Tap hudn déi tuyén Viet Nam thi Toan quéc t& Bat dang thtrc thuan nhat 1. Mé dau Hau hét cde bat dang thite cé dién (Cauchy, Bunhiacopsky, Holder, Minkowsky, Chebysey ...) déu 18 céc bat ding thic thuin nbit. Digu nay hodn todn khong ngiu nhién. Vé logich, c6 thé néi ring, chi c6 céc dai hrong cing bac méi cé thé so sénh ‘v6i nhau m6t céch toan cue duge. Chinh vi thé, bat dang thite thudn nhit chiém mét ty IG rit cao trong céc bai todn bat dang thitc, da bigt 18 bat ding thite dai s6 (Khi cdc ham s6 Ia ham dai s6, e6 bac hitu han). Béi véi cée ham gidi tich (md, lngng gidc, logarith), cdc bat ding thire cing duge coi Ia thuan nbat vi cde him s6 c6 bac 6 (theo céng thite Taylor). Trong bai nay, ching ta sé dé cfp t6i cdc phuong phép co bin dé chimg minh bit ding thire thudn nhit, ling nh céich chuyén tir mot bat diing thire khéng thudn nit vé mét bat ding thie thudn nhdt, Nim viing va vin dung nhuin nhuyén cée phuong ph4p nay, ching ta c6 thé ching minh duge hau hét cdc bit ding thite so cp. 2. Bat ding thite thudn nhit Ham 86 f(x, x2, 05 4a) ci ce bibn 5 thye x1, x2, «5 Xe dupe TA hm thudn abit bie a néu véi moi s6 tye t ta 08 Hy Oy wong OB) = CTR, Hoy oy 8) Bat ding thite dang 10, ap voy By) 20 v6i f 1 mot ham thuan nhat duoc goi la bat dang thie thudn nhit (bac av, Vi dy cée bat ding thie Cauchy, bat ding thife Bunhiacopsky, bat ding thie Chebyshey Ia edie bat ding thite thuan nhat. Bat dang thie Bernoulli, bat dang thic sinx < x vi x > 0 [8 cée bat ding thite khong thud nt. 3. Chimg minh bat dang thire thudn nhat 3.1. Phuong phap din bién Die diém cia nhitu bét ding thir, ‘xay ra khi tat ca hoa 1). Phurong phép dén bién dya vao dae diém nay dé lam gidm s6 bién sé cia bit ding thie, dua bat ching minh true tiép céich khdo sét him m@t bién hode ching minh bing quy nap. A chimmg minh bét dang thie H(R15 Koy very Ro) 20 @ Ta o6 thé thir ching minh MR, Koy oe Me) = ARAVA ADVI, 0%) QD hode HR, oy sory Ra) DAV RING, VRIKD woos Kod @) Sau d6 chuyén vige chimg minh (1) vé vige chimg minh bat dang thie (4 X15 Sy ey Ba) = BOI, ns Ka) 20 (4) © Tran Nam Diing - 6/2003Tap hudn déi tuyén Viet Nam thi Toan quéc t& tite 14 mt bat ding thite 6 sé bién ft hon. Di nhién, cdc bat ding thite (2), (3) o6 thé khong dting hodc chi dting ong mét sé diéu kign ndo dé. Vi ta chi thay doi 2 bién sé nén théng thuang thi tinh éting dan cita bat ding thite nay c6 thé kiém tra duge dé dang. Vidu 1: Cho a,b, ¢> 0. Chimg mink bit dang thire ; a'th'scl+tabemabtalesblasbies cate’ Xét ham s6 f(a, b,c) = a° +b? +c" + 3abe —(a°b + ae + b’a +b’ + cat cb) Tacé fla, b, ¢) ~ fla, (b+c)/2, (b+c)/2) = a + b* + c° + Babe - (a°b + ae + b’a + b’c + c'at cb) ~a° ~ (b+c)'/4 ~ 3a(b+0)"14 + a°(b+c) + a(b+e)"12 + (b+c)'/4 = (b+e-Sa/d)(b-c) Do 46, néu a= min(a, b, c) (digu may 1u6n c6 thé gid st thi ta c6 fia, b, (btV2, (b+e)/2) , dé chimg minh bat dang thie dau bai, ta chi cin ching minh f(a, b, b) > 0. Nhung bit ding thie nay twong dong voi al + 2b) + 3ab? ~ (a'b + a'b + bia +b° 6 a +ab*—2a’b>0 6 ala)? ; Vidu 2: Cho a b,c la ede Fab blat b})>0 wre bit ky. Ching minh ri 1g (arb)! + (b+c)* + (c+a)*— /T)(a*+b*+c°) > 0 (Bb thi chon d6i tuyén Vigt Nam 1996) Git: Ta 6 F(a, by ©) ~ Fla, (b+e)2, (b+c)/2) = (a+b) + (bee) + (c+a)® = IM (a"sb +e") - at(d4e)!2)° — (b4e)* + IMIa"42(bseV2") = (a4by” + (C+a)* — 2aH(b40V2" + c(4/T)((b+e)'/8 — b* — cy = a(4b'¥4c*(b+c)’) + 3a2(2b74e*-(b+e)") + BIT b +e. (b+c)'/8) = 3a(b+e)(b-c)? + 3a°(b-c)” + (2/56)(b-c)°[7b"+7e"+10bc] = 3a(atb+e)(b- + (3/56)(b-c)"[7b*+7c"+ 10bc]. . . a . 6 hang cuéi cling lu6n khong Am. Néu a, b, ¢ cling dau thi bat ding thire cn chirng, minh li hién nhién, Néu a, b, ¢ khOng cing déu thi phi c6 ft nhét 1 wong ba s6 a, b, ¢ cing diu véi atb+e, Khong mat tinh téng quét, gia sir d6 1a a. Tir ding thite trén suy ra F(a, b, ) > Fla, (b+0)/2, (b+c)/2), Nhu vay ta chi cdn can ching minh: F(a, b,b) =0 vai moi a,b, hay Ta 2(atb)* + by" — (4/T)(a"42b uu b = 0 thi bat ding thie 18 hign cho b" r6i dat x = afb thi ta duge bit 2xt + 16 - AT)(X'42) 20 Bit ding thre cui cing e6 thé chimg minh nhs sau XE f(x) = 2laxt1)* + 16 - 4/T)(X"42) Ta c6 P(x) = B(+1)*- (16/7)x°. P(x) frxin = f(-2.9294) = 2(-1,9294)" + 16 - (4/7)(-2.9294)" - 8/7 = (C&e phan tinh ton cudi duge tinh véi d6 chinh xéc t6i 4 chit s6 sau déu phay. Do fain tinh duge 1a 0.4924 nén néu tinh ca sai so tuyét d6i thi gif tri chinh xéc cla fin van Ta mat sé duong. Vi day 1a mot bit ding thic rit cht nén khOng thé trénh durge cfc t{nh (oin véi s y. Ching han néu thay 4/7 bing 16/27 dS Xain= 3 th Pie 06 gid trj dm! O day F(x) = 2(x41)" + 16 = (16/27)x" - 8/7.) nhién, Néu b #0, chia hai vé cia bat ding thite ing thite tuong duong 3.2. Phuong phap chufin héa_ Dang thudng gp cia bit ding thi thudn nat 1 Hy Xap oop Bu) 2 Big XD ory Xe) © Tran Nam Diing - 6/2003Tap hudn déi tuyén Viet Nam thi Toan quéc t& trong d6 f va g 1a hai him thudn nhdt cing bic. Do tinh chdt cia ham thudn nhit, ta c6 thé chuyén vige ching minh bat dang thire wén ve vig FOX, X5) «ony Bq) > A VOL MO: XI, Koy sey Xe HOA MAN dieu KigM CX, Xo, wy Xe) = A, Chodn héa mét céch thich hgp, ta of thé lam don gidn cdc biéu dic cia bat ding thie cn ching minh, tin dung duge mét sé tinh chit dac bigt cla cdc hing sé. Vidu Cho bé n s8 the durong (x) = (x1, Hay «ons a). Vi mdi s6 thy r ta dat Max) = [0x + x3 ot Xe)/n Chimng minh ring véi moi r>s>0 ta c6 Mix) 2 M, (Bat dng thie vé trung binh Idy thira) Giai: Vi M,(cx) = (M,(x) véi moi 0 nén ta chi cdin chimg minh bat ding thirc ding cho cdc s6 thue dutong x:, x2, ..., Xathod man digu kign M(x) = 1, tie Bh cin chimg minh M(x) > I vi moi xi, x2.» Xe tho man digu kign Max) = 1. Digu nay c6 thé vigt don gian Iai a Ching minh x)"4 xo! oh Xo 2m VOL As" xa ot Dé ching minh bat ding thitc cudi cing, ta dp dung bat ding ‘thite Bernoulli we = [Lt LT 2 1+ G/S)(-1), A= 1,2, ooo Cong cée bat ding thie tn Igi, ta duge diéu phai chimg minh. ching minh bat ding thire Vidu 4: Ching minh ring véi x, y, z I cdc 6 thye bat ky ta c6 bat ding théc Ox + y+ 2Nx'+ +2) S Wayz + LO(Ks y+ 2°)? . (Dé thi Hoe sinh gidi quée gia nam 2002) Gidi: Bat ding thir nay rit céng kénh. Néu thite hign phép bién déi truc tip sé rit Kho Khan (vf du thir binh phurong dé khir can), Ta thyc hign phép chudn héa dé don ain héa bat ding tire di cho, Néu x’ + y* +7! = 0 = 0, bat ding thie tr thanh dang thie. Ne > 0, do bat dng thie 43 cho B thud mht, ta 06 he gid si, x°+y'+ 22 =9. Ta cin ching minh 2(x+y+z) < xyz + 10 véi didu kign x? + = 9. Dé ching minh diéu nay, ta chi cn ching minh yz < 100 1g quat, c6 thé gia sir Ixl < lyl < Izl. Ap dung bat ding thie Bunhiacopsky, ta c6 [20c+y+2) — xyz? = lotyy? + 22-xy)P < [(xey)? + ZIQP2-2y)"] = (O42ayN8-dnyex"y!) = 12 —20ny + x'y' + 2x'y! = 100 + (xy#2)"2ay. Tu ixl Slyl SIzl suy raz’ > 3, Suyra 2xy Sx° +¥S6, tite 1a (xy+2)"(2xy-7) $0. Te day, k&t hop véi dan gid trén day ta duge digu can chimng minh, Dau bing xay ra khi Va chi khi (x+y)/2 = 2(2-xy) va xy42 = 0. Tir dy gidi ra duge x = -1, y= 2, 2=2. y that chufin h6a cho phép ching ta bién mt bit ding thie phite tap chan, mot bi dang thite e6 dang don gin hon. Diéu nay gitip ta c6 thé ap dung cae bién déi dai sé mt cach dé ding hon, thay vi phai Iam vige véi cée biéu thie cdng kénh ban div, Dic bigt, sau khi chun héa xong, ta vin c6 thé 4p dung phuong phép dén bién dé gid, Ta dua ra loi gidi Uni hai cho bai toén trén: Dat fix, y, ) = 2(x+ +7) — yr. Tacdn ching minh f(x, y,2) $10 voix? + y+ 22 = Xét f(x, Viy427)/2, Wy - fix, y, 2) = 20+ atl 12), — xiy42)/2 — Qxtytz) + xyz 2(y'42") - y - 2) — x{y-2'2 = x2 + Néu x, y, 2 >0, ta xét hai trudng hop -1SxSySz. Khid6 2(xty+z) — xyz $ 2V3(x"+y"4z") - L © Tran Nam Diing - 6/2003