 2 hp m. - Gy cm gic nh nhng. - Khi mt hp m l trng v mt hp m l th, s to lm cho mnh m hn, v cng y mt cm gic c bit.

Cng vy, nu thay i mt trong hai hp m; th d, t C Em th dng C E hoc C E7 s lm cho mnh m hn (v c 2 nt khc nhau) . Ngi ta thng chuyn qung 3 i xung (third down) hn l chuyn qung 3 i ln. Th d: C Am hn l Am C.

4. Chuyn hp m qung 2 (ln hay xung): - Thng l mnh (v khng c nt no ging nhau.) 5. Chuyn cung mnh nht: I - V7 - I 6. Ngoi tr hp m V7 - I, nhng hp m khc m chuyn ng qung 5 xung (secondary dominant), ngi ta hay dng hp m 7; th d: A7 D7 G7 - I 7. Cc hp m khng nm trong m giai (chromatic chords): Th du, trong m giai G, chng ta dng hp m F: G F C G. Khi x dng, chng ta nn dng gia bi ht, trnh u bi ht. Nn chuyn v cc hp m ca m giai (harmonic chords) ngay. 8. Suspense4 :

Gii kt l mt dy hp m i lin nhau m ngi ta thng dng kt thc mt on hay mt bi ht. Phn ny dng trong lnh vc phn tch ho m, nhng chng ta cng nn bit qua. Bn kt (Half Cadence): Khi kt vi bt c hp m no chuyn n hp m bc V (thng l I - V). Kt trong trng thi l lng, cha hon ton, thng c dng kt thc mt on hay mt na ca bi ht. Kt trn (Authentic Cadence): Kt cui cu hoc cui bi ht. C 2 loi: - Kt hon ton (perfect authentic cadence) : khi gii kt l V - I , c hai hp m u nm trong v tr nn (khng phi th o), v b soprano kt nt ch m, - Kt khng hon ton (imperfect authentic cadence): khi gii kt l V - I, nhng mt trong hai hp m khng phi th nn, hoc b Soprano khng kt nt ch m. Gii kt gio ng (plagal Cadence): C gii kt l IV - I

Gii kt thay th (Deceptive hay interrupted cadence): Khi gii kt l hp m V ti bt c hp m no, thng l V - vi (vi thay th cho I) v V - IV. Gii kt ny cng cho mt cm gic ngh ngi, nhng khng y . Hong Vit Hng bin son