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TI LIU BI DNG HC CHNG HIDROCACBON NO

Hidrocacbon no l nhng hp cht hu c ch c cha 2 nguyn t Cacbon v hidro vi dng lin kt n gia
hai nguyn t ny. Dng mch ca hidrocacbon no c th tn ti hai dng l: Mch h (nhnh v thng) v mch
vng. Nhng trong khun kh ca ti liu ny, thy s i vo ch yu l mng mch h. Bi v dng mch h l dng
ch yu c trong cc kim tra 15 pht cng nh 45 pht.
HIROCACBON NO MCH H
ANKAN
I. KHI NIM
...............................................................................................................................................................................................
V d:

H H
H C

H C H
H
CH4

H H H

C H

CH3 CH3

H C

H H

C H

CH3 CH2 CH3

H H H
C3H8

C2H6

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y l chng v hp cht hu c u tin trong ni dung v ha hc hu c. V vy n rt c ngha, khi cc

em nm c v cc phng php gii quyt cc dng bi tp v chng ny th cc chng tip theo s gip cc em
hc tt hn.
Ni dung v kin thc hc trn lp kh n gin, nhng khng phi em hc sinh no cng nm c. V vy
thy dnh mt cht thi gian vit v chuyn ny, qua nhm mc ch gip cho cc em hc sinh cn nhiu b ng
s c c mt ci nhn tt hn, qua s cm thy hng th hc hn na. Cn vn v kin thc su hn lm cc
bi tp kh hn th s cp nht bi vit khc. (Nhng s a 1 vi bi tp nh cui cng qua gip cho cc em
hc kh th sc ca bn thn mnh).

CTTQ c dng: .................................................................................................................................................................

II. NG PHN _ CCH VIT NG PHN
Cc em phi nh v cc dng mch c th c ca cc trng hp C3; C4; C5 (y l 3 trng hp s lun c xt
v kim tra trong ni dung ca cc bi kim tra)

C1
C4

C2

C
C

C5

C3
C

C
C

Vi cc ankan khi vit ng phn th ta da vo mch cacbon ca cc trng hp c lit k trn v sau
in v s lng ca nguyn t H sao cho C m bo l lun c ha tr 4.
III. DANH PHP
1. Mt s tn thng thng hay gp
2. Tn thay th
Xc nh mch: Mch cacbon di nht, nhiu nhnh nht
nh s ch mch chnh: Xut pht t u pha c mch nhnh, sao cho tng s ch v tr ca nhnh l nh nht.
Tn = [S ch v tr nhnh] + [Tn nhnh (tn gc ankyl)] + [Tn mch chnh] + [an]
Lu :
+ Nu c nhiu nhnh ging nhau ta dng thm cc tin t: i (2); tri (3)
+ Vi 2 nhnh khc nhau, ta gi nhnh trc sau theo th t bng ch ci:
V d: Etyl c gi trc Metyl (E ng trc M)
+ Gia phn s v ch lun c cch nhau bi du [-]
V d p dng:

C
C C C C

C C
C

C C C
C

C C

C C C

...............................................................................................................................................................................................
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LP BI DNG KIN THC & LUYN THI H

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V d nng cao:

C
C

C
C

C1

C2

C4

C3
C5

C
C

V d: Vit sn phm ca phn ng th gia: Etan v propan vi clo (iu kin nh sng; t l 1 : 1)
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................

Tp Ch Ha Hc & Tui Tr
www.hoahoc.org

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...............................................................................................................................................................................................
IV. TNH CHT L HA
+ Ankan t: C1 => C4 th kh
+ Cc ankan tham gia ch yu l cc phn ng th, phn ng tch, phn ng chy
1. Phn ng th (iu kin: nh sng; t l th thng l 1 : 1)
xt c phn ng ny, chng ta cn quan tm ti tnh i xng ca phn t Ankan

Nhn xt quy tc tham gia phn ng th:

Bc ca nguyn t Cacbon:..............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................
Quy tc tham gia phn ng th: Khi cho Ankan tc dng vi X2 (nh sng, t l 1 : 1), th nguyn t X s d thay th
nguyn t H nguyn t cacbon bc cao (To ra sn phm chnh)
V d: Vit sn phm chnh to thnh ca cc trng hp sau:
C

Cl2

Cl2

Cl2

a/s 1 : 1

..................................................................................

C
C
C

a/s 1 : 1

...................................................................................

a/s 1 : 1

...............................................................................

2. Phn ng tch
a. Tch H2
0

t , xt, p

H H

H H
b. B gy mch Cacbon (phn ng Cracking)
H
C

t , xt, p
C

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3. Phn ng chy

C n H 2 n 2

HA HC: 0979.817.885

3n 1
O 2
nCO 2 n 1 H 2O
2

Hidrocacbon

Hidrocacbon l Ankan
CTPT : Hidrocacbon l: C n H 2 n 2
nCO n H O
2

n 1

mAnkan mC mH 12.nCO 1.2.nH O

2

IV. IU CH - NG DNG
1. iu ch: (PTN)
t
R COONa NaOH

R H Na2CO 3
CaO
0

2. ng dng:
(Cc em c th tham kho qua s t duy sau)

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www.hoahoc.org

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nH O nCO nAnkan

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