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Phng php tnh ton sc chu ti thng ng ca cc

H Ngc Tun
Bi vit ny tng kt cc phng php tnh ton sc chu ti thng ng cho cc dng cho cc cng trnh xy dng. Phng php lun lm c s cho cc phng php tnh ton c bn lun nhm gip c gi nm c nguyn l khi trin ca cc cng thc khc nhau. Cc cng thc tnh ton ni ting th gii ca cc tc gi nh Karl Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Vesic cng c trnh by c th trong bi ny. Sau phng php xc nh sc chu ti da vo kt qu th nghim cc c bn lun. Cui cng l tiu chun tnh ton sc chu ti hin hnh ca Nht Bn trch t cun Japan Specification for Highway Bridges. Keyword: Concrete pile, vertical bearing capacity

1. Li m u Cc c dng nh mt cu kin chu lc truyn ti trng cng trnh xung nn c lch s kh di trong ngnh xy dng. Tuy nhin l thuyt tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc ch mi bt u trong nhng nm 30 ca th k trc. L thuyt v sc chu ti ca cc do Prandtl xut c Caquot ng dng vo nm 19341). Ngi c nh hng ln ti phng php tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc ln nht phi k n cha ca ngnh c hc t Karl Terzaghi vi tc phm Theoritical Soil Mechanics2). Hin nay tiu chun cc nc trn th gii v sc chu ti ca cc vn da trn l thuyt v sc chu ti. l thuyt ny sc chu ti thng ng ca cc c xem bao gm hai thnh phn : Sc chng mi cc v ma st ca thnh cc vi t nn. Tuy nhin s khc nhau gia cc cng thc tnh ton l gi thit cc mode ph hoi ca nn di mi cc. Ni cch khc gi thit v cc mt trt do ph hoi ct ca t nn di mi cc l khc nhau. Vn ny s c trnh by c th trong phn phng php lun ca bi ny. Cc trong cc cng trnh xy dng khng nhng chuyn ti trng thng ng m chu c ti trng ngang nh trong trng hp di tc dng ca ng t hay cc lm tng chn t. Do vy cc phi c sc chu ti cho c phng thng ng v phng ngang. phm vi ca bi ny ti xin ch cp n sc chu ti thng ng ca cc, c l y l mi quan tm ca cc k s Vit nam hin nay khi thit k mng cc v ti thy cc bn ng nghip bn bc nhiu v vn v ny trn din n www.ketcau.com. Bi vit ny ch c mc ch tr li cc bn khon ca cc bn ng nghip trn din n. nm vng hn na v cc cc bn c th tham kho cc ti liu c dn ra sau cng. Tuy nhin ti vn hy vng l n hu ch cho cc nh thit k v nhng ai quan tm n cc.

2. Phng php lun 2.1 Ti trng gii hn chy v cc hn (Yield load, Untimate load) Nhn chung gii hn chu ti cho php ca cc c ly nh hn ti trng gii hn chy (Yield load) hay ti trng cc hn (Untimate load). Hnh 1 minh ho cc gii hn ny. Di tc dng ca ti trng thng ng cc s ln vi mc khc nhau tu thuc vo iu kin t nn. Da vo quan h gia ti trng v

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bin dng c th phn bit thnh 2 nhm cc khc nhau: Nhm c trng bi ng cong D (Displacement pile) v nhm c trng bi ng cong ND (Nondiplacement pile). Hai thut ng bng ting Anh ny d gi nhm v tnh cht ca cc. Thc cht s khc nhau l do phng php h cc dn n quan h ti trng- ln khc nhau. Nhm D thng l cc ng hoc cc p m khi thi cng th tch t nn cc chim ch khng c gii phng khi nn m b p chuyn v sang bn ca thnh cc. ND l nhm m t nn c gii phng trc khi h cc nh trong trng hp ca cc khoan. Cng t Hnh 1 r rng vic phn on sc chu ti ca hai loi cc ny l khc nhau. Nhm cc ng (N) c quan h ti trng- ln kh tuyn tnh giai on u ti trng Qy

Tai trong Qu Qy Qu

Do lun

ND D
Hnh 1. Quan h Ti trng- ln

(Yield load) cc th hin quan h phi tuyn gia ln v ti trng nh mt bin dng chy. ti trng Qu (Untimate) ln t ngt tng nhanh d ti trng khng tng hoc tng khng ng k y l ti trng cc hn m cc c th chu c trc khi nn b ph hoi hon ton. Sc chu ti ca cc ny c th xc nh thng qua l thuyt v thc nghim xc nh cc im Qy, Qu ri chia cho h s an ton ly sc chu ti thit k. Tuy nhin vic ny khng d dng cc khoan (ND) do khng c im Qy hay Qu r rt. Trn thc t khi nim v ti trng cc hn (Untimate load) cng khng c nh ngha thng nht cc tiu chun khc nhau. Bng 1 di y a ra mt s v d v nh ngha ti trng cc hn. Bng 1. Phng php xc nh ti trng cc hn Phng php xc nh v nh ngha ln ton phn (1) ln tuyt i =25.4mm (2) ln tng i=10%ng knh cc ln vng (1) 6.4 mm Tn Tiu chun hay tc gi Holland, New York City Code England AASHO Magnel Boston Code California Chio Raymond Co. De Beer(1967)

bin dng chy (2) 8.4 mm (3)12.7 mm T l (1) Ton phn 0.25 mm/tf

ln/Ti trng (2) phn tng 0.76 mm/tf s/P (3) phn tng 1.27 mm/tf

ng cong Log(s)/Log(P) c un cc di T l phn tng ca ln v ti trng S/P l cc i

Ch thch : S liu bng ny c hiu lc trc 1989 v c th c thay i cp nht.

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2.2 Quan h gia phng php thi cng v sc chu ti ca cc Sc chu ti ca cc c quan h mt thit vi iu kin t nn mi cc v thnh cc. thnh cc ti trng truyn t cc qua nn thng qua ma st. Hin tng ma st thnh ny li c quan h trc tip vi phng php thi cng cc. Khi cc c ng hoc p xung nn hoc khi nn b ln st so vi cc nn chu bin dng ct mt tip xc vi cc. giai on ban u khi gia ti, ln ca cc v chuyn ng ca nn l tng ng tuy nhin khi ln tng ln lc ma st bin cc s tng nhanh v vt qu trng thi cc hn ca lc ma st. Trng thi ny xut hin pha trn ca cc v truyn nhanh xung di mi cc. Khi qu gii hn ny m vn tip tc gia ti mi cc s chu s gia tng ny cho n khi c ph hoi trong nn do lc ct. Ni cch khc s hnh thnh cc mt trt trong nn. Lc ma st cc hn thnh cc do c th xem tng ng vi lc ct ca nn xung quanh cc. Trn c s l lun ny ma st thnh cc c th tnh ton da trn tnh cht c l ca nn quanh cc. i vi st cht chu p thng thng (normal consolidated) th lc ma st cc hn tng ng vi cng khng ct khng thot nc ca t, tuy nhin trong trng hp st pha ct hay st cht qu p (Over consolidated) th lc ma st ni chung nh hn cng ct ni trn. i vi nn ct th phng php thi cng nh hng ln n p lc thnh cc. 2.3 L thuyt v sc chuti thng ng ca cc Khi cc chu ti trng thng ng nu nn t rt tt c th vt liu cc b ph hoi trc khi nn b ph hoi. Ngc li nn s b ph hoi trc nu sc chu ti cc hn ca nn nh hn sc chu ti ca vt liu cc. Sc chu ti thng ng di y l sc chu ti cc hn ca nn vi gi thit vt liu cc cha b ph hoi. Sc chu ti theo l thuyt ny bao gm 2 thnh phn: Sc chu ti cc hn ca nn di mi cc v sc chu ti cc hn ma st thnh cc

Qd=Qp+Qf=qdAp+fuAp
Trong Qd l sc chu ti cc hn ca cc

Qp l sc chu ti cc hn ca t nn di mi cc Qf l sc chu ti cc hn do ma st thnh cc qd l cng chu ti cc hn di mi cc fu l cng ma st cc hn trung bnh quanh thnh cc Ap Ap L din tch mi cc v din tch xung quanh thnh cc
Mt cu hi t ra i vi cng thc ny l c ch truyn lc nh th no c th quan nim sc chu ti cc hn ca cc bng tng hai thnh phn nh trn. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy3) c ch ny din bin nh sau : khi cc bt u b cht ti (chng hn nh bt u xy dng phn thn cng trnh) cc s ln dn, nh ni phn trn ban u cc v nn st thnh cc s chuyn ng gn nh nhau nhng khi ln t n khong 10-20 mm lc ma st thnh cc vt qu ma st cc hn bt u t thi im ny mi cc s lm vic v ma st thnh s c gi tr cc hn khng i. Khi ti trng tip tc tng ton b phn tng ny truyn xung nn di mi cc cho n khi lc tc dng mi cc vt qu sc chu ti cc hn Qp lc ny ln s tng vt v do nn di mi cc b ph hoi ct. Da trn l thuyt ny cc tc gi i

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tm mi lin h gia Qp v Qf v tnh cht ca t nn (c,) hay vi kt qu th nghim xuyn chun SPT(Standard Penetration Test). Vic khai trin cc cng thc ny ca cc tc gi t ra phc tp v c th bn c phi xem li ti liu v c hc t theo c mch ca vn . Tuy nhin thc ra khai trin gm 3 bc n gin nh sau: Bc 1. Gi thit khi nn b ph hoi th trng thi ph hoi l nh th no. Ni cch khc cc mt trt do ct t nn c hnh dng nh th no Bc 2. Phn tch lc trng thi cn bng cc hn (tc l thi im ph hoi) Bc 3. Da trn iu kin cn bng lc tnh ra sc chu ti cc hn.

(a) Prandtl Reisner Caquot Buisman Terzaghi

(b) Debeer Jaky Meyerhof

(c) Berezantzev Yaroshenko Vesic

(d) Vesic Kishida Takano

Hnh 2. Cc gi thit v mt trt cho cng thc tnh sc chu ti tnh c sc chu ti mi cc cn phi hiu c trng thi ph hoi nn di mi cc, nhng im kh khn l ch ta khng quan st c trng thi ny v o ng sut nm c trng thi ph hu cng kh tin hnh c d cng c nhng c gng thc hin php o ny. Cho nn cc cng thc tnh ton u da trn gi thit. Hnh 2 t a n d biu din cc gi thit khc nhau v ph hoi nn. Hnh 2a cho thy quan nim ca Prandtl v Terzaghi . H cho rng trng thi cc hn ng sut ct phn b dc theo cc ng cong hai bn mi cc. Tam gic ngay di mi cc c trc ng sut chnh theo phng thng ng, do iu kin ng sut v lc dnh tam gic ny trng thi n hi, lin kt cht vi mi cc v tr thnh 1 phn ca cc. Hai cnh bin ca tam gic ny l gianh gii vng qu ng sut, p lc thng ng t tam gic di mi cc c xu hng lm t nn sang hai bn cnh tam gic, bin tam gic ng sut nn vn lin tc nhng trc ng sut chnh xoay 90o so vi phng thng ng. Vng di ti trng pv l vng p lc th ng Rankine (Rankine passive pressure area). Khi ti trng vt qu

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sc chu ti cc hn khi t nm trong mt trt hnh v s trt dc theo mt trt (ng cong ln bao li). Phn lc tc dng ln tam gic di mi cc s gim t ngt ph v th cn bng do cc s ln nhanh. im ng lu gi thit ny l mt trt dng li ngay di mt phng y cc, nh vy Terzaghi cho rng sc ct ca t pha trn l khng ng k v b qua lng ny. Meyerhof4) quan nim l cc mt trt ny xut hin ngay c pha trn mt phng mi cc nh trn Hnh 2b. Tuy nhin khi cc c su ln gi thit ny ca Meyerhof khng chnh xc. Hnh 2c l gi thit phn b ca cc mt trt da trn cc kt qu thc nghim m Berezantzev5)l i biu. Gi thit ny hon ton khc vi cch nhn ca Terzaghi v phn phi ng sut ct. Hnh 2d l gi thit ca Versic1) v cc tc gi Nht. Versic thng qua nhiu th ngim ca mnh kt lun khi cc su ph hoi nn l ph hoi xuyn thng do ct (puching shear). Nhm tc gi ny kt hp quan nim ph hoi nn cho trt ca Prandtl v Terzaghi cng vi mt l thuyt hon ton mi khai trin cng thc ca mnh. L thuyt ny lin quan n vic phn tch ni p lc trong cc bt kh trong t. Ti cng xin gii thiu s qua hon thnh phn quan nim v ph hoi nn ny. Trong nn lun lun c cc bt khng kh vi bn knh ban u Ro. Di tc dng ca ti trng ni p lc ca cc bt kh ny tng ln v n gii hn cc i (cc hn) lc ny bt khng kh c bn knh Ru nh trn Hnh 3. Xung quanh bt kh trong bn knh Rp t nn di p lc bn ngoi v ni p lc t bt kh t ti trng thi chy (plastic deformation) trng thi ny chnh l trng thi cc hn v thng qua tiu chun ph hoi nn Morh-Coulomb c th tnh ton c cc lc ct trong nn. Bi ton sc chu ti tr thnh bi ton xc nh ni ng sut cc hn ca bt kh. Nh trn Hnh 2d vng III l vng c bin dng chy ca t nn nh phn tch ni trn.

Hnh 3. Bt kh chu p trong nn

Trn y mt s quan nim v trng thi ph hoi nn c trnh by. Phn tip theo l cc khai trin c th ca cc cng thc tnh ton sc chu ti cc hn. Nu bn khng thch di dng mt thi gian bn c th lt qua phn ny. Tuy nhin nu bn bn khon ti sao cc cng thc tnh sc chu ti li bao gm thnh phn do lc dnh, p lc t, trng lng khi trt vvbn c th di theo.

2.3.1 Cng thc tnh sc chu ti cc hn mi cc (Qp) (a) Cng thc ca Terzaghi Cng thc tnh sc chu ta do Terzaghi xut t 1943 thc ra ch p dng cho mng nng (tc l t s b rng mng v su B/Df nh hn 1). Tuy nhin khi p dng cng thc ny cho cc cng thc ca Terzaghi t ra kh st trong nhiu bi ton thm ch cho kt qu hp l hn c nhng cng thc c xut sau ny nh cng thc dng th nghim SPT ca Meyrhof

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Cng chu tI cc hn mi cc theo cng thc Terzaghi c tnh sau

q d = cN c sc + pv N q + 0.5BN s
Trong

(1)

A1. Cc h s Sc v S c xc nh thng qua thc nghim (cng thc Terzaghi l cng thc bn thc nghim) c xc nh nh sau

Tit din trn Sc S 1.3 0.6

Tit din ch nht(vung) 1.3 0.8 Qd

A2. pv l ti trng do lp t pha trn

(overburden load) nh biu din trn Hnh 4. Hnh 4a biu din mt trt cho trng hp mng nng. Trong trng hp ny pv c tnh theo cng thc Pv=Df i vi mng cc p lc Pv c tnh c k n tc dng sc ct v trng lng ca khi t trong khong nR (R=B/2) Pv=1Df Vi (a) (b) Hnh 4. Mt trt gi thit ca Terzaghi
0 Nc 5.7 7.3 9.6 12.9 17.7 25.1 37.2 52.6 57.8 95.7 172.3 258.3 347.5 Nq 1.0 1.6 2.7 4.4 7.4 12.7 22.5 36.5 41.4 81.3 173.3 287.9 415.1 N 0.0 0.5 1.2 2.5 5.0 9.7 19.7 36.0 42.4 100.4 297.5 780.1 1153.2

1 = + 2

f + n (n 2 1) R

A3. Cc h s Nq Nc N c tnh nh sau

Nq =

3 ( ) tan 2

2 cos 2 ( + ) 4 2

5 10 15 20 25 30 34 35

N c = ( N q 1) cot N = ( N q 1) tan(1.4 )

Cc tr s ca h s Nc, Nq N cho cng thc Terzaghi c trnh by bng bn

40 45 48 50

Bng 1. cc h s trong cng thc Terzaghi

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Vi cng thc v cc h s trn ta c th tnh c sc chu ti mi cc tuy nhin y ti xin phn tch su hn na thy c ngha vt l ca 3 thnh phn c trong cng thc (1). Hnh 4b nu khng tnh n ma st thnh cc th cn bng lc ca cc c th biu din bng cng thc sau:

Qd = 2 Pp + Bc tan

B 2
4

tan

(2)

cng thc ny Qd l ti trng tc dng ln nh cc. 2Pp l hai lc tc dng thng ng ln 2 cnh tam gic acb. S hng th 2 ca v phi cng thc l hnh chiu ca lc khng ct C ln trc thng ng ca cc c hng cng vi Pp. S hng th 3 l trng lng khi t nm trong tam gic acb c hng ngc vi Pp nn mang du tr. Lc Pp (phn lc nn) chnh l thnh phn to nn sc chu ti cc hn mi cc. Lc ny l tng ca 2 thnh phn: Pcq l phn lc sinh ra do sc ct c v p lc t pv ; Pr l phn lc sinh ra do trng lng ca khi t trong li trt. tnh ton 2 thnh phn ny ta phn tch cn bng cho hai trng hp. +) trng hp th nht ta b trng lng ca khi trt (=0) v xt cn bng lc nh trong hnh 5

Hnh 5 .Cn bng lc tnh Pcq

Hnh 6 .Tnh Pe

Hnh 5 biu din mt trt di mi cc. Cnh bc chnh l cnh ca tam gic n hi di mi cc. cbd l vng qu ng sut. Xt cn bng moment ca tt c cc lc tc dng ln tam gic ny ta co th tnh c Pcq. Lu rng Pcq tc dng ln trung im ca mt cb. Hp lc Pe ca vng th ng Rankine tc dng ln mt phng bd c th tnh ton da trn tiu chun ph hoi Morh-Coloumb. T quan h hnh hc Hnh 6 ta c

pe = c +

cos pv 1 sin

Mt cong ca vng qu c gi thit bi ng cong

r = ro e tan
Khi ng ny s ni mm lin tc vi cnh de ca vng th ng rankine bo m tnh lin tc cn

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thit c mt trt. Hp lc PR ln mt cong ny c ng tc dng i qua im b nn nu xt cn bng moment so vi b th lc ny khng gy ra moment. Cn bng ca cc lc cn li s l :

Pcq cos
Th cc gi tr ro v cung CD bi

CD ro r = pe 1 cos + cds cos r 2 2

ro = B sec / 2

1 = (3 / 2 ) / 2 ds = rd / c
Th Pcq c th c tnh bi cng thc sau

Pcq =

Bpv Bc tan ( 3 / 2 ) e tan (3 / 2 ) 1 }+ (1 + sin )e 2 sin cos 2c1 sin

Cng thc trn cho thy cc i lng c v pv c vai tr i vi Pcq. T kt qu thc nghim v t cng thc ny cc h s Nq v Nc c tnh nh cng thc (1). +) tnh c lc Pr do tc dng ca trng lng khi t trt ta s dng logic tng t nh phn tch trn cho c v Pv. Khi ta coi khi trt c trng lng nhng khng c ma st v khng chu tc dng ca trng lng lp t bn trn. S cn bng lc c biu din Hnh 7 di y Hnh 7, W l trng lng ca khi t trt bao bi din bcde. Pr tc dng ln cnh bc v cch b mt khong 2bc/3. Hp lc tc dng ln mt trt cd l R. Ep l p lc t vung th ng Rankine c hng nm ngang. Xt cn bng so vi im O ta c th tnh ra Pr theo cng thc sau

1 Pr = (Wl1 + Epl2 ) l 1 E p = 2 h 2 tan 2 + 2 4 2

T cc cng thc ny c th suy ra Nr cng thc (1).

Hnh 7 .Cn bng lc tnh Pr

Ni tm li t gi thit v hnh dng ca mt trt, gi thit v s c lp tc dng ca lc dnh, p lc t lp t bn trn v trng lng ca khi trt Terzaghi thit lp c c s l thuyt tnh cc thnh phn lc to nn sc khng mi cc. Sau bng thc nghim vi cc mng c hnh dng mt ct khc nhau tnh ton cc h s lin quan khi thanh lp cng thc tnh ton sc chu ti. Bn c lu rng mi tnh ton trn u da trn mt gi thit ngm l nn khng thay i th tch di tc dng ca ti trng.

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(b) Cng thc ca Meyerhof Nh trnh by trn Meyerhof cho rng lc khng ct ca cc lp t trn mt phng ca mi cc phi c k n trong tnh ton do vy trng thi cn bng cc hn s c biu din nh trn Hnh 8

a) Gi thit tnh Nc v Nq

a) Gi thit tnh Nr

Hnh 8 . Gi thit mt trt ca Mayerhof Ti xin khng khai trin cng thc ca Meyrhof c th nh cho cng thc Terzaghi y m ch phn tch trng thi do Meyrhof gi thit trn hnh 8. Tam gic ABC trn hnh 8 l vng trng thi n hi. Khi tnh ton cc gi tr h s Nc v Nq khi trt cng c gi thit khng trng lng nh hnh 8a. Hnh 8a ng thng ni A vi D to nn vng ACD, vng ny c gi l vng chu ct. mt AE hnh v ny c gi l mt t do tng ng mt ny c gc nghing vi ng nm ngang l cn gc nghing vi AD l . Trn mt t do tng ng c ng sut nn po v so lm vic. Da trn cn bng cc vng ACD v ADE c th tnh c sp v t tnh c pd tc l tnh c sc khng mi cc do lc dnh v p lc t gy ra. Sc chu ti c tnh theo Cng thc Meyerhof cho nh sau:

q d = cN c + p0 N q + 2

B Nr 2

(3)

K s D f 1 p0 = ca sin + D f cos cos + sin( + ) sin 2 2 cos (1 sin )e 2 tan N c = cot 1 } 1 sin sin(2 + ) Nq = (1 + sin )e 2 tan 1 sin sin(2 + )

Vi c: lc dnh mt trt : gc ma st trong ca t trong khi trt

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2 : trng lng ring ca t trong khi trt p0 : p lc vung gc vi mt t do tng ng : trng lng ring trung bnh ca t di mt phng ca mi cc Nc, Nq, N: L cc h s tnh sc chu ti. s dng c cng thc ca Meyrhof bn c c th tnh ton trc tip nhng tin li nht vn l tra bng cc h s c sn cho cng thc ny. (c) Cng thc ca Versc Versc a ra cng thc tnh cho Nq da trn gi thit v xuyn thng nn kt hp vi mt trt nh sau
1.333 sin tan 1+sin 3 o 2 2 Nq = tan 45 + I rr e 3 sin 2

I rr = Ir =

1+ v Ir G' G' = c + pv tan s

Ir

Ir l ch s cng c tnh bng Modul khng ct G v c ca nn. (d) Cng thc tng qut T cc cng thc kinh in trn sc chu ti ca cc c Joseph E. Bowles6) tng qut ho bng cng thc sau:

1 Q p = Ap cN c d c s c + pv N q d q s q + B p N s 2

(4)

Ap l din tch mi cc. Ni chung l din tch c tnh n c phn m rng mi cc nu c. C Lc dnh cu nn di mi cc Bp rng hay ng knh cc Nc Nq Ng Cc h s cho sc chu ti tnh n tc dng ca lc dnh, p lc t v trng lng khi trt cc h s ny c cc tc gi khc nhau xut da trn cc gi thit tnh ton khc nhau.

d c = 1 + 0.4 tan 1 ( L / B ) d p = 1 + 2 tan (1 sin ) 2 tan 1 ( L / B )

pv l p lc do cc lp t pha trn (=L) =1 cho tt c cc tc gi khc tr Vesc (1975). Theo cng thc ca Versc th

1 + 2K 0 3

Vi Ko l t s ca p lc thng ng v nm ngang ca t nn ti hin trng.

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(e) Tnh ton sc chu ti ca mi cc theo kt qu th nghim xuyn chun SPT Cng thc Meyerhof6) Meyerhof xut cng thc tnh ton sc chu ti ca mi cc da trn th nghim SPT vo nm 1976 nh sau:

Ppu = Ap (40 N )

Lb Ap (380 N ) B

(5)

Ppu L sc chu ti cc hn ca mi cc c tnh bng kN Ap L din tch ct ngang ca mi cc (m2) N Gi tr trung bnh ca SPT N55 trong phm vi 8B pha trn v 3B pha di mi cc B l rng hay ng knh mi cc Lb chiu su mi cc Cng thc Shioi v Fukui6) Cc tc gi Nht Bn Shioi v Fukui (1982) xut cng thc tnh ton sau:

Ppu = qult Ap

(6)

Vi qult l cng khng cc hn mi cc c tnh theo tr s N v t s Lb/B nh sau Cc ng qult/N=6Lb/B qult/N=10+4Lb/B Cc BTCT ti ch qult=300 qult=3Su Cc khoan nhi qult=10N qult=15N 30 (open end pipe pile) 30 (closed end pipe) Chng vo nn ct Chng vo nn st Chng vo nn ct Chng vo nn si ct (Gravelly sand) Kt qu th nghim SPT phi ly tr s N55 Cc tc gi Nht cng a ra cng thc tng t tnh sc chu ti cc hn ca mi cc theo kt qu th nghim xuyn tnh (cone penetration tets) nh sau

Ppu = Ap qc

(7)

Vi Qc l gi tr trung bnh sc khng xuyn trong vng 8B trn v 3B di mi cc.

Trn y l phn trnh by v cc cng thc tnh ton sc chu ti cc hn ca mi cc do mt s tc gi ni ting xut. Tip theo phn ny ti xin a n bn c phng php tnh ton sc chu ti do ma st ca t nn vi thnh cc gy ra. Cng nh phn sc chu ti cc hn mi cc mc tiu ca ti phn ny l gii thch cc i lng lin quan n tnh ton bn c nm c vn . c th tnh ton c th cn phi dng cc tiu chun cng vi bng tra cc tr s ca cc h s trong cng thc.

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2.3.2 Cng thc tnh sc chu ti cc hn do ma st thnh cc (Qf) 6) Tnh ton sc chu ti cc hn do ma st gy ra lin quan n quan nim v s dng ng sut ton phn (total stress) hay ng sut hu hiu (efective stress). Mt s bng chng t thc nghim cho thy rng s dng ng sut hu hiu cho kt qu gn vi th nghim cc hn. Mc d vy c hai quan nim ny vn c s dng rng ri cho tnh ton ma st thnh cc. Di y l ba phng php tnh ma st cc hn trong t dnh (cohesive soil) c tn , ,. Phng php cng c th dng tnh cho t ri. Cc cng thc ny u c dng
n

Q f = As f s
1

(8)

As l din tch xung quanh ca cc tip xc vi nn. fs l cng ma st thnh cc. Phng php Phng php ny do Tomlison xut nm 1971 v c dng nh sau

f s = c + ph K tan
cng thc ny fs c n v ca c v ph l h s ph thuc vo cng khng ct khng thot nc C (hay Su) lc dnh trung bnh ca lp t ang xt ph ng sut hu hiu (efective vertical stress) trung bnh gia lp ang xt (=szi) K h s p lc ngang ca t nn bin thin t Ko n 1.75 phc thuc vo mt ban u ca nn

(9)

50

100

150

200

250

300 kPa

Hnh 9 Quan h gia v Su

gc ma st gia nn v thnh cc ph thuc vo tnh cht nn v vt liu cc (gi tr ca h s ny c lp thnh bng trong cc tiu chun khc nhau). Sladen (1992) a ra cng thc tnh ton gi tr trc tip t kt qu th nghim ct khng thot nc Su nh sau :

ph = C1 s u
Phng php

0.45

C1 =0.4 n 0.5 cho cc khoan v >0.5 cho cc ng

Phng php ny do Vijayvergiya v Focht a ra nm 1972 tnh ma st cc hn cho cc nm trong st qu p (overconsolidated clays). Tc gi tuyn b sai sc ca phng php ny so vi kt qu thc nghim

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ch l 10%. Cng thc ny c s dng rng ri cho cc cng trnh bin dc theo b bin ca M v vng Vnh Mehico trong cc d n khai thc du n da trn nghin cu thc nghim cho cc.

f s = ( p h + 2 su )
strength) (kPa) ph ng xut thng ng trung bnh ca lp

(10)

Su l cng khng ct khng thot nc (undrained shear

l h s thc nghim ph thuc vo su ca mi cc. quan h ny c biu din trn Hnh 9. Phng php Phng php ny do Burland11) xut nm 1973 v c dng nh sau

Hnh 10 Quan h gia v su

f s = p h

= K tan

(11)

Tc gi khuyn co cng thc ny ch nn dng cho t ri Gi tr K do nh thit k la chn tuy nhin Ko thng c s dng cho cng thc ny. Di y l minh ho so snh ca 2 phng php a v da trn nghin cu ca Flaate v Selnes. T hnh v c th thy rng phn tn ca phng php c v nh hn phng php

Hnh 11 Phng php v

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2.4 Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc bng kt qu th nghim nn tnh Ch ring phn trinh by trn y cho thy c rt nhiu cng thc khc nhau tnh ton d bo sc chu ti ca cc. l cha k n cc tiu chun a phng (Local code) c cc h s tnh ton ring cho mnh. Nh vy t ra mt cu hi cng thc no l tt nht v st vi thc t nht. Xin tr li l khng c cng thc no c c v tr trong l thuyt v sc chu ti ca cc. Trn thc t ty thuc vo iu kin a cht m cc cng thc c tnh ng dng khc nhau. Nghin cu thc nghim ca tng quc gia hay khu vc em li cc cng thc gn st vi thc t. Thm vo l kinh nghim ca k s i vi khu vc a cht cng ng vai tr quan trng. Trong hon cnh th sc chu ti t th nghim hin trng l mt trong nhng s liu c tin cy cao nht. Nhng nh bn c cng bit s liu th nghim ph thuc vo phng php th nghim v phn tch c yu t ch quan ca k s i vi s liu . Th nghim cc khng nm ngoi vic ny. Cng mt kt qu th nghim hai k s khc nhau c th phn on sc chu ti khc nhau. Phn ny xin bn n hai phng php th nghim c bn v phng php xc nh sc chu ti cc hn da trn kt qu th nghim th ti cc. Th nghim duy tr ti tc thp (slow maintained load-SML tets) 7) Th nghim ny rt ph bin cc quc gia v tiu chun khc nhau. Tuy nhin nhc im ca th nghim ny l rt tn thi gian. th ngim ny ti trng c tc dng tng dn ln u cc sau mi ln cht thm tI, cc c theo di ln nh hm s vi thi gian cho n khi tc ln cn rt nh th tip tc cht thm ti. Khi sc chu ti tin gn n cc hn ln ca gia ti gim dn ly c mn ca quan h ti trng-ln. Sau l qu trnh gim ti cng vi quan st bin dng tr li ca cc. Biu quan h ti trng v ln c biu din hnh 12 di y.

Hnh 12 Phng php xc nh sc chu ti cc hn hn

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Ba ng cong a,b v c i din cho 3 kt qu th nghim cc, trc nm ngang l ti trng v trc ng l ln tng ng. ng cong a cho thy cc ln t ngt to gn Qult ca ti trng y chnh l ti trng cc hn cho trng hp ny. Tuy nhin cc th nghim b v c khng a ra c c trng trn. Trong trng hp nh vy cn c phn on ca k s cho im cc hn ca sc chu ti. Davision a ra phng php nh sau trnh s phn on ch quan trong nhng trng hp nh th ny. u tin ta phn tch ln nh cc bao gm 2 nguyn nhn: Bin dng n hi ca cc di tc dng ca ti trng v ln ca nn. Bin dng n hi ca cc c tnh theo l thuyt n hi

elas = PL / AE
Vi P,L,A,E ln lt l ti trng, chiu di cc, din tch ct ngang v modulus n hi ca cc. Phn bin dng ny c biu din bng ng thng OO Hnh 12 vi t l trc ngang v ng sao cho gc nghing ca ng thng ny khong 20 so vi phng nm ngang (t l ny cho php xc nh sc chu ti cc hn tt nht). Sau k ng thng CC song song vi OO v xut pht t trc tung tung bng (4+8B)10-3 m. y B l b rng cc hay ng knh. im ct ca CC vi ng cong c th coi l im cc hn. gi tr (4+8B)10-3 m chnh l ln ca nn im cc hn. Phng php ny c p dng vi iu kin thi gian cht ti gia 2 ln khng qu 1h. Gi tr sc chu ti s b nh gi thp nu thi gian gia hai ln cht ti l 24h hoc lu hn khi m cc bin dng khc (creep or consolidation settlements) din ra v l mt phn ca ln tng cng. Th nghim duy tr tc ln khng i (Constant rate of penetration) 7) Thi gian th nghim c th rt ngn bng phng php th nghim khc c tn tc ln khng i (Constant rate of penetration). Th nghim ny phc tp hn do lun lun phi m bo tc ln ca cc l khng i v d cho t dnh l 0.75mm/pht hay 1.5mm/pht cho t ht th. Tc ny c duy tr cho n khi khng cn cht ti m vn t c tc ln nh. Tng ti trng cn thit thi im ny chnh l ti trng cc hn. S dng phng trnh sng n hi Ti khng c nh gii thiu phng php ny m ch nu tn y c th Vit nam cc bn cng dng n phng php ny. Tuy nhin phng php ny ng dng php th cho cc ng, lin quan n dng m hnh tnh tng tc nn cc v cn nhng php o gia tc(acceleration) v sut bin dng (strain) ng nn r rng phc tp hn cc phng php khc. 2.5 Hiu qu nhm cc6) Hiu qu lm vic ca nhm cc cng l mt vn vi nhiu kin tri ngc nhau. R rng rt t khi cc lm vic n l m thng theo nhm t nht l 2 hay 3 cc tr ln. Trong trng hp nh vy mt cu hi c bn t ra l liu sc chu ti ca nhm cc c bng tng sc chu ti ca cc cc n trong nhm hay khng. D thy rng khong cch gia cc cc nh hng n sc chu ti ca nhm cc. Nu khong cch ny ln cc vng c ng sut tng trong nn do tc dng ca tng cc khng chng cht ln nhau khi nh hng qua li l khng c. Tuy nhin khong cch cc qu xa s ny sinh s bt hp l khi thit k i cc. Do vy nhiu tiu chun nghin cu khong cch hp l nht gia cc cc trung ho gia

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nh hng ca cc v khong cch cc. Khong cch hp l nht l trong khong 2.5D-3.5D (D l b rng hay ng knh cc) Ti ly k hiu D khng thng nht vi cch k hiu ca phn trn ca bi ny khi ly k hiu B l v k s Vit nam dng thut ng 2D hay 3D ch khong cch cc. Hiu qu nhm cc l t s gia sc chu ti ca nhm cc vi tng sc chu ti ca cc trong nhm

Eg =
Qo l sc chu ti ca nhm cc Qp sc chu ti ca cc n

Q0 Qp

Rt tic l t tiu chun a ra ch dn v gi tr ca Eg. Bo co ca ASCE committee on Deep Foundation (1984) khuyn co rng khng cn dng n hiu qu nhm cc. Bo co ny cho rng i vi t ri vi khong cch cc thng thng l 2D-3D Eg thm ch c gi tr ln hn 1. L do l v i vi t ri qu trnh ng cc lm t gn cc c mt tng ln cc cc sau cng lm t cht hn so vi cc trc do vy hiu qu nhm s ln hn 1. Trong tiu chun AASHTO (1990) c khuyn co dng cng thc hiu qu nhm cc nh sau cho nhm cc treo (friction pile)

Eg = 1

(n 1)m + (m 1)n 90mn

Vi m,n l khong cch tim ca hai cc bin ca nhm theo hng cnh di v ngn. D l ng knh hay b rng cc

= tan 1 (

D s

S l bc cc (khong cch gia hai cc st nhau) Nu cc bn n tiu chun ca Nga (SNIP) th khong cch cc l 3D khong cch ny nhn chung c th b qua hiu ng nhm cc trong trng hp cc nh. i vi cc c ng knh ln cc tiu chun nh Nht bn c nhc n hiu qu nhm cc v tnh ton thin v an ton. 2.6 Sc chu ti cho php Ton b phn trnh by trn ch lin quan n sc chu ti cc hn ca cc. Ta khng th dng gi tr ny m khng c h s an ton. H s an ton tnh n s bin ng ca nn so vi kt qu kho st a cht trong khu vc cng trnh, cht lng ca cng tc thi cng v cht lng cc. H s ny nm trong phm vi t 2 n 4 tu vo tiu chun, bin php thi cng. Khi tnh ton sc chu ti c gi ng qun xt cn bng c tnh n trng lng cc v khi t n hi di mi cc. Nhn chung khi cc c kch thc nh hai i lng ny c nh hng khng ng k tuy nhin khi cc c kch thc ln nh hng ny l r rng v th cc tiu chun u c tnh n cc lng ny.

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Appendix 18) Sc chu ti thng ng tnh ton cho cc n theo tiu chun hin hnh ca Nht Trch t Japan Specification for Highway Bridges Sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc n c tnh theo cng sc sau

Ra =
Vi

(Ru Ws ) + Ws W

(1)

Ra: Sc chu ti cho php tc dng ln nh cc theo hng dc trc ca cc (kN) n : h s an ton (xem bng 1 di y) : H s hiu chnh cho phng php xc nh sc chu ti (xem bng 2 di y) Ru : sc chu ti cc hn ca nn (kN) Ws : Trng lng t do cc chim ch (kN) W : Trng lng cc hay trng lng t trong cc(cc ng) (kN) Trong trng hp trng lng cc nh c th tnh theo cng thc sau

Ra =
Bng 1. H s an ton n

Ru

(2)

Cc chng iu kin bnh thng Gi to, ng t Level 1 3 2

Cc treo (cc ma st) 4 3

Ch thch : Level 1 l phn loi theo tiu chun trong ngnh Civil Engineering ca Nht Bn. Theo phn loi ny ng t chia lm 2 cp (level) vi cp 2 (Level 2) l ng t qui m ln.

Bng 2. H s hiu chnh Phng php d on sc chu ti cc hn Theo cng thc d bo sc chu ti Bng th nghim nn th ti cc H s hiu chnh 1.0 1.2

Sc chu ti cc hn c tnh ton theo cng thc sau

Ru = q d A + U Li f i
A l din tch mi cc (m2) qd Cng khng cc i mi cc (kN/m2) U chu vi cc (m) Li B dy lp tip xc th i vi mt xung quanh ca cc (m) fi : Cng ma st bn thnh cc ca lp th i (kN/m2)

(3)

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Cng qd c xc nh cho cc phng php thi cng khc nhau l khc nhau A. i vi bin php ng cc hoc p dng Vibro Hammer quan h gia qd v chiu su ca cc c biu din trn Hnh 1. L/B l t s ca chiu su mi cc vi rng hay ng knh ca cc. Trc tung l t s gia cng khng cc hn mi cc vi gi tr N ca th nghim SPT. i vi cc thp c tit din h tr s qd c xc nh bi ng thng xut pht t gc to .

qd/N 300 200 100 Steel pile with opened head L/B 5 10

B. Cc khoan ti ch (cast-in-place) i vi cc ti ch phng php thi cng nh hng

Hnh 1. quan h qd v chiu su cc

ln n sc chu ti ca cc. Bng 3 cho cc gi tr qd trong phng php ny

Bng 3. Gi tr qd theo phng php ti ch Loi nn Si hoc nn ct (N30) Nn si tt (N50) qd (kN/m2) 3000 5000 3qu

Nn st cng qu L cng nn 1 trc N l tr s trong th nghim xuyn chun SPT Bng 3. Gi tr qd theo phng php khoan trc (pre-boring method) Loi nn nn ct Nn si

qd (kN/m2) 150N (7500) 200N(10000)

Bng 4. Cng ma st thnh cc hn fi (kN/m2) Nn ct Phng php ng, p ti ch Khoan trc 2N(100) 5N(200) 5N(200) Nn st C hoc 10N (150) C hoc 10N (150) C hoc 10N (100)

Ngoi ra cn c bng cho tnh trong phng php thi cng nh Cement milk, hay cho cc thp dng soil-cement c lc y. Nu bn c c nh ch th cc phng php thi cng dng nhng cng ngh ny v ni chung mun dng tiu chun Nht th nn c ti liu gc v ngoi bng biu cn c rt nhiu ch thch trong tiu chun ny m khng th b qua c khi thit k.

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Li kt Cc l cu kin c thit k vi h s an ton ln iu ny cho thy ci nhn thn trng ca k s vi cu kin trong lng t ny. R rng hai yu t nn v bin php thi cng nh hng trc tip n sc chu ti cc hn lm ta kh c th dng h s an ton thp hn c. Mi cng thc tnh ton cc c xut u da trn cc gi thit nn ch s dng lm kt qu nh hng cho thit k cc. Ti thi im ny xc nh sc chu ti ca cc bng kt qu th nghim cc ti hin trng vn cho s liu c tin cy cao nht. Ngoi s liu th cc cc s liu v cc trong qu trnh thi cng i tr (chng hn chiu su thc t t c, s c p lc ca my nn vv) c th cho k s mt bc tranh ton cnh v nn v sc chu ti ca ton b cc cng trnh. Cc s liu ny cng nn c phn tch tng s t tin ca k s cho n mng ca mnh. Ngoi sc chu ti thng ng cn nhiu vn lin quan n mng cc m hon thin cc bn lun ny cn mt cun sch thc th v cc. Cc vn nh d bo ln, sc chu ti ngang, cc m hnh tnh kt hp cc vi nn cng vi cc vn cng ngh thi cng cng l nhng ch quan trng v cc. Cng ngh cc cc nc pht trin nh Nht Bn hin nay kh l hon thin chnh v h a vo tiu chun cc thng s tnh sc chu ti da trn cc bin php thi cng khc nhau. Nhng thng s ny da trn kt qu ca nhiu nghin cu v ang tin hnh ci thin tiu chun ca ngi Nht cho nhng iu kin nn Nht. Vi l do ny tiu chun mt ln na th hin tnh a phng ca n. s dng c tiu chun ca Nht v tiu chun nc ngoi ni chung ta cn nm vng cc cng ngh, phng php v phm vi p dng cho cc tiu chun . Xu hng dng mng cc l tt yu khi tng cao cc th ngy mt vn ln, nhng cy cu khu ln ngy mt nhiu. K s Vit nam ng trc nhng bi ton ny cn c trong tay mt cng c mnh hn c th thit k, xy dng tc l nhng tiu chun cho cc cng trnh qui m . Khi ta cha c tin lm c nghin cu cho chnh mnh v lp ra cc tiu chun th vic s dng tiu chun ca cc nc tin tin l hng i ng nhng i km theo vic ny cn cp nht thng tin y c th s dng cc tiu chun ny vi s t tin. Chia s thng tin trong gii lm ngh l v cng cn thit cho qu trnh cp nht ny. Din n www.Ketcau.com qu l mt tng hay v c ch cho vic chia s thng tin.Ta nn ku gi cc nh chuyn mn trong v ngoi nc tham gia cng gii quyt nhng thc mc kh khn trong cng tc thit k xy dng. Ti tin rng cch lm ny c th to ra mt mi trng hc thut chng ta hc hi ln nhau rt thun li. Chc cc bn ng nghip thnh cng vi cc n ca mnh Xin gi li cho thn i t Nht Bn.

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Preferences 1) Vesic, A.S : Bearing capacity of Deep Foundation in Sand, Highway Research Record,Vol.39,pp. 112-153, 1963 2) Terzaghi, K: Theoritical Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1943. 3) 1969

4) Meyerhof, G.G.: The Untimate Bearing Capacity of Foundations, Geotechnique, Vol.2, No.4, pp.301-332, 1951. 5) Berezantzev, V.G. et al.: Load Bearing capacity and Deformation of Piled Foundations, Proc. Of 5th Int. Conf. SMFE, Vol.2, pp.11-15, 1961. 6) Joseph E.Bowles : Foundation Analysis and Design, McGRAW-HILL International Edition, 1996. 7) Terzaghi K. et al : Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, John Wiley & Son, Inc., 2000. 8)

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