Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap.

1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Chapter 1
BASIC PROPERTIES OF FLUID

Chapter Summary
What is Property ? Properties Involving Mass and Weight Properties Involving Flow of heat Ideal Gas Law Viscosity Vapour Pressure Surface Tension

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.1. What is Property ?

Properties ?????

1.2. Properties Involving Mass and Weight

Mass Density, : - Formula : mass / volume
Unit : kgm-3

Characteristics by which physical conditions can be described Extensive properties ~ properties that varies in proportion to mass of system Intensive properties ~ properties that are independent of mass Properties are expressed in basic dimensions ~ length (m), mass (kg), time (s) and temperature (C) ~ use SI unit

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.2. Properties Involving Mass and Weight

Specific Weight, : Formula : weight / volume = g Unit : Nm-3 Dimension : ML-2T-2 Typical Values : water (9810), air (12.07)

1.2. Properties Involving Mass and Weight

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.2. Properties Involving Mass and Weight

Specific Gravity, S : Relative density as compared to a reference value The reference value is normally water at standard temperature and pressure Formula : S = fluid / water Dimension : dimensionless Typical Values : water (1), oil (0.9)

1.3. Properties Involving Flow of Heat

Specific Heat, C : Capacity of substance to store thermal energy Energy that must be transferred to a unit mass of a substance to raise its temperature by 1 degree Unit : kJ/(kgK ) kJ/(kgK) Cp ~ specific heat capacity at constant pressure Cv ~ specific heat capacity at constant volume k = Cp / Cv = isentropic exponent

Specific Volume, : Formula : volume / mass = 1 / Unit : m3/ kg Dimension : L3M-1

Ideal gas equation of state : p = RT

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.3. Properties Involving Flow of Heat

Specific Internal Energy, u : energy substance possess because of the state of molecular activity in the substance Function of temperature and pressure Unit : J/kg

1.4. Ideal Gas Law

The density is directly related to the change in the pressure and temperature through the equation:
P=RT

Specific Enthalpy, h : combination of : u + p / Basically = internal energy + flow work

It is also called as perfect gas law, or the equation of state Close approximate of the behavior of real gases under normal conditions when the gases are not approaching liquefaction.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.5. Viscosity - Shear Stress in Moving Fluids

~ Consider fluid moving close to a flat wall ~ Fluid can be envisage as consisting of multiple layers of filaments ~ At the wall velocity is zero ~ no slip conditions ~ Far from wall, finite velocity exist ~ thus exist velocity gradient

1.5. Viscosity - Shear Stress in Moving Fluids

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.5. Viscosity - Shear Stress in Moving Fluids

~ NEWTON observed experimentally : Shear stress Rate of change of shear strain ~ Rate of change of shear strain = dV/dy NEWTONs ~ Thus : V V Law of Viscosity or = y y (NLV)

1.5. Viscosity - Shear Stress in Moving Fluids

~ 2 Mechanisms are responsible for shear stress : Intermolecular bonding ~ small for fluid especially gas Momentum transfer between the layers

~ is the DYNAMIC VISCOSITY ~ the measure of fluid resistance to shear when there is relative motion within the fluid ~ KINEMATIC VISCOSITY : Dynamics Viscosity / Density
=

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.5. Viscosity

1.5. Viscosity

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.5. Viscosity
~ Fluids that obey the NLV is called NEWTONIAN fluids ~ Fluids that dont obey the NLV is called NON-NEWTONIAN fluids ~ E.g. blood, slurries (mixture of liquid and solid) etc ~ Rheology - study of NON-NEWTONIAN fluids

1.5. Viscosity (Ex 1)

A1m x 1m board that weigh 25 N slides down an inclined ramp (slope = 20o) with a velocity of 2.0 cm/s. The board is separated from the ramp by a thin film of oil of 0.05 Ns/m2. Neglecting edge effects, calculates the spacing between the board and the ramp

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.5. Viscosity (Ex 2)

The device shown consists of a disk that is rotated by a shaft. The disk is positioned very close to a solid boundary. Between the disk and boundary is viscous oil. The oil viscosity is 0.01 Ns/m2 and the spacing is 2 mm. If the rate of rotation is 5 rad/s and D = 10 cm, calculates the torque required to rotate the disk.

1.5. Viscosity (Ex 3)

Some instruments having angular motion are damped by means of a disk connected to the shaft. The disk in turn is immersed in a container of oil as shown. Derive a formula for the damping torque as a function of the disk diameter D, spacing S , rate of rotation and oil viscosity .

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.5. Viscosity (Ex 4)

A special damping device consists of a sphere. The sphere is enclosed in a spherical cavity with the distance between the sphere surface and the interior wall of the cavity being 1 mm. The space between the sphere and the wall is filled with oil (SAE 10W at 38 oC). The diameter of the sphere is 100 mm. The sphere is turned by a shaft that has a diameter much less than the diameter of the sphere. Neglect the effects on the shaft. Determine the torque on the shaft for a rotation of 10 rpm.

1.6. Elasticity & Compressibility

All substance are compressible to some extent ~ contract when pressurized expand when pressure is removed The degree of compressibility is depending on the BULK MODULUS, E.
P+dP Change in Pressure Volumetric Strain -dV

Bulk Modulus, E =

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.6. Elasticity & Compressibility

E = - V dP = dP dV d
Unit : Nm-2 Dimension : ML-1T-2 E is mainly function of temperature Mainly used in fluid as for gas the changes are big For liquid where compressibility is small E is almost constant Typical value : water (2.2 x 109 Nm-2), oil (1.62 x 109 Nm-2)

1.7. Vapour Pressure

Definition ~ Pressure at which a liquid boils and in equilibrium with its own vapour It is a function of temperature and increasing with temperature Conversely boiling temperature decrease with decrease in pressure and boiling can occur at low temperature is pressure is low enough This phenomena is called CAVITATION Occurs in fluid machinery and causes damages and failures

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.7. Vapour pressure

Cavitation damage in fluid machinery

1.8. Surface Tension

A liquid will form an interface with a second liquid or gas Molecules near the surface have greater attraction with each other ~ This give rise to surface tension
Unbalance force causing surface to be in tension Balance force inside the liquid

Formation of cavitation bubbles in low pressure regions

Damage due to cavitation - Hydro Dam Spillway

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.8. Surface Tension

1.8. Surface Tension

Surface tension, , is measured as the force acting across a unit length of line drawn on the surface. Acts in the plane of the surface and normal to any line in the surface Dimension : MT-2 Unit : N/m Effect of surface tension :
- Reduce the surface of liquid

to to minimum ~ droplet tend be spherical - Excess Pressure in droplets and bubbles - Capillary effect

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

MEHB223

1.8. Surface Tension

Surface tension is dependant on temperature.

1.8. Surface Tension

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.8. Surface Tension

1.8. Surface Tension

2 cos R

Effect of capillary action in small tubes. (a) Rise of column for a liquid that wets the tube. (b) FreeFree-body diagram for calculating column height. (c) Depression of column for a nonwetting liquid.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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1.8. Surface Tension

Excess Pressure
Pdroplet = 2 Pjet = r r 4 Pbubble = r

1.8. Surface Tension (Ex 1)

A water bug is suspended on the surface of a pond by surface tension (water does not wet the legs). The bugs has six legs, and each leg is in contact with the water over a length of 5mm. What is the maximum mass (in g) of the bug is it is to avoid sinking?

Capillary Effect

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Fluids : Chap. 1: Properties of Fluid

MEHB223

1.8. Surface Tension (Ex 2)

Mercury does not adhere to a glass surface, so when a glass tube is immersed in a pool of mercury, the meniscus is depressed. The surface tension of mercury is 0.514 N/m. Find the depression distance in a 1-mm glass tube.

End of Chapter 1