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I. Danh php
I.1. Tn thng thng (dng cho alcohol n gin) Gc alkyl + alcohol CH3-CH -OH (CH3)2CH-OH (CH3)2CH-CH2-OH (CH3)3C-OH C6H5-CH2-OH CH2=CH-CH2-OH ethyl alcohol isopropyl alcohol isobutyl alcohol tert-butyl alcohol benzyl alcohol allyl alcohol
C th gi CH3-OH l carbinol, cc alcohol khc l dn xut ca carbinol, v d: methyl carbinol 3 (ethyl alcohol)
I.2. Tn IUPAC Chn mch di nht c cha nhm OH lm mch chnh Ly tn alkane, i ane anol nh s mch chnh t u gn nhm OH nht Khi c nhiu nhm th, sp xp theo th t alphabetical CH3-OH CH3-CH2-OH methanol ethanol
4
2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol
CH3 CH3-CH-CH-CH3 OH
3-methyl-2-butanol
OH
7-ethyl-8,9-dimethyl-5-dodecanol
C6H5-CH2-OH
phenylmethanol
5
CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O
H2SO4
CH3-CH-CH3 OH
CH3-CH=CH2
CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
R C R' O
+ H2
Ni
H R C R' OH
+ HO-MgBr
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+ H R O H
R+
+ H2 O
R OH
R-O
+ H+
Kh nng phn ng: bc 1> bc 2> bc 3 R cha nhiu nhm y in t khng thun li
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IV.2. Tnh acid-base Tnh acid ca alcohol rt yu Tnh acid: C2H5-OH (Ka 1.3x10-18) < H2O (1.3x10-14) < C6H5-OH (1.3x10-10) < CH3COOH (1.8x10-5) Alcohol hu nh khng phn ng vi NaOH
R OH
+ NaOH
R-ONa + H2O
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Mui alkoxide l base rt mnh Tnh base: (CH3)3C-O- > (CH3)2CH-O- > CH3-CH2-O> CH3-O- > OH15
2 CH3-CH2-OH
Al2O3 350-400 C
o
CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3
+ H2O
Alcohol bc 1: SN2 Alcohol bc 3: SN1 ***Danh php ca ether: tn gc alkyl + ether C2H5-O-C2H5 diethyl ether
16
3-methoxyhexane
CH2 OH
H3C CH3
CH2 OC2H5
2-ethoxyethanol
2-ethoxy-2,3-dimethylbutane
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+ R'-OH
+ HCl
+ R'-OH
R C O-R' O
+ RCOOH
Kh nng phn ng: RCO-Cl (khng cn xc tc) > (RCO)2O (khng cn xc tc) > RCOOH 18
C ch phn ng:
+ H
+ R C OH OH
-H2O
Kh nng phn ng: alcohol bc 1> bc 2> bc 3 HCOOH > CH3COOH > RCH2COOH > R2CHCOOH > 19 R3CCOOH
CH3-CH2-OH + HCl
Kh nng phn ng: HI > HBr > HCl > HF HCl kh phn ng, cn xc tc ZnCl2 Lewis acid tn cng vo O lin kt C-O d t Kh nng thay th: bc 3 > bc 2 > bc 1
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+ + +
+ HCl
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R R C H OH
Cu 200-300 C
o
R C R O
+ H2
CH3 CH3-C-CH2-CH3 OH
Cu 200-300 oC
CH3 CH3-C=CH-CH3
+ H2O
22
b. Phn ng oxy ha Tc nhn oxy ha: KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, CrO3 Alcohol bc 1 aldehyde carboxylic acid Rt kh dng li giai on aldehyde thng i thng n RCOOH
R-CH2OH + KMnO4 R-COOK H+ RCOOH
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+ MnO2 + KOH
Mun dng li giai on aldehyde: phi dng pyridinium chlorocromate C5H5NH+CrO3Cl- (PCC):
R-CH2OH C5H5NH+CrO3ClCH2Cl2 RCHO + Cr3+
Alcohol bc 2 ketone
(H3C)3C OH Na2Cr2O7 CH3COOH, H2O to (H3C)3C O
Alcohol bc 3 ch b oxy ha trong acid (tch nc thnh alkene oxy ha ct mch alkene)
CH3 CH3-C-CH2-CH3 OH KMnO4 H2SO4, t
o
H3C C CH3 O
+ CH3-COOH
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Chng 10B:
Phenol
1,36 A
109 o
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I. Danh php
OH OH CH3 CH3 OH OH
phenol
o-cresol
m-cresol
CH3
p-cresol
OH OH OH OH O2N OH OH NO2 OH NO2
Tn thng thng
catechol
OH OCH3
resorcinol
hydroquinone
OH CH(CH3)2
picric acid
OH
OH
eugenol
Thymol
-naphthol
-naphthol
Tn IUPAC
OH OH OH CH3 Br OCH3 Cl Cl
4-methoxyphenol
3-bromo-4-chlorophenol 5-chloro-2-methylphenol
OH OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
1,2-benzenediol
1,3-benzenediol
1,4-benzenediol
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CH(CH3)2 O2
OH + H3C C CH3 O
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iu ch mui diazonium:
NH2 + NaNO2 + HCl N+ N Cl+ NaCl + H2O
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III. Tnh cht vt l +C ca OH vi nhn thm O-H phn cc mnh kh nng to lin kt H ca phenol > alcohol to si , to nng chy, ha tan trong nc > alcohol tng ng phenol tosi (oC) 180 tonc 41 ha tan (g/100g H2O)9.3 cyclohexanol 161 25.5 3.6
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O H