cng n tp NLVLCPPTA Cu 1: M t v v cu trc bng X-Quang?

Trong my X- quang gm cc b phn khng th thiu c: + B cp ngun t tim n X- Quang + B cp in cao th vo m cc v dng cc +B iu khin thi gian pht tia +Bng X-quang( b phn quan trng nht) Cu to bng n X-quang l bng thy tinh bn trong l chn khng gm 2 cc: cathode v anode. Ngoi ra cn c cc b phn nh Rotor.Stator, v bc kim loi v v bc tia X - Cathode( m cc): cu to t cun Tungsten t trong 1 thanh kim loi hnh chic tch c t nng bi ngun in 6- 10 volt. C chc nng c bn l to ra cc e ri tp trung thnh dng v hng v cc dng. Thnh phn chnh gm tim n v chn hi t. Tim n c cu to t nhng si Tungsten hnh xon thng ng. Khi c 1 dng in chy qua tim n nng ln lm pht sinh chm tia in t. S lng chm ny ty thuc vo nhit ca tim n. (Bng n X-quang hin i s c 2 tim n; 1 tim n cng sut lndungf chp 1 b phn ln, 1 tim n nh dung chphinhf nh cn phan gii cao.Chn hi t thng thng c lm t Nikel.Chm tia hi t nh vo bng hi t bao quanh tim n. - Anode( Dng cc): hay i m cc l 1 tm bia kim loi c nhit nng chy cao, c s nguyn t Z ln nh bch kim, wolfram, tungsten, rheunium, molybdenum, rhodium. Ni vi cc dng ca dng in. C 2 chc nng chnh l chuyn nng lng din thnh bc x nhit v tia X. Dng cc chia lm 2 loi : loi quay v loi khng quay. Loi khng quay gm 1 bia Tungsten gn cht vo 1 khi ng, n ng 2 vai tr l vt mang cc dng v vt ti nhit. Nhng khuyt im ca loi dng cc khng quay l : n d b n mn v gii hn cng dng tia X. Loi khng quay c dng chp X-quang cc c quan nh hm, rng, X quang xch tay. Loi quay th c dng cho hu ht cc chn on, ci chnh l do ti nhit tt hn. V th cht lng tia X s tt hn. Mun to tia X trong bng n X-quang ngi ta phi cung cp mt in th thp t tim n lm bc x electron. Sau p mt in th cao gia 2 u dng cc v m cc nhm to ra mt in trng mnh. Electron chuyn ng mnh t m cc

sang dng cc vi vn tc ln p mnh vo bia dng cc. 1% nng lng chuyn thnh tia X, 99% nng lng chuyn thnh nhit V bo v: Bng X-Quang khi ang hot ng kh nguy him. Cc ion ha X-Quang c pht ra nhiu hng. Din p cao ln n 150kV, c p dng. an ton bng X- quang c t trong 1 v kim loi bn trong lt ch hp th bc x v du cch nhit, tn nhit Bi v hn ch trng lng che chn c th khng c hon ho. Theo cc tiu chun bc x r r khng vt qu 1 mGy/h iu kin hot ng ti a. Cc tia bc xa c ch i qua hnh nn thu hp. lp du gim nh bc x hu ch. Ca s lm t vt liu nha chu du, lp du gim nh bc x hu ch. Ca s c lm t vt liu nha chu du. Anode quay: -Cc electron p vo anode lm nng ln nhanh chng. Khi vt qua nhit 3400oC. Vonfram bt u tan chy, lm mt chn khng v dn n hng bng . - khc phc ngi ta lm anode quay d lm tng din tch tip xc vi electron v gip tn nhit c tt Anode quay c iu khin bi mt ng c khng ng b Anode qu 1 bng X- Quang c: - Tiu c c hnh vnh - Cc khe chng s gin n - Lp cacbon tng kh nng tn nhit Rotor: B phn lm cho dng cc quay. Rotor bao gm cun dy ng bao quanh li st hnh tr, nhiu nam chm in qun quanh bn ngoi rotor bn ngoi ng tia X lm thnh stator, tc quay t 3000-3600 vng/pht (chm) v nhanh nht l 9000-10000 vng/pht. Gi rotor phi chu c nhit, y l nguyn nhn lm hng ng tia X, du thng c dng lm cht gii nhit

Cu 2: Ti sao khi chp XQ cn bm nt 2 ln? u tin ni s lc cu to bng X Quang: l 1 bng thy tinh, c 2 cc: Cc m: c cu to bng cun dy Tungsteng t trong thanh kim loi hnh chic tch c t nng bng ngun in 6 -10V; chc nng c bn ca cc m l to electron, sau tp trung electron thnh dng hng vo ch l cc dng. Cc dng: l thanh kim loi rn lm bng Tungsteng, Molybdenium, Rhodium,... v c ni vs cc dng ca dng in; cc dng c 2 chc nng c bn l chuyn nng lng thnh bc x nhit v tia X. Khi chp ta thng bm my 2 ln: Ln 1 (stand by/ my): ng mch in cc m + khi ng quay cc dng. Ln 2 (pht tia X): ng in cao th => to ra 1 s chnh lch in th rt ln (hn 40k V) =>cc electron b ko v cc dng vs 1 vn tc rt ln. Ta thy bc my chnh l anode quay vng/s ri mi pht tia ln bm th 2. iu ny gip tng din tip xc ca e vs b mt cc dng, lm cho cc dng bn hn. Nu ch bm 1 ln (ch pht tia khng ), dng e c th ch p vo cc dng vs 1 din tch rt nh, iu ny c th lm hng b mt cc dng cng nh lm gim cht lng chm tia (=> nh xu). Ngoi ra v l do j bnh nhn kh hp tc (rung, c ng,... lc ly hnh) chng ta c th iu chnh li t th bnh nhn (bi v ch mi , cha p ht tia). V vy khi chp XQ chng ta cn thit phi bm nt 2 ln. Cu 3: khi chp ln bm u tin pht ra tia X cha? Gii thch ti sao? Khi chp, ln bm u tin cha pht ra tia X V: - Khi ta bm nt ln u tin s cho dng in chy qua v to hiu ng ti cc m. y cn gi l giai on chun b. Cc m (cathod) c cu to bng cun dy tungsten t trong 1 thanh kim loi c hnh chic tch c t nng ln bi dng in t 6 -10 volt c chc nng c bn l to ra cc ht in t (electron) , ri tp trung li thnh dng hng vo ch l cc dng. - Khi dng in chy qua cc m, tai y s to ra cc hiu ng nhit, hiu ng quang in, hiu ng to cc electron t do lm khi ng quay cc dng. - Khi ta n nt ln th 2, dng in chy qua cc dng s to ra cc hiu ng tai y. Vi chnh lch hiu s in th cao >=30000 volt s to ra lc hp dn ht

cc e t cc m sang cc dng. V lc va chm mch ca cc e vo thanh kim loi rn cc dng s to ra cc proton nng lng (quang nng) gm: 99% nhit nng v 1% l tia X. Cu 4: S lc v nguyn l vt l ca qu trnh pht tia X: Tia X c to ra nh chuyn i nng lng t cc ht electron thnh cc photon nng lng (quang nng) , nhit nng v tia X bn trong bng pht tia X. Nng lng tia X c iu chnh thng qua cc thng s v in nh: in th (KV), cng dng in (mA), thi gian pht tia X giy (s). Bng X quang l mt bng thu tinh, bn trong l chn khng gm c 2 cc: -Cc m (cathode): c cu to bng cun dy Tungsten t trong mt thanh kim loi hnh chic tch c t nng bng ngun in 6-10V; chc nng c bn ca cc m l to ra cc ht in t (electron), ri tp trung electron thnh dng hng vo ch l cc dng. -Cc dng (anod): l 1 tm bia kim loi c nhit nng chy cao, c s nguyn t Z ln nh bch kim, wolfram, tungsten, rheunium, molybdenum,... v c ni vi cc dng ca dng in; cc dng c 2 chc nng c bn l chuyn nng lng thnh bc x nhit v tia X. Qu trnh pht tia X gm c 2 bc tng ng 2 ln bm my: -Khi bm ln 1 hay bc chun b Stanby tc l: - ng mch in cc m. - Khi ng quay cc dng. C hiu ng ti cc m khi cho dng in chy qua: - Hiu ng nhit. - Hiu ng quang in. - Hiu ng to cc electron t do. -Khi bm ln 2 hay bc pht tia X tc l: ng mch in 2 cc vi dng in xoay chiu ln hn 40KV. To ra s chnh lch v in th v lc ht electron t do tc l xy ra cc hiu ng: - Hiu ng nhit. - Hiu ng quang in. - Hiu ng pht tia X. Tm li qu trnh pht tia X: Khi t nng m cc to ra cc ht in t electron t do di tc dng ca chnh in th cao t nht l 40KV cc ht in t b lc ht ko v dng cc vi vn tc rt ln khi cc ht in t va chm vi cc dng to ra nhit nng (99%) v bc x tia X (1%). Lc gia tc ca cc ht in t ph thuc vo hiu s in th ca dng in c tnh bng KV v cht lng chm ht in t ph thuc vo cng dng in tnh bng mA. Cu 5: Tia X c gi l bc x g? Gii thch v k tn cc loi tia khc c cng bn cht vi tia X?

Tia X c gi l bc x in t Gii thch: Bc x in t (hay sng in t) l s kt hp (nhn vector) ca dao ng in trng v t trng vung gc vi nhau, lan truyn trong khng gian nh sng, dao ng theo chu k hnh Sin. Sng in t cng b lng t ho thnh nhng "t sng" c tnh cht nh cc ht chuyn ng gi l photon. Khi lan truyn, sng in t mang theo nng lng, ng lng v thng tin. Cc loi tia khc c cng bn cht vi tia X:

Sng radio Vi sng Hng ngoi nh sng T ngoi Tia X Tia gamma

Cu 6: ng dng tnh cht ca tia X +c kh nng m xuyn qua c th ngi, kh nng ny ph thuc nhiu vo yu t nh di ca tia, b dy, trng lng nguyn t ca vt. +tia kch sng 1 s mui kim loi, ng dng chiu trn mng hunh quang hay trn bng tng sng truyn hnh. +tia c kh nng ion ha, ng dng cho vic ch to cc bung m, cc loi detector o lng, dng trong k thut s. +tia tc dng ln nh tng trn phim nh, i theomi hng v theo ng thng. +s lng tia s gim i theo t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch. +tia c tc dng sinh hc ng dng ttong x tr liu, thn trng i vi cc dng t bo non, ty xng to huyt, thy tinh th, bo thai k u Cu 7: Bn cht ca tia X: Tia X hay tia Rnghen l mt bc x in t, gm cc sng dao ng theo chu k hnh sin. Cng nhm vi cc sng v tuyn in, nh sng trng; cc bc x ion ha nh tia v tr, tia Gamma ; cc bc x ng v. c im ca cc bc x trn l truyn i vi tc gn ging nhau (khong 300000km/s) ch khc nhau v bc sng, chu k v tn s. V d nh vi bc sng th cc cao l tia Hng ngoi (7.210-7 m), ri n nh sng trng (3.910-7m); cc thp l tia V tr, tia X v tia Gamma (10-12 10-14 m). Tia X c bc sng c t 10 - 12 m n 5.10 - 10 m (tc l t 0,01 n khong 5 )

Nhng tia X c bc sng t 0,01 n 1 c tnh m xuyn mnh hn nn gi l tia X cng. Nhng tia X c bc sng t 1 n khong 5 c tnh m xuyn yu hn c gi l tia X mm.

Tia X khng b lch trong in trng v t trng nn khng phi l dng cc ht mang in.

Cu 8: Nguyn l chiu X quang thng quy? Nguyn l chiu X-Quang thng quy da trn: - Tnh m xuyn qua vt cht ca tia X - Tnh cht suy gim chumg tia X sau khi qua cc m ca c th. - Kch sang mui Kim loi trn mn hunh quang - Nguyn l hnh chiu trong khng gian 3 chiu. Chm tia X sau khi truyn qua vng thm khm ca c th th suy gim do b hp th bi cc cu trc. S suy gim ny ph thuc vo dy, mt ca cc cu trc m n i qua. Cui cng, chm tia tc dng ln cht hunh quang trn mn chiu v lm kch sang cht hunh quang ny lc cc b phn ca vng thm khm c hin hnh trn mn chiu ny. Vic phn tch hnh nh chn on c tin hnh cng thi im pht tia trn mn chiu ca my X quang. Chm tia X c s dng khi chiu c m xuyn trung bnh (t 70 n 80KV) v vi cng thp (ch khong t 1,5 n 3 miliampe). S pht hunh quang ca mn chiu khng sng, v th vic chiu in phi lm trong bung ti v quan st r tn thng cn thch ghi mt trong bng ti t nht 10 n 15 pht trc khi chiu. Hin nay, phng php chiu X quang chn on hu nh khng cn c p dng. Tuy nhin, trong X quang can thip, X quang mch mu, X quang tiu ho phng php chiu vn c s dng nhng thay bang chiu X-Quang KTS c tang sngs truyn hnh. Cu 9: Nguyn l chiu X-Quang KTS, thng s dng cho cc loi my DSA. Nguyn l chiu X-Quang KTS da trn: - Tnh m xuyn qua vt cht ca tia X - Tnh cht suy gim chumg tia X sau khi qua cc m ca c th. - Nguyn l hnh chiu trong khng gian 3 chiu. - S dng bng tng sng thay cho mn hunh quang

Ngy nay phng php chiu X Quang KTS ch yu c dng trong chp mch mu DSA, Phng php ny da ch yu trn vic thu nhn hnh nh chp mch trc v sau khi tim cht cn quang. H thng ghi nhn hnh nh bao gm: x -ray tube, my to x-ray , b tng cng hnh nh, TV camera. Trung tm ca h thng ny l b x l hnh nh k thut s, n khng ch cho hnh nh trn mn nh camera ,m cn cung cp tn hiu theo thi gian n my to X-ray v n ton b h thng thu nhn hnh nh iu khin cng sut pht tia, m bo cho vic gim liu chiu m vn gi c nhng thng tin cn thit. Qu trnh thu nhn hnh nh bt u khi nhng tn hiu theo thi gian c a n my to tia X di s iu khin ca my tnh. Khi tia X c truyn qua bnh nhn s c b tng cng hnh nh thu nhn v khuch i. Khe h gia b tng cng hnh nh v camera s iu khin lng nh sng ti camera. Sau khi nhn hnh nh th camera s chuyn n thnh tn hiu in truyn ti b x l nh theo dng analog. y, b x l nh s m ho hnh nh, lu tr n trong b nh v chuyn n thnh dng k thut s loi tr nhng hnh nh nhiu. Nhng thut ton ph bin s dng trong Xray k thut s l thut ton loi tr theo thi gian thc. Cu 10: Nguyn l chp X quang thng quy: + ng dng tnh cht m xuyn qua c cht ca tia X v s suy gim chm t ia x sau khi i qua cc vt cht khc nhau Chm tia X sau khi truyn qua vng thm khm ca c th th suy gim do b hp th bi cc cu trc. S suy gimny ph thuc vo dy, mt ca cc cu trc m n i qua + Nh tc dng ca tia X ln nh tng c mui Bc trn phim. s ghi hnh X quangca cc b phn thm khm c thc hin trn phim hoc giy nh. ghi chnh trn phim X quang th tia X phi c pht x vi mt in th cao (t 40KV n 150 KV) v vi cng dng qua bng X quang ln (t100200mA), v cc my hin i hin nay c th ln ti 500 n 1000KV. Hai yut ny nhm m bo cho s ghi hnh nhanh trnh c hnh nhiu ca cc c quan ng (nh tim, ng tiu ho.v.v.) v ph hp vi thi gian nn th ca bnh nhn Phim X quang c cu to c bn l 2mt c trng bi nh tng mui bc (bromua bc). Phim c p vo gia 2 tm tng quang t trong cassette. B mt tm tng quang c ph bng mt lp cht pht hunh quang (thng l Tungstat cadmi). Di tc dng ca tia X cc lp hunh quang ny s pht quang v tc dng ln phim ghi hnh b phn thmkhm m n truyn qua. Tia X ch tc dng ln phim khong 10% cn li khong90% tc dng ny l do nh sng hunh quang pht ra t tm tng quang. V vy,nh tm tng quang m thi gian chp c th gim i rt nhiu. + Ta bit rng sau khi i xuyn qua c th,tia x b hp th v b suy gim mt cch khc nhau,v vy s tc dng ln nh tng trn phim cng khc nhau:ni no khng b suy gim s to nn vng en,ni vo b suy gim nhiu s to nn vng

trng.Tng t ta c vng xm nhiu hay t ph thuc vo h s hp th,v xut hin thut ng nc thang xm.Trong hnh nh x quang thng quy c 4 mc c bn l: +trng ca xng,vi,si +Xm trng ca nc v m mm +Xm en ca m +en ca khng kh Cu 11: V s v gii thch nguyn l hot ngcuar cc giai on trong quy trnh to nh KTS?

Tm thu nhn nh
- CR l Cassette - DR l Tm cm bin

1.

Tia X pht ra t ngun chiu qua bnh nhn v c tip nhn bi tm thu nhn nh. C th l Cassette CR v Tm cm bin DR Ti Converting tia X th tia X b hp th tm thu nhn nh s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu s (digital signal). CR th tn hiu nh tm IP s c m ha bi my qut cho ra tn hiu s v sau khi m ha th my qut s c nhim v tr tm IP v trng thi ban u (xa tn hiu nh) c dung cho ln chp sau, DR th tm cm bin s chuyn nng lng tia X thnh tn hiu in sau c m ha thnh tn hiu s.

2.

3. Tn hiu s ny c chuyn sang CPU, CPU c nhim v m ha v x l chuyn tn hiu s thnh tn hiu nh truy xut monitor, my in, v a vo lu tr.

Cau 12: M t tm tt cc m un ca H thng lu tr v truyn nh PACS. PACS l t vit tt ca Picture Archiving and Communication System - h thng lu tr v truyn ti hnh nh. PACS - nh tn gi, c s dng truyn ti v lu tr d liu hnh nh y t, ch yu l hnh nh v cc d liu lin quan c to ra trong khoa chn on hnh nh, sau c truyn ti ra khp bnh vin. Cc thnh phn chnh ca PACS gm: 1. Thit b thu nhn hnh nh (chp nh), l ni nh c to ra 2. Cc b phn lu tr tm thi v lu di lu cc d liu s 3. Trm lm vic xem li hnh nh v chn on 4. Mt mng kt ni cc thnh phn ca h thng 5. Phn mm chy h thng 6. Mt c s d liu v h thng qun l c s d liu 7. Giao din vi cc mng khc (nh HIS hay RIS) Thit b chp nh: Cc thit b chp nh c kh nng chuyn d liu thnh dng s l cc thit b d tch hp vo PACS nht nh thit b X-quang k thut s, chp mch, CT, cng hng t,.... Ngy nay, thit b c X-quang k thut s CR, s dng tm photo-stimulable phosphor (pht quang do kch thch) l thit b c s dng ph bin nht. Cc thit b analog cng c th c tch hp vo PACS qua cc thit b s ha d liu. Thit b lu tr: Mt PACS cn t nht 2 lp thit b lu tr: ngn hn v di hn. Thit b c chn phi p ng c tc truy cp d liu nh, v d, b nh ngn hn cn c tc truy cp cao, nh b nh RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks). Trong khi , thit b lu di hn cn tc truy cp tng i cao, d c th s dng a quang hay bng t. Kin trc ca cc PACS khc nhau s c cch t chc b nh khc nhau. Cc b nh ny c th l cc my ch trung tm hoc a phng hoc kt hp c hai. Trm lm vic: Cht lng v phn gii ca trm lm vic ty theo chc nng ca chng, c ho chn on hay xem li. Cc trm lm vic cho cng vic chn on cn c phn gii cao, cc my tnh c thit k c bit. Trong khi , cc trm lm vic cho mc ch xem li c th ch cn cc PC thng thng. Mng: Kiu mng c s dng phi p ng c tc truyn ti d liu, v d cc mng tc cao cn thit truyn ti d liu nh t cc b nh ngn hn n cc trm lm vic cho chn on. Si quang, ATM (mt ch truyn ti ng b), mng ethernet fast hoc switched l mt s v d v mng truyn ti tc cao, trong khi

 cc d liu demographic textural data c th c truyn ti qua mng ethernet thng thng. Mt v d v kin trc PACS c minh ha trong hnh sau.

M hnh PACS trong mt bnh vin ln (Ngun: Medcyclopaedia) Phn mm: Phn mm chuyn dng l mt thnh phn rt quan trng ca PACS trong cc bnh vin. Cc khi nim chnh v phn mm ca PACS gm: ti cc hnh nh chp trong qu kh ng vi bnh nhn ang kim tra; t chc cc danh sch lm vic v th mc chia d liu thu thp c trong mt PACS thnh cc dng d dng truy cp v s dng, giao thc hin th mc nh, trong cc hnh nh t ng hin th trn mn hnh ca trm lm vic theo trt t c tnh logic, ph hp trong mi trng y khoa cng nh cc mu bo co h tr cho bc s.

Cu 13. ch li v bt li ca h thng PACS? PACS H thng c dng truyn ti v lu tr d liu hnh nh y t, ch yu l hnh nh v cc d liu lin quan c to ra trong khoa chn on hnh nh, sau c truyn ti ra khp bnh vin. Vic vn hnh h thng PACS ny trong bnh vin mang li nhng ch li v bt li sau: * ch li: - Lu tr v thay th cho giy hoc phim dng trong y khoa, gim s lng phim,

gim gi thnh, tit kim rt nhiu do chi ph cho vic lu tr d liu s trn my tnh hoc a CD/DVD r hn. - Bo v mi trng khi cc ha cht v phim c. - C th theo di mi lc, mi ni vi hnh nh trc tip trn mn hnh my tnh gip cho bc s chn on nhanh v chnh xc hn. - Truyn d liu v thc hin vic chn on t xa, o to t xa, m rng kh nng xem v bo co t xa. Cc bc s ang lm vic ti nhiu v tr a l khc nhau c th cng truy cp ng thi vo cng mt tp tin hnh nh. - Kt hp vi cc h thng in t khc, kt ni thng tin gia cc bnh vin vi nhau. - Qun l quy trnh v lch trnh khm ca bnh nhn khoa chn on hnh nh. Thi gian, s ln chp phim, xt nghim, lch hn, c qun l cht ch. - n gin ha v thc hin nhanh chng cc th tc. - Bnh nhn c th xem c cc kt qu chn on thng qua mng. - Tit kim thi gian cho bnh nhn, bc s v bnh vin * Bt li: - Mun lp t h thng ny yu cu u tin l cn s u t ln v ng b v mi mt. - i hi i ng qun l phi c trnh cao. - Cc b phn hot ng mang tnh dy chuyn nn khi mt b phn b h hng th ko theo s ngng tr ca cc b phn khc. - Ph thuc vo s n nh ca in th, kt ni mng. - Vn hnh trn quy m rng ln nn PACS cn phi c h thng bo v tt. => Tm li: PACS l h thng tin tin, hin i, v ang c p dng nhiu nc trn th gii ngy nay. Vi nhng tnh nng cng nh u im m h thng ny mang li cng cho thy c nhu cu p dng h thng ny nc ta l rt ln!

cu 14: m t tm tt cc m un ca h thng workstation: CPU Trong lnh vc y t th workstation c s dng m phng cu trc c th con ngi,hin th, phn tch, chnh sa hnh nh x l c khi lng cng vic ni trn mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu, cc workstation thng khng dng nhng CPU ph thng (Core 2 Duo, i Series) m c trang b b vi x l Xeon vi nhng u im vt tri v tc , b nh m, bn.

Mainboard C cng chc nng vi nhng mainboard s dng trong cc dng my tnh ph thng nhng mainboard thit k cho workstation c nhng im khc bit nh l S dng cc chipset cao cp Cho php gn nhiu CPU H tr nhiu knh nh hn, s lng khe cm RAM v dung lng RAM cng ln hn H tr nhiu chun giao tip cng RAM: Nguyn tc cng nhiu cng nhanh vn ng i vi b nh dnh cho workstation. RAM dng cho workstation c kh nng khc phc kp thi li trong qu trnh truyn ti d liu duy tr my hot ng lin tc n nh trong thi gian di. Card ha l mt linh kin rt quan trng i vi cc ng dng chy trn workstation. Nhng chic card ha mnh s cho chng ta hnh nh r nt v chn thc nht tn thng m bnh nhn gp phi, gip bc s chun on chnh xc hn. cng Vic la chn cng cho workstation phi m bo 2 yu cu c bn l truy xut nhanh v lu tr an ton. Cn dung lng th tu theo mc ch s dng m ta la chn. Mn nh

Mt workstation xn thng phi h tr 2 mn hnh tr ln. V nu cn bn cng c th mua loi mn hnh hin th 3 chiu chuyn nghip, tt nhin l gi ca n khng h r t no (20k USD) Bn phm v chut Khng c yu cu c bit cho hai thit b ny. Hu ht cc ng dng u lm vic tt vi bn phm bnh thng v mt con chut 3 nt vi nt cun. Cu 15 (cha c) Cu 16: mng Lan v Workstation c mi lien h nh th no trong khoa chn on hnh nh?

LAN l vit tt ca Local Area Network l mng cc b dng kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau trong 1 khu vc. Kt ni c thc hin thng qua mi trng truyn thng tc cao nh dy cp Workstation l mt my trm lm vic, c thit k chuyn bit cho cc mc ch s dng khc nhau. Thng th Workstation lm vic c lp vi nhau. V cc trm lm vic ny lin kt vi nhau bi mng LAN. Nh , - Cc trm lm vic ny c th trao i thng tin vi nhau. - Cc my c th dng chung mt ng dng no . - C th dng chung cc thit b ngoi vi nh my in , CD ... - C th truyn tin ti tt c cc my d dng Trong khoa CHA cc Workstation ti cc phng nh X-Quang, Siu m, CT, MRI,... c th truyn ti hnh nh cho nhau qua mng LAN, c th s dng chung mt my in (C u im cao), c th ly c thng tin ca cc my vi nhau. Nh , cc trm lm vic d dng ly c thng tin ti ch, thun li cho vic s dng cc thit b dung chung gip cho vic i li. Ni cch khc, th mng LAN l mt h thng kt ni cc my trm lm vic vi nhau trong khu vc nh, khng th truyn ti t khu vc ny sang khu vc khc (c th c nhng yu cu mt lng dy cp ln gy tn km), hay t bnh vin ny sang bnh vin khc. Nh vy, mng LAN h tr cho cc Workstation lin kt vi nhau, trao i thng tin vi nhau, tit kim c thi gian lm vic cho con ngi, hin i ha trong cng ngh, tng bc pht trin khoa hc k thut trong ngnh Y.

cu 17: Cc loi my X-Quang,my c sng v na sng khc nhau nh th no? *Da vo cch phn loi ta c cc loi my xquang sau: 1 Theo in p ngun cung cp - My X-quang 1 pha - My X-quang 2 pha - My X-quang 3 pha 2 Theo in p chnh lu cung cp cho ant bng pht tia X - My X-quang sng - My X-quang c sng 3 Theo cng sut - My X-quang cng sut nh (dng < 100 mA)

- My X-quang cng sut TB (dng < 300 mA) - My X-quang cng sut ln (dng < 1000 mA) 4 Theo nhim v - My X-quang rng - My X-quang tim mch - My X-quang phu thut - My X-quang nh 5 Theo cu to - My X-quang thng quy - My X-quang tng sng truyn hnh - My X-quang ct lp (CT Scanner) 6 Theo tn s - My X-quang tn s thp (f: 50-60 Hz) - My X-quang tn s cao(f: 30-100KHz) 7 Theo v tr lp t - My X-quang c nh - My X-quang di ng *my c sng v na sng khc nhau nh th no ?: -my xquang c sng s dng mch chnh lu ton sng ca dng in xoay chiu. Mch chnh lu ton sng bin i c hai thnh phn cc tnh ca dng sng u vo thnh mt chiu. Do n c hiu sut cao hn. Tuy nhin trong mch in khng c im gia ca bin p ngi ta s cn n 4 it thay v mt nh trong mch chnh lu na sng. iu ny c ngha l u cc ca in p ra s cn n 2 it chnh lu, th d nh 1 cho trng hp im X dng, v 1 cho trng hp im X m. u ra cn li cng cn chnh xc nh th, kt qu l phi cn n 4 it -my xquang na sng s dng mch chnh lu na sng ca dng in Mt mch chnh lu na sng ch mt trong na chu k dng hoc m c th d dng i ngang qua it, trong khi na kia s b kha, ty thuc vo chiu lp t ca it. V ch c mt na chu k c chnh lu, nn mch chnh lu na sng c hiu sut truyn cng sut rt thp. Mch chnh lu na sng c th lp bng ch mt i t bn dn trong cc mch ngun mt pha. Cu 18: (cha c) Cu 19: Gii thch c ch to nh trong chp phim X-Quang KTS CR? -H thng pht tia X hon ton ging nh h thng ca X quang thng. -Tia X sau khi chiu qua bnh nhn s n mt tm to nh (Imaging plate) c trng lp Phosphor lu tr (storage) v kch thch pht sng (photostimulable lumi).Lp photpho ny ng vai tr nh tm phim trong X quang thng. Thnh phn ca tm photpho ny thng gm 85% BaFBr v 15% BaFI, pha vi mt lng nh nguyn t Europium (Eu). BaFBr l mt cht bn dn, nn chng c hai vng nng lng l vng l trng v vng dn. Khong nng lng gia hai vng ny c 8.3 eV. Khi tia

X b hp th bi hp cht BaFBr, nng lng ca chng s kch thch lm cho cc electron ca nguyn t Eu b bt ra. Cc electron ny s chuyn ng t do trong mi trng v mt phn s tng tc vi cc nguyn t F. Cc nguyn t F gi electron mc nng lng cao hn trng thi n nh trong vi ngy n hng tun. S lng electron b gi bi nguyn t F trn mt n v din tch s t l thun vi cng tia X chiu vo. -Sau khi chp xong, tm thu nhn nh s c a vo my c CR My c ny s pht ra tia laser c nng lng khong 2 eV (nhsng laser ) qut qua tm photpho. Khi , cc electron ang b F gi s b kch thch nhy ln vng dn. Cc electron ny ch trn vng ny mt thi gian rt ngn th nhy xung mc nng lng thp hn. S chuyn t mc nng lng cao v mc nng lng thp ca cc electron lm pht ra mt nh sng mu xanh (c 3 eV). Da vo cng sng pht ra, my qut s s ho cho tng im sng. Cng tia X c hp th ti tng im l c s cho s hin th nh. nh sau khi c s ho t my c nh c truyn n my in ton ch x l nh (ADC processing server). My ch ny cha nhiu phn mm p ng vic chnh sa nh thu c hnh nh c i quang khc nhau. Cu 20: gii thch c ch to nh trong chp phim X-Quang s ha trc tip DR? Trong DR, nh c to ra mt cch trc tip m khng phi qua thit b c nh trung gian nh CR. iu ny c th c thc hin nh vo cu to c bit ca u d ca DR. Hin nay ngi ta chia ra lm 2 loi u d v i vi mi loi s c s khc nhau v cc bc thu nhn tn hiu. i vs DR gin tip, tia X sau khi c pht ra i qua c th ng bnh s n tc dng vi u d. u d s dng tinh th phosphor hay tinh th nhp nhy Csi bin nng lng tia X than nh sang. nh sang c hp thu bi cc phosphodiode hay bi cc silicon v nh hnh (a-Si) to ra cc tn hiu in. i vi DR trc tip , tia X sau khi c pht ra i qua c th ng bnh s n tc dng vi u d. u d ca DR trc tip s dng Selenium v nh hnh (a-Se) hoc Silicon v nh hnh (a-Si) thu nhn trc tip nng lng tia X v to ra cc tn hiu in. V c bn, s to nh ca c DR trc tip v DR gin tip ging nhau. Sau khi u d c chiu bc x ion ha, cp electron-l trng c to ra trong lp a-Se (hoc a-Si). in p phn cc to ra mt t trng khong 10V/m qua lp Se tch cc in cc v hai pha ngc nhau: l trng c tryn n in cc thu nhn in tch, cn electron c thu nhn lp in cc trn cng. in tch tn hiu c chuyenr n b khuch i in tch ni vs ng d liu. tn hiu t hng c chuyn n b bin i AD v lu tr trong b nh my tnh.

Nng lng tia X chiu n u d cng mnh th cng in th cng mnh do in tch tn hiu cng mnh, dn n tn hiu cng mnh. Ngc li, nu nng lng ca tia X chiu n u d cng yu th tn hiu thu c cng yu. B chuyn i AD s can c vo mnh yu ca tn hiu cho ra hnh nh c tng phn khc nhau.