S NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN TP.

H CH MINH

TRUNG TM KHUYN NNG

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CM NANG NUI TM CHN TRNG (Penaeus vannamei)

NM 2009

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LI NI U Trang 5

1. MT S QUY NH CA B NNG NGHIP V PTNT V NUI TM CHN TRNG VIT NAM 1.1. Yu cu chung i vi vng nui v phng tr dch bnh 6 1.2. Cc bnh trn tm chn trng phi cng b dch 7 1.3. Trch nhim ca ch c s nui trong phng chng dch 7 2. TM HIU MT S C IM V TM CHN TRNG 2.1. Phn loi 8 2.2. c im sinh thi v tp tnh sinh sng 9 2.3. c im dinh dng v kh nng tng trng 10 3. K THUT NUI TM CHN TRNG 3.1. Chn a im 3.2. Xy dng h thng nui 3.3. Chun b ao nui 3.4. Th ging 3.5. Cho n v qun l thc n 3.6. Qun l mi trng 3.7. Qun l sc khe 11 11 13 15 15 16 18 3

Cm nang nui tm chn trng

3.8. S dng v qun l thuc, ha cht 3.9. Thu hoch v x l 4. MT S BNH THNG GP V BIN PHP PHNG TR 4.1. Bnh do virut 4.1.1. Hi chng Taura 4.1.2. Bnh m trng 4.1.3. Bnh hoi t c quan to mu 4.2. Bnh do vi khun
5. THNG TIN KHC CN BIT TI LIU THAM KHO

20 20

21 21 22 22 23
25-30 30

Cm nang nui tm chn trng

LI NI U Tm chn trng (P. vannamei) cng vi tm s (P. monodon) v tm he Trung Quc (P. chinensis) l ba i tng nui quan trng nht ca ngh nui tm th gii trong giai on hin nay. Nh c gi tr dinh dng rt cao, d nui, ln nhanh v sn lng ln nn tm chn trng c nui ph bin Ty Bn cu khng km g tm s Chu . Bn cnh tm s, tm chn trng v ang c ngi tiu dng cc th trng ln a chung. M l th trng tiu th tm chn trng ln nht, tip theo l th trng Chu u v Nht Bn. T u nm 2008, c s cho php ca B Nng nghip v PTNT, nhiu a phng trong c nc pht trin nui tm chn trng nhm a dng i tng nui. Mc d, tm chn trng c nhiu u th hn so vi tm s nhng cng i mt vi khng t nguy c. Trong , ng lo ngi nht l hi chng Taura khi bng pht thnh dch bnh s lm tn hi n cc loi tm bn a v gy mt cn bng sinh thi. V th, cung cp thm thng tin cho ngi nui, nhm trang b nhng hiu bit cn thit, hng ti sn xut m bo an ton v sinh thc phm, an ton dch bnh, bo v mi trng v bo v li ch ca ngi nui, gp phn pht trin nui bn vng, Trung tm Khuyn nng TP.HCM bin son cm nang NUI TM CHN TRNG (Penaeus vannamei). Thay mt Ban bin tp, chng ti xin chn thnh cm n v mong tip tc nhn c cc kin ng gp qu bu ca cc c quan chuyn mn, ngi sn xut v b con nng dn, tip tc b sung cho ti liu hon chnh hn.
TS. Trn Vit M
Cm nang nui tm chn trng

1. MT S QUY NH CA B NNG NGHIP V PTNT V NUI TM CHN TRNG VIT NAM hn ch nhng ri ro v nguy c dch bnh nhm hng ti pht trin nui tm chn trng bn vng, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ban hnh mt s vn bn quy nh cho vic nui tm chn trng. Trong , ngi nui cn bit cc thng tin sau: 1.1. Yu cu chung i vi vng nui v phng tr dch bnh (Theo iu 7 v 8, chng III, quyt nh 456/QBNN-NTTS) - i vi cc tnh Nam B (ng Nam b v ng bng sng Cu Long) ch c nui tm chn trng theo hnh thc thm canh v nui trong vng c quy hoch. - Cc tnh t Qung Ninh n Bnh Thun c nui tm chn trng theo nhu cu ca cc nh u t v nm trong vng quy hoch nui tm ca a phng. - Cc c s nui tm chn trng phi qun l khng c tm thot ra mi trng nc xung quanh. - H thng cp v thot nc trong c s nui tm chn trng phi c b tr ring r trnh gy nhim. - Cc c s nui tm chn trng thm canh (k t Qung Ninh n ng bng sng Cu Long) thc hin ng Tiu chun ngnh 28 TCN 191: 2004 Vng nui tm - iu kin m bo v sinh an ton thc phm. - Thc hin bin php phng nga bnh, dch l chnh, v sinh kh trng i vi ngi v phng tin trc khi vo khu sn xut. X l h thng ao/m, dng c sn xut sau mi t thu hoch v sau khi dp dch. 6
Cm nang nui tm chn trng

- C s sn xut phi phi hp vi cc c quan chc nng, to mi iu kin cc c quan chc nng thc hin phng chng dch. - Bo qun, s dng thuc, ch phm sinh hc, thc n theo quy nh. - Ch u t nui tm chn trng phi chp hnh s gim st v kim tra ca cc c quan qun l, c quan th y a phng v Trung ng v phng tr dch bnh. 1.2. Cc bnh trn tm chn trng phi cng b dch Theo Thng t 39/2009/TT-BNNPTNT, Tm chn trng (P. vannamei) c cc bnh khi bng pht trn din rng phi cng b dch bao gm: - Bnh m trng (White spot disease), tc nhn gy bnh l White spot syndrome virus (WSSV); - Bnh u vng (Yellow head disease), tc nhn gy bnh l Yellowhead virus (YHV); - Hi chng Taura (Taura syndrome), tc nhn gy bnh l Taura syndrome virus (TSV). 1.3. Trch nhim ca ch c s nui trong phng chng dch (Theo thng t 36/2009/TT-BNNPTNT) - Tun th ng theo hng dn ca cc c quan chc nng trong vic thit k h thng nui, p dng quy trnh k thut, ma v nui v bin php phng chng dch bnh, m bo t hiu qu cao nht trong phng chng dch bnh, bo v mi trng v gim thiu cc cht c hi cho thy sn nui. - Ch c php s dng thc n, ch phm sinh hc, khng sinh, ha cht nm trong danh mc c php lu
Cm nang nui tm chn trng

hnh ti Vit Nam do B Nng nghip v PTNT cng b, m bo tiu chun v sinh th y. - Ch s dng con ging c ngun gc r rng, c chng nhn kim dch ca c quan th y. - Ch c s nui khi pht hin thy sn nghi nhim bnh hoc cht bt thng phi bo ngay cho cn b th y x, huyn/trm Th y huyn. - Chp hnh cc quy nh v kim dch, bo co dch bnh, thit lp v lu tr cc loi h s lin quan ti con ging; thc n; thuc th y; ci to ao m; chm sc; qun l thy sn; x l cht thi (nc thi, bn thi v rc thi) theo hng dn ca cc c quan chc nng. - Hp tc vi cc c quan chc nng trong vic ly mu kim tra cc ch tiu mi trng, dch bnh. - c tham d cc kha tp hun v phng chng dch bnh thy sn, k thut nui do cc c quan qun l t chc. 2. TM HIU MT S C IM V TM CHN TRNG 2.1. Phn loi - Ngnh: Arthropoda (Chn khp) - Lp: Crustacea (Gip xc) - B: Decapoda (Mi chn) - H: Penaeidae (Tm he) - Ging: Litopenaeus - Loi: Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931 hay Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931 - Tn ting Anh: White leg shrimp 8
Cm nang nui tm chn trng

- Tn ting Vit: Tm bc Thi Bnh Dng, Tm chn trng (theo FAO), Vit Nam thng gi l Tm chn trng. 2.2. c im sinh thi v tp tnh sng - Tm chn trng l loi tm nhit i, c kh nng thch nghi vi gii hn rng v mn v nhit . + Tm c kh nng thch nghi vi mn 0,5 45 %0 , thch hp: 7 34 %0 v tng trng tt mn kh thp: 10 15 %0 . V th, tm chn trng c xem l ng c vin sng gi cho nui thy sn ni a. + Mc d tm c kh nng thch nghi vi gii hn rng v nhit (15 330C), nhng nhit thch hp nht cho s pht trin ca tm l 23 300C. Nhit ti u cho tm lc nh (1g) l 300C v cho tm ln (12 18g) l 270C. Tuy nhin, trong iu kin nhit thp tm mn cm hn vi cc bnh do virus nh bnh m trng v hi chng Taura. - Trong vng bin t nhin, tm chn trng ni c y ct bn, su < 72m, tm trng thnh phn ln sinh sng ven bin gn b, tm con phn b nhiu vng ca sng - ni giu cht dinh dng. - Ban ngy tm vi mnh trong bn, kim n vo ban m. Trong iu kin th nghim, t thy tm n tht ln nhau. 2.3. c im dinh dng v kh nng tng trng - Tm chn trng l loi n tp thin v ng vt, ph thc n rng, cng bt mi khe, tm s dng c nhiu loi thc n t nhin c kch c ph hp t mn b hu c n cc ng thc vt thy sinh.

Cm nang nui tm chn trng

- Nhu cu protein trong khu phn thc n cho tm chn trng (20 35%), thp hn so vi cc loi tm nui cng h khc (36 42%) - Kh nng chuyn ha thc n ca tm rt cao, trong iu kin nui thm canh, h s chuyn ha thc n (FCR) dao ng t 1,1 1,3. - Tm chn trng lt xc vo ban m, thi gian gia 2 ln lt xc khong 1 3 tun, tm nh (< 3g) trung bnh 1 tun lt xc 1 ln, thi gian gia 2 ln lt xc tng dn theo tui tm, n giai on tm ln (15 20g), trung bnh 2,5 tun tm lt xc 1 ln. - Tm c tc tng trng nhanh, trong iu kin nui, vi mi trng sinh thi ph hp, tm c kh nng t 8 - 10g trong 60 - 80 ngy, hay t 35 - 40g trong khong 180 ngy. Tm tng trng nhanh hn trong 60 ngy nui u, sau , mc tng trng gim dn theo thi gian nui. - Nh c tnh n tp, bt mi khe, linh hot, nn tm chn trng trong qun n c kh nng bt mi nh nhau, v th tm nui tng trng kh ng u, t b phn n. 3. K THUT NUI TM CHN TRNG 3.1. Chn a im Tiu ch chn a im xy dng h thng ao nui: - Nm trong vng quy hoch c php nui. - C ngun nc cp ph hp, v s lng v m bo cht lng nh p ng cc yu cu v ch tiu l ha ca nc v khng b nhim. Cc ch tiu ngun nc cp ph hp: mn: 8 20 %0 , pH: 6 8, kim: 60 100 mg CaCO3/l, nhit : 26 300C. 10
Cm nang nui tm chn trng

- t ao nui phi c kt dnh nhm hn ch ti a vic thm thu gia cc ao, gia mng cp, mng thot v ao nui. 3.2. Xy dng h thng nui Cng trnh nui tm chn trng c kt cu ging nh cng trnh nui tm s nhng c su ln hn v mt th cao hn. M hnh nui c nng sut, hn ch ri ro l m hnh nui t thay nc. H thng nui tm chn trng bao gm: - Ao nui: + Hnh vung, hnh trn hoc hnh ch nht, c din tch 0,4 - 1ha, nu l hnh ch nht: chiu di/chiu rng < 2, thun tin cho vic to dng chy khi qut nc. + y ao bng phng, nghing 15o v pha cng thot. Nn y bng phng, c nn cht. + su tt nht 1,8 2,5m hoc ti thiu phi cha c 1,2m nc. + Khng b r r nc t trong ao ra ngoi v ngc li. - Ao cha (ao lng): chim 25 30% tng din tch, dng cha, x l nc trc khi cp vo ao nui, nhm hn ch, ngn nga cc tc nhn c hi cho ao nui nh mm bnh, tm c tp, Nu c iu kin, nn xy ao cha c cao trnh cao hn ao nui c th cp nc m khng cn dng my bm nhm tit kim chi ph nhin liu. - Ao x l thi: chim 5 10% tng din tch, dng x l nc thi t ao nui sau khi thu hoch trc khi x ra mi trng ngoi.

Cm nang nui tm chn trng

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- Knh cp, knh thot: chim khong 10% tng din tch. Cn b tr knh cp, thot nc ring bit. tit kim chi ph bm nc, knh cp c cao trnh cao hn ao nui v knh thot nn thp hn y ao nui khong 20cm c th tho cn nc ao khi cn.

Hnh 1: H thng knh cp ni + B ao: B ao phi lun cao hn mc nc trong ao t nht 0,5m. dc ca b ph thuc vo tnh cht ca t lin quan n kh nng b xi l. B c p v nn cht, chng thm tt, khng st l khi ma, mt b nghing v pha ngoi hoc p g ngn quanh ming ao trnh nc ma ra tri xung ao. Ngoi ra, rng b ao phi rng, m bo cho vic vn chuyn nguyn liu (thc n) cho ao. Tt nht nn ph bt nylon. - Cng cp v cng thot: mi ao u c cng cp v thot ring bit, khu cng ty vo th tch nc ca ao, sao cho c th cp nc theo yu cu trong vng 4 - 6 gi hoc c th tho cn nc trong ao trc khi thy triu ln. 12
Cm nang nui tm chn trng

- Bi thi: l ni cha cc cht thi t khu vc nui nh rc thi, mn y ao. Cc cht thi ny cn c x l thnh phn bn hoc chuyn n ni tp trung khc trnh nhim mi trng khu vc nui v mi trng xung quanh.

Hnh 2, 3: Ao nui tm chn trng 3.3. Chun b ao nui Cng tc chun b ao c tin hnh ln lt theo cc bc - Ra ao: + Ao c: Ht sch bn y vo khu vc cha thi + Ao mi: Ly nc vo ao, ngm 2 3 ngy ri tho cn, thc hin lp li 2 - 3 ln - Gia c b, lt bt; - Bn vi: Loi vi bn v liu lng ty vo pH ca nn y pH ca t > 6,5 5 6,5 <5 Bt vi CaCO3 (kg/ha) 1.000 2.000 2.000 3.000 3.000 5.000 Vi CaO (kg/ha) 500 1.000 1.000 1.500 1.500 2.500

Cm nang nui tm chn trng

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Ghi ch: nu pH nn y < 5, nn s dng vi CaO, nu pH >6,5 nn s dng vi (CaC03) - Phi ao 5-7 ngy; - Ly nc vo ao qua vi lc, lng nc ti a theo kh nng cha ca ao. - lng t nht 5 ngy trng ca cc ng vt thy sinh n ht (nu c) - Dit tp bng Saponine, nng 1,5 2ppm (1,5 2g/m3); - Kh trng bng Chlorine nng 30ppm hoc mt s loi thuc kh trng nc chuyn dng v c php s dng trong nui thy sn. - Tip tc lng 7 ngy gii phng kh Cl (nu kh trng bng Chlorine) - Gy mu + Dng phn DAP, liu lng trung bnh 30kg/ ha. + Sau 2 3 ngy, nu mu nc cha t, tip tc b sung phn DAP, liu lng trung bnh: 15 kg/ha, n khi nc c mu v u. - Lp t h thng sc kh: 6 8 gin/ha, 12 qut/gin, 6 cnh/qut 3.4. Th ging - Ging phi c cung cp bi cc n v c chng nhn v cht lng v phi qua kim dch cc bnh taura, u vng, m trng, ci. - Vn hnh h thng sc kh trc khi th ging 3 gi

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Cm nang nui tm chn trng

- Kim tra mi trng trc khi th ging - Th ging vo sng sm - p dng k thut th ging chung: ngm bao ging trong ao nui cn bng nhit trc khi th. 3.5. Cho n v qun l thc n - S dng thc n chuyn dng cho Tm chn trng, m > 26%. - Tng cng hm lng vitamine, khong, acid amine thit yu bng cch trn b sung trc tip vo thc n. - B sung ch phm sinh hc tng cng h vi sinh ng rut, ci thin tiu ha thc n cho tm. - iu chnh lng thc n d kin 3 ngy/t, t l tng 3 % sau mi t iu chnh. Tuy nhin lng thc n thc t c iu chnh hng ngy, da vo kt qu kim tra sn n sau mi ln cho n 120 150 pht. - Khi thi tit thay i, nhit qu nng hay qu lnh u nh hng n sc n ca tm. V th, cn thay i lng thc n gia cc ln cho n trong ngy ty vo thi tit, trn nguyn tc tm n mnh nht vo lc mt m. Do , nhng ngy nng nng, lng n tp trung nhiu vo sng sm hoc bui ti, ngc li, vo nhng ngy tri lnh, khng nn cho n vo sng sm, nn cho n nhiu vo bui tra, khi thi tit m li. - tng cng sc khe cho tm v pht huy sc tng trng mnh trong thi gian u, nn cho tm n tch cc trong 01 thng nui u chu k.

Cm nang nui tm chn trng

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Hnh 4, 5: Chun b thc n v kim tra sn 3.6. Qun l mi trng - Kim tra cc yu t mi trng: + Kim tra 2 ln/ngy cc yu t pH, nng oxy ha tan (DO), nhit + Kim tra 1 ln/ngy cc yu t: kim, trong + Kim tra 1 ln/tun cc yu t: NH3, NO2, mn + Kim tra 1 ln/thng cc yu t: BOD5 hoc COD - Kim sot, iu chnh pH, tng kim trong ao nui bng Dolomite (MgCaCO3) hoc vi (CaCO3), nht l vo thi gian tm lt xc. - Cc ch tiu mi trng nc quan trng cn n nh nh sau: + pH: 8 + 0, 3, dao ng pH trong 1 ngy m khng qu 1 + kim trn 80 mg CaCO3/l + NH3 < 0,1 mg/l + H2S < 0,03 mg/l + DO > 4mg/l + mn: 10 20 %0 + COD < 6 mg/l 16
Cm nang nui tm chn trng

+ trong: 30 + 5 cm. - Tng cng oxy ha tan bng h thng qut, vn hnh 10 - 20 gi/ngy m tu vo giai on nui, iu kin thi tit v cht lng nc ao. Tng cng sc kh vo cui giai on nui, nhng ngy nng t hay khi trong ca ao gim. Cn lu : ngng qut nc khi cho tm n v m qut nc li sau khi cho n 2 gi. - S dng ch phm vi sinh nhm tng cng h vi sinh c li, gip ci thin nn y, cht hu c trong nc v n nh pH. - Ch thay nc: cc ao nui tm chn trng thm canh nn p dng hnh thc nui t hoc khng thay nc, ch cp nc khi cn: 3 - 6 ln/v. Thi im cp nc ty thuc vo mc nc trong ao nui v cht lng nc bn ngoi. - Kim sot nc u vo thng qua cc ao lng: nc c lng t nht 7 ngy v c kh trng. C th dng Chlorine, nng 30ppm v cp nc vo ao sau 7 ngy x l; thuc tm (KMnO4) nng 1,5ppm, sau 48 gi mi cp vo ao nui hay cc loi thuc kh trng nc khc chuyn dng v c php s dng trong nui thy sn.

Hnh 6: Kim tra mi trng nc

Hnh 7: Thu mu nc gi i kim tra

Cm nang nui tm chn trng

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3.7. Qun l sc khe tm nui - Ao nui tm ni chung, nui tm chn trng ni ring, cn p dng cc gii php phng bnh l chnh. Vic phng bnh khng hiu qu, bnh xy ra, ngoi nguy c gy bng pht dch bnh, qu trnh x l bnh s dn n cc nguy c gy mt an ton v sinh thc phm, tn hi n mi trng trong v ngoi ao nui v nht nh nh hng n gi thnh sn xut. - Phng bnh bao gm cc hot ng + Hn ch cc tc ng xu t mi trng nh hng n sc khe ca tm nh bin i ca cc ch tiu l, ha hc, s gia tng ca mm bnh trong ao. + Ngn nga cc nguy c gy bnh t ngun ging khng m bo, cht lng nc cp khng t yu cu, qu trnh xm nhp ca mm bnh t bn ngoi do v sinh trang tri cha ph hp, + X l trit v c trch nhim khi bnh xy ra: bo ngay n c quan lin quan vn bnh x l kp thi, ng cch. - C th hn, phng bnh trong qu trnh nui bao gm thc hin tt vic qun l con ging, thc n, ngun nc v theo di sc khe tm nui. + Theo di sc n ca tm, y c xem l mt trong cc du hiu th hin r nht tnh trng sc khe ca tm. + Quan st hot ng ca tm trong ao, biu hin ca tm vo sn n, cc du hiu cm quan nh tnh trng thc n trong rut, cc du hiu bn ngoi khc, .. + Theo di du hiu lt xc kim sot cht ch kim ca nc, m bo cht lng nc tm pht trin tt: tng trng ti a v hnh thnh v mi sau mi ln lt xc. 18
Cm nang nui tm chn trng

+ V sinh trang tri nui: Khng x rc, x nc thi sinh hot, phng u ba bi (phi c khu v sinh v t v tr thch hp, khng gy nhim cho khu vc nui); Khng nui gia sc, gia cm trong khu vc nui; Dng c, trang thit b s dng ring bit cho tng ao; Ch v sinh ca cng nhn, k thut lao ng trong tri. - Phng php tnh t l sng + C th d on t l sng ca tm theo cng thc:
S tm TB/chi T l sng = --------------------------- x din tch ao (m2) x K Din tch chi (m2)

Trong , h s K ph thuc vo su ao v kch c tm.

Mc nc (m) 1 1,2 C tm (cm/con) 6-7 8-9 6-7 8-9 H s K 1,4 1,2 1,5 1,3

Hnh 8 - 9: Chi kim tra sc khe tm

Cm nang nui tm chn trng

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3.8. S dng v qun l thuc, ha cht M hnh nui tm chn trng thm canh phi p dng nghim ngt cc gii php qun l vic s dng thuc v ho cht: - Ch s dng khi tht cn thit, khng lm dng - Ch s dng thuc, ha cht c php s dng - Cn bo qun thuc, ha cht ng cch - Ghi chp cn thn mi thng tin lin quan n vic s dng thuc, ha cht 3.9. Thu hoch v x l cht thi - Dng c thu hoch, cch thu hoch cn ch ly nhim gia cc ao: s dng dng c thu hoch ring r cho tng ao hoc v sinh k (git sch, phi ro) trc khi s dng tip cho ao khc. - Nc thi v cht lng ng phi c x l t yu cu trc khi thi ra ngoi mi trng xung quanh: nu cn phi thi ngay, phi lng v x l bng ha cht dit khun hoc c th dng c (r phi) th nui trong ao x l nc thi, y l phng php x l sinh hc, sau mt khong thi gian, kim tra cc yu t mi trng trc khi thi ra mi trng ngoi. Cc ch tiu nc thi cn kim tra: cht rn l lng < 50 mg/l, BOD5 < 30 mg/l, pH: 6 9, NH3 <0,3 mg/l, PO43+ < 0,3 mg/l. - Phi x l ph hp bn ao nui thy sn sau thu hoch: bn c bm n bi x l cht thi cch xa khu vc nui, phi nng, hoai n khi c th lm phn bn.

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Cm nang nui tm chn trng

Hnh 10: Thu hoch tm

Hnh 11: Ht bn y sau thu hoch

4. MT S BNH THNG GP V BIN PHP PHNG TR 4.1. Bnh do Virus 4.1.1. Hi chng Taura (TSV Taura Syndrome virus) - Bnh TSV do virus thuc ging Piconavirus gy ra. - Bnh thng xy ra giai on u nin t 14 - 40 ngy tui, c th gy cht n 90%. - Triu chng ni bt nht tm bnh: c th c mu hng sng hoc , nht l ui v cc chn bi. Mt s tm b mm v, phng mang, rut rng. Tm thng cht sau khi lt xc. 4.1.2. Bnh m trng (WSSV White Spot Syndrome Virus) - Bnh WSSV do virus thuc ging Baculovirus gy ra. - Bnh thng xy ra trong 2 thng nui u. Bnh gy t l cht rt cao, c th ln n 100% trong 3 7 ngy. - Du hiu c trng ca bnh: c th tm xut hin cc m trng, trn, di lp v kitin, tp trung nhiu gip
Cm nang nui tm chn trng

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u ngc v t bng cui cng. Tm bnh gim n r rt, bi gn b. 4.1.3. Bnh hoi t c quan to mu (IHHNV Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis) - Bnh do virut Parvovirus gy ra. - Tm b bnh thng dng mn tnh vi cc triu chng nh ci cc, d dng cc b phn c th (chy, ru, v, ), tm chm ln v t l phn n cao. Bnh ny khng nh hng n t l sng ca tm nhng nh hng rt ln n sn lng tm nui. Cc bnh do virus nu trn c th ly nhim theo c 2 trc ngang v dc. Bnh c truyn t tm b m sang con trong sn xut ging hay ly nhim t tm bnh sang tm khe hoc t sinh vt mang mm bnh khc ly nhim sang tm nui. Bnh virut l bnh gy thit hi nng n nht v l tr ngi rt ln cho tm nui ton th gii. n nay vn cha c bin php iu tr bnh do virus. V th, bin php phng bnh c xem l yu t hng u trong thc t sn xut. Mt s bin php phng bnh nh sau: - Chn tm ging sch bnh, qua kim dch - Phng trnh s xm nhp ca virus vo ao bng cch: lm tt cng tc ty dn, v sinh trc v sau mt v nui dit virus t do, cc sinh vt mang virus (cua, cng, tm hoang d, ), st trng nc trc khi cp vo ao nui. - Th nui tm ng theo lch thi v nhm trnh ma m bnh thng xut hin. 22
Cm nang nui tm chn trng

- Khi bnh xy ra, cn dng thuc st trng vi nng cao: Chlorine >70ppm dit virus v sinh vt mang virus trc khi thi ra mi trng hn ch s ly lan trn din rng. - Lp tc bo ngay cho c quan qun l thy sn c hng dn x l v dp dch. 4.2. Bnh do vi khun - Cc bnh do vi khun gy ra thng gp nht tm chn trng l cc bnh t ru, phng mang, en mang v bnh phn trng. - Tc nhn chnh l vi khun thuc ging Vibrio. - Hin tng cht c th xy ra khi bnh mc cp tnh. Nu mn tnh c th gy chm ln, phn n, mm v... nh hng n nng sut v cht lng tm thu hoch. - Vi khun Vibrio xm nhp vo ao nui theo mt s con ng: ngun nc, tm ging, thc n, c bit l thc n ti sng v t y ao nu cng tc ty dn cha tt. - Phng php phng bnh: vic phng bnh do vi khun tm chn trng cng tng t nh phng bnh do virus. Ngoi ra, cn lm tt mt s ni dung sau: + Nn p dng tng hp cc bin php hn ch s pht trin ca Vibrio nh: nh k dng ch phm vi sinh (Probiotic), gim mn nc ao nui xung 15 20%0, qun l tt h phiu sinh trong ao tc qun l tt mu nc ao. + Trnh ly nc bin vo ao trong cc ngy bin ng do bo, gi ma hay p thp nhit i v khi mt Vibrio 23

Cm nang nui tm chn trng

trong nc bin ven b c th tng ln nhiu ln so vi bnh thng. + Tng cng h min dch t nhin ca tm bng qun l mi trng tt v b sung mt s sn phm nh vitamin C, A, E, . vo thc n. - Phng php tr bnh: nn p dng ng thi theo 2 hng sau: + Dit vi khun cm nhim bn trong c th bng cch trn khng sinh vo thc n nh: sulfamethoxine, bactrim, cotrim vi liu lng 15 20g/kg thc n, cho n lin tc trong 5 7 ngy. + Gim mt vi khun trong nc v ci thin iu kin mi trng bng mt s bin php k thut nh: xiphon y, thay nc mi, st trng nc bng cc loi thuc dit khun nh: Benzalkonium chloride (BKC), Iodine, vi...

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Cm nang nui tm chn trng

5. THNG TIN KHC CN BIT 5.1. Danh sch cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh ging tm chn trng t iu kin theo Quy nh ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn. STT TN C S A CH I N THOI

NHA TRANG 1 Cty TNHH Quc t Hi M C s sn xut tm ging L Lan Cng Cty TNHH Kin Thng Cty TNHH thy s n N & T Cty TNHH Vn Ty Thn Ct Li, 0913.462.058 x Vnh Lng - TP Nha Trang Thn Ct Li, 058.3839.081 x Vnh Lng - TP Nha Trang Thn Ct Li, 058.3839.903 x Vnh Lng - TP Nha Trang Thn Ct Li, 058.3839.761 x Vnh Lng - TP Nha Trang Thn Thy 058.3670.502 m x Ninh Thy, H. Ninh Ha

Cm nang nui tm chn trng

25

Doanh nghip t nhn Hu Hng

Thn Thy 0913.462.046 m x Ninh Thy, H. Ninh Ha Thn M 058.3874.433 x Ninh Thy H. Ninh Ha

Cty TNHH TMSX Nht Minh

Chi nhnh cty Thn M 058.3676.087 TNHH Vit Thng x Ninh Thy H. Ninh Ha Tri tm ging Quc Tun Thn Tn 058.3839.579 Thnh x Ninh ch H. Ninh Ha X Cam Thnh 058.3865.067 ng TX Cam Ranh Phng Cam 0989.772.345 Phc Nam TX Cam Ranh

10

Vin nghin cu NTTS - Trng H Nha Trang C s V Tn Thi

11

26

Cm nang nui tm chn trng

NINH THUN 1 2 Cty TNHH chn Khu sn xut 068.3968.942 nui CP Vit Nam v kinh doanh ging thy sn Cty TNHH SX tp trung An Hi 068.3768.777 ging TS Minh Ninh Phc Ph Ninh Thun Cty TNHH ging TS Uni-President Vit Nam Cty TNHH sinh hc Thn Trinh Vit Nam Chi nhnh Cty CP Bnh Dng AND DNTN Dung Ha DNTN ging tm th chn trng Tn Ninh Cty TNHH tm th 101 L Vn Li Khnh Nhn Nhn Hi Ninh Hi Ninh Thun 068.3668.169

0938.778.685

5 6 7

0909.543.007 0919.487.908 0909.131.179

8 9

0986.335.583 068.6275.849

Cm nang nui tm chn trng

27

BNH THUN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cty Anh Vit (khu F) Cty CP Vit Nam Cty Vit c (khu 1) Cty Anh Vit (khu E) DNTN L Xun By DNTN Tun C Cty Thng Thun Phm H Trung H S Trng Cty Nam Min Trung (khu B) Cty Thng Thun (khu 3) Cty Thng Thun (khu 9) Bc L Bc L Bc L Bc L Xm 7 Xm 7 Xm 7 Bc L Bc L Xm 7 Xm 7 Xm 7 062.3853.960 062.3853.891 062.3853.858 062.3853.851 062.3853.684 062.3853.792 062.3853.537 062.3853.898 062.3853.618 062.3853.977 062.3853.842 062.3853.633

28

Cm nang nui tm chn trng

13 14 15 16 17 18

Cty Thng Thun (khu 6) Nguyn Thnh Dng Phm Ngc Thanh Dng Quc Lp Nguyn Cng Lp Hunh Vn Chin

Xm 7 Xm 7 Xm 7 Xm 7 Xm 7 Xm 7

062.3853.834 062.3853.860 062.3853.647 062.3853.626 062.3853.709 062.3853.753

PH YN 1 Cty TNHH Asia Hawaii Ventures KCN Ha Hip, 057.3548.111 Tnh Ph Yn

5.2. A CH CC C QUAN H TR K THUT V X L DCH BNH TRN TM, C NUI TI TP.HCM. - Phng Thy sn S NN v PTNT a ch: s 176 Hai B Trng, p. a Kao, qun 1. in thoi: 38 291 382 - Trung tm Khuyn nng a ch: 43 inh Tin Hong, p. a Kao, qun 1. in thoi: 38 221 131 29

Cm nang nui tm chn trng

- Chi cc Qun l cht lng v Bo v ngun li thy sn a ch: s 126H Phan ng Lu, phng 3, qun Ph Nhun. in thoi: 38 441 384 TI LIU THAM KHO (1) Vin nghin cu nui trng thy sn II, 2003, Tm chn trng (Lito-penaeus vanamei), ti liu su tm. Thng tin Khoa hc cng ngh s 3/2002, 4/2002, 7/2002 Tp ch ca Vin nghin cu sc khe ng vt thy sn, trng i hc Kasetsart, Bang Kok, Thi Lan, 2002, Nui tm he chn trng Thi Lan, trch bi Kim Vn Vn FAO, 2004, Introductions and movement of Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus Stylirostris in Asia and the Pacic, Bangkok, 2004 http://www.nongnghiep.vn/nongnghiepvn// Upload/Image/2007/12/25/tom2.jpg (Hnh: tm chn trng) http://www.quangngai.gov.vn/quangngai/ tiengviet/sbn_14/2009/44743/

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Cm nang nui tm chn trng