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3
NO ) nn bn h s ca HNO
3
chng ta phi cng thm 6 na tc l h s bng 8,
ri t 4 vo nc cn bng s nguyn t H v kim tra li thng qua nguyn t O. Nh vy phng
trnh cn bng l:
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
Ghi nh:
R1. Khi vit cc na phng trnh phn ng biu din qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh ca tng
nguyn t, cn theo ng ch s quy nh ca tng nguyn t . i vi cc phn ng phc tp vic lu
cc ch s nh vy l rt cn thit.
Trang 4/7
V d 12. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi cho Al tc dng vi HNO
3
. Bit hn hp kh thu
c gm NO v NO
2
vi t l s mol l 1 : 3.
Gii:
Ta c qu trnh nhng electron:
Al - 3e Al
0 +3
Qu trnh nhn electron: do hn hp bao gm NO v NO
2
vi t l s mol l 1 : 3 nn ta c:
4N + 6e N + 3N
+5 +2 +4
t cc h s vo cc qu trnh nhng nhn electron sao cho tng e nhng bng tng e nhn:
4N + 6e N + 3N
+5 +2 +4
Al - 3e Al
0 +3
1
2
Dng cc h s v cn bng ta c:
2Al + 10HNO
3
2Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 3NO
2
+ 5H
2
O
Nu trong phn ng trn chng ta khng ch ti t l ca NO v NO
2
th vn cn bng c phng
trnh phn ng, tuy nhin phng trnh phn ng khng ng nh u bi yu cu (t l s mol ca
NO v NO
2
l 1: 1).
4Al + 18HNO
3
4Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO + 3NO
2
+ 9H
2
O
R2. Hoc khi cn bng phng trnh phn ng c s tham gia ca cht kh (nh H
2
, O
2
, Cl
2
,) th
cng phi ch khi t h s t cc qu trnh cho nhn electron vo phng trnh phn ng.
V d 13. i vi vic cn bng qu trnh trao i electron ca nguyn t oxi chng ta c th tin
hnh theo 2 kiu:
Kiu 1: vit qu trnh nhn electron ca phn t O
2
O
2
+ 4e 2O
0 -2
Kiu 2: vit qu trnh nhn electron ca nguyn t
O + 2e O
0 -2
Tuy nhin, d vit theo kiu no th cng phi ch n s nguyn t trao i electron, m thc cht
l ch n s electron c trao i ( m bo tng electron nhng bng tng electron nhn), khi
t h s vo phng trnh phn ng khng b sai.
R3. Khi cn bng, nu trong mt phn t c ng thi nhiu nguyn t thay i s oxi ho th phi
cng gp cc qu trnh trao i electron ca chng theo ng t l nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong
phn t thu c mt qu trnh trao i electron ln, v ly qu trnh ln ny em cn bng electron
vi cc qu trnh cn li.
V d 14. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxi ha kh:
FeS
2
+ O
2
Fe
2
O
3
+ SO
2
+2 -1 0 +3 -2 +4 -2
Lc ny ta cn ch : c 1 mol FeS
2
phn ng th c 1 mol Fe v 2 mol S thay i s oxi ho, nh vy
ta vit gp hai qu trnh trao i electron ca Fe v S (c ch h s) thnh mt qu trnh ln:
Fe - e Fe
S - 5e S
+2 +3
-1 +4
1
2
FeS
2
- 11e Fe + 2S
+2 -1 +3 +4
Sau dng qu trnh ln ny cn bng v xem n l qu trnh oxi ho mi:
Trang 5/7
FeS
2
- 11e Fe + 2S
O
2
+ 4e 2O
+2 -1 +3 +4
0 -2
4
11
T y ta a cc h s vo phng trnh phn ng v cn bng:
t
o
4FeS
2
+ 11O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2
R4. i vi phn ng to ra nhiu sn phm (ca s oxi ho hay s kh), trong c nhiu s oxi
ho khc nhau th c th vit ring tng phn ng i vi tng sn phm, ri vit gp li sau khi nhn
h s t l theo bi ra.
V d 15. Ta c th lm li v d 12 nh sau:
u tin ta vit ring hai phn ng to NO v NO
2
:
Al + 4HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
Al + 6HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
V t l NO : NO
2
hai phng trnh trn l 1 : 3 nn ta ch cn cng gp li l s c phng
trnh phn ng tng:
Al + 4HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
Al + 6HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
1
1
2Al + 10HNO
3
2Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 3NO
2
+ 5H
2
O
R5. Lun phi kim tra li phng trnh phn ng sau khi cn bng.
II.3.3. Phng php ion electron
Cch cn bng ny ch yu p dng cho cc phn ng oxi ha kh xy ra trong dung dch, c s
tham gia ca mi trng (axit, baz, nc).
Khi cn bng cng p dng theo 4 bc nh trn, nhng cc cht oxi ho v cht kh c vit theo
nguyn tc sau:
1. Nu phn ng c axit tham gia: V no tha O phi thm H
+
to H
2
O v ngc li.
2. Nu phn ng c baz tham gia: V no tha O th thm H
2
O to ra ion OH
-
v ngc li.
3. Nu phn ng c nc tham gia:
Sn phm phn ng to ra axit, theo nguyn tc 1.
Sn phm phn ng to ra baz, theo nguyn tc 2.
4. Kim tra li s cn bng in tch v nguyn t 2 v.
Ch : S thay i s oxi ho ca mt s cht ph thuc vo mi trng phn ng:
KMnO
4
K
2
MnO
4
MnO
2
Mn
2+
+7
+6
+4
+2
mi trng baz
mi trng axit
mi trng trung tnh
V d 16. Xt phn ng c axit tham gia:
KMnO
4
+ FeSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ H
2
O
MnO
4
-
+ 5e + 8H
+
Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
Fe
2+
- 1e Fe
3+
+7 +2
+2 +3
1
5
MnO
4
-
+ 8H
+
+ 5Fe
2+
Mn
2+
+ 5Fe
3+
+ 4H
2
O
Chuyn sang phng trnh phn t:
2KMnO
4
+ 10FeSO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4
K
2
SO
4
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 8H
2
O
V d 17. Xt phn ng c baz tham gia:
KMnO
4
+ K
2
SO
3
+ KOH K
2
SO
4
+ K
2
MnO
4
+ H
2
O
Trang 6/7
MnO
4
-
+ e MnO
4
2-
SO
3
2-
- 2e + 2OH
-
SO
4
2-
+ H
2
O
2
1
2MnO
4
-
+ SO
3
2-
+ 2OH
-
2MnO
4
2-
+ SO
4
2-
+ H
2
O
Chuyn sang phng trnh phn t:
2KMnO
4
+ K
2
SO
3
+ 2KOH K
2
SO
4
+ 2K
2
MnO
4
+ H
2
O
V d 18. Xt phn ng c H
2
O tham gia:
KMnO
4
+ K
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O K
2
SO
4
+ MnO
2
MnO
4
-
+ 3e + 2H
2
O MnO
2
+ 4OH
-
SO
3
2-
- 2e + 2OH
-
SO
4
2-
+ H
2
O
2
3
2MnO
4
-
+ 3SO
3
2-
+ H
2
O 2MnO
2
+ 3SO
4
2-
+ 2OH
-
Chuyn sang phng trnh phn t:
2KMnO
4
+ 3K
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O 3K
2
SO
4
+ 2MnO
2
+ 2KOH
II.3.4. Phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh cc hp cht hu c
Cng tin hnh qua 4 bc c bn ni trn, tuy nhin bc 1, khi tnh s oxi ho ca C cn lu
mt s im sau:
Phng php chung: Tnh theo s oxi ho trung bnh ca C.
Phng php ring: i vi nhng phn ng ch c s thay i nhm chc, c th ch xt s hay
i s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t C trong nhm chc.
V d 19. Xt phn ng:
C
6
H
5
CH=CH
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
C
6
H
5
COOH + CO
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O
Trong phn ng ny, nhn thy phn t stiren ch c 2 nguyn t C ngoi nhnh c s thay i s
oxi ha, cn cc nguyn t trong vng benzen th khng thay i. Ch rng lin kt C C khng gy ra
s oxi ha, ta xc nh c cc qu trnh nhng nhn electron nh sau:
C + C C + C + 10e
Mn + 5e Mn
-1 -2 +3 +4
+7 +2
2
1
t h s vo phng trnh ta c:
C
6
H
5
CH=CH
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 3H
2
SO
4
C
6
H
5
COOH + CO
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 4H
2
O
Bi tp luyn tp. Bng phng php thng bng electron, hy cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng
ha hc sau y:
1) KOH + Cl
2
KCl + KClO
4
+ H
2
O
2) Al + H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
3) H
2
S + SO
2
S + H
2
O
4) SO
2
+ Br
2
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ HBr
5) Mg + HNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ NO + H
2
O
6) Fe + HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
7) Fe
3
O
4
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
8) Fe(OH)
2
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
9) Mg + HNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ N
2
+ H
2
O
10) Mg + HNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ NO
2
+ NO + H
2
O
Trang 7/7
11) Al + HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ H
2
O + NH
4
NO
3
12) Fe
x
O
y
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
13) Al + HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ N
x
O
y
+ H
2
O
14) HCl + MnO
2
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
O
15) HCl + KMnO
4
KCl + MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
O
16) FeS + KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O
17) FeS
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O
18) CuFeS
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ CuSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O
19) FeCl
2
+ HNO
3
FeCl
3
+ Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + H
2
O
20) FeO + HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
21) Al + HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NH
3
NO
3
+ H
2
O
22) Na
2
SO
3
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
O Na
2
SO
4
+ MnO
2
+ KOH
23) FeSO
4
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ H
2
O
24) Cl
2
+ NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
25) NaClO + KI + H
2
SO
4
I
2
+ NaCl + K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
26) Cr
2
O
3
+ KNO
3
+ KOH K
2
CrO
4
+ KNO
2
+ H
2
O
27) As
2
S
3
+ HNO
3
+ H
2
O H
3
AsO
4
+ NO + H
2
SO
4
28) Na
2
SO
3
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ H
2
O
29) KClO
3
+ HBr Br
2
+ KCl + H
2
O
30) FeCl
2
+ H
2
O
2
+ HCl FeCl
3
+ H
2
O
31) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ HCl Cl
2
+ KCl + CrCl
3
+ H
2
O
32) H
2
O
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
O
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O
33) FeO + HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ N
x
O
y
+ H
2
O
34) FeCO
3
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
35) H
2
S + Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl + H
2
SO
4
36) MnO
2
+ O
2
+ KOH KMnO
4
+ H
2
O
37) CH
2
= CH
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
CO
2
+ MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
38) CH
3
CH = CH
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
O CH
3
CHOHCH
2
OH + KOH + MnO
2
+ H
2
O
39) CH
3
CH
2
OH + KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
CH
3
COOH + K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O
40) C
2
H
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
O H
2
C
2
O
4
+ KOH + MnO
2
41) C
6
H
5
CH
3
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
C
6
H
5
COOH + MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
42) C
6
H
5
CH
2
CH
3
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
C
6
H
5
COOH + CO
2
+ MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
43) H
2
C
2
O
4
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
44) C
2
H
5
OH + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
CO
2
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
45) KMnO
4
+ CaC
2
O
4
+ H
2
SO
4
MnSO
4
+ CaSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
46) C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
SO
4
CO
2
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
47) C
3
H
5
O
9
N
3
CO
2
+ H
2
O + N
2
+ O
2