An Integrated Approach To Intermediate Japanese

Akirr Miurn
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Nqomi Hnrok lllcGloin

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Copyright
2008 by Akira Miwa and Naomi Hanaoka McGloin
reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stoed in a retrieval system,

or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
All rights
First edition: Jne 1994

Revised edition: July 2008
5th printing: September 2009
Recordings: Kazusa Amagai, Takaomi Ashizawa, Takeshi Maruyama and Kiyoko Nagaki
Illustrations: Seiji Okada and Shizuo Okuda
Layout and Cover art: Hiroshi Ueda+Z'ebra
Tlpesetting: Soju Co., Ltd.
Published by The Japan Times, Ltd.

5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku,
Tel: O3-3453-2013
http://bookclub japantimes.co
http://ij japantimes.co
jpl
ISBN978-4-7890-1307 -9
Printed in Japan
jp/
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108-0023, Japan
A*. 7994+l-HH[
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URE No
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Meeting Someone in Japan

hen you meet someone in Japan for the first time, you bow as you say either ft UtD
t U( or ) &Zt (, or both. You also exchang" #|J (cards) if you have them. tn
Japan, everyone other than children, students or full-time housewives is expected to carry
them. Sometimes even university students choose to carry them for prestige.
How low you should bow depends on who you are as well as whom you meet. ln general,
women tend to bow lower than men, and if you meet a person whose status is higher than
yours on the Japanese social scale, you should bow lower than the other person, e.g., your
teacher, a friend's parent, etc.
lntroducing Oneself or Others

elf-introductions occur quite frequently in Japan. At a reception for new students, for
example, you may be asked to introduce yourself in Japanese. State your name, the
name of your home institution, your majo and end it all with i&t-,( and a bow.
When you introduce two people to each other, the rule of thumb is to introduce the
person of lower status to the person of higher status. lt would be nice to also add a
comment or two about each person, as lkeda does in 2 of this lesson.
Q
J
How to Address Someone
lTt he most common way to address an adult is "last name plus fu," but don't overuse
I vl To address people who have titles such .r #H (section chief), $bH {aepartment
chief), iiH f.o*puny president), etc., use the titles instead of fu. To address teachers,
always use#E. Above all, avoid usingt*lc. lt could be quite insulting. The use of first
names is limited in Japan: they are used within a family, by higher-status members addressing lower-status members (e.9., parents addressing children, or older siblings talking
to younger siblings), or they are sometimes used among close friends.
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ffiffi,2),::- HA r ) , rta>l':t?+ffi r. ) 0)t.lEDH
ldDffiFr/.-t(L*:.
u *: . Friends of InternationaT Students t. i l,v-/S y -0)v-fi
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8
e/\tr=+t()
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pi-i. ffi'rT.
2
( HRfrZ'-tIo I
q\
trt-
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1r(
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i
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ffi El : I 'r T_:____t;__/__.
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^?"
e/\tr=+/\E(t)
hc'L
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(\ t.'
6 r: ( *a!. Ic" 4 {L' r. ++f t#-Cffi L /. taEr, - xffit:'tr.{ff L"c
t._l____. 4 Lr "Iltavethree beautiful daughters." L oI -A': ( b t-l.
c'=
,1"1r$
10
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+eh\o ti-----"-- 9ffi 1*. Xi* l (" /J < a - L_fr.6 f t. i ._.1,__!t_" 7 t y :u- <J.a_t
t
rtvr-Y=y2l-:.
12
f3
14
^l
,,-acce\Y
L
rli ,r'
ffilt
L(.*frFt.L*3.literal
introduction
means'I request.'l
tu.
for the frrst time
IilJT
r v/['.
have just
done[>>>E;*u-l-'r]
z
3
otL+
tll
tfami namel
ut
Excuse me
W,L
(,but ...)
a [honorifrc form of
-fL.E-L +-{'-Tl
I -tsHur. b
l!
lt w+t
17
=H
L
qr(
t{'r( tl+.
lfamiiy name]
\" r,.
s,r*ra
to do one's best; to try

lnard
r( l
graduate student
5+ffi
tfami namel
+f
u,E
you [It is generally used

by male speakers toward
someone equal or lower
friend
ut L)
2 l.J[ffi
il<
in status.l
lfamily amef
i [It is the most neutral

form for male speakers.l
<t,
[a form attacltedto a
rrame in addressing
vg1
hobby
ffi4
, 1-r;'jj$12 good (at -)
I+EI
t
fr,+
..-. +f;
once
graduate school
$l.L*T
L' "e
*'f* /t
ri a
4*
'
Please.
DZ.
electrical engineering
i-.......
i(*)$&:l g
*.r9.
one ofthese days
{.r (r',
:.ir(
r,
someone. It is used
Ioward someone equal
or lower in status.l
f+w
a
homework
there is,/are a lot
t r..
to study abroad
r'[r i:
ruEl
years ago
,1,-
lhumble form of i ]
FT
tr
il,)r
7 . L ( *t. L*1 fmorepolite
way of saying E i 4'- l4
l'
ls ffiffi
N+W+.
slnce
,,r'i,<
'
to teach
i.
ertl,
^TLtt
!
"5
.-t;
to maior (in
-)
lfemale given namel
t3
t4
fi'.
by the way
(I am) not good yet.

interest
1*--'
t5
v'
tc\
actually; in fact
F*
Drirt(
++
76
.R, ,
junior high school
20
next door; next to
xffi.
family
o?;
(- : ) EE
tu'
f.t+ I
?
a
ffi\,.
-)
woman
Ithasbeen
a;rangedtlnal[>>>E;z- e]
to go home
t-
5 )'
[female given name]
+- rutfc
6ftH
15
to
graduate (from
work
1o1
-);
employed (at
v ''
-pri ' F
7E
atr*
-)
week(s)
to take
av
/'
r:t *
E=
to be returning home
[>>>*itu -t's]
lfamily name]
lmale given r'a'n'ef
diary
very (much)
r,
'rt
(of
to be
vacation
I ,ffi ()
to stay (over night) [u.i.l
-)
flF
t
W.a
one night
-vh
'
tL l* 6
last month
@;,,t.ito
ilJ
[u.i.]
tt -i il l:r c'C.\,
to talk to
lfamily name]
-)
ttt
3 mEl
(-t:)
hn/at
ffir,J togrowup (in-)
bountiful;plenty
to be born
to sit (inlon
,1,
2 'J
H (r)
lu.i.l
fF
knowledge
5,
airplane
{t
frffi
.-a-
[male given name]
t Trffi
F:
culture
It,
e<
/.l
xlb
j'u*
Ltt,
ffi
to play
77
a[.r
Ht:
to like
-)
-;
tobe fond
while; during the time

when
\ !1it-,
ffiH
L-:-
parents lkt., b o+Jt parentsJ
ffi
place
ot' u
18 AfriJ
(name) card; business

catd
tt, t,ci
ffi#
att
telephone number
Narita (International
Airport)
2 El
- a-l
town; city
FT
's
(-t:)
to arrive (at
-)
^l
vstitr tj 't"
+ ffiffir
n'tl a
it takes [with respect to

time or moneyJ [u.l.J
t't, ^,
ET-} Effi
International Date Line
14
*oF
same
IEI l-)
(.r-t;,_ -
4#
tt5.
to welcome; to meet; to
grcet
W,;i,t.fr:
'
{ 6
15
rt
it has been decided/

arcanged that
[>>>*;t.u
,. f-,
- le]
17
i
4F'h
to call
by
-l: ('!.
hardto
cf
rr ilEa .
-;
difficult to
sl
rf(
when
t"
[>>*,*/-t-.8]
i.ia,,.12
polite
-- ns7
.s7
u t L-i'n
t /
fluent
'! il-a
+
zr
itc<
lL apartmethunting
to be surprised
last year
way (of doing something)
nearby; in the
and then; after that

middle-aged
beautiful
tT.
ffi
daughter
! ( { ,-/ .
can't possibly
[>>ftl-tr1]
{tri
22,
to take someone to
X ,Lt it:
-fr
gammar
way of thinking
[>>>*,*z- rz]
to differ; to be different
to walk
TI
appropriate; suitabie
-a
to find
selintroduction
f,l.
t
le
flcIT 6
young
man;male
- a-f
i4 ()
[>>>gz-t.ro]
H+
neighborhod
n <
W,#,ffi,-.,lg;*r:tw,,,q,i,, ,,
jet lag
V6
++
to sleep
'
acquainlance
t' vri #'lu
attt
fr^
rs 4', t,
somehow; no matter
how hard one may try
tonight
...
't: t
HEA
rul ru
+W
ft:
firstname
older
ffi#nZ
to decide to
[>>>gi./- F9]
u 5'r.
'vi
ut
to move to a new place

of residence
:rl,1
oneself
7r-^1.i.-
r'
(-?"'t') EFs
t.r,.
51
to have
stay (over
night) [u.r.]
i] t: /J =
;.
't:,
airport
tWLa
l.tffit
tz
ten plus a few hours
lu.t.l
-6 Lt'
it seems that -;
evidently [>>>g;.2- t' t]
n rt'v1 < -Y J v,
culture shock
* I 1 *,,,,,
at!
5
,-m
-aTi \- \E
(' aot
o.#. 6
tt.&\-
ftlL
z.tlt
7.
a.B#
HU
ts.7
Ff
g.4
v r.ftfY
*affi.
s.
to.:1ffi
rs.S4
ro.#Hl
tz.frYW
tt.E
rsr+) i .tg..
zo.
zt.*,trt
zz.rFY
zs.XlV
z+.*'W
zs:l 6
zo.W.6
zt..*. {L
za.frl^
zg.ff#
so.i* 6
gz.
Hl
zz.t
z+.*
s.tffi.j
so. B
sz.lEl
ea. FJ
sq. (
o.lEI
+t.Hl}
z.lf
[.
+z.f|fr
+s.
+.trffiEl
+s.HlE
L t,.
q.
gr. -i, ,:
*>
]',
+.*ff
CHto''
.ffi
n.
(to.t
\- rr{'L
zt.-W
zo.'4,
r.
[F
t4't\
'
r)l,
tE
+r.ffi
2.ffiffi
Ln
2.ffiffi
-l(
4.
Xl
+.8
.1&Bl
Eli&
s.@ffi
s.W
r.ftfiffi
tq.l
rz. -EHl
re.{rF[H
rs.H#
zz.#,
zs.&frrJ
-,'l r"t'rl[--
rz. Bl
cft&T
3s'
5rr tz
tJ
lv
'.AdH{48#R
ss. HE6
gg.
1.
so.4
,n.##
zg.*ffi
't
M.IL
eq. l E
l)
Lfr
l[ffi
s.
Lr,,
rz.tr;#
zz.fffif
L*4
gz. ffi
ffi
t0.&ffi,
4#)
rs
Yr' /
20.)
zs.E
so.rt- 61
/
t1'
5v(
b5ffi
l.'
0.
*at,.
]f{
42.)
This radical comes from and is used for characters representing human
conditions, activities, etc.
t{ l t_{Ft ft rd
| o' V (plain past) Wlrrl ='have just done something; have just finished
doing something'
lffil >.t >>>t#tr:tcn'o] [a*r >.6>>>4#t lrmao]
a)
/tSl:l\e
tI{lt,
rr
li.
. +^ffir" L i "
(Since she hasjust entered college, she is probably 18.)
b) /\/ |ffirI) . . /J7)r)'z lf t.T.-l-.

(I have just eaten, so I am full.)
c) FIA^?|:tf'tlo) t. Elaffi*r. r ( tb * L/"

(When I was a newcomer to Japan,I had trouble understanding Japanese.)
2rr, O)
lffit >t.ts>>>o2=zt*l
Both o) and 4 0) canbe used with the meaning 'that -' when an item you are referring to
is not in sight. is used when both the speaker and the hearer are (oi are assumed to be)
:*iftupeiro'or',ihitt-
,.,:,f
- - tinl"fth, y
,:"Wmun.j'.'l. 4, 2,.sttta 'usea.,ln,tllis,:passage, theuse

!L and * r u are familiar with the class.
a)
A f4 *
i lH r.- i
t'f
trp
oi,t
tt
o_$e'fr9"g,3f.s.4Il4iar,,
inAicat"q,f-a,ttop,A,ft:
(The town I was born in is calied Tkayama.)
?OtrJ* .,/ffiJ"T."
(What kind of town is that?)
b)A
l.1
i. *+BAffi2 iziJ!.r)
4 )v
,1:t.* Ll.
(Yesterday, I met Lyle-san, who was in our Japanese class last year.)
bb- troL.
(oh, how is he
[:
"
7 Lf t. * T."
that personl doing?)
le;z>t.tz>>>Rffiffi2&rra2rcl
J oot V(plain) &51l
,,
s a ch3r-rge ,which has akei Jg,9,.i..wrill place.
fusr as -{je.iirtr
/; * i,r!:,is,ins-9,$,... ',,',1
,:. .'',,t,'.,':.t,..t'r-':..',l. ,i:;..l,l.tir
r,.
.,.
'
,n9,'r,*ittt
) B^ffic -C.tt, . Bft:@ffi#2 J E t) * I,t"
ti a
(I came to have an interest in Japan after I went to Japan.)
't'l U
l.L:,
b) W+ffi\frLlr lft. BAffitrH# 6 ea Ef/r t, *tu"

(Unless you study kanji, you won't become able to read Japanese newspapers.)
13
*l 1 *,,,,,
c) .0)c67, yr^ La i?^6ea|.;ftt1*.t,t"
(These days,{mericans also eat sashimi and tofu land this is a changeJ.)
{rrr,
l:l,z > t. z s >>> z
-t,6
?L v
eal
::':.1r' ..:
:r ..
:
:.'...
This is a sentence-final particle of exclamation. It rS gegrall us"'u',s11e, one':s feIin,
II.
;,.:e-mhicall,y oi on's wish rntivly. "
:
a)
Wofttt>"
(I don't know what to do!)
b) -r7 Y rtnTr->1,.r!-/J.
(I wish I could go to Africa once!)
i e,, saying something.without an addres
i..mind',.s&en.itis.said.wjth.ur.:intntioi..of..gtting..a:.iesonq.'fr.omanaddresSee,-'j
This.'epres.sr9,ha,s.'a,flavor.'of'l,mo.aologlte:
..,.
c) LJ b Tt"
(Long time no see!)
d)
fl ( Sc//"
(You did WELL!)
$ ',' V(plain)
[ff :
>z.e >>> Ra
xt znuctl
irneas,
som .l,-,trit:.
,-,tlv-(p.l
a) t, x ) l'r. qi*zl zr,("T- t'? L J : : f'T."
l:,- :lil.r:..',:1.:rili
: i rr. r':., :: , ):. , ...::l
,i :
.
: :. :. -: :. ), :;: .: :., :):,:.:a. ! .:.::r t:il::a _ rJ'r.r: .::ii,ti : :. 1,
preqeh
(I am aboat to eat right now, so why don't you join me?)
b) 4t, i
'tt
6z0)- -eH#vL*T.
(I am about to go out, so I will call you later.)
c) z{ttt,6,\
zt.
(I am about to eat.)
d)
e)
lur
Z l". 6 SlJ .llT

(I have just eaten, so I am not hungry.)
L.( !' * ri,"
. i ,)l-'c t
e-eKCl lngrwcitt
( l'- 1..
(I am lin the midst ofl eating right now, so please wait a little.)
Zl".
,,,,,#i
^ zTT
ZTt
^/c
^l
/s?rr zTT
$ "' V(plain) Ztl=lclr='be
expected/supposed to;
it is a rule/custom that -'
lff: > t. 3 >>> 1fr:. t
V(plain) ZJ=tclc='it
has been decided/arranged that
tra
zrrt]
-'
l#aryz > . z >>>i<t 5 tc a tc]
,:..1:-r*.4t,/;:ttl.li,;,:.,,i
a) H"e9ffi
f: / :
l,r
l=re (
rr
*f
#,
* T"
(I am to teach English in Japan.)
b)
U rft4..:
"
(I am supposed to meet my teacher tomorrow.)
c) Blf
(
d)
'e
L :'
ft# I
has been an anged

llcZh
[It
E I=t U * 1,, t"

that] i will be working at a J apanese company.
x+ffir z Iit t :f L /"

(
ltt
has come about thatl I

t)
will
e) E#0tX.t:_L7)6ffii- (
get marned next year.)
cb(
T-t.(r:f
r"
(When you enter a Japanese house, you are supposed to take offyour shoes.)
f)
til,2
ffiE-e tt Bffir*T E /
: ( r !f r.
(You are supposed to speak Japanese in the classroom.)
*l 1*,,,,,
1,,, N (or Sentence+O) ltla"(?"l

this exiession
say a)-B in
a)
rQues ttr you are in
u?*lc :
!- !. .--
t6t l-ItfllbT
(No, this is the first time.)

::..t
!t
>>>
Et*ttJo<</']
is, appropritej,, theiefore,,
to,
a Japanese restaurant.
6-r
b
(Have you had sushi before?)
ttv
l#.l >t.tt
* T..
T'T "
--..
,tt,.THs,
cannot be said" however,,when
ar
diq
sing.I.ansse,food'in.a..sroqr 'In.th
:1.,.::: -:. :
- -r'r:.:1
you,shold,say b-).8.
:::case,
,r:,
:-
b)A
: .,.1,,. t,:, .,:,,i,,:',:,:,-.'lr :.il

: - :1.::. a: r'.:1.:t ::.:., .:....
*t l,?-rt l b * T'"
(Have you ever1nad sushibefore?)
!.!-_ )*lv"
(No, I haven't.)
8'*
v(stem) E<t,r
l#a*vt
r-:rv(.'t.' ei'.*+,'=i@t: ,...1,ry"*s ttrat.qgme-$i1g ir
a) 7-+ti_
L-Ct,tl:
>
e >>> I l-.1l
gigott.t'*gir-',' ..i.', ;i
< t t.
(Steaks are difficult to eat w'ith chopsticks.)
trfr'
',
b) ffiLu.F. E+E(t,t"
(Difflcult ka4ji are hard to write.)

_i
r.:i
: :j:)
' [V{stem)t-f l.] means that somethih i easy to V.

,,,,
t
.
'.:
.
..
....i ], '
l:
c ) ffu. r#l*_ 56pf tr-CT.
',:
(Nice handwriting is easy to read.)
$ ""
(plain) Jt='decide to do -'
eornpared
wit :
'iy6lysfl.r,, ,
a)
6, this pattern
*trB^lr < l--l'*' I't"
(I have decided to go to Japan next year.)
b) E CD r< l: l'*1.,f"
(I have decidedto listen to cD's every day.)
t*Frftc < ur]
:r:: ::;-
.i. t
>>>>>ffi^
10 *'Sr/c.
Sz='when sr, 5r'
la
>
t,t a
*n
r*,u
nzo >>uzr,rrra]
...'I4e4:t6",clause,islfollowed,by,a sentence,,'(JSlin,,the.Siite-nse, it means lwhel.',The
,tsose-ten
att1'rysSes,an.lg
t or stare you did
l, 'l
a) i ElH^lip t- 184.:r* L/"
-*t "@..tt:,tr,.'.rr
fr
(Yesterday, when I went to the library, I saw my teacher.)

, <
b) E#Xffi,.-)x^+tlHct.
lvtade in Japanl t,\( t>cl,

I found that it was made in Japan [, and I
(I bought a present for my Japanese fam, and
was
surprisedJ.)
This should be distinguished from the case of V l followed by the present tense form, as
in E^frc t;
Effil#r , ) lJr 6'e L Ttris is thc cas of s-called "condi?u.s
.
o{'lt;,and it manp',if tor gq.f-,qil.
,','.'.,..,,,.'
i.
,,oi,'
'.
ti
11 *' T * '.
Il='can't possibly'
. : :'..'rir:a lr.':rr:.:r:.1.
,>.>(.
(t,^tt*.
>zz
lffia
t >>> ezt.r*ur]
.t::r:..:1.:;::r.r:t.::..-i,r:.!r.:ii1.:r:r:1:r1:.:r:r:r.::i,..:.-:rr:t
This phrase expresss a very strong

form.
a)
lq{,..|.!,
verb is usually in otential
lv"
(There is so much that I can't possibly eat it all.)

r,
- * /v"
house in Tbkyo.)
b) Ht'* ET b.r ,,H

(I can't possibly buy
12,*V
(stem) T ='*^rof - ing'
lV(stem of * i--form)
''
+]
a) ?l- -to) :
(Kanji are difficultbecause
lry>
t.zz>>>zzl
expresses 'the way of doing somttring.'

ltt:
ffir'r/ ( 1,,
Ut"
6o)- ffiLt."
leven] one kanji [often] has a number ofreadings.)
b) *t L #bXZW.Z( ( t..
(Please teacTrme how to hold chopsticks.)
13 *r ^, Lf ='it seems that; evidently'

;.t: !,.,e4presses oners,couj-ectures, .qan,b,,attahle
l#atw
f.,o-usr(e6:1
> t. z z >>>
5 t,t]
.$,[1,),;.s-t9rnS
of r*-adjectives (e.g.,L1'. Lt.),piafonns of t.-adjectives (i..g.,ftu, Lr..) *apfui"

forms of verb s (e.g., n < q L r.'). It tends to be used when one's conjecture is based on what
one has heard.
17
'l **-'
a)
B^t.
#r,-ta tff* L[r.
(It seems that the Japanese people iike hot baths.)

2 ,'
b) Rr. +rJ{ffit (
(.
{ar: ( t. Lr"
(It seems that Tbkyo is a difficult place to live in because eve4rthing is expensive.)
c) 7 t r r-c-.|,l. +.trtft+.7 r
-z i.-(.&J L\.
.
(Evidently, students call teachers by their first names in America.)
14*,V<WA<ON='the first N after v-ing'

l#atry >
a) T) y nrt'<Wbrrtv|\-va
z z >>>
rru ?re)t oh w7 i, -
t a,v t)
/l'a/.
(It was my first culture shock after arriving in America.)
b)
ttu
+&l * c T l dT o
(1
G)
:-'v 2 t'. ft4S
'
+4
: *a
met many teachers and students at the first picnic of the semester.)
rl',' z / "
B^lia <aJu)<. *B'fiHffi/ttffiL * Ll.

(When I went to Japan, I spent a whole day speaking only in Japanese, for the fist time in my life.)
d)
lt$:e < flJb<
- E:t. * L/c.
(When I entered coliege, I met a Japanese for the first time. li.e.,Ihad never met a Japanese until I
entered college.J)
18
,,,,,#r
^l
I, DL
a) "'ffif
>>>>>ltl
), EtltftE.tt
*tvv:
bo)
E.tlJ
1:
?L
:tflt,1,
E'ilJ-c"Tz2" (i.. 4 ) {"1
. )
*+uv:
*r p )v..s-h-H
tLt:
Ze L<"
^-r-rLt"T..
l'rf
U*,1"
2:Native
L+
t.*T7). is an hon-
Japanese speakers often
-t (but
This suggests that some-
end a sentence with
e6u ( *Furt,*1.
**utv:
f.. ,
orific form of 'T. This is different from t. c L s t.* 1.,

which is an honoric form of t.
* T'.
...
).
thing more might follow and

hence gives a softer tone to the
conversation, thus making it more
b) 'o'UJa"T^ffiT
polite than a sentence without
>>>>>[ff2]
1.
t) 4
Br+
l.
Er+
ZT.3, I ,)r ElAffi : @4 3 ffi: / t*.

.rtT.o
Eu n. ++F E,7 = ) rffi {", ( F,
{ L. /; "11"
bb. zft(. s Eaffi futLlr. E i I :
3:
4: t
is used to bring up an important point or information.
5 : Try to use connectives such as
i-
to get more information from a conversation

paner and in general to have a
smooth conversation.
L, Z ) t tvTt " &(.'d L {. *+H&
\Dit
g+ L* L/:"
Brtr
<
) )
ftl,
if" and t-'6
/ - l ,tl tJ"
l.
L is used to change the

topic of a conversation.
s l. r E AffirT 4rr ,-e n"
| "' #d?i:
e
U:
L:
ir'l'
2 1 70)/\I:fi^L/J
!'o
ft,Hjrrttt..
2l
Z L Fr,,tt,tl.
ô)
a)
b)
hHIJ
++
19
*l 1*,,,,,
c) E^Tt-tl:
hz
tb.. /Jt'' ( ,. !'t-
Ulc)
d) rt
e) ffift
f
f?b#
,t(
lrt
J:
tl ;') 7+L*f" Y#:+f"T"

|-it
<
+-w+
L / r,. Ea
t)t
Ea^-t* fTt.c/: r)r b *,r. *

!. *'l-o k* Eaffi{. T. ffi*l*1=z.#r'T. )4"
16
,t
<
l.L ( *mt.L*T.
/rrrdVv-,
a) *7 t:.->-c- *ur,.: i L.(n+:Hfrafs:I i ':roI.ffi/J
b) ffit.l: :- L ), lo))vr 0.ffi4 (toreport) L/J r,'"
!'o
J "' trt-lV7'V(
,{ 7 : t b / !." -* EAffi+. i -^l Bffift. X#'s-
* L/" ##r J. i t#?LlJ !'. #4:?/^t.
-t'j{r.
u ,: Lrir"'
,t
H#!ft Lrt,, ft,+^:
t'\'f,/Jt,'"
{,,,4V7-2
)
b)
,{71:
->'c., 4.*. (tIFfr-
Ht,./; a L2
$ r"
L:6 4t:
'tlffit:'c t '(H
!'o
ôt)vl:#LlJt'"
dVv-,
e)r.
L
a:bo)IJ,-{ &flJ*f v7"tvtt" :-Afr\ ( d'lz\i. ,rt"LJ
L.Llu
.(7 i: t.>'C., R.HI- /J t.o
a) )',&ffil'fEl-c'1."
L ;
b) :)'.itt ",/JffH{'L r i ."
=EErFi*a\l
**t3gli
&
r
i'.
,k-13
108-0023 R3)trH 4-r 5# 4+

TEL: (03)4567-8910 FAX: (03\4567-7777
E-mail hayashi@mitamachi.co.jp
d)
b *'."
z )u,#{4{.'T..
(Lrrtj) *'\il
.^+!t :
t/ h tiLc,
**ls
(r..:Lt{\'LP)
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Vtf#ft T251-0000ltt6;6'&
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H+ , ,lt# L !. * T.,
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H+ ,o)Wt{r.6Eft- ::
t-2
(0466)77-7777
X+sl3
(045)045-0450
(.(,i) &*q
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e /fr.-f ffX.
e 7 r,
/J
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Tel,/Fax
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TeL (0466)77-8899
F t+
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L') (U/:()
(" r,..
L++.tr/rLf !. * T" cD Ef,r. t- g.i.nff-u lrfLt'o. H,

{ t'd-tlx-'x ?îllJ l'"
h
X a) :ît+ffi{"T.
K b) E|#ZH-W.L{r.*T,
E c) EIA^:/:rb*T"
K d) &t. E:BYL*L/.
X e) ;tY:: AzJ,e>. EA:Effiffi. i :/ b * L/.
EIA^lr( l"Lr
@ f ) +XL/
( 1,
i,
g g) RIR
K h) E+#tulLl; i t *i,"
u j ) B4t L ( zr. E:{r.*T"
r. ,r
(name ofa Japanese film director) U4ff
M )
Jd
BA#tH- 6{L LE:
,. * 1"
( ,F,* L/c.
(+=ttt D ttttu" fl Srdrr+# : (b.
urft
/ r.
w
?r-l
: r*- Ba. tx-'. b H++tJtTs. l<7 / , rt LX"'ft

:/;ffiffi" T 7 - Lu- i 4 7 J y rt N,J- T*a,{..
T * *a1 .i, . a x nr iffi Jr / / v v r k ffi cTt -; Ic -a "
'
L
4 0)Httt- /\,8X(*- 1u'J',t'B{" L/" tF' 6+tl (" u'u'(.
f 7-,7,1- l': * L/" 1r-,: lEi 4'-r6xb /u'.1

*>{t'c- rtrT**-r * L/. l#fbc-c- +fF /vv
'-l
T 7- A,tt l=h=-r/".8117r'l Ff,* L/. tll
lYLTl* s.dr r.{ !.(. {4./; r. ffi.-I.'tllit . l*u';t:
FR,fu'-CTl LL 6 0)ttX+.LI i ,Br t "C. "No, thank you." t
* L/. 6t''- f 7 -, i-Ef,t'{ < {Lr) tE:l'
-C--T. L.trt- l7 - "tt. lt-T-) :l;f {''. T ('LIJT
t ,0)i- ?u- 6\', tf,*De)* L/. xfA: f. Hh'fulfr
t &-ffiFC t'#L{.. illTmf 7- '7',s- l'3H* L"
. *.*rt'/:* *{"Ll" tl-tTtt 40)E- 7 t, rt'ettl, I ) -)
l,t
-)
/l'. u')
'li
E;R YlZ#,lvT'
1r
iE
LFoftT"
Dr
UFNHO. F:CUINHX ANTdUI"
K a)
G
r i - L. i^J,- rljTi#{.'.
b) ilJTs hTrsT 7 - ,:r../:f#fti. TEA'ffic{
lo)11,
G c)
K d)
K e)
tr
i"
rt:u'/ t*,'FcU.,;"
tllTlx. T 1- '0)*.-c. F{..l-r * L/c"
lTZ
f 1-,i. l=tz-7tt'/'zJ'r{"f'l :Effi* L"

f ) f r-rl,t. =lt=-1frL{ ( dz* Ll'
L? t'
lLr
r'alet3-D5. ffitu<az< rt\.)
ltr
success.)
. tttxel.
O l,,3ib ! """"""""".'.:'.
ate"
..............."...-,..'
.tTLUtr.
.....................
lvl')
.#Etr5
:,::.""""""""""""""""">;E
,1.:
'"' " "' "" """"""">ffiAlV
No
IJRE
LT
6
o
e
e
('
Greetings
ever assume that Japanese greetings and their English "equivalents" correspond
exactly to each other. For example, although jltf dttl means "Good morning!," the two expressions are different in that lt5 dt\tl is not normally used in the
late morning. lA) dttl also has an informal equivalent JltAf , which can be used
when you are talking to children or close friends, but never to u i (= higher status)
person. Another good example would be A())5. A(f )f4 indeed means "Good-byl"
but it is never used to people one is living with; also it is a rather informal expression and is
thereforeincompatiblewith keigo(=politespeech).WhenpartingwithaEl-tperson,itis
safe and less juvenile-sounding, to sayt?LUtf. The best strategy for Japanese greetings
would be to observe how native speakers use them amongst themselves and emulate
them.
Another thing students of Japanese should bear in mind is the fact that once a relationship has been established between two people in Japan, such as teacher-student, it does
not break down. ln America, you might call your professor "Professor so-and-so" in the beginning, but as the relationship grows closer, you might start using his/her first name.
That is notthe case in Japan, however. Yourteache even afteryou graduate, remainsft,
i.e., a Elt person, and your speech must continue to reflect that. ln other words, you
cannot all of a sudden switch from
lAf dttlto lt&f
Addressing your friends

n school, classmates may call each other by last name *dfu l<fu,last name by itself,
first name *5t lu lt lv I ( fu, first name by itself, etc. Oftentimes, moreover, they call
each other by various nicknames or by shortened versons of their names such as f ) (for
*l in -3.
J
I
c
o
rttrt6t?=F
*vtrJL
= E:
**
E#ryltxEEl#)=Eftt"
^-z]-,
*rutu: *J i ""t.*T"
i "r.*T"
* r u.tv I !r!rttxfr,-6"Tfl.
---
: 4){-rf;'"
El
E EUE o)+'.. +
*tutv
tz
r,:
El
*Iutv
y/
(Ztfc=Eftl-).
"
-\-r-
,.
z,4,-
lll
o"c )
trt*6.
, L{("T..
f/,. i l--E:"cr.{"L i.
o'Ci Lt' r .r,T"
D + . FJ'( Zr.. l..-e t- t ) '"
f4 b:-t..{"ffflTfl'r,. r.l.'L } i.
Lr..{"T1"
"
= H:
*ru
= El
:
**
uv
El:
41u- iffi* l,:*J
{>
l L+ ( j :l ) u. iffi'c..
frR L{F,}) :- ) t. ) j :. t" -t HeT"{*D"kT"t
1
{r.im("TJ"
/r,b
*tptv
---
El
*+utv
* L/.
D+*"
ft+LL*.
25
-lz#>,,,,
+E/
\E+l-
tr UE+tl[p (. # v u JttH)[Ee
t E .
lJ E
6^V+t
DUfilt.
*tutv
t i"
GE4 i rF{.)
w ,:
HE
r9 bi
*ruv
w b:
*rutv
9 t7:
10
15
*rutv
19 \:
*tutv
w b:
*rutv
19 bi
*rutv
9 r1
*< utv
19 \:
*<vtv
26
t,
&
Ld.
i ,- 9 i ^-ffi+*
i.
("frr
u'cfc.
>.
d'tl$_t_l-!-t-?-l-;-.
{.
_/4ll4#&b6!__1..1__"
A#ffiFEst; ( '> '> l t - .?&!;.L (
34
(-#eF,-C) >o- /t. + < 11t'/.t. ffiX:E{vt' + i "
B
flr
ir. fl-. H,I?

-- l"'a"
IF.
FZ
7c
"
L. {> -t'^-+'-K
"
l''-'v--[bl o-c?
/:(t'i " rTC(Wol"
i--> ! u.S/ "
+- ,u.f'. >fttr:Tt ( *t"
) .,- D+. *,1111t.
>>>>>
e . ) = y,
h.
E+fr0)E-HtJt.+
r,
7/
lcEtOldffi"
ey
. ,/^
C} Lb
i, :.
t-'>*I0)"
frEu.tS.b"
4 ) zJ'" e ylrtR.6;
^
B
5.
t.
l-.
\r+lE+{v-
E6g+ t,
1.
t ,t
:f,r.tf[
o"CI l
'- !:?_*a::
t/ ( -C"
10
I'
15
^0)./
A ) ," u.:.t:ft/ .
/^
il" T-^4t#=-C?
l.
l-
HI
t
-)v7 r^ vzl. z ( t_ , -)vl[tzl.cI,1"

!.[.]- L.L.}" {.'. :,:lA"t"
:',.
/uzC-=l[.iff"
bb- 2uzC-lJt*Eo{" t7.,3- l. l:{1"5"
20
tzct) " -[Jtt
L?Ei*
L- L. 6x 723-345-2433"
lxr -, 4 o)Ett 555-347-4167"
D . EffLt"
) ,"
i lu" D+. */.
27
-12#>>>>>
:,:2:f i4nJili:}'i1.i1jwlsgffi
:i:izi';rti1?5r:r?5rv.3i*tr{:?
|.! ?:;.1:1 |.. :.|: ;:'
::
:.:
:.
: ;: ;| :::.'1. :: j.. :..j
: ::. : :|.!:|
EIA^7
'
rt Lr- ( f,.i'r'cWHP-'t :. "FIow
are
yov?" tt EAffi
: .. u. j lrtb " 6 t, ,Effi: [..sa"j-..1 . [*-.{-,(.

T.1 / " r. i #l b :- f ..sa"-.1 t*&ilffiTm: i t:-t ) I
.(..{
L. ltam'T.)
L f 6 ( b
cc l:
_'__/_4__!:_"
?_
,., E1
: [.r;a.j.1 L. li,("1.j L) L- ]FHt-r!ll__" EIA*

7cl\,bb t:'F:F.#T f es-r ) o l!.l..*ax-xrdal . fr.'e T
del .-
7c
j r...
.*o\zcJ*n
r-z
')Ex-x,l;4 "--r;A::?F
oo*ave anice day !" -t u.:@irmt"t4
i .. f,.tr1. E6. ElAffi
tt:t7c {u!;Yl,_a#sz r.. 1b "
EIJ/"L ffi: *,- f+rElt'{-. i?," l{..
to
^ zi/a'IT)o "IIl.ave anice
*. ftTLL*Tl- E'ef lD. *ll
ft(
day!" ?Haffi:-mRl,'(.F.-rerfr.*'. L!.o 7 / y r^*. 4 )\- i#,wr<

Lrrffik 6. F*. BA#:trt>="ciffi:/Ju.r.r=i#/ ( A,b0)
Lr(
'
l:t,4 i*t'Lll |rt4a)

. .ffJl" EI^1h\x fr6 ffi: i l'{to -c * Tl. 4lt"t:Nl,'Cxffi.a)
) lTt.< 6ol'!'l- Kn'\fr:(,'\ilft'* ) ,7cWXffii l*a
I"ffilLf'. +i
lu.l;*Tl.
H1A.
XLv^
/u.l / t,i>,.r jffi:t/J!.o Ela*_ hni::t:*/

kc't
*i L. iftBi,i j t t.rf a Ltes-o *ffit". "Thankyouforthe
other day." . "Itwasgoodto seeyouthe other day." / " Ltt' 1,/J
!.- EA; lftB i l t i riF* tt.1,/J.,l!./rr.'o
.r,rf"Lzt
------------ xr:'
b E^ffifr:u'l
{.
t' ?#.
lft*
bXE!:T'>I
-ft!:=r'"
'ffiJ
/ffi. z trl'
1 " l:t-lrJ.btl m. t-*u-q-rc - Ett+ffift,rr
,ffib
'i r. ) ffi:fnJ L't
l J
u..l*:{!.{. 4fLH,-6l)lrt, X+th##
t":.6lt_I)"
r:,'L-L{O 't6')re-l- fi ,t o1. f r:r"
iL at! t' ) t'tYaf t: fl', 1 tt * f
-t,zT>>>>>
rttrtt?=Hl
-lz#>>>>>
32
,,,,, r2=*
There are three different types of predicate
endings-tT. * j--forms, l-forms
and
6 -
forms. So, the idea that Tanaka is a Japanese can be expressed as HF /Lt EA^f., B1+
/t t BA^/a' or EIF ,li H^-e . The styles which use f.T.* T-endings, lendings, and f > -endings are called f T. * T{, l{6, and {" {, respectively. While -c''
b 6l# is mainly used in writing, both 'C1. * T{f and {6 are used both in speaking and
writing. In speaking, ('.T' * T{ is used in formal situations such as any formal meetings or
in addressing strangers, acquaintances or people to whom you feel respect is due. {6, on the
other hand, is generally used in informal situations, such as when you are talking with your
close friends or family members. 6 can also be used toward someone for whom you feel
respect is not due (e.9., children, one's subordinate, etc.) In writing, l{ is normally used in
newspapers, novels, scholarly articles and essays. Letters and memos are usually written in (.'
T' * T6. b {16 is very formal, so it is generally used for formal writings such as public
documents and scholarly articles.
,,a.:f ..$',f
ff ,(plite;form)
;--6 (plain forr),
{.,6
ffi ' (exnosiqy,form)
EIAAT.l
E^^/.'
n#/\'e b
Ea^{$H}a I *nia
B^{E'}n...
BA,,\(.t*ru'
fdK/i:
ffif1-T
rffi{f$}
*,(.1/
+t+{3H}
r--e 1
tur.r..
.{"dl.l> ->t
r"ot
it./
!.(.-
d,r,.{3'}b*,
{3'} nr..
l'
*<b*r,
( /t'
-*T
'ra
^ * +rT
-l* Lt
-* ,f L/
fr-r/ .
-/
ft.iz.,
{*t'l*/.2l
fLt-:cb6
zt.'et/Ju.
u'
( /u.
-ra
ft-i,/ 'l
a
p-rf.,
Traditionally, the Japanese language is known for having a distinctive difference between men's
speech and women's speech. This distinction, which is mainly observed in casual conversation
style, is seen in uses of pronouns (e.g, boku vs. watashi), some nouns (e.g., meshi vs. gohan,
.lz#,,,,,
hara vs. onaka) and particularly in sentence endings. For example, sentence-final particles
such as zo and ze afe typically masculine while a sentence-final particle wa is genenlly
considered to be feminine. Uses of these masculine and feminine senstence-final forms have
been undergoing changes, and thus, it is best to classify them into four types, as below.
Strongly
masculine:
(ft < -)
' ( ( ')
.t.? (f ( .t'?)
4--
/ - fr ? (ftt,tt
. . ?)
imperative (plain form) (trt
Moderately
masculine:
(plain form)
r
Moderatelyfeminine:
Strongly
feminine:
i.,/f,.,/
( .
/l
(plainform)
ffil'l
J.
'
G>LTj. B
/ii
i)
(ft ( \-t'\)
h,/b J,/b*r,/b I de (ffi < b,/-ELt*r/- b6b t,7)

[Noun,//-adjectiveJ t (BAr. u'/)
'1, t> (Tt ( l'| )
Uses of both strongly masculine and strongly feminine sentence-flnal particles have been on
the decline. In fact, younger men and women hardly ever use these strongly masculine and
strongly feminine endings anymore. Women these days generally use moderately masculine
endings in casual conversations, and thus there is not much gender difference in the use of
sentence endings. Older women, however, do still use strongly feminine sentence endings.
Furthermore, in comics and anime, these strongly feminine and masculine endings are used to
create certain character identity, and hence it is good to be able to recognize gender characteristics of these particles.
,,,,,6r2=*
1 "o V/46r1='without V-ing; instead of V-ing'

V lr
t-",
[tr1
>2. l-:
>>>trrurc]
gne f the negatiu" a-9rms of a verb, is .oftn fllowed by another velb:
a) Ertr.
Lr(
{EI
t,
ltu
frt,rFr
*d
6tft+Lt"
(7n Japan, it is bad manners to begin amea\ without saying anything.)
b)
ffi L/,rYt,..)R6l,J ( /J!-.

(It's not good to come to school without having done one's homework.)
L r))'L
) ElH^lrt'ts,L\Tx.1fu,ifrt
64
t.
(There are students who study atlnorne instead of going to the library.)
,, V',/J 1,. {: often c-arries ,a conno-tation,.that one didn,lt do Whatone- w4s,expted, fo .do. $o,
b), one is expected to do homework before coming to school bw helshe did nol
f ,r, Vltlr)fi='You
should
Uit.,lt would be good if you did

l#.z
,:
ihislexpression,rsusually used to suggest the opo.sof.wh,
a)
-r
> t. z
fo
-)'
>>>EnHurrtc]
h,oeiip slgqg
or
F( ftlt'trl,rc)[;.
(You should go to bed earlier.)

)
b) tllr.t,
/Ju.
t|ft.t:I[tlt'trt\):"
(You should ask your teacher about things that you don't understand. lSaid to someone who is
hesitant about asking the teacher some questions.l )
J
a)
'ot t*LlZ='moreover; besides'
Ht*. )t"-t-. Znt;Wlffir.T-_
lemz >.a]
.a (
!.{.1.
(tUkyo has a huge population, and, moreover, prices arehiglr' Therefore, Tbkyo is a difficult place to
live.)
b)
A: +H*fir a i
tia"
(You don't look well today.)
:i
':l
t.
,- Et (
(Yes,
h2
(. zirE#t
a Lb6 ,"
I have aheadache, and I also have a slight fever.)
A: D+. + 1,ffi-tcffi,lU-U.ca"
(In that case, you should go home ear and rest.)
35
.lz*>>>>>
,..,O!heqgonjunctions,which,areoflen,usedinclde Z,fuf" 1the.r.f,or;'1u,,,kLt* iand;,and..thn;,

and also,' 4 t lt, b 'after that.' 4 L'C. is the most general conjunction meaning 'and.' 4 Llr,
emphasizes that an event follows another event in time, and 4 fL emphasizes "causal"
relation between two sentences.
c)
? t*Hr-t,,rft* Lrr"
*n'lfr'tf*L.
XX- _,nft-ct. +rc
It+:'\
(I went shopping yesterday. After that I went to apar!y at a friend's house and came home about ten
at night.)
4 Llt, , and 4 l- arcfine. Howev er, 4 lt't emphasizes the fact that it was
after the shopping that the speaker went to the party. In some cases, therefore, 4 tr, and
4 l,'C. arenot interchangeable.
In c), both
d)
i . EAf{E^Tt-rI"
l,T ( 4lt t',) -f L ?-r.
(Yesterday I went to a Japanese restaurant and ate
sushi.)
[* mark means that it is ungrammatical.]
e) lAffin*.1" ZVT (41') /\ffiffi->lc"

(My friend came to my home about six, and left about eight.)
tL'C'presents a reason or cause.

|9
+r(
gKb * LTc" ? fr?'. ftffirEi/c '-et"

(It was snowing. The flight was delayed because of that.)
4rrrllrl8,lDr^,/Cf ='not
easily'
l*i2>.8>>>/rfr/r,Ktaaczl
::::
,,
/f'.i:, when used with a negative, means that somethiniis noeasily'$ne.,r,orftat,ittakes
,tvu
td
a) ?rr,h'Ha-nl( (-
(Ifs terrible because it takes
;*
W-t.C
L'*T.
long time for me to memorzekanji.)
b) =- E, -ffi.,(". /J?)'/c?)'*:f {f t(" L/.

(I had coffee, and so I couldn't fall asleep easily
ITtad a hard time falling asleepJ.)
[i.e.,
>>t
QUeStiOn WOrd
+-tt/r
[:>.g>>>ur2r*t]aaa<<l
F'orembedding.awh-question!nanothersentence,simplych4n.g'.fi.,.eldjng.:fitie.mU9 qu.estion into the plain fonn. The copula ld'is optional::B, tt!(.e-..,tha'qq{gf
partidle . at the end of the clause.
36
,,,,, r2=*l
urP
Elli < n'in'q * h"
(I don't know when I will be going to Japan.)
b) +x L ltt'FtT
'
* JlzJ' r) * lv"
(I don't know yet what I will be doing after graduation.)
=4n#r+.ft () ?:'* /Jrt') *,/"

(I don't know yet who will be teaching third year Japanese.)
d) t.lv z . 7 vlr- u- * rzt
/1,"
(I can't tell yet which restaurant.is good.)
Also note that a yes-no question can be embedded in another sentence by putting the
,,,p9{ate.intotheplainfqqn,and,byadding,r,",i,.,,1
f)
g)
h)
,,::',
1.r:-,,:,
,r.i
(I don't know whether I will be going to Japan next year or not.)

I' l Tr'
+.#,W,*H L r,-l' a ,tT,
1L"
(I don't know whether the next test will be difficult or not.)

t'r' lt 6
.ll
-t l ltt 'H,n-( t,r : {f {,"
C-ft?f
=
(I don't remember whether I paid the copying charge or not.)
B^?t' rr'e) * /v"

(I don't know if he is Japanese or not.)
rot [Z]^,/t,r='only; no more than'
lnatw
> t.
>>> ui5,E;.Eur]
L'always occurs with a negative. The implied meaning is that the amounlitem mentioned
is not,enugh or, less,than eXpected.
a)
.".ry Lltr.
uE^ll * ri,.
(Because I only have five doilars, I can't go to the movie.)
fi.
b) * o) ) Wr. ffif vn #tn,ct.6. B*,HE!..

(I only slept for five hours last night.
So,
I am sleepy today.)
* , U'l,*,ttr+&trst",0)*. a.
(Ifs too badthat there are
so
many children who read only comic books.)
37
-lz#>,>,>
laryz>.l
| >r> C*,U ='in other words; that is; namely; in short'
a) A : : ;' -- =+tt. -C- -^'effi&4aTi. (number) t'4 i-et i"
(I hear that because of the Baby Boom there will be more high school students for the next two,
three years.)
B:
?f u/t+:^
tffiL!. t !.7 f*fc.
(In other words, it is more difficult to get into coilege, right?)

lr.1
b) *-r*v=^*El/i-2/l
*rb6z)-
l--r*2z65gf u'/d. ?:f;rJ.
'^.'v
EIA("* #=t0)*(" l'H u'U't /J t,'l'.

ffic-c t.
(In the old days, there was a time when a dollar was worth 360 yen, but now it is worth about 105
yen. In other words, nowadays, with dollars in Japan you can buy only one third of what you used
to be able to.)
8 "" SentenCe+t?T='That is to say; lt follows that; That means ...'

l#aw>t.s>>>uanv<al
a)
A A :. 7
/4,11BA:*S
{,tt,'l,(.'T
i.
(Miss Smith has lived in Japan for as long as ten years.)
b)A
/i. 6 Elffir-s r.< 7 rt>ll TT tt"

(Thafs why she speaks fluent Japanese, right?)
>
o)
)'*9*'.- fr . t /J l-rumtl'' b L f
u'
* T"
(He studies all the time without even going out.)
j(-e6tt<'ltr"
(No wonder he is
c)
good.)
* i v nT]..l ,Ts- L t" w i tLfu.ct"l- X= ffi:frr,tT.
!'lttHt
Ll"
(We went to Chicago yesterday. Tlaffic was so heavy on the way that, although we left home at
three, we didn t get there until around seven.)
(That means it took you as much as four hours, doesn't it?)
38
I
I
I
I
>>>>>
L?l
i,i
$ t't NE:T='depending on'
[ary)r>r.7>>*tr&:<]
i"-
a) [-r# 4EXF,r&cT !-!- Zf'J t-"
t'
(What greeting you use may vary depending on the weather of the day.)
b)
c
cT -t!'* T.
(Opinions vary from person to person.)

+r.+
V h
Ê
=-zffii. ilffiffir:*c(l**
(A
*.
course grade depends on the exam grades.)
10 *t ruf&/c=,correspond to -,
a) Bffi l,:rl . Fffi oorrello" t;.
lffiaa>.e>>>?fit*rel
(Japanese "konnichiwa" corresponds to English "he11o.")
b) - i.^.vll- ,fEfFlEH/: U *ttt'"

(How many yen is a dollar?)
f f *'
^, ())
N='N, like -;
N such as
-'
lffiau
a)
41"
t)
{,.] )J tMfiJr7 v-tt
(I don't think English has

rlv
l:
b) &ffi+r.
9ffi:
llr.
> . t s >>>
a convenient phrase l1ke "daomo.")
BAz\: ffi/Jr'J af#,rt>6'
rE B l ex bEJl
"
l
- ffiLr,-"
(Characters for names are difficultbecause there are readings such as those that even Japanese can't
read.)
39
-lz#>>>>>
i
a) "o EL,Affi
pb:
*
<v
tv : i
:
*+vtv:
A'-
lp
This expression is used to suggest to the addressee that helshe
i ---+* f'! U"C.T:.r' "
: F< 'rlt'tttrol;
, l)r)eI't:41 Ilr, ?tt.tzz
should have done something.
1o
UfHffiffi/ ( '>'>1."
t'^
7c {L,tj;r ->ltt"
2:-
1,, ? {LI= is used to give an
additional reason.
b:
1 ,r"
1:
HEila'r,
@b
r9
>>>>>[tr2]
E!-lVJVl
^.7
-
. -l BA#+4.. i -^l E#ft+J: t b /J l,'o +IJ.++0)

M-e , Y*Lls. ( b :fr=rt (fr 1:tobumpinto) L.-c'T" ft
:
12
. ir,- HffiaH, i /=/.. ft4.1:f, \,o 4l-'(ttHtat:?!.(

ft4.1=#L/JL'o
zc {LtrtKbot 6- ++.2 Po)x,tft: b. t+.V P':> lY.,t:tcL t *lEl Dtr?ffi L/r L'"
J
,,, EI-IVJV<
e ":7:r b. -tEAffi+- i-Ê/\ts.t:t

1 LlEltiff?. ( tll:EAffi
(informalJapanese)
b /J
!'o
t-a- L
t.L/Jt'.
3,'* trL.-rVJVl
e ,{7:r\!.. tt*7g.c"j-. */\tfiax-,l/J it'c{,H/a \-o 4l-'c.,
EA#f#L/JI.O
71."r4
Ur,.. [-,.t.l:)
i-^r).i L
tfr.o'c._ ( /'l/
ttrt' t?=g
{rr,dVv-,
e "{7: tb, T-t 4 i:rt.'C.0)f 4 7y/ =yt,t,,.. fi irÊffiZt
l. L.o
a) T-^ 4 t#c{1... fSr(!./.fro

b) i L{ffi.o 1 t- lt,- I#o{!./JL..o
c) ,-r4rffi.. 6!..o
d) E i U{ff To)tt,- r,.t.o),o
e) T-, 4 {fr.i 1. #.tl ffi/t.- J,.0). L:ffi.i :," i*'.
) 7 { t -,4 t ,4. :ff itr." (ffi!: *!. L ..rzq?'t:&.
k6o)
!,,, fFI
e
'ma:
r l. {l++
(' t,. lFxE* /J !.o **a
4)
l- .->l: /" l
It" t""
rir lfr Hl
arJ
frtrE;ffir>i:-ift!ffi=-z- -)"'Tt * L/o : z--a-r*. i:{,-c,./ a

a B v 7x+t ( nrf-tr 4*. L t:. tyti lEl D j i r" L/. t+ f
*. ai.tir: ro!./)t-'. cc ( b L* L/" -EF@E. )s Lt.t-

tFfrF,I b - vz | 7 viu,t-u-PVl^l/ b -6'{. { }.c/f"
*t p/v' ^-r-.
t'
*r v ^ A:ctlJft:r,.*
* rt
E L tt'rr-'o. F." { r.trL-'x ?ful u."
L/. cD zEf,r. r- j.xn;
0 a)
p tvlt1ffi0)ffi#^f-r < L.\tt"
* t rr,,yt*.
c) Etl-t-4 )'1.
b)
*t
d)
e)
E:IJJt+.
a
tED+/.d)1.
IEI
Cii^ft < ,1 t- i
"
*/r.6 Lr.("-f.
* r,. , it-z.-cf
U!..--fo
41
-lz#>>>>>
I
lt)
t'
f. t'- Hlfrat-t.'tI=-e-7^-ff-:fitt't u'I J-tv :t" f7, y *'t'F,l
za-a-2
:l{-r+7 *. E.L
i" +litrt=z-3-r+^*.. = z-a-rt't0)- ia -2 0) a L r 6!'e j ( no|-L.6o f= t--a-V "'ft: t'. EH

:
/1.
..
tffiuu 6F,r l'J ) L7"1v(FoI"

+T, It - u,Ici.EE+ ( . - ? v,' v I v l]L{t'l.
*f p v 2 7 -7 -'+v l -- , 4 ^'7r -7 - rYy' 7'71- l" C,'v
tEF,'C. { 6cl" 4{t',. 2001 +9H 11 Btrl-C.+''fZ-vi'^'l'
r,,- 1.".+vl -lE:f !.tDtr'-Bfutu'( . fz,&'U7 )lffikF'I.
fr-#F=7'ft, 'L v | 7 )v't*-r, zF'fffi:t. lbb,

7):.'J Lo'C.- y 74^ ( 'L l il Dl. 4l-r lRc*-
z L = l-.F,, {t t!.. : *
t)
#;-f a
'
c1.\-
aln '#,tu:c.
/"h
t,.
sad
E'
S
.J.
4H
to show someone
around
t-
to be standing
to show joY
cute
+rv ,
pictuer;photogfagh
ff UUnHO. r:Curnldx ^nHu.
a) f*. i:= z-3-2 :*/. Ltb"

b) +)^, I*- .13- = -21.*.{tl"
E c)
K e)
R: { '/ x s/; ( ,1,'
t,..l ffi oI:"
{t
squirrel
tatl.
+l. Hifraffit:*'T7 t=) -)v#.2ll i

d) f. +v | 7 )v't-/lrt.-&,t:),.o1"
"
{(o
"
1jii
!11:
ilirl
lrili
1,1
tilt)
rl
rir
lljii
iliilt
ilittr
iitli,t
!,1
tlllrirI
Ft
f)
. ,5-?ffi_Ll_lfo:
. iElrlftf?ttfcl
:il
TL\tttuti
r i'#itt er (
. 5:(E(
r r tef
If r{
" ""
""""""'>#2
:.::"""" """" " " """""""'># 3
q.
URE No
a
c
o
o
o
Asking Favors
(e.9.,
Would
English
T ust as you would try to speak very politely when you ask a favor inpolite
when asking a
J yo, ... please?, Would you mind ...?, etc.), one should be extra
favor in Japanese. Japanese speakers often deliberately start out hesitantly by saying *:
tiffiti5 fu7c| ....'- (tit.,l have a small request but ...) instead of a more direct 5*:
ffit\7:TDt3-.
Negative forms such as ttfcllJtttfuD and U\lclilJtdUC U t f 75\ also occur frequently. ln
more informal speech (e.g., when asking a favor of a family membeL a friend, etc.), one
would say -fV\?, <'ItdU\?, etc., instead. Another formula one should remember is
&1.<mtl l,t?-, used as you part with the addressee, of whom you have just asked
a favor. lt literally means "l ask for your good favor," and is a standard ending to a requestmaking situation. (Remember this same expression was also used in Lesson 1 at the end of
a self-introduction.)
Going to Japan for a Year's StudY

>>>>>
T;.t or American students who have taken only one or two years of Japanese, it is virtually
I impossible to attend lectures for native speakers and expect to understand the
content. Much as one might wish to experience authentic college life in Japan, that would
most likely be beyond one's reach. lt would be more reasonable, therefore, to attend a
university that has an international division geared to foreign students. Toward the end of
the year there, when one's proficiency in the language has improved considerably, one can
perhaps receive permission to visit classes for Japanese students a few times to "get the
general idea" about Japanese college courses.
c
c
o
o
o
I
I
I
I
I
I
trrtt Ero)El#
*vn lL .
*r uP
10
El:
E#=frft#ffinEa.ll("
^--.
-ffift+., L-> sD+*L*T"

t .. fna"-..
4Iutv
4 )fTt'" L
El:
#-effiffi
T a*,-ri.{,-C" L "
+.
t-
>
l#
u.
-> "C.
<
*tutv
fiu-_ lr. b * L"
= E:
frj("L i"
*rutv
= E:
zL"
*+utv
BAffiilffi
*+utv
t /" < k,=:,{11 L * r l,t{"T .
= Li#o.( ( / l,.o I {L-eTtJ" Bx a-tftcL/&.
*Iutv
El:
,,{Lt-,__!_._-da"
1
4{tlt'tr.l*, i-?tFF!.trtb.4,f1t .
:- li.ilmr-:
t>
>o{......o
-B :ilffi=:{"-f ."
- Z - 4 i t ,T B#ilffi 4 ffi Ft : t__g I
"
l:1,-+
2{:o
4 1 u- )
'
Lt t,tlfr>b
:I-; Iq !l /r r,.
*i ,tr. ffiB u. 7 . ls Elz_Kffi
El"C'-f d"
*rutv
Bt:
l*[.D
+.
7c
111"
E+0-W: :
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i,t.. -ffia"Tfi"
!. !.1."T.o
El:
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Et
/" r,..
i-. r.D* i-eT" D. zjrffiEl--ffi: i.!.*T. t b

l
^*(
i '"!.* Lt"
[. .. o
45
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h'/
l.
l.
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+. -. =J t-t-'Al- t
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ft+.b0)
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br.ri,ry?
tffiffi{,t#E{"
bb- 4 ilT,"
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L.? * (.. :fuS! [\z)), ( !' ] : {'.T
lffie)/l
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D
46
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tl. xEEEl(.'T"
E_l; U t,"c t6
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l'u. D
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ft 'l'41 I l\ )o t, + l y ,K-t7ffi
, 7) ffi
. fi )
i &
EI
"c"
fi
o
lg
z)
/ 7 * +o)
bi U
li
'tX a)
4
t.t
:
lut
t t' 'h B llr. l, .-C"B +#
^ z) - 7T
A, t , 7 ^ b 'C
l. d'L{" )v r\o
^
B i- R -)
16
7
*' t, :
tr
B
t
ijs
r
a
t+ 6
rB
/i8
7
'
i)r
7
!\
a
i
L t
#
' e B t {L ,li
-c r,.l /
0)
frgl
i
H
,) -i f I +
rr
,
+
t
lffi
ii
lt
^
'; : I (i E y +_ , '. F H bi {L
X,h A (" : (:)W.t,,'_ r
_ f;s + ti
6
I
H
+. {"1 / h\
[\
/J"
a +
!r
H
EIJ$'{,t
a)
,1 H " ^/ 7
^ rr /: " e f{o'rl r
+
+
:' l H
! ++ + . I L u tl + o) L\ t r.i !\ +
: H ' 4 E- 'fL+. r EX o U ^{"
_{* aF, -f )l'* I
ffi
:
/:"
7
T
+,
#
4
#
#
,i6
+
,-1,. S {" : ,ti' f" +f !r l #
t
{L 'f tr = i ft I t ii i:
L.i
--#,
'C.
,^t t: 1 " 6 !r , !\ ffi t r.

-i'H ; {" o o [r )v W (" B {L
i
lE
t,
!r
:..
I
t2
I
HIJ #""'
50
,tttt E^.g#l
2sVt"6
[r,
[*'i L
3t 9.
g#
ttto-
32
-(
canV
32
wish;hope
ffil:
upri( urui
{l F t
Ht'
particularly
housing conditions
, a,f
one who wishes to do
l:ft. /\l
person l:l
bad
.l
#>>>,>
.*
*
.E
j"t -tz6')
., l.*F{.r
.r.,' !' (
.;
z.Fu,{L
6L
s.1t*.
z.$.
e.flE
,r.(tr)
rr #uH
r.-#
16. ?
t7.T
o.rIJ#
t/s)
--6flt"(
zt.X#
zz.ffi
zo.#
zz.E
a:..
'u
zs.l&b a
za.ffi
a.*.IT 6
q.I!.
r*t\
ffi:ftî
rJr
tg.DlN
zo."Ev
,n.h'
zs.,Z'T L
Lo)
ro.ffit:]
it (
du'dL'i
4.
e.T
'b'
o#t
n. FW
,.h*h,,
: 0'L
w^w
**
i. S
rz.E
zt.tIffi
,r.F=H
N'? \
L"*
t)
Lot'
: Lr.
26.'Iry
.{tt t"
zt.EtJl{
utJrr
zz.ffi#,
sr.DIl
tf
.r
tr 1e '-: i
ra.#E
L
22.ffift
l( t.\
za.Elffi#tr
\ri
es.l91
d,
t')r
u,,
+ri
zs.#
ryffiffi)t
o.fi
to.H!.
fU
r.
z.Hl*ffiffi
.t.ffiE
--
ffisF LL{,r
kL
s.fl#E
to. 6
fitf'
r+.ffiHffJ
ts.W.
rq.H
zo.ifi#F
z+.H.ffi
zs.ffit 6
r.tut t"t\
f:
Lt'
29.
{r\
't
t_*..
S4
tV
0.ffiffi
Lr,
zs.#
0.{ls,H-F
C L( c'
:'
This radical stands for water and is basically used for characters representing water-related conditions, activities, etc.
trl [,j fl rd
I
I
I
I
>>r>r
ott
VtCl?
a)
Urffioc
<
.isoftencontractedtoV/t,'-e.
[it] tomorrow, OK?)
,,, V (causative) Tltlll /r?
xltt
l#l
>
t. t q >>>EtJtt(trtctittrdtr-
"iti,it'a,r;Cldlorcg'.e.!,rravor of your retting *,.

a
b)
,,',"',, .
,E,nrfde.
(Please don't forget to bring
l*#1>t.z>>>nrEl
hqu*conversation,Vt,.-e (
ErOEl#
i B =#r#lf rf
,1,:
tr
r]
.,,v.;jplite
r/ tt /c rru. t, tt,"
(Would you please let me take the exam one day ear?)
z':'
ft+.ffiX.ff*
(
r/: tf
/J
trr U * tt, "
lspeaking to a professor] Would you mind letting me read your paper?)
c) ft.. ffi#{t * {f ( tt/
/c
tt
/J t,r ?.
l, lt' "
(Sensei, would you please iet me be absent from class?)
d) # ft., ffi#frlvT' tr tt /J tr (. l, lt'"

(Sensei, would you be absent from class?)
Sentence c) is the correct request.

ntusrry'ap,prgiiat. . :, .'. :
e)
ft.
tffif* En'T
tt/lt/Jtr(
l, )lt'.
(Sensei, would you 1et me say it in English?)
f)
,b4.
tffit"Ec( tt/ctt/ctr("
l.
)h,"
(Sensei, would you say it in Engiish?)
53
.l
,""
; by the end of
9Etrr t -p L( ( t..
(Please
a)
e-mail sometime today.)
b) X.
(
[I]
- 9 + {:fi, r ll lf' /J !'.
have to pay the rent by t]re end of this month.)
4rr, -t{-l*='The
more/less
-, th more/less -'
lffiuv
> . t
t >>> ttnHrE]
il,rg,sn:
+.V..,i,6l"
dl.tg4
f.
* 6 l' ( t L.BL- *
nl;{tuffi
HAffi.
(I think that the more you study Japanese the more interesting you will find it.)
6lf
ffi#t
b) ++.trtt| n$g;tril . *'f 6 ) ffi L t -"
(The more students there are lwho applyJ, the more difficult it is to be selected.)
c) !.!.vz l-TvTttn\ibf t'.

(Better restaurants ate more expensive.)
d)
#,It
lt'"tlvt 6nlt,
f E !'!."
(Simpler explanations are better.)
e) Bffil*- ffiru/cttftrt'L /Jtrlf +tr. / ( / b *'f .
(The less you study Japanese, the less you will begin to understand it.)
Lr tfr
5 "o Nl;JrA,/t)lft fi='other than -; besides -'

a
Ittc
ttu
i Ll tr
rtt
#ffiUl t*. +t:tflE
Hi
lffia
> .t s
>>>ffial
='l.Y*]
trtb
u"
(at ttre beginning of the semester, there are so many things to buy besides textbooks.)
t,
' ,r( Li
Lit(
u'
l>
b) trt+r\r+o+# b * T"
(There are otlter scholarships than that from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Tbchnology.)
necessarily mean that...'

$ "' lV-El,t*ltl?f*tt,t='it doest. not
>>>
s
EuH{tlr52ultttr]
tt
lffia
>
54
btt?'f *t) *
l"
: r 6 tr
goes
to Japan.)
(It is not necessarily the case that one's Japanese improves once one
'x,T v ' B;6^lt ll'Effi.h.f
,,,,, EÊ#l
b)
'll, l-
c)
ar.ltlclf t,.
lr,.L.ur
(It is not necessarily the
case
that expensive things are good.)
t t , El^rra ,d,s-tW (/) r i t,ttrtttru * ..

(It
is not necessarily the case that
r> NI{'}U='nothing but
a77
Japanese like natto.)
-'
l#vt
>
t.zs >>>E+tDl
].::r:],.,]):.:,.::::.:.]:...:..':::.
l expless"s the,idea that there
:., '[,X.l$lb
a)
1 w =
are so muctr'X thatr'ei:a
ii
nill
"*iu,
z- 7llt.f/ =z-Zlt'rt'J1*- t.. t'at. "
(TV news is nothing but bad news, and it's terrible.)
b) B^fjo
ll,lJo) a i-
l, L !.
i:
l'7t'U
/"
(When I went to Japan, in the beginning I had nothing but interesting experiences.)
..In),thereisofcou,r,e
ei'f!,
onif,,,g.b ei.i!'s.m,uc.$
there were nothing but bad news.
.:,,
1,;itt
c)
l:_-fui1r""-saiif
isoe used in combinarion wiriri:t:i!id1f1..+ii.:':',],i..
v ' F,'c tlfii tl !' 6 f,frc
..'',
,:-,i' .1, '.,:''"
r.1,.
(If you watch TV all the time, you can't study.)
$ rt t^(
a) #l)rl--e
(It
\4i11
='as
as possible'
lat>t.zal
. /Jc< Hffifficlrl-!.t..Lr r.
be better if you speak Japanese as much as possible even outside of the classroom.)
zl
b) ffiEx. /r ^ ( h.B :t
Lf
( /" r."
(If possible, please hand in homework the next day.)
9 -'
(plain)
^( ='shoutd; ought to'>

lffiatvl
ze
i ''T:is,,is,afrrn,deriyed..fr.orn$e1ssical.,uxi1iery.,t'.'
>>>
iF- Lzi- 1 r
^&
t. 3 3
>>>n
*Utrft'@ws.thepla
xe *rur]
f
preent tg4e
form of verbs and caries the meaning 'one should do i.'When the verb is T, both T-r
and T a * are used. Th negive form of ,s is . tl t i. rathr tnan * A r,. -r f-
b)
t,,t
##H
;-#,.tc t, -; rc r,
,L
t:
# fuir ) d t"
(Ifone wants to read Japanese newspapers, one should study kanji.)

L. tt
i.Ê(opinion)
:<
t/".
(One should listen to the opinions of others.)
h4
ffit,.E
f <
(" t /J
!'.
(One should not listen to the opinions ofbad friends.)
55
.l=#,,,,,
1O
a) ,,, frfrL=ffi(1)
>>>>>[ffi1]
1:When you have something to
t.
f,+., b * c +JFttr ll,acttt
+*.
t*t.. {4f'L l"
ft+.
++.
ft+.
++.
ITI"
tr. .r*XEmt# zrlv<"tt

4 Et,-ffiwt:ft. / (
ft+.
++.
lo
IE]
DffiF:f-T..
conversation with expressions

such as -r f"-EFL'l 6 rt
2"
'eTLl ort"xoLtl't'
("L i..
( /J / ( / -c"c l, *.
2: You introduce the topic by *l

-o) L,,ct1 or *lt,-
i.,1T.
.!a
-" TA*l,. e ^0)B :Ett (tr
Litur?'L
* -
ft.
ask your superior, you begin the
& 1t,3"
41\-1: L/ftfrb
*.Lde"
3 : You ask permission by V (caust./ /dt tJ t-'c l. s I lt,,

ative)
V (causative) t' lc t t * 'ti ,'
,'cf
b) '*
ftltt;F(2)
or V (causative)
u- lc
li'
t,'
r.
>>>>>[Bz]
Y4-: l+. b e c 2 I't,rT L & a ' "

l, i
ftE.: ,. t. T j- . 'FJ-C'
Ltir< " ;
o ), r*F+ t:F l'iZ.at' , ?' T t$ 2.
Y4.: ,L'/,U
i
f
Xitagr- ( r/ titr ttrr L &, h'4"
ftE.: !. !.{"T i.
1
4:You ask your superior to
do
ti
I't
something for you by
[l tJ t. t. L S lt,. No causative
-t
form is used here.
c)
>>>>>[ffi+]
"'iEffi
*'tVlv:
wb I
*<vtv:
r9b:
re
b. f. E
l-Io)"
FHm
i ,8:r"
t.r
'c ffirr ( {"

,.Dt iJ?
b4
**v.v: i A,...... " r,tlt . -?*JFr 1'rr ?
19b:
:"
'to) L2
+E ffiffi' ft*'ffifr'i:ffi
ft/lr ? 6
i.{,_ !.!.Jo
*tvtv:
:'e)
@b:
*'rvlv:
56
t"
tt
'tda"
'{
t' z I
5: In informal conversation, a request can be introduced bY expressions such as
#t'tt ,-?
} -
#Al3I' tr;bA ,/"ll .
*rr. L"c({, )r.t,. ? or
6:An informal request can be

(
made by
r
l.
?, etc.
-f
/t.
?,
-f
1 ,> El-rv7"v1
,{7r: r b _ -lBa#ft. i-Êa:g+L/ r,.y+.t: t b t r.. #
trT.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f
ct;\t.
D e)
4. ? BA#-i!.
/J
r,.o
#"
You are applying to the Rotary Club for a scholarshp.
You ask that the professor write a letter of recommendation for you.
The deadline is January 15.

You brought a stamp and you have also
written the address on a sheet of paper.
fi$ir#.
4 lLtrtKb o l t - ++. = f )tttfi.: /J
, -ffiH L /J !..
ft,+.
+c /tt#it
/J
: {.
f,,,1-wJV(
e
,{7: b.
-î.
BA:BYT
t b / r.. Y4.t!.,
Ltrr..c/#. i-^. Eaffift4:
a L BAffif ,./J !.o
^0)
a)
b)
c)
You are going to the University of Tbkyo on a Monbukagakusho Scholarship.
D e)
R"
You ask that the professor write a Ietter of introduction to Prof. Yoshioka of the
University of Tbkyo, afuiend of his/hers.
d) w'', #.
t
e'. + 3
4 {LrtKf''
->
, -ffiH
L /r r,'"
-> f
)r,Itlt.: /J
b, ft,+k
+,c
Tc
),,tt#+.it
/J a
{.
3,,, trt-rVJvl
,{7: r_ -^trE.#ffitfrLf !. 7 / y L++., i-Êa^+:t

y r^ll. #:u./ffi_
b /J .o _^*lElDEXV7)2I7:Hf !.*_l-" 7
ri ,' L
'
t, EIA^):
ffif+ (textbook) t.,,{T: i:fr? (to notice). Wt:p..
H -c
r,. / r,. 'a *.
-t
"
( /
l / E
ffi
(informal Japanese) .
ffi L "
57
.l
#>>>>,
->l- 7 ) y rtL++.{c zlu\E^+l:/

)\trt7 ) y rtY: t'>1., t -Effi L /J !'.
l'rftKb
Q,,,,
iV-rZ -77
)t/. y-7"lFor- W+t-lt.Ysft+-ffi# ffi.
e*
lut
trL6tr.-lJ !.o p-/cr=)lF]| /J !.o E{Ff / ,

ttctJi
t' r,=ry (to present) L A !'o
J,.,
=<ffi
jj
'
?HF
12)'.1
t"q) L?
Baffirt+-m'at:x* L T, !t-tt'* t. '" ft+- +
* L i" J +:( i. 1 lElD:L/Jl'o
T,l.,1,U
++.rJft,+.t:,fEl.m,f.'r.*T. CD 3Hr.f
tr
tr'xvxaa:
a) : +41.
b) +4.r.
c)
:+4*.
d)
ffie>blll' tt
. ELt. t:Oc
(,/ ) u-iy-r7
e) ftt./
!'.
,/
FY: Fl-.-f l' ,Ho { [' * T"
ffiffi{
( ) fiH^)tr ?r.{ t.t!.-CT.

(()-+r EA^1 / t' cl !'* 1o
( )-++
(,/ ) )1,H+EE
( ) fE:+E l rru r.u"
ftl:
TlJ
dlv .li ' Jtt<Li
) xtrf++
58
b. E#L++- { =/
(,/
)+
)
%,+.
sHT(" l-
i.
l;:i,
tl'l
l^>),
6,
'r(
L)
I a -t*- xff++'ilffiI,,s "- Elal:-4w+ :- Lttrri.-t

/" EYrltr* : tffi, ttffi kp.ti
i-ffijJt? *ar.- urttr#^:.
Cfft:Tto|" ft+.tr*7ca ?f,( . l.:/Tda. tr{" iJ

: /;. 4 'I1, ft+.ttg+:, !.'c 7 "u 4 z t'- t'- l-"c
( êN'
dzls. 4 0>4t: l,'y rt IlrJ&,lT:fS:I!-: ti ) 1.!.'Cjl u. j Z 1.", 4 lt>->T" I i L({"T.. flffii v / -Lfr.
t,.*Tf l )=-t) L- tr+.K,o'C- l4)Df /Jt.',11 i."
)r#14 vtt---,,{-tv 1.."7 4<- /Ju.E/i.

6. #ktft,oI?'e - tr/1;t' El "T t) LLf"
E'c"*,.
-)*BA^Ttol- Elllft+.Z l."rs4 xIEt-"ol: lrtT,)lT

fu',o. 7 t y h'c*.,bfr | 4 vct# | 4 vc. /'1 r" Z <9
.-(-zt-
tv;-c !.-C [. 'b
7c
{Lkt\,HTfruf
t.
u." l-h'l- HAf"*.
+f Fltvl4 vz t" r 4 < -f-{.-,,r- tvtrt..{!.( . t+

l4 : t.' { !' /J t' l'. + t #ffi: / -C". I - v 1{" t,'
Tb t-Au'. y' = -y''1. u. vhlt#o{{.:/ ,8,:.
4{Ld.b"ct*,/ ( . EF{"tt. +kffii : , ffit < 0)*ir1r".
*uha[< /Jr,.o Elt"t*. {trJr' ffiM,li.re,{"r.{- , v-+ l"
e'
7 /J
=
ff1=l:.
9
tt: ttt
t^
4r ,8-#t':
i
/
t_-c.
"
^
| 4 v%llt,-c. ( {vrl,'. .
.13
#,,,,,
-t,-l
fJr
hti
l'.l l:
great
[tE
joy
'
:trr t,.{-
without fail
'
tffiffi,4v
rnecltanization
*tr*
.F.
x,i
ffi)r'
Lt"
to advance
{.r
to laugh; to smile
af,
-i
grfr
to wash
automatic
, F,
,8-#
correct
2t
o ;REffi,tuE.
ffi a )
f.
5'r.
v'=
trt:
iE U
ltflldo.
5r
: (t
rl'l.ld x
-rt- {s6gE'ilffi:,sx
mystery
^nfdu.
I,-c. ,, Elttft+l:ffit?*FFr.
L /"
I rllft4.*.
0.)
ElAt.'t,. v rt 1{'c-c.
. /J r,.
(inconvenient)
to
-n J
ft*. EA7t#: l '7 4 I - { ,{-,, s- tvb /J r. 4 y:r.- L
tto
E J l-^
E d)
K e)
y'
-y't, EA:t.t.
y'
= -9tt. EA*E
'>1.1'- 6
r- L, f l' l ,8,: /"

4 v*arHl r,-flr r. a L',H
lJJft+. o
#fi,tr2
rD
IJRE No
c
o
o
a
Homestays
>>>>>
hen you are doing a homestay, ask questions whenever you don't understand
something, e.g., how to use the toilet, the bath, the washing machine, etc. Japanese
people love electric appliances, many of which are quite different from, and frequently
more complicated than, their American counterparts. The bath water might scald you
unless you know how to regulate its temperature. Modern toilets, so-called "wash-lets,"
might completely puzzle you.
Also, never assume it is all right to do something without asking permission. Eating
things in the refrigerato4 bringing a friend home, coming home late, etc., might all upset
the family's plans. The safest thing would be to ask permission. More will be said on this
topic in Lesson 1 1.
Talking About One's Family

doesn't do it here, when Americans
1 n 1, Jason talks about his family. Although Jason
"brag"
often
about them, as the woman
their
family
members,
they
I talt about
mentioned in ffia*r) in Lesson 1 did, saying, "l have three beautiful daughters." Japanese
don't do this because they consider their family members as extensions of themselves, r.e.,
just as it is in bad taste to brag about themselves, it would be in poor taste to brag about
their family members.
Writing E-mails and Letters

hen you are writing e-mails and letters, first write about the recenVcurrent weatheL
inquire about the addressee's health, and touch upon your own health. Then pro-
to the main body of the text. lf you are making a request, explain the nature of the
request here. lf the purpose of the e-mail or letter is merely to talk about your current
activities, describe them here. Lastly, in the concluding portion, write Clt. iZ & L < H
U\Utl if it is an e-mail/letter of request. O,therwise, just write so-and-so f-& tJ<, )U
7lac, etc. Remember that, in Japan, even in a business-type letter, such as a letter of
request, one should take time first to talk about the weathe health, etc., and should not
rush into the business at hand. lf it is a formal e-mail or lette you begin your e-mail or
lJLr <
ItLltL\
letter by F (a formal salutation) and you close it by ffiF. lf you are writing to a friend,
howeveL you normally leave out allthese formal salutations.
ceed
a
o
a
o
o
>>>>>'F-
l:771
ev /u'?Ê#*9 11 v !, jF- ,77 1 ftltu# t CUl.

*a ,
-4Yv
* ,
ffi.EHffi-c'C?
z-- b *T"
L o Ett 6r{!.1.?
--.ffi.b
b * Tl "
-:-" (4HWfi, HL,-t)
9-4/Y
*& ,
d'tl*1 ,?
. -c"T"
t4)Y
t
)-4Yv-
'l,
Tu.sr,.da.
tol-+60).
)\+ffi.-{ t,. * i-"
l4l,-c
-4/Y
J
'l,
924/Y
S'&.,
t4)Y
t5
J ,
4 i " ltrJftH"
7trF"el"
7 t y h*-a"......*Ht.de"
. . 61X ( /-IT .T ,8 t,. * T.
4 {11- t , fr lrl?r,tt$ L f t -c t- + 6 0) ?
9-4)Y
*f#+("T"
t , :
.', Z o
9-'l/Y
i-"
7,
y z,
I: ti.f1[*.ft#tnsa\,-
E!l_t!::.U <
0) ?
_g.
&.1,:
!'-4
*a& ,
v
:
" 4 {L'f- : d'ttril , ffi A,tJ" n.t, X 4,t

Z i-- nttlJ b -?t.l". . , X++#{*l "
7c
ffi
, ?
-4Yv ffirJ
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73vvvft#r L. 4{vt:'l'llT.. f;[s !.*To
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) ," -F.11 c'c. .u'
l,.:. .4,1t,. et -c l- p
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>>>>>
F- L7- .(
a7-+l>. iF- /\77 1 ft 0) A) tu l +EI * . if',- i.77 4 ft#..ltERr)r 5 5 * : u t.

7-tv
rr ,. ! r : ,ERi* E\-+'ntt:lr l r.,f"T t . ffiffi b (
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"
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r I - *^ffi * fft$/':'C. ={ L.l. .
$ ,
t..r.("T
J" D .
z-+T'v
brtrt
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ffi#-t-;--_-{-1.
2.
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t, r
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} [. * rl.{,..
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W4H-___i___;_u.El
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4t, , l 'i *T." Yffi* * A,tr-7#.L{u' -l-+ ['*T.o
ft j -r,.: Efftffi_:-/.4&f __l__" Z t, t fr i:. ft{. EA^
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* b t,.y = y I *tl_l__r_'{"- L_l"
t, t lt+-cY$t' :a,ffiffitr?++:l.. -a- f{ : t' t't:*al
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u._4__?_-'(:_lda. u..,-{ t- :- 6 & L , *.b b *'}/4,.
h+r"x. BAffi. HA. BAffi. {l>#t t^ kw-o{ u. * 1. HAffi
^'c'
i. *ff,:il#z ffit-t-+-nt ( ,ffi,"eu, *1. +17 | B b'e' -' ffiU
r.lE+&t.,.tH* L;.
7 tvt 4 l. -rEF-=ffiF (' r.f
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y
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w.L7tv.,s4l'{"Tr- -E=+FJ 6 *-l-"
i+/JL.: :L j
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r " , E^#ffiffi U/ lfu/ 6 /J t,. {"- . tL-cX7LL * T"

4 t, , * J.l'u. K ( z ,8 t. * 1. ^ ) 7'-t6trt:ta,'c t ( l,'. i,t:
t.
Hft t*
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I -4 / v . I vz"Y v
66
>>>>>
trJ
.
7
'fi- ^7
4H
ft :g+4, -^77
l-Lt-
ffi ,
'
t-
23
American history
r,
+t
f[f;-/.
not particularly
[>>>Eil-
b |.u'
F.1]
TATE
{;e,
: fft-/ .
not at all
I wonder lgenerally
used by male speakersl
[>>>*,- .2]
-lt'X
t-
v1i
,rl
v'/u
ti
g ^t]
l-lu1,
t?
[r '
tr f
a
t+'x./
&
population
fall
to make a mistke
16r'
frft(t)
winter
spring
(t l')
second (largest)
Really?; Gee!;You're
lake
.,p.
kidding.
,9ti
governor
{fa
21 ltr
L:
state capital
if I remember correctly
[>>>*;tz- t.]
t3 -El:
rc
m+
ffi
(- : ) Fl t' 6 to resemble (-)

.J.
cute; lovely
lawyer
^ta
ttlt,
(one's own) older

t:-
tL
7'yF.
(someone else's)
brother
one's height
(someone else's)
older brother
younger sister
wallet
EI
r[i
6.
t,.
Je!
18
rL
picture; photograph
Wfr
[.
16
*r
L +'L lu
n'ru
iI.
permission
j-L771
famous
[>>>*./-t'4]
,,
,,
24
T'lr-'
L,-r,-
wonderful; terrific
al1of you
*14u,.,,.
t *o6
.,
to request; to ask for
rz
(-11 6
train station
EF
.f
:V/L
far
l8l'
Y7,v+
z ffi4
{Ef*
by chance
("t,
7
10
things like
,1
t/o
f.Yt:
ro f:i L- * ti,
,f
to borrow
have just done
something
bicycle
ffib
to decide (on -);to

have/take (-)
[>>>*il- l''s]
[:
rea11y;
truly
it's all right; one doesn't
mind
r ]
,ptiL(
12
dinner llit., evening

meall
Ll,:
for the first time in

long time
't
3^
ht '
u u-Zo) S: . before I knew it.
end
pieasantly warm [with
reference to weather]
ttn'
[>>>g;t,/-
tD
summer
H.
NJ
atcl-
like
[>>>gitz-e]
'
.
#f#
fi.
51
long
.J
T 6
to neglect to write for a

long time; not to
correspond for some
time
t
a '
since I saw you last;

since that time
interesting
experience
t'
t"
?
fa1l colors (ofleaves)
t'
ffiffi
r,1.
[>>>g;tz- z]
(time) passes
lt['rt
hot lwith reference to
even
weatherl
zti
lic
*o-1, L
l-.8]
fast; quick
!
++ffi
s /i.J
r[''z
this semester
fairly well; to alarge

extent; pretty much
life
(-:) t'ti
to be accustomed (to
-)
[>>>E;/- t"9]
t.
st(t
s'.\fr')
rr [J"f.
ya-y2
to be useful
terrible;awfu1
shock
>>>>>
11
,-
tJ I \
{.#f
'
to get by without - ing;

to come off without -
[>>>gitz- lz]
(t L'
12
l.c t)
ffiffiEE, tr
#
.
L+
FEI
Itr
14
(-t:)*6
#1,':
)-t
lIc
tf
to ride (in/on
15
-)
intently; eager
to type (messages)
'
Wst'
v'ruru
19
cell phone
ia1.LL
tLw.
Buddhism
?-
t:
trHF
newspaper articTe
n v
tratn
o)'
-1"t
18
Chinese c]naractet
21
-ft
t't" l
- each
22
-E]
',
per occasion
-TSa
to do something too
much; too -
t tli
f[
to be saved; (something)
'.
tt
t.
ffi
r[.ui
t7 l+
.h6
cooking; cuisine
[>>>*;,2- l-.1]
Eb
zo (- ;; fr, )
t
body;health
(body) weight
to change lu.i.)
[>>>g;z-l:]
lar -er;by far
helps [u.i.l
76
iF- L7- 1
to be sufficient
to pey attention to;

to take care
t)
r?
zz (- J. 1, ( *ffi (
he1lo (to
/ t. say
-) for me.
69
*14n,.,,,
h'
r.5
2.7
) ,) rt.
g. EU :
a.tfr.,
.fr'
z.lDj
e. ,I[l
q.
lffiF
zs.A5
tg.ffi b
zo.lu
*
zs.Yffi
zs.H-
rs.*6
s+.1+
zs..h a
gs.#
s.-El
+0.W
17.
zt.9.
zz.hL'b
zo.Eu,
27.
l.'
zs. Ift
tt.tV.rfc
sz.
trF
z.llW,
2.ffiffiS
ra.
s.
f;flS
s.E
ro.
re.
'IF
ffi
t,.
rs.ffiffi
^ FI
J.
o.f\
z.'Illffi
t2.ffiffi
zz.lE
zt.WJ
0.41
q.fr#I
z.M
ro.l{r
!.
24.
Jtl
r.EI
['
HI
ts.fr)<
to.,F
t2.lF"
ro.
Êl
M.#
rz.lffi
rr.{Ef*
s.ffi
r.4
tt.H
r81-
r.
re.Hl,':
tg.tlc
zs..b
zq.E,L
s.l-t'
*u)
zo.#lfl
This radical comes from and is generally used for characters representing kinds of trees. wood products, etc.
[eJ [t fffit fd
70
>>>>>
| "' ili t^,rl)
a) ftE.
17
l#t > t
='not particularly'
F-/7- 1
e >>> tJI u
<o *uri,]
v- E b *,1e. i .1,r,.c1tt,"
(Mr. Brown, you don't look very well today. Is something wrong?)
l7'
v: !-t-.
^?
;IJE,EI-C)*.lv"
(No, there is nothing particulariy wrong.)
b)
,ry4 : BAffi/i7t.. :. #Lu.?

(How is your Japanese class? oifficult?)
1rvi)i'.El;.
(Not particularly.)
In speech, the phrase which follows ErJl: is often omitted,
as
in b) above.
f ,rr.-l
l#2
>
ta >>><l
<
Y>z(vtclxtttrr]
vlu i
a) n*, c 6 t.lj"
b)
(What is the population, I wonder.)

t{, ltt
B[firEr:,ff;g-6
h't"
(I wonder what will be served for dinner today.)

.
r,,,+-li:tj,jsjftn.,us.djjn .8,....cn'sfilcti.nrsr,th.:f11.W.E.xample.
:::
c ) ? 1,t y v1
.4,rff21. f EE
c(
!.t ,1T
"
(I have been wondering what kind of town Madison is.)
J ttt tlltt='fi
I remember correctly;
if I am not mistaken'
l*#z
>
t.s >>> l tyr)r220f
<a
urr:eBuraa]
71
*14*,,,,,
a
EIAÊpt_
rc
f.,_ffi,=+n , r,.T. L ) "
(If I am not mistaken, the population of Japan is about
b) 7 t, rt.-Ê &r,ilia-
120,000,000.)
l,tt't t) 7 tv=7/,H,r.*T.
(If I am correct, the most populous stte in the U.S. is California.)
{rrrxffiY?Hl+*is famous for Y'

. Ycan be,a oun or a noun pfuase (i. e., a sen1ery'.-i. o.'/., t)':
1;,
lalz>z.ta>>>e-neef
i,
a) i v * -*'-f*. - vt'Ett"
(Milwaukee
is famous for its beer.)
b)
Hff
-c
e,
r. *d+.' /trJT"
(Kyoto is famous for its old temples.)

tt6
c) H^f*. I (f<T*T.
(The Japanese people are famous for working hard.)
tto
a)
NEf6='to
decide on N; to have/take N'

l#=>.tz >>>llt
fi.
&)..
!.I7 >>>F*tct
L*]
1l;L:fr.
(I will have sukiyaki.)
b)
zv It, +.o)wqt;L:f;
(Let's make
it
l, *. )
fthe picnicJ this Saturday.)
"
$ ttr - &t,='it seems that it looks like -'

NE='like; as if it were'
l#atpt>t.tt>>>6t-tt&83-{al
lffia#>t.z >>>H*5rrl
,':r^- ,1 expresses onels conjectures,Itis attac,!-ed.to.,no.uns;,,/I-djectives, plain forrns of '-
adjectivesandverbs.
E#r -' E#Lo e i
L1''/
72
--
L3-'/ e,5
>>>>>
a) A :
r.r,lElf.-
LI
if\- L7=.1
..
(What's this white thing?)
B: - I (.b*,r. JLi)J)ZcTtri-"
(Well, I don't know for sure, but it looks like tofu.)
b) EIA^li t .4;4'
t & TT
"
(Japanese people seem to like white cars.)
c) ftElt@E+{f
Lt.i
(.fo !.? tf4t:!. -, Lr.'*T.
(Our teacher seems to be busy every day. [HelShe] is always
d) o)c a s/cJ
(.r.
(It seems I've lost some weight. I am
in lhis/her] office.)
il: 2tr>cLit t,rL J. it:b
able to
* L/"
weat clothes which were too tight before.)
e) ilffil# ].ltr'> / i "

f) ilffii* .lt -> / L ut.
(It seems that the exam was dlfficult.)
g)
El+ ,t.-
kilJ^fT"
(Mr. Tbnaka looks like a woman.)
h) Bl+ ltt- k Ll,t^f'-T.

(Ms. Tbnaka is very feminine.)
'
)
)
.tretottowing arasrmilar examffes.

,
.' .
,,
ta
H-o*/rEl'T.
(Ifs a summer-like day li.e.,It's hot like summer although it
is not summerl .)
H-t,u\El(*T.
(It's
very summery day.)
:5inr*t" N i l:, which
.thi-ng acts/is like
is an adveibial fom, e.xprelses th
someon/.sommi4*e.-
ide
at'siirii/some.
:::
73
*l,4u,,,,,
k) +HXto)t:.
HOi i Et.-C'T.
(Although it's the end of October, it's hot like a summer day.)
t)
r4,. HA^) & ) |,:EI#-L'+'T"
(vtr. Smith speaks Japanese lfe a native speaker.)
.< v + vo &
(Babies walk like penguins.)
m) ffi
*,t.
EjF g a.
n) frffirffil,z a t"
(This test looks difficult.)
l'J
o)
frffiffi L
"
(It seems that this test is difficult.)
p)
7:.7,rffifr2411"
(I hear that Smith-san is sick.)
q) 7--7-,tffifrLt\f*T.
(It seems that Smith-san is sick.)
:
-reisadefi nit.sourc-e.,f.,infpmitionlif$i
>'>
lnaw > t.s >>>
.='even'
EIo)&
t*urEtza
*E]
,.],.,,..
mostno.rmallv,follgws a norn (or a s-.njence+.,-,.
least expected
9'
g on the most unusuar,,or
Case.
1(
a) Eilffi -#/l'*t l.t
i.
(There probably are very few people who cant even write their own names.)
b) Hl*ffiffiilt- +4llfL ( f . 6ffiHl Lbb *.'.
(Students are so busy before final exams that they don't even have time to sleep.)
74
>>>>>
c)
*H.J
:r,-H
i- L7i1
b *T.
(Some days, it's even as hot as summer.)
d) EH-J.E (
(Ifs
so
r. [Er!.1t i-b b *f.
hot in the summer in Japan that there ate eve times you can't sleep.)
$ ttt (,1?OlE#='before
one knows i before one realizes'

l#a#l
>
s >>>
t?)t
ltlr= tr ]
a) $#lrr?o* l;r ( to-c. L * r.*T"

(Money is gone before you know it.)
b) tllrr?o*E7t'ffi \t-;1r,-*
L/.
(It had gotten dark outside before I real:edil.)
$ trt -lZt8,t6='be
used to; be accustomed
Ttrigptuaie.f.o.l|o.wd?:1r'g
a)
BA4itinT
to'
di...' .-nr-'S.41l-
lffiavt>t-e>>>Eo+ir-nctutcl
d;,,,
{:
L"
(I have become used to the Japanese way of life.)
Itr' ;
t . A L'^+'+'+.u' !' *
ffiffi ? )
(Even among the Japanese, there are many people who are not used to using honorifics.)
b) BA^-c"
l=tlt(
T.
a) lt.JBA4IE/J nT *.1't"
(I have gotten accustomed to the Japanese way of lfe quite
b) Bffirt-ff 6 J. )
I=f
bit.)
cT * L "
(I have come to be able to speak Japanese a lot better.)

E , E ,&.e(r < ("
(Our life style will continue to change rapidly.)
c) ftIt"iLili-
Lr
i.
75
*14*,,,,,
11 *, -tl?l*/J!l='1does
-*rf
not mean that ...i it does not foilow that ...'

lffial >l.l
>>>y
='tthtth\2i?lrtfeea*Uru]
l/- negates what ohe would generally conclude from previor.rs statements or
situations.
a) * b yeffi?mL*ri,r.
(
[I] don't speak
b) 7 t y 1)x++.tt/
iffisc /t. r.ItTItJ
English much, but that does not mean that
[I]
11,"
can't speak it.)
( ,futL/Jttrrd'r't*rLs.
fdt'. b
L'c.t.6btt?.tt
/"
('A.merican college students have to study a lot, but that does not mean that they do nothing but
study.)
In a) above, if someone does not speak nnglish, we general conclude that he/stre does not
know English; this conclusion is negated.
12*,V/t,rjfi6
V,
!n .:,:(nealive
doil,V,':''''r:'::l
a) ElH: e / t''. HT2/J trrifr ,t *, t t"

(Because the book was in the
lhrary,I did not have to buy
1t li.e.,I got by without having to buy it.J )
ff )Rlf. * tl:/Jrrr.;a *
f
b
L /.
(The bus came right away, and so I did not have to wait too long.)
b) t;4,
cF. tE rr r; !- !. f*T d.
(It will be nice if we don't have to cook every day, don't you think?)
c) EE
13 *t ^,fp='each;
at a time'
l#aw
> t. z
'c
>>>
is used after a number (usualty, number + coutter) or limited q"*tity (e.g.,

indicatesthataquantityisdistributedequa1lyamongtwoormreobjects,time,erc.
.-- - -.-J -
a)
b)
tlYti
ttts;7)ffi+.E
t:
l(.'- ff!..,
Lv2
0).,t, s4.Tc
qi.dl-tl
flE-e9J+
ll
L#frffi,f'zHr. * L /.
')r
\tu
) f68+fr-tTcH,Z. l: L{L-*1"
(As a rule, I memorize five kanji every day.)
d)
76
L)
1"*
f Hffi*
Ll2 Lf
:f
r: z
/ ,Bu(I think my Japanese is improving littie by little.)
* 1.
and
Lt.
(Yesterday was my friend's bitthday, so I gave (him/her) red roses and pink roses, six each.)
(I bought five each of stamps and postcards at the post office.)
E-r4+:l
>>>>>
e) -)v*&.cBp(
iF-L771
l u'"
(Please take one sheet each.)
14*"
V/Ad (stem)
d='tos -; do something too much'

LffiM >
,;i$ix6,
4,e,;i;'.:r,:,,',-ll:., .,,i:,,i:::ffi,,i.
t.zs >>>v,bt\l
.:r- i:ir,li,: ;i
t.tuutae]
:#,f.,8'*,.-,
a) ^T . *r/Jt( r b *f l.
(If you eat too much, you will get a stomachache.)
b)
.t z3
yvvu!.t'EFt.l. tHt":rl.
(Wisconsin is a great place, but winter it too long.)
15 *r -IIJL='more
a
7 t t) LW++.t.
) (American
than
-'
l#uv>t.zz >>>cnu-Et*]
BAt'E: =ffiFt)t LffiW.Z/ .;' ..
students should not teach English more than three hours a week in Japan.)
b) -+tr:+fiH{l:tl,m6 LNr ,E|t,. * Tr.

(I think it will be hard to carry mote than fifteen credits a semester.)
77
*14*,,,,,
a) "'d+I#,b6
>>>>>[ff]
I : Generally you provide the rea-
z-+v | +7 r
#sEIA:i:X{Lrlv
TTli ' 1. -E: : Êlt( ( ' rr('

l, i lt'2"
t8l
: \!{'Tl.
t
_
a "" 7'LJ b :Tt': L ) Bp(
t-U'.X( ct
ur 6lilt,b4"
z-+lv:
r..
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'.
2: When you want to ask permission, use expressions such as

r.r.-6.-j- 'or -/cr..,"c|
j-
,r-t.t.'el, )lt.
3: Suggestions can be made by
(right away) S:# L
-+t
L 4X 9
son for asking permission with

an expression such as ''l
sayingVl:1Li.in
i or
formal style, and V/ 6

Y lc , ? in informal style.
4: This expression - E: f t'/

L a I' car be used to give
a reason
1 ,r,
for your suggestion.
El-llsJVl
LPLh
'ffi.EHkf#-c"c. / !.o,.s 7 - t. t
. -^l
- 7 7 4 l-'c. t w++^ , -^l'h- 77 4 fr*1 ,,/t6& ,t:t. * T" H++.1!, E

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E ?8, / s 6 ffiffi. ffiH L / r,. (J : I : t} *1'(.' i-. I ill :gJ L r,. * I ).
,- 714 ft6'L ,,/& A,tt, ( /"tl BAffi?&!./J t. (ffi|: l{4 t r,. j
Affi-t,1 ("lt/ ( {. lffiru. iffi] i).
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BA"c,l1
tr- HY. I,Tc)r,:la'y ,,/16& ,: b. *r1 l',/*6 , U

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e,{7 : r->f., fEf
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t:t- t- t=a44 { r,.I,->t er- E l"lHr Ll r,. t-.4L'c., v-/
lHY-'>lF\ t !'o f-'1 { !'!'{..T'l f-{ '* !'*'t},'.J f-l!' 'T
. ['!.{'l- x i ,) --f^c (once each) ffit./ t.. HFs(" /: 6l ,70)L
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ft' t:## (to present) L /J !'o
e =Lltv-/t-t
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e
BA^ff=/ [ 0)b++^*LT'clv-/t:)vl-c, EnTorW7)

/=y2tr='tt.{Ef,,.o
tvlr'
$,,, <ffiE
e
BA- t^ E/...o) (if you don't have one, use animagnary one) :. ++ ('
b t. o) -D"t,, - y # z !.o (First, write about the season, then about your
recent activities, and end with an apptopiate conciuding remark.)
4***,
e ) -4 |
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t /J
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b) l-4fv+rE,t.
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r. grur'fuAslu.{.--tl . ;.t) yr*

s ( ,iu.'c b. 40)*.t*<
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rs * * #Et:),.-t ( L * \, _ ffiffi.l i:l fru"
u.s,,ffiF7)rf:2 I.
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r. rfL u./Jr,.llEl,,\l: :f iilu. ,Atr

/H'[Ht-. bE- .s7 - l. 4 v0)A') y1?tu./;* *. y Cv)"v-J
),,='c.!.-r . rti- 7 4H'# l*. zc {LH-(r.ffi Lt. ^li 4 -j
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H,lrJzH{H: /J {L
.'a
F
o<
-,8
ti ,
*.{t'.
ffi:. =EF { .. -c'c l, * : /.
front hallway
a pair of footwear
hallway; corridor
tr.tr *
+r
r:'t
E
q.i
lT6
western-style room
mat for
room
t^,
ffill
T.
ffi{,r
v'E )t
t!:
1
{:
IEQ)
v,,
a Japanese-sgrle
to caution; to remind
BH
special
:wb
automatically
complicated
custom
*t,4u,,,,,
2d
;RYIE#,tuE.
tr
n
u
tr
tr
tEt
iE U
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ir'
l.
: (ttftld x ^Tlfr tl.
a) El,,\*. x#'ez t) v 3l ( : :r,^ L!.o

b) EAl*. NnTr ( ffi. 7t) v,{?lt'1fr'l .
) #Ef" . Z , y.,s ,.f r,. / ild-ut*-'r,r f) / ro

d) l. 4 vo)7 t) y tr L, t.'0)7 / yr{lli.
e) l- 4 vz') yrs t./* *i.E:^0)-
i
i
i
I
l.
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etrr
o
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ri_:?Hl__K_!l_t)f_l_br"...,,.,1.r,,,,
.
-.....:. .'.i|aa:t, :
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Vlst\1Zifi,b$it|
1z.-
6t
>
ffi
URE No
c
o
o
o
Advisors
t American
to an academic advisor.
This might not necessarily be the case in Japan. Some institutions that have an
lnternational Division (known as EH or E#Elil) may have an advisor system as you
see in 1 in this lesson, but that is rather rare. Even at such universities, a ryuugakusei is
expected to choose his/her own courses and then go to see the advisor just for formal
approval. lf a student has serious problems regarding course work as in 2 in this lesson,
he/she should discuss them with the teacher concerned. For other types of problems, one
can go to the ++ffi as you will see in later lessons, e.9., 3, Lesson 8.
colleges and universities, each student is assigned
Extra-curricular Activities
apanese colleges/unversities have all kinds of clubs
for extra-curricular activities.
Some
are sports clubs,

7-7, etc., whose members play against teams from
".9.,#ifr$i3,
other colleges/universities. These varsity players engage in their sports throughout the year.
Baseball players, for example, practice all year round. Their practice sessions are often
Spartan, and those who miss them for no apparent reason are likely to be severely
criticized. The language used within these sports clubs is often very restrictive in that
koohai (younger members) must use keigo toward senpai (older members). Students who
hate this regimentation yet love a particular sport often belong to a less restrictive group
usually referred to ur ii, i.e., a group of people sharing the same interest. There are
fJ' li f liDLr
also all kinds of non-sports clubs ranging from E55 (English Speaking Society) to trffiHlEtr
(kabuki club). There are many students who seem to spend more hours on extra-curricular
activities than on course work. This situation, which most Americans find hard to
understand, is possible, of course, because Japanese professors are generally far from
demanding.
o
o
o
o
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+48(4) i .4,. . att expedition D + / ( {. exploration ,H 7 l "
#a:
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ltng
Htffi
Bi
l::it :i:11.r;:.-jj:;::i,-..:t
14
kk
inviting someone to join

(a club)
17
a)
-+
in the middle of doing

something
-tr
club
21
22
Well [used when looking

for a right expressionl
Oh, rea11y.; Really?
r' tfr' s
EWE
L: p.i
Japanese style pub
tr.
ffixE
new student
,tryl..'
ffiE
u'*-
.
t0 F'
member of a club
welcome part5r
island
trL
Hey! [a way of getting

someone's attention]
l'-l:
in order to [>>>*il- l''s]
i: pri ,t
( L tLt
_
^+ilffi
\,. L
erltnarrce examination
prepare students for

college enance exams
s ,,i 7!
L rT,
-Lii . Ij.tu) t . very hard

in the future
{$x
l'tBtqi
first-rate
-l,
Lti Lr
g (ilffi1:)
61.
ffi ffiT6
to get
job
70
XorY
XrY
-i
t,
tE^
le.g., at a
unemployed samurai; a
high school graa.ate
who is spending ayear
studying for a college
errlrance examination
activities'l
+r.
^Fvf
student; pupil
tEa"
'
t6T'
6 to increase
[u.1.]
rttci
ffiffi.
recent
-l'
lwritten form of
[>>>*il- t'7]
certainly
ffi':
'] ' t
t['+o
13
t()
ti
ffi
imporLant
u pr(
tendency
fFra
[.*
of course
r,.{..l
^.+
lrt.
r trl
(-)t
,rL
the following year
11
+.
to fail (an exam)
lu.i.l
club activities lin the

ens e o f 'ex tt acurricr;l at
flr
to pass (an exam)
#t' a
firml
.1c t i
t'
after-school school;
cra:rn.rrring school
school designed to
14
t5
-l:1
survey; investigation
according to
[>>>*/-
t'B]
,,,,,r#.1
20
27
ffi<
to
b'i
[fl
24
t"
decrease in the number

of children due to 1ow
birth rate [>>>g;z- s]
few; 1ow in number
')t,ur
*/
also
ffiu.
26
-:H
,nl
f,
# (r)
:ti '
ffi
Lf
mark; score; grade;
point
vsr)
4(
i.'L.
-ffi,4a
ial,na
33
TI
34
,r1-, Y
a'
important
first
every year
percent
i)
strong
socialization; friendship;
association
concerning
to decrease [u.1.]
easy; comfoftable;
leading an easy life
age; period
)i
25
2s
[u..]
eason
L '
,, t'i +lv
ft(
like
lecture
35
f.r,.
92
,,,,,
| "t (-ll)2l<
i-ifii",+.presiig
a
b)
zrn
-'
='to notice
l#l
Ue.used ei1!r-e1w th a noun or aphrae (se1tece
{f
,$2ttttuE Ltc]
.,O o.'f -:L,).,
o(./:tc.
pt(
lez
t.+*,'(,,i"at
c
lt,
lF -t 1,
>
t.s >>>tf
:lrr( Er*t nrfnol
has been done. with,a gret deel,
,ttrat
-somethirrg
.Ery..eat@.oftimeto.@a:c.s!'a''..].:..
b)
>>>
t:,r)t.?tt1)t,. ffi#r)f*
(It was after the class started that I noticed that I had forgotten my homework.)
ffi!,_{tI:
Flr,. i:,r? * * lvT, L t"

(I wasn't awate of my mistake.)
),r,
> t. t
t#.
f / fi-lt 3
-r
somne
'f,trog,o,,ttrat
r I. t
(It's impolite not to eat food which someone has taken^+L"

the trouble of preparing
^tt
clt'( a/#l'u/J!' J i : L* L i.
for you.)
(Please try not to forget kanji, which you have spent considerable time and energy to learn.)
J ,,, V (plain) tt6f*trr/t,r

[v'',(!a;.r.$.gj;,,af.
,:
l#,z
> .t
s >>>ruHU(LatttcauuS.r*ur/ttr]
:l],!,: 11.,lj:l lJ..means'th4t:qr.te ca4to:,do'eertainrigq,,f
:,sciaiaUmtirallSitutional rasons,
a) 7, y rts-7 -rcEffi?ffibtf l:f trZlu"

(\tre can't very well speak Japanese at an ordinary American parby.)
)
)
ll.tt, o) 3
7 ffiffi 6 b
o)
lLttt ft,+.o)^/a'.
br
(Since this is my teacher's book,
',.
1.
Affi l''
b ffi1fr,L
( u' b Ll l; l
l,
*, , "
(Since I have to study for other courses also, I can t spend all my time studying Japanese.)
lttt
l :Tr tt l;
* lv.
can'tvery well lend it to you.)
l*!,.r/e,urr.rq,m,41i1g is,affir-mative
:S.mqfhe:.negatii.eorm is used with ir l:
...ti@Se'f
-'i.e,,,tt
:eanttelry,Ao'.-;t,O.ne, ,nothav.aiy,o Choi""::"r ::,'r '.:
93
.l 5
#>>,>>
tt -
d)
L / afiffit >
6 +vnfuffi L /J r r tt t: tf u r *. lu
"
(Since I have an exam tomorrow, I cannot help but study tonight.)
rrtil:
fr,r *, tv"
L ( /J
(Even though I am busy, I don't have any other choice but to sleep.)
e)
{r> Z,cT='but;
and yet'
l**z>t.tsf
This phrase is used to quality the preceding statement. It is often followed by -r lt l: lt

/J
t., -fi tt
ltJ
t.,
..
etc.
a) 7 t y ift++.trJ ( T r- Z )lt':=cTfu1frtj'" b L1\- blt/Jr,-.

(American students study
a lot,
but that does not mean that they spend all their time studying.)
A: F=Ft**r'da"
b)
(Dormitory food is bad!)
: i ,- -e . z r)'z(,s/Jr.t; {, .rl. l.
(Yes,
"'
but we still have to eat, so ...)
V(plain)
l)JZ='an order to'
lV(plain, presen l
a)
u)
t:]
l#aM
> .
t >>> *#tr
fcrD
tc]
indicates a purpose for one's ction.
act,stZ7 tv4 | 1 + &t,Q
it"
(I hear that these days there are marry students who work part-time
so that they have money for
tun.)
b) * t
rr /vt$ t(=ft+.ffinEn'ft ct"

(Carol went to her teacher's office in order to ask him,/her to change an exam date.)
ilm Ezg.T
P{f e)EB)EgJ
l-t
t. * T.
(I am exercising every day in order to lose weight.)
'lVhen l is followed by , the phrase modite a following noun.
d)
HAH&41. tYl:J\
tbofuffi l-t llx'r
(Japanese high school students have to do la lot

college.)
e)
**.
Fffi?ffi^
ofl
tt "1.
(A dictionary is a thing yolr use to look up meanings of words.)
94
/J u'.
studying which is lnecessaryJ for entering
rtrtt t+E
$ ttt -?t
lffiafil
> t. z >>>
E#tKtr : u ]
[ViAdj ( ( -form) + {, ] means 'even when -' or 'even if - .' With the sense of 'even whe/
:.,,,'i .,the.main',senteue:is,".ouUyo,,tnJ@pal!' o ana,t.jectives can take the forrnto'
..'l:51;;:,a:6,5.t:$(g., L'tr*.;r,,r.,,,,$ b;;
t,11,q ar.g,uqq4lly
"onq4qtqd
..;.:c-,,,,'Lf,!.f.,,,#S3*.)..... t-...... ....rtriaria".'i,-a*.,r:l:
a)
BA^ffi ( i: BAXIV\:';t,.cfutfi,L
ttJ!.("L i.
(Ifyou study
sd t
rl'- Bîp
< $
v1r
-!
'
ay
Japanese culture before you go to Japan, you won't have culture shock even when you
go there.)
b) 7)yrtv7
y 1.,$-zvl. grE?(t,4itt"
r9
(I hear that they play football even when it snows.)
BAF*fli. / (
,^f zt 6 /J t. ? i .
(I hear that with Japanese food, even if one eats a lot, one does not gain weight.)
d)
HH "-7)
t. Erffirf* * T"
(Because they have Tbkyo Dome, they can play baseball even on rainy days.)
a)
"'vT
t y rf':+fH#f,1fi, L( t. ->lc1- t.,
f BAll:t*
Erud 6
-!
av2
Etf T.
L/.
(Since I had studied Japanese for two years in America,

used to life in Japan quickly.)
b) r
)v1 !
Llfr,t:6l-
I did not have much culture shock and got
"
(If you study without sieeping, you will get sick.)
$ trr NE='according to -'

,,::.Thisiexpression i:usd.1o. indat- 1s.o'urc.f,j-nfffiU-:a-tS
expression such as tv(plain) 4 ) ll indicating hearsay.
I rri
a) Xft#
(weatherforecast)
Ei6 - +Hf+K6
latvt > t. t s >>> aaffi etr *
tl
ghmytilcid y an
4
)f"
(According to the weather forecast, it will rain this afternoon.)
95
-ls#>>,>>
b) +HffifI=&,6. i r 7 t )v=rctrH
(earthquake)
'>l4
it"
(,{ccording to today's newspaper, there was an earthquake in California yesterday.)
9 ttt ^,{E
l#ary>t.zz>>>9+1zf
this suffix utt""n"r mainly

a
r1,
*t:
/j a or -l:T
ltrJ
BAf
r. Ji,'Li+{Yl-
l
"
(Since the wa4 Japan has become quite westernized.)
Hl
b)
to kanji compounds and expresses the idea of
irr ,r
Ll
i+?
[*E{L {t ItJtffitt&t-"
(There are rrray novels which have been made into movies.)
1O
-" Causative-passve: Hft='be made to buy'
l#atry > t. z e >>>
form duplicates
b)
r.( r,-*Yl:* zt*2#Y.vh' n
"
(In general, we ate made to write at least one papet a semester.)
u'Flf;F/:
ttll/-c
!'t/i".
(Nobody likes to be kept waiting for a long time.)
96
(e.g,,
tc
ff
( ,ib{'ttc
rlrL6
is not
a) ,* ftJzZ hf/ff
vr t'
l*,b,/Vl:tflz
>>>>>[*#z]
++.
,+.. b . ffi#u tttz

+J L!.f'1, !. )."
ft+.
!.!.{.f"
++.
bi, L0)r 7 7 ri 'c LffiLT" 0),

T
ft+.
0)
v.t)v o),
TT hr2,
4 ilT'"
1,
h , tvT'T ht
7 folr,.
f".
7'v 4 7 J v I
'tfrur,Bur *TLI te
++.
z7-. 7ct,4. i. 3-7
ft+"
4 i fTzJ,"
D-
,. r
I 7 | ffi.ffi.
3"
'lL (
<'l lt'3 "

*,.. Ds. TciU*.T"
When you want to consult with

your teacher, you can begin your
conversation with this expression. If you are consulting with
your friend, you can say c

ffi# L/ l. 7)r lltl ,
t, t -> LFf, t.f r. r.ffi,l
6 ,tl
t,
etc.
2: Here, you are offering your opinion in a non-assertive manner.

. in this expression makes it
indirect, with the sense that 'I
think it might be bener ro . . .'
3 : When you give advice, you can
use expressions such as -'l
"
t -EFffi*Et
+.
E,a lv
t.t. ,8.*T, -I t '- i (ff

-l ,. ,. Hr., * f
.) or
4: When you want to offer a different opinion than what is suggested, you preface your remark
with ,f t), 4fL4 iltj

E , 4 ILIiJ, 6 tl - -C l , etc.
1 ,',
E-rVJVl
e,{7:r b. -g+. i-^*E+0)x+0)gffiHt:r., /J ,.o H#*.t-t

:
/. E z ? EA#t.'=iru. t'"
97
.l s
a)
b)
#,,,,,
Have
just arcivedin Japan today.
Would like to see the academic advisor tomorrow,
+ffiF-trrt.
)
d)
c
-cltt. &. ? Effi{.u.
if possible.
A r,..
The faculty members are not there this week.

You cannot see your advisor until you have taken the Japanese language placement
test next Monday.
t:
/u\t$ffiF-t: , - +ffiR P -> t^B+4:
b_ -t*g+.
? Effif"1. /J !.o
i-^rE#o)ftHt:l b /J !.o E++.4.
? {Lrltft&b of
-21-
', ++.
t-FffiHL/J!.o
f ,,, trl-rVJyl
e,<7:r
a)
b)
c)
Studied Japanese at an American college for two years.
This is a second-year Japaneselangtage class and is too easy.

Would like to switch to a class one level higher.
lF*
:l: . W+HZPcll*ft4.:
b. tHt:/llH#Et:t->1.
-ffiHL/Jt,'"
J',, E-lVJVl
e 's7 tl= b r !.o -ff L r'.8#(.. t+{.'fi|.t- 2 .tvI-\ b / t. ,Bz (
r,.*T (xX-yf# 'r,. \.4t-)tv0)it', . m4 it?Etl
!.)o i -^l- 4 +T- 2 tvffi; (older member) : /J b *-1, B+4.ti. fr
t:7c 0)+T- 2
)vtt:ti.{Ef, .
'7.- / .. ?lF *
T"
lF*:/ . H++.f :/:,,\sft:t b. ft#f :/sB#:c'c.,

--FBL/Jt.o
98
,,,,,**.1
Q,,,,7V->7 -172t
e EA^fTc{.
7)
t)
lt
tX
t:2t,.LAnBUttrld'utx'z 6t ->l t. .t : L
d\.^l-7'(F-c1T 4 7 3HL-r.. y Z llF
I i '"
yz
b /Jr,.o
l{"/6. ,7 ;.o)l :It"-'##L/J!.o
-cc 6 !.!.-c'L
5 -'fFT
A
rrl7))\+t:rr,.tHET lFX l... F *trÊ++ (. 6 t."
e E+ftfr+. t .41vr*++.f (onein chargeof foreignstudents) /'L#L

{ t. * T. cD HL.{. i L t.*3^d'ra r,.o
a)
-4rvttt, F7l7r r-
!': ( t'* T,
t-
b) El ,xffitt.- g,,t
c) H ,o)Htt,
BA[{.T"
d) HE l"et,
e)
) - 4 f Y i. mE-
l2
ffi+ilc.
ffiEru * T"
{L tI {L E* t)
4fr'b*i,.
99
.l s
(+#l tutu. fl SldtH5r : ztr.
#,>,,,
lFtf
)
) -4
t,ll
:. y -s& A,t- wl.

'Jrx l. 7 r
Lel:\,
!'
:i{ r,. -r ( ,1" ffi .,,\*Zq+ffi f t,'
y ysEla:r.r8.0)8.
ffi ,X^- . :
fcu\Ht\lte?-D 5. ffi/vA< < ftl.
lfE-c". 7./ y tt:f1Jff.{,tu.l:l tr b. iffizlt+/". {ffi.,

rtffi("- -4 y vBAffirfff u. I *a" L/ffi: T.->Io ) -4 /
vs{ffi ,##','ur l>'attffi-b.+r"de.1 , L- l
ffi * L -> L \,, p rffi t- l " th'A'h - /^ 7 7 4 ftX'x,R -: 1 " t - t
-4 / vlt&14,:. IElI,,\: [/J /'1o+/-] *a
b,r" 7c., -4 / vl*- Ba^ffi !. ( f, ( j ) t:l,/;. a5:
U'clfr.blnulju.t{"r (. rTffi"c" * b{
b{tt1. t r,. i a L. ,fui};o{l. L.L. I -4 y vts l>r
l klfr.*>/Ju.("Fu.ffst" 6 J ) :/ 6 t:*- -+16 ( ..:{ L *
l/l li,El-tt:f,f
+-
2lo
e;Ro$ffi,tue.
jE U
|tn HO.
F5 p
Ettftlt x ^ftl+
Ur"
-4 / vI*, ), )l("{ffi ,c'>lr. trtb L!'o

n a) {ffi,t*_I+.b6"
n b) I t4 y vtt: l>tTF;ffiIt-b'+{.'Tdel t, . 'fffi ,l
u )
[t:.1 Lt. )H{F.i :
n d) )BA^r
n e) -4 f vt. -("* ltr) ffi.b11:f6sa'- 6.
7
(was glad).
l}./r,."
tI16
5ttolv
. &!4^&.
. = h = - o)t t < ti9rr.l
=
..
-:.-::.::!/:1];.]'.''
:. ..a:::,a.a:.:::::l:a.:i4
of*.
.1,...,,..,......,..........,....>Ff; 3
LT IJRE No
a
o
o
c
o
Restaurants
eople in Japan love to eat out. Basically, there are three types of food: Japanese,
Chinese, and Western. ln big cities like Tokyo, howevel there are all kinds of ethnic
restaurants, such as Thai, Korean, and lndian. ln Japan, there are probably more specialized
restaurants than in the United States. For example, sushi restaurants serve only sushi,
tempura restaurants only tempura, eel restaurants only eel, etc. Although there are lots of
restaurants that serve all these items, such restaurants are usually not considered first-rate.
This is perhaps due to the faith in specialized professionalism that is shared by most Japanese, r.e., they believe that no one can surpass the quality of food prepared by specialists,
e.g., sushi made by chefs who have prepared nothing but sushi alltheir lives.
D
I
inexpensive restaurants such as noodle shops, whenever it gets crowded,rYou will be

asked to share the table with strangers. The waitress will say something like, fEffiiffitl t t
d (Please let another party sit with you), and there is nothing you can do but nod in
At
agreement.
often have food delivered, too. ln America, very few places

other than pizzerias and Chinese restaurants deliver food to homes, but in Japan, in
addition to those, sushi restaurants and noodle restaurants regularly offer delivery service,
and you don't even have to tip the delivery person!
Besides eating out, Japanese
o
O
e
o
>>>>>
v7tsate
e Eo)+ll-<tl < yt 2 . tr / t'- y. IBHo)ffi tO * VltB"';fi ( "

H ffi : : : t. -+DJ,t'. Po'C.t- *al/ ,c-T p_l_"
1
11.r-y
ffi:
*aL.Ll.-c.L.ilt"
L o t.l '. tau. Lt.____l_+_*l. L.\ Lt.{"1.
k F,tns 6 )
ft.
J, r | ! r t
b ,1 T h"
Ez-Y
(./ =
ffi:
LL.
rl,2-y
l# J c:clnJ:c'.
ffi:
:E-h:{4.c-ct', l#1J. XJ{
r:{ ..*' l-X,.f,.]

.cr.i L. L,rtyr:{r.frtj'lhyA,) lr.i ,'e-r" l'i
,} b. +l)frtg6lri.:f[.:/J b *T].
retf-Y
ffi:
f s/J.T!.( ,
r,rl-y
l#f+l
H ffi:
FW:X 6T f .
t5 rr.r-y
7c
t_
v-l'lD+/ (
i-l..
D{a
0) lr;
r- i E^,rrb L. + *Td.
. Ej,$/J.TL.(!.
t,
m+#: L J
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+ EU ) ./J"
i ,8:{ ,.c-r "
o'c. ?
ilT'"
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a a. *!. Lt..:{t.. i#.C"T}.
I,li6 * *T.
***
E:
t
ffi:
fFJ:
[.
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fl,Hf$ffiu.L*f.
Ir,2-Y
fl'*X ,.
lt.. Hf
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:
ffiT LX t",. +"f#t
Hffi,/U, -Y:
ffi:
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bblrtLi"
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6 t
t.Tr.
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l u. ) O)ttt[t ,tt "
tFtrr {
t,.
I btTic l'" ffi
"
103
e :'#0) ftE-
,E
E#
+r+
s ffi
ffi
+#
trffi
uErEtt :r= < " 9#tt+{t0)*,1,
{ffi
l*^+lt)E{s.
^tr
!. 6 : Ll,.*. t-ffic." : t'nE ) 4'"
(WtIl /-6) o Z i rL,* Td"
:2, ltr. L r,. bil,'c ..6 T.. r.:*{ ,t' ,11 k"
4 iTtr." *n, *l,"C L/.
tLl"-e L_ rt g v _1"^ r{tt ( _C,t * /r,.l"f il.
4 i 1 I tJ" f J l' ffi='C R' ; 6 ' fF " de"
trT
J#lt:(( "
tl** b .T..
tr
E T8.
10
l #
l^tr*ffi.-'c"
+]+
f*
-:.
l---ttaffiu' L * T.
L t' l,*c11+1"
ffi.rlW\*?
+#
ffi.ffi
-f_
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. r+
f UhJv9-
trt
t5
*#/a' ll:_!:.!_:_l:
-tv.lr,Jn.A L_t b * T."
-tv
r,.11. aTI' .
Bt J-lt,6ffiX.f
e)
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o-+tj'' da("""
taL. L.: /{t-Tda"
ffiffi
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ftffi
fl,:fbt{ ( l;" r..

!.!. . L.: ft.t:*;l:{ ../a'( t. , b t : *t. * ,1t.6, +
+++
ifTtr. Dr.
47c^b * Lr )'" frL-ffi',t9.Xtb1.
B ifs.
ffiffi
104
7ciT." D+. ctr4):r b*1.
>>>>>v7n=r.l
o I t 1 y !. ^)ttlJfi-t+)7r
-4 y v : */JrrTu./ /J "
utcu\.
-: 4)ItJ" F^:(l;"
-4/v: <y2tx)."
- : !'L'Jo
e rlr^"
:
!.:Ltn.*"
9-4yv: .-L- Cy <y,

: !.. v-<v2
(5.ffii9*vtFtll,l.(#))
ffi:/Jt..*T..
L,1 l. M+4
L
'li/
l. M+T4
i;ffi.afut*?
^L7y7'tv.,s4''t't"
.,s4-'>:(.'Tda.
^L7yf
( /:"r,."
14/v: =ha-7^*t,0)
fl : r.. Fr.'880 Fl: / b * T.
-:
1ffif b{c <y 2.;-rt"-L74 7=-B-S +14
^"
, ff : { {c =y 2,r-'-L74 Zr-v.- S+t41'T*J"
gT0
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4
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L_ 4 {t"t:HA ?, l" I tv r^: L./J.. i b tJ"
-:
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-:
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--:
i.t. f . 4 iu- i: . EA/a'tl0)a D+/J,. t E,it>"
9-4 Yv
.16#>>>>>
(
I
L
!r
{L 4 H A , lH 7 l
L\ {L fr
[r.C
o {L I
1H
L )V B
ly M
, o \ )v
: l,J '(" S / : I A
+ : ff I t v
7" {L H ffi
#. * e ffi ^r U ffiis+ y {L < 7' ^
U- ,2,
v {L I
7
I {:i 7" f
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7
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7"7 * rur * 0)
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t.\ S'[H riL fr o | ffi.
l.
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r,
IKFtJU
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l,'{
1,
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t
fnr / +rJ I ,\ I l. .. j
c v I o) ii
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- fffii/i t,!\
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r"i ,liL
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t
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f.r l-t
i: " ii.
H
(
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{Hn
^
t' g-i
l, lu
116
l
f-_
9lBj- 6
like fried pork cutlet or

fried shrimp, etc.l
to order (something)
I B/,
to quote
a E
Eribri
IEI
ffi
t''h
colleague; co-worker
ffi
lfamily namef
da
lfemale given namel
t$E
noodle shop
rr t
s L',rty
vtc:c
u q
r,t,
16
22
IEE
clerk; shop-employee
patent
#,
egg
menu
'FI
6t
E.
lname of dish;bowl of
rice topped with things
i'
tf
to lay (egg); to
sushi rice covered with

small slices of fishl
l:E.El
tfami namef
t5
p.i 1.
El-Llrt
in one's fifties
:.L
a Mlt,trJ
16
[polite form of ,]
+- a
/ffiril
t
6 'vrT
'1
s*.f
t,.1i- 6
to be crowded
*1.
19
counter
l:-
I,E
*a
t['ryi
,r
(green) tea
+ag
t^
10ffi
lcontraction
-ing
[u.f.]
ofS(*;
*11
[humble formof 'n
)
ffi*
to make sush by hand
t+
a *a
to refrain from
trt
(/X
bill; invoice
to treat (someone) to
(something [usual
food or drinkl )
(sushi serving o
medium quaTity/price
tl
[honorific form of
F.f
zffi
givebirth
to lu.t.l
r.
tu
see.
chicken llit.,birdl
.9
lunch
tt
[type of noodle]
Lr
, t,
E
r.?
+#
;
l1+ft
actual thing
*Fl-.
shop; store
)=z'
pork cutlet
"ts
at+.
cooked rice
t2'61
[a kind of sush; a box
of
z CLQ)tt:t,6
to be treated by someone
.lo#,>,,,
108
r.lx
6.*w
L+#
16. FE
2.w
s.
*r,
4. ..E
7.Jtr
o.
q.H
12.ffi
17.
H,lH
s#
s.H+
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--
LB.Mfr
le. D 6
20.l
13.
I5.T6
21.
iHT
zz.WdIL 6 .ffiffi
24.ffiff+
25.ffifrh,
26.
lflE
zl.tilrF-
28. /\E
29JH{L
30.
2.lEtffi
7.ffi
3.ffi
B. l
r1.ffi*
12.-
.ub
14.W.
15.ffiJ
16.w b
17.Effi+
IB.ffiW
le.EJ
zo.frlr|tT
2r.
22.ffiilF
24.=+H
2s.ffi
26.+w
27.
tL^
3L.qrJlffi
1.
6.
4.#6 o)
s.yF
e.El- Llrt 6 ro.+
This radical comes from the left half of lT and is often used for characters
representing kinds of roads or types of walking.
l'rjll'till')te
109
rt,tu
:.
ffiffi (t[r*bl"
rot'n)
*a->l,+
ft<
t.:L+6
l.oL+t.*f
+ L-hI
F L-hr'* T
(H-LX.*7 't 7.\)
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fr. * T
$aa
L+t-*T
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r.
':a
Lt.sb
+o .J
*T
r,-/ (
t,.//i' * I
r./ (
L-hrb *-l-
r.//'
*T
x*i"
r.*T
+
lr8.9
t./
t,.
t,-l L
AU-Ltr:7a
f *-r-
.2>.
t.lf
AU_E
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l0
4.C.
ir.*T
L*f
8a
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b *,-r
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t-ol,{'!.*T
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FT
L*T
t'/l
t.// * T
t.lc/'(
r.t * f
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ffi,r)*.f
t6ffi.a"1:T.
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tdFf,t:b*i-
fflr. * T
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bffi
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fd,. : /
tf r,.l:r b *T
L*T
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*rt.T
r,. * T
-l-
#r.L*T
,a
c1,\'
Nta(N is usually
*T
i6i+rlLte.
*61*^.;r b *-
Dr
FD("7
N-f t. ol,+
N-C"t.cLt.*T
FD-ht'( t'6
FU.hl"f *a t -
EDtu-
D(*d b *T
Nt'"t'* T
filrf L-*T
Nf.T
a name.)
btT
tdt': 6
r b *
* 6t.:/J6
+ t':
?
<
'I 10
L6
*r-:rb*'1
(r6
( /dr.*i-
LI'6
Ll'*f
r,. t l (
r.tc/i *T
1.'*
t.*1
I'r*T
>>>>>
#ffi#
vTntr.l
(respect form) is used when you are talking about an action or state of someone to
whom you have to show respect. So, when you talk about the action of your teacher, for
example, you use tffi.
IJ
LYI1 T
ffiffi (humble form) is used when you are talking about your own or your family member's
action. There are two types of ffi#ffi-l and fI. Type I is used when you (or your family
member's) action directly involves the other to whom you want to show respect (e.g., visiting
a superior's house or helping your superior with his/trer luggage, etc.) By humbling your own
action, you are in effect showing respect to your superior. Type II, which is called iH#
(courteous form) is generally used when you want to talk about your own action or state in a
humble manner just to be polite to the addressee. TEffi is used when your action does not
direct involve your superior, but most likely the person you are talking to is your superior or
someone to whom you want to be very polite. So, if you are going to your superior's house
(or officeJ,, you use i . If you ue reporting to your superior that you went somewhere, then
you use * (see illustrations in (1)). Similarly, if you are asking your superior to let you
or" HHf . If you are telling you superior that you went to see a
look at his/her
91gF, Voo
movie, you say 4E?8,* Ll (see illustrations in (2)).
(1)
(2)
.16#>>>>>
Tffi
(polite form) instead of Tffi (courteous form), but use of f !ffi is

much more polite. So, if your superior asks you whether you play tennis or not, you can either
One can use
7=7
t.l
L*T
or
=z t*1. Tffi
is very polite, and you probably won't be

using it in your daily conversations, unless a situation calls for very polite language (such as
in job interviews, in business situations, etc.).
say
ff there
ble
are no special respect forms, use [*aV(stem)
forms, use [*a V (stem) g /u,lc L * T]
l: r b * T] . If there are no special hum-
:,,:..: i
r:J:.:,:li.:i::itii; :I.' :;:'.
j::f-:r1jt'
:Ir
:..,,r:.jlr ,..:.,:il,l:
r:li,::r,:,.i1':1. :i:il:;.trl:l.:i:.;:. :,::tj:t,i
1*
,ffilr,tl6
tffL:/
*rffL:/J b *T
ffi#t6r,IJtt,6
,#f6'tt:/ b *T
Iffi\-T6
#ffL L*T
tffiLr.lL*'f
ffit6T
trt6lI1,*1
ffL*T
ffi?.l*T
,#Zt6,1,J\'.1L*f
lFa
112
ilF b --t
i6(rT
ta(btb *.7
L*.1
sdfFb r-/L*1
t6{Ft
lF, *.1
>>>>>
1 ttt -cT
vn=r.l
l# "t > t. z >>> )etut : (]
a)
(I hear winter in Tbkyo is not too cold, lis that dght?] )
b) BA^fr
l t,-
#Vffi,- 7 tv,,s 4 l' /
6 /
( 'L 6 p (Ff,
L /"
(I heard that there are lots of part-time jobs teaching English once you get to Japan.)
/r,, -lt(-rf)
I.-adjective
Veib
l*#l
> t. >>>
l#uM
> . t
ut/Lr.ttu ut5 Lt]
>>> rfl
5n Bn 5ntil]
t-1*r,'-07
'a '\*'f
t' ,t
a) lfiU r- i H*Ett*Er,. tt!-f. a f -.

(The movie cal7ed"Rn" ls interesting, but ifs a little too long.)
b)
EAirudT z l L * 175f.
h tl,
^+ilwtfutfrtt,tr.
0).8" (opinion) {F l:.t:fr-o{L'/Ju'l
i '6.T.
(*Tr.t- tl'
(Japanese high school students do stttdy a lot, but since all they do is study for entrance examinations, it does not seem to contribute to forming their own opinions.)
) l1'(
f*r./r. ft.'->lT
,8.
i . db'r l,.o
(I didwrlte a composition, but I am sure there were lots of mistakes, and I feel embarrassed.)
"o N?t,ll?T,/N|'"Ii?TT='N will do; N wilt suffice'

> t. s >>> ttttttte3-D
l#z
a) *l*- -{mTtttrT'1,
)lt'"
(would one dictionary do?)
b)
i;#Tll cZ aTT "
( lGreen] tea wouidbe fine.)
.16R,>>,>
Qrrr, ^" Uffi/lr='1 is not necessarily the case that -';

'it does not mean that -'
lF3 > t.zo >>> Eo)t- mF SeUr]
a)
(Ifs not necessarily the
case
that all Japanese high school students do nothing but study.)
b) HffiMffi L -C t,. 6++.t a, BA,.. ( rf E
/J r.
(It's not necessarily the case that students who are studying Japanese will ail be going to Japan.)
t:
1',.,,1!iexpi$iq.q.istgft enusedrwith.;anadv.e4b-'d_'.f.:L.t,,
:;;
'.
:.:.i-
r,. L l*F
{> lJt,Z.l l, $ Z,t
(Expensive things are not necessarily good.)
r..
t (
-,1
::i:.:.
=,5.tore -,/atter n/when n,
-' -tJi,/-rc),/-(E
BA^l (ffit=&frtlvfF->
: l'l::i.ii.t.
:::
/ t,\.
lffiaM
a)
:.
ri.r.f..L
> t.
s >>> g
t y -wD ffit
l.
(It is a good idea to have your cards made before you go to Japan.)
b) ilffirff& ct>
(('),s-
't -lr*,1- ) "
(Let's have apar!5- ater the exam is over.)
c)
BA^ll<
E+(E)zsZ;ti- rr. b *
(You need a passport when you go to Japan.)
T.
d) : rix. BA^tcH(i:)Hr- * L/"

(I bought this dictionary when I went to Japan li.e., while I was in Japanl .)
e)
+*.
BA^ll< E+ft;)Hr.* L/"
(I bought this dictionary when I went to Japan [before or on the way to JapanJ.)
f) *l*. BA^le /:E+ (E)H,. * T.

(s for a dictionary, I will buy it when I get to Japan lafLet I get to JapanJ.)
!. 7
>>>Hi:'uatc]
>>>>>
6 -t lE*COunter ='m1y '

a ) EA^lllif lft-> l i. b * .
lffiat>t.s
vTntr.l
>>>f,JE]
(I have been to Japan many times.)

llL
te) ,
b) +#F+4Efirff'b*"
(There are many Chinese restaurants.)

:l
cf. 'lE[t{
-*
'dozens of volumes (lit.,tens of volumes)'

negative 'not even one'
{
counter
tf1,t(
c) ffiil?T6^li.
u L
+fir+ffiffiu
l'6
4 ic"
(I hear people who translate have dozens ofdictionaries.)
d)
H#nTt-z r, t.
-E b *rT.
(I have notbeen to Japarl, even once.)
a)
1vz"-|fr^.,{-tv t EUe,2zJr-i*ut-tv l.l;Ueah'L,'L/J ( f !.!..

(One does not have to worr5r whether to Teave a l5o/o tip or a 20o/o tip.)
b)
i6T Lf; L J
'XJi
Et, e a
fr,L
#.
/c.
(I had trouble making up my mind whether to have sushi or tempura.)
$',',-OzcJ*t(,tt l, * lI
o@!*t[rlltr I ='l think it might be the case that-,
)
'"'@!tflt't7)t
1
1,,
lffiar>t.zz, zef
j-,...t,,,,1.r,,..\.t',@1.i1,e,,:]..!$
lz'"il1.'
l c rrca hcra lrc
(I wonder if ifs all right [I think it's all right] not to leave
b) ff;
(reservation) 3 1 rf:/J
tip when service is bad.)
t' , - il t.).1lJ t\li ) ,"
(I fear we won't be able to get in unless we make
reservation in advance.)
115
.16#,,,o,
c) 7.' y rtLt
+.E;F^tl ( ,f'Tr. fitv
ffrH
ar.r,.f"LJ )z)..
(I'm going to Japan. Which do you think would be better, to stay at hotels or at
Japanese inns?)
B^
d)
r / rr(.
(I think Japanese inns would be more fun.)
1v/il;i>/Jr. t_e-zffi(
(
e)
| ffiffifr ffi t./
oT
tt'
"
l*/Jt,r7r,
,,EtL!..
[He] is worried service might becomebad tf [he] does not leave tips.)
8. H4ffit. U-EI,Lt"cf t,c)T|*tt\lr ,8'!.*T"

(I think the number offoreigners who can speak Japanese has increased recently.)
$ ttt t[='rather'
lffiaw
b. 7 )
a)
!.^
y rr-6nffiffifrlt7
?i ( N->L t.6f.-llt-li i
ro
case that Americans who study Japanese

Japanese youth, are better able to use honorifics.)
tl ( l.f:
n s >>> LururEz]
) y Ll)frtr, t; t, Wffi
(I wonder if it might be the
b) E.r'*+.l b t;l,a'#u
>
in America, rather than the
t- Rct( ( /a' r-.
(A summer cold is even harder to get rid of than a winter cold, so take care.)
c) ffix,. H#frtrtffi1
t't
L!-" Llljr,-"
(As far as conversation goes, actually Japanese may be easier than English.)
O -t
fl.E='more/less
than expected; contrary to one's expectation'

lffia*
a) +,#,WlrflE+
L.a /c"
(The exam this time was easier than I expected.)
b)
EnTr < ffifttffii/l*anr ,2tco

(The air ticket to Japan was cheaper than I expected.)
116
>
t.zs >>> tttrfit 5n<rar]
>>>>>
a)
*'ZIfiEl"
ltr
f4: z'
>>>>>[#r.ez]
!. * 1.o
L:f f r.
ft4.2 : fll1Ji i E'4,: L * T.
IF : rt y t* , XJi , ,1-l *J" 4
t61+t' ( /" t."
(+'/)f*i? 'c1't)
ft$.t:
vTntr.l
When you place an order at
trLI*7, Y ,+JFt,r
restaurant, you say
-dt.
9.
L1trle)
ft+.t: +E|ttl\o)rJ Tr. . fEA(
<
Lr2"
2: When you offer to treat the other

person, you can say f/:flrb
"C
t., f*r
b "f T, etc.
it is better not to use
word 6 c ,/ t c b to your
However,
tE*.2: !.!.- !.?{ft4.1:*al':f !./( t.i

t>Il I: l* t. * i,. ' - +E lfy''s.
t.t: 4 i 1T," t; p, ? ) t=/U *t 3"
the
superior.
3: This expression is used to accept

an offer.
1 "" E-JlrJVl
e =1: : /J b . -^rg+4. -^r/E t:/. b /J !.o EA'cg+4'rsv 2
tqi
I v ^11. ^+Z Lffi.e+rJ L SllxL * T" lxf +rJr!, *.y t . sNr
1."
$ ,
F-
t."
..:4/l
ffi.r)+rJ
tt/t-/j--
1- d^- "vl<v2
74v..74Y/t-
--V-
1v2
vy)z-Z
117
-l6sF,>>>>
f ,,,iiitv-Jz-,
a)
b)
-f UnTr-c /ffiffiffi: r,. -cffi Lr,'/J' !'" ft-cI a L 0) / r,.Yt. ft-cT

=
L 6 #.t:!r !r H\L /J !.o
: ;'7./ y h1TL3- aLt& ( r b * L/:s. 4{Ltt/J'.&ffLr,./
t - o I - l, (opinion) , rth.t, 7 7 )vrt, t:##.L /J !."
3 ,r,4V2-,
e ,{Z : r b. -lffi,/a b Hr. T \ LI= --;.tr:?1. {.
(to report) L. i *^ Z nZ/J .o
I trt
IfiIl] A
Xft,#ffir,.
,f
tJ
I,c-C.
J {fr.of igi
"
LLo
4E l*+'&., 6 i. r,.Xft : r = 1 ->'C * Ll"

B : )b- I .o /" El ,.UT a v L/t',8:{t',{"Tl.
:
6,
-HffiHLt'"
7
{LtrtKbol
WEZ L/ci :. /,,\l#1 : / :
{>,>dvV-,
e -s7:t b. ( l/#fr.o'C - t3
tfil
5',,
i .s/ t, C-C'F,/ ,/ f '"

B: ilv"
A : o) i 3 I t v ffiilri i
B : --c I u'f //"
A:
lElL:
) zff? L/J r..
;),,-ct ,Ii
c1
"
**.
e ttr* v 7 | 7 vt:r!.(- =H+(. 6 r,.ffXE*/J !.o
118
{. i
>>>>>
e fDl\tT
-c
t-F.t:# . -c .. *
-f o cD
3Hr.
(-
v7n=r.l
,^Xtff L l d"rt-'o. F6:
l'i'tl'x al'l /J !'o
tr a) TUo)&ffi, l^.t,Ll f.T"

* T"
tr b) :- f(l\o)i*.
tr c ) .0)f.0)*t*- i: T u-t LziiL/:
ft+ . r,.
*'t-.
n d) aRL0) i {"i. at6Tl-tfr,:.E:-: 1, 1"

n e) ffirEl^ffil-ti"
119
(+#tft
.16#>>>>>
ttu. fl 5rr+# : z. liur

. ffi tutAt< < lt. )
fcLffi ffi t6t6l3'eD
Y?J
I li
Wr
rt ,!+ffi1fr|.{ L. .fDf^.
;.
&rr-IEW. f tv-7 - t" v7 | 1v^y.:rgfi.
'C!.:/. -lXt{*r 6 L- ltr:v L+T7l:T ( ,H{l"
7c{Lk.'::r1#->(!.6 i :- 'Hrt 4 v=-H(/" [f
u. , ( l',del L orA-.ffi / . T C t /J :r : f L' - /J : f ^ra f )-c t-*:/" +. L$6 ( r,x*':>(^ts. +t C
0)rt-Ro( L* ->l" .+trt 17, Y h^*. tr^/Jt. L, ffib k
7
'
El^. &dat
A\
.t-^{t'< 6:"C*ntro'C'Lfr"1h'. ftt'64it-li kJ Li

. lBaD ,,4A,:LlJr,.jl zI" .f lrtrrDf.
trr{"6,f}l -r-C . l4 'r L/ ( /u'.i ' [t,'
-C{L*:l.
tt
e;Rg#,tue. iEt ]tllldo. H:cttftls
n
tr
n
n
tr
.nt4u"
) a+|l. f t t. -> l, t:7 ) t) '\XI"

b) a-1Ei*. usy 6+Tr r' -lz,-tIo
c) AEr. Afs+}- b+(. -:*u)t"
d) A+t, t 4 Y a -7b*. b*''>Io
e) EA-(.'t. * b t'"{-rv lffi.*>/Jt' L'o
f ) A+t l'"S-,r v l {> 6 : l.
a
oz
g. c
##nL, #O
A,=J
z
ti
(Efr*o)
#rErl]<eg!19.
arh'f8Tl=t&tui)r"
. )=> l''tut'_i_f
..'..."..'...'.>
__1.
LI' L
=ffi1lill4-til-?
' "'
""::'::':::'::;'::":"""""">#3
EtElf5t.
AEFN
r-__:ffi_99_i'_r_!"
.'-7..
................>ffi
'
=tuE"
.{1
IJRB No
c
c
c
a
o
How
to Decline an lnvitation
T apanese people are known for being indirect and vague about declining invitations.
J Wh"n they cannot accept an invitation, they, as a rule, do not say LUU, because they
feel that it would be too curt. They prefer expressions such as Z1)EIi5,2""", meaning
"That day is a bit. . . ." Since the word lor inconvenentis often left out, one is expected to
what is implied. Guessing, howevel is not as difficult as it might sound, fo1 after all,
Xlt5* 2X......is not only a standard expression, but is always accompanied by a reluctant
tone of voice as well as a facial and bodily expression of regret.
guess
Respect
for the Aged
>>>>>
there is a brief mention of a special occasion called #, celebration held on

"
someone's 70th birthday. ln addition to "ffi, other birthdays singled out for special
celebration are: 60th, 77th, 80th, 88th, 90th and 99th. Currently, Japan enjoys the top
longevity rate in the world; one therefore often hears about these birthdays being
1
I
n = 1,
celebrated in Japan.
Akihabara
kihabara (sometimes shortened to Akiba) is located less than 5 minutes by train from
Tokyo Station. lt is well-known for its hundreds of electronic shops, and you can get
good deals on anything from a TV, camera, compute to electronic parts and software. In
recent years, moreover, it has become famous worldwide as a mecca of pop culture,
including games, manga and anime. Akihabara has also become strongly associated with
the so-called otaku culture. Otaku refers to people who have obsessive nterest in one
particular thing, notably manga and anime.ln Akihabara, you can see new types of cafs
which cater to Otaku, such as ll NR, where waitresses dressed in western-style maid
uniforms serve food. There are also v>fiW#., where customers can read manga and watch
DVD's, etc., but this does not seem to be limited only to Akihabara anymore.
c
o
o
o
o
,rr>vrt)--y=>l
.
< 4 7 vy#,F,:Tr (.4,{"Tt
e E6#rJ tfftfr r)T,, 70)#lc5 Sffifilc:

=
d\fa(f)
24/v
drf
<U\
xEffi1fr,. I.." 7 J.y L'

^
-,f'lT *'tl,.. tffitr+.++ft+{>
u. : L 4 ) {.lJ.
1Xf/;r,. - r. ( {"T."
t./ er4,:H( b *A,t" l. b 1,500Hf u.,8r,.*T
l "
:-ffi -( ( t,."
vl )
7c
f
C)v
liv l., i'CT..

LL, ,t"" t&ffi.
zJr
f
z-+lv
Jr
dr ff
z-qfv
:
Jr
ff
z-iv
Jr ffi:
{LD
,{"T.
,'-. -l-:[.{"Tde.
fl
Fx
1-tr:)to'C t y 1< -F-t-
-. v ,t ?
......"
r,.f"T."
L'!'. f
o)Efr'tj'-
,z
l7 r l, -sd,t
'-
t+
ffi,*afr,t-tb 'e "

b b. ffi i+n\-'ct
*J" 4 {LD + ltfr t1.'cde.

tl "- * / l..:.taffir,. L * T.
L- ffi,'e l
D+. *td'a.
123
-#"">
_ffit-ftfU<U.
,T.74
ilJ EI:
,fV4l
J EI:
#y4 b
ilr E:
rFy4l
fIJ H:
,l.^74
a0)
z -rt
-,
..!.L *1d"
f/'(F
->
-rt --cT."
I,4,f T
r.+. flffiHo{
{.
t}cfr1afr'Crldl{"t "
". Z. lt* A, : u. t. (" T d. 1X {> : .t, / 7 - rt -'&U !' /J o
/r'a(Ffrrt) r T: t,. L. t,.!' {" *TJ.
4 ) r,ftt." *Fffi* : ("+:^*t, ,112J."
f u.
'lr7 l.
ilr E:
frt#Ft"1..
LZ- +t./\:
fy4 |
ilJ E:
"
Lo- r("? Ta't.{"Tfii.
[.f L.S- tL/: t u.{"TJ.
(F a :ffiF..: {' t, ) tt"
**-
ilJ EI:
I5
t^
t>
:)c#lFt: ='c
t:l-
H.
" T "
r',TH&IIIilL ". f
*lg-f--e_l__. t,fr L t-'c^nb {L-c u'* 1. da.
f
4 )tlv-C-rtt 4{L"1FHJffiFF5I{>; ( .1 '11*r"
fit#tr*7
=)
"
zlr.Y4l
t'- BffiB . -ffit:- *'{,'.

*t.. l't r-ffil-C ( u..
ilJ EI:
,fY4 b
f/k#tr* f" i F -c'c11 < 't. b * T..

tr.- i:-FLTt-t / : rtbll * T.
L-"
!.t -t
*tr
HH,FR.6
f#Rc ,Fl{"
u!--=.!l--?
rlj
El
7l^741
25
Et:
,fY4
ilJ EI:
zl.^74l
124
T " HttrRJhfF,R7:* Ln7)R(. f t " f/, 4 o)HFffit:

+ 0)- -ffi: JR fit#tr,ERf+'btfru. r.-f .o
7c
* L/. /: L.. NF=!R7)KHElt' ('t'>of LE i ,{..T "

LL- l-/. b : ( t.{"1}de. ZL-' D- F*ftfLEl:L* Lt r'.
r.- D +. -ffi: trR&fLnlilI : t. __-?__!_;__lr_* T.
h'",
i,-" D - 7c i l-( ( " u'.

D. XL^tt:L{t'*T.
>>>>>
Ot1t
-:
.4/Y
-:
9-,llv
-:
. .^^tlJfi-t-mEtrf1
nEW,- ER-li
V2t)r-!=!
"
i E=( ,1rT . --ffi:fr:/3.2
{4n4.
Rll:ffi->t
F*Effi
) '.
7c
).
ql
?)'rf
L+
. lLl LrJ" lMfr,J ..' -. =#7 / rt {"F,/: l .

Li$ l"
'
t 4,."
4 ,/,Dp ( {. : r.lj,? lffiFTl ' ll,&o)l#l
-4/v
*:
RiF4Ez
t4YY
-:
f,*f,t .1 /J t.. /J "
4 ,r 6
,:fta
.41Y
{4ffi.
-:
/\ffir.
!tt''> l;.
EEIEW-
* y t v t-h^ffii tr . ,
_F,
i !."
6 /dl
. ) -rt y ". 6.
ftSi?
t*+-F$#:'Er
6 .
!."
El= / "
LlJ
.4fY
-:
9-4/Y
-:
"
i L{"
s/ t,0)?
Ds (
ffiFr/Jr,.,.
{-
""(A*ffiFEl: HA-#ilffi
r ; . . ry E frfr]!fufi L ) ,8,c { / ,/' J.
4 ,/6+frfu4frL tt-? '={. :-C#fr /J
t,.r.. li- l. ., +hlffi&{"r.+*a) ,8,:-c.lui"
4
z4Yv 7c ), D . L+EfrfuifrT l"

-:
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127
tl*
wl t)a-!aY
I
recreation
#i
to invite (someone to do
something with the
[*+u
lfamily name)
',Jr fA
ft"i
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L
baseball
t,'
il
14
'' t >
#F
15
Giants lname of a
baseball teaml
section chief
Greatl
-ffi
rr'lt
saflr,-
celebration
years old
n ffift(r)
,tt
rcgrettable
t5' u
.ih
the past; the old days
El
t,
manufacturer; maker
L 1.1,
- tr,t
as-
tLl
tr
/J
!. not too good; not great
parts
f
to assemble; to put
together
&l-lr-
t*
tlt+ffi
1' f,k#lR
ls rL->A
savl
rapidftan orbus
ercand; things to do
it-r,
JR
ffiirrl
*t
[>>>*,/-t.t]
r,J
Japan Railways
t)
to arcange to meet
ffin
undeniably; no doubt;
by any account llit., no
matter what others may
lname of a train linel
t:
--
ct(
second
<
f61 _; fs _
HiFFJLffi
Lti
[place name]
--- L cA
=CH
rt['o iu<+
FE
to obtain
t* I rg
,,
lname of a train linel
'['
to want
+l:x{L6
tt
lr t'
,|,
20
f.[
128
pitcher
)'- -
ffiaa]l^'c.
team
electronic store district
11
'a
dyl*-
,ffi
ttl
gladly; with pleasure
sound
-g,
,c
EI
t1'
together
{",
*'1.
-ffi
l'
Dragons [name of a
baseball teaml
vTvy
n T':1r..
game
J7:--v1
seat
U
l;r
speaker)
ffi
l't"
exit
:.
p'i*i.zr(
+ *ffLE
afew
central ticket gate
**, vtua-y=yl
26
'lro 1
-J.)l:-l
.r ..
? H4E
to try to
effort to
-;
-
to make an
za
movle
tomorrow
<ta
4 RIR
!,t
En
t uo
ttr
affi
samurai
tt)tv
:N/J
al
26
thriving
t it b
fairly
tlu
76
popular
and others
tup i
-- o
+fr
i+
t
tl,
z'uwr*
ttti r, L
#IT
haveto-
repo
- Il lt,
rt; paper
staying up all night
rarely
for sure; surely
ttt'
18
to stand in
line
[u.1.]
to gather lu.t.l
no matter how many
times [>>>*;Ez- o]
w,)
to flght; to compete
TT 6
to lose (a game) lu.i.)
ttr
lfamily namel
IRf'J
tJ'-
the thirties
first half
+.i
n fnJffi-15
to visit a far-away place

to compete in sports
tt,.'u'
{,,
* l
player selected for a

team [usually athleticJ
#a
[>>>El- t'4]
tl
E+
ttt
tz 4 l
t5
lS
rtu .
V(stem)r) tobeginV-ing
r
*'.
-{
t't
uncut
5'
[:
lcontraction of
f-' r.l
)olfllr
[name of a movie
t .,(t)
I
r:
2 /.';Rtb
I, also
'fffiw.
theaterl
)-yl
tl
,r 13 <7+
l.
N/J,'
10
E1,lt,, f'r: [Eo

ffi F5- ^l#
rt *i
r, rr
[movie names:E4Ei]
-)
lcontraction of
-/J/fl.
movie director
l-rt
'
li= (
<
, frL- Wfr,#.
rt.(
lfamily name]
5ffi
to be looking
forward (to
[>>>t,/- t.3]
t tl,,
2 EE
(-zgryflttal-(t. * T
ls w.tr16
zo
rt
-frul.
professional baseball
to visit
,lv-
to pitch
starting with
includingbalter
-;
[>>>E*z- z]
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_r- .t-.
)
L Lfu
3 ru
w.L
several people
33 EF+EI
lname of abaseball
stdiuml
p.ru t- ru
---ffi
21
strike-out
instantly
e'-o-
hero
#*.
not much later; soon
t[''r.
[.^L't
ir].T
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1,'i , "
t/u
24
)7
W,ffit
l;
ro
ffiW
El
to rise [u.1.]
to play
anactivepaftin
iL.
{ ?
wwt 6
3' II6
ri :f
38
ffiEt
to participate in (an
event); to compete in
tu'l
(t)
ri
honorable
^l'
40 VRX
West [i., Europe and

besides
-0)i,1,
I
r5'
42
H*6
to increase lu.i.l
t>c
43
ffi,,Ra) to gain interest
45
6f!(r)
f.t, i
traditional [>>>*;tz-
'g]
the professional sumo
region
fr+
sumo wrestler
championship
-llpf
by
Hyogo Prefecture
46
i*u
iv v
Mongolia
Lvr.LL
frH
130
to cheer for
A{H
lt ,
FFtr
to televise
L{-v r i
tt/uit
prefecture
w'iLi
tournament
(big) tournament
t
a--
ot*o
ffuj
,*
35
,t,vu
d"
to gather [u.i.J
the entire nation
baseball stadium
Americal
rti, (
33
l.'-ll v .
in recent years
<
tt,
.a- -
to die inbattle
both
tr'
.+
31
almost
.a, 1
-'n'
so
Pacific War
league
,-- I
'v | 7 t. ti- central League
.,s'Y7 4 y2. r-Z- Pacifr,cLeagae
ffi2s fr+
za
+-piui
Wt
f;' *
*'{r'r
,3
34
one's home
>>>>>
ViUa-!=!
r.drff
2.il-
3.
- f;f ll
o.
EPHE
7.frHr:,fr.'C,
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ro.
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11.
12.Ifl=F
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17. EA
tB.
lq.l
20.ffi.,(t)
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22.4
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zq.R a
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32. R
37. df
za.W#
zg.W,ffi
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z+.!frffi.
zs.frrr
26.&
zz.JrffiW
zeil+.
r.-ffi
frf
Rll
+.,1
q.
ilr$f
r+.ffi
s.l:*ffi
ro.lFHJh
ts.tt) v
This radical comes from E and is used for characters representing times of
day, degrees of lightness, etc.
l-E+l lEEl
fFfl rd
131
-llF>>'>>
lctEa?t='undeniably; no doubt by any account' l+#z>t.tsf lxa>t.tsl

( ltt
(
r
r. r
EEffi+-e >t l. litr Ec ( RrRH/" ) .
tot
b)
.,1,
('Ihe most famous movie director in Japan by any account must be Akira Kurosawa.)
!.a
BrffiffiÊl: /l/lr. fi[ cT
$r t
rt
iltIlr
(No doubt it was thanks to America that Japan become an economic power.)
/r", -lclt,Zt,cl|
lffi2
,nl,.;r,ll,
,ifi.n'
.: .L'
.,j'l
:',"ffifi
ffifi,
lJ;.i.e',Ii
,r,,,, r,... .,iEi;';::,
i,lr,
*,fi:,jj, j|j,
.;.:i l
,::,,',-,4i
a) *+H-E'ctctt't"
(I seem to remember that it was also hot last summer. Am I right?)
c)
ctclt" (*Ef:
l is acceptable.)
(I seem to remember that the exam is next week. Am I right?)
'
ffiffii:' y y v 7 v F' q L t c tr'l "
(Is there a service station in front of the hospital? I don't recall [seeing it].)
d) ilffi*t,tP T I'tclt
t >>> - 2Ec Ic c ll
"
(I don't remember when the exam is- \Mould you tel1 me?)
"'Lit:r..l
*.,.a..,,t
-:,:, le:trj
::al::l:a
b) ffiffiflrFifl
> t. z
A:ii::lj,:i,:
'fto,,|.c,a-.,trI,
lr.,.,..r.',t
"
'.
>>>>>
a) HA#ltHffiffit e)t=1,,< (
li
lt2t)l-!=!
r.."
(Please try to study Japanese every day.)
r'*
7 tvs4 l. ..tf C l=l,T

T.
(I make a point of earning my spending moneyby working part time.)
b) +r1.
Qr,,, V (stem) ff A)
a)
f r B
rn v'H u> t
(It was ayeat
ago
b) :
=.Oegn v-ns,
r
-+if.
l#pt
>
t.g >>>lrnrcl
"
that I started studying Japanese.)
^7can't -t.
(You
stop reading a mystery novel once you start reading [itJ.)
ffi,rr#b e) t,lL*.""
[V(stem) Wb
.
indicates 'finish V-ing.'
i +m=m,-;;
?i.v,*,wii,,i ,r."
(i final
writing
,'.:
finished
$ '''
51 V
.:;:..;
apaper at 3 a.m.)
(stem), S,
l#aw>.n >>>la1 !-17 >>>lFD r.34>>>#tD l.j5>>>&Hn]
(They formed aleam by gathering good players andplayedgames with the American team.)
i L it
b) & I t -F+Etr:*
(A
fJ. :EH F -)-
number of teams gather together at Koshien for
$ "' Question word
t y | T "
two-week tournament.)
* -?
r:-Qstion.w@s: t. t s >>> friJH:
<b]
i-forms tollowett by
*i?,,.'T.
(Mt. Fuji is beautiful no matter when we look at it.)
b) fif t( lt 6 / .[7) i
,+
* L r'f"3-"
(I envy people who never get fat no matter what they eat.)
Hry*- I 2,16, ? '
l,f.. L- * T"
(fOkyo is crowded with people no matter where you go.)
^f--
133
-#>>o"
| ,r, -W6+starting
with -; including
-'
l#at>no>>>^-7',1,-zl
,.',,.'--i':r
'...,.'..S:OhraS..in,. ,tliou "mt,;s'io,,tlt

a) T ) y r("1, 7 v l r-tv'ffif,- .,z I v I - 7 4 7+'v I- t ^z;r:-y Uffi
(..T.
b)
(In America, sports such as basketball andice hockey, not to mention football, are popular.)
t,t
( i2
titr
6 LriL
lLt z ^_ &<&ffi7)ffi-e
#{iNnjiu. tffiF5j ffid,
(Akira Kurosawa is the director of many famous movies such as Seuen Samurai and Ran, not to
mention Rashomon.)
b"
l-h^ffi1
l#ary>t.sz>>>f!1.2zl
$ rtt NE ?T='or -; fo -'
a) ElAz\r tcTl: f... tf-E^ricTIt.t:F'-6 &t't ).
(There are probably lots of things which seem normal to a Japanese but strange to a foreigner.)
b)
& I 7
x++.\tc7. ffir-4/
: 6 Lt'.
(It seems that grades are most important for many American college students.)
$ t"r ,r,f,!='-{ype; -ic; -ical'

a) Htr *6rlpt'. i L. *i.Hr ^r)"
lffiaVt>t.s>>>1ffilrd]
(A typical Japanese souvenir might be a kimono or a fan.)
b)
lTt ( 4-)
,)' l
'l L t L. F!i:H . i- "
(It sounds masculine if you say iku zo or iku

(
.tt
,lrr
,'
ze.)
) RA*tFf |;m(.. 6.
(Kurosawa is a world-famous movie director.)
d) E-el*. Eil(. { -i.zvS-
) l-t
t'- 6
#ifrt.Jlz.t6
"
(In recent years, every country is making an atlempt to use energy efficient leconomically.l
,rr>vtrJ--y=yl
a) "'7,/7,n
rlH
>>>>>[ffi2]
ry 4 |ftE., _*.8Bll*ftLt.f.'j-
you want to invite someone to do something, you use
1 : When
to
expressions such as
-rill
Bt:
. EIJ t.
D . j B ^.tlf;r
*,/
zf
!.
V,l
L.
bs
-2 L r ,r *,l.''1"
,r,'*T. t-u,,tT
to
Bl:
*v'l
(,
,.,Jr,
-, Xfr t) -l,+.t: *dt. L /: t,. lvl

->"c t. 6 rt-cf I "
Ztq
4 ilTtt " D+. r<{5uP*rf (
rr:fT2.
L
l-
F LEffiz*.-c., )
,fV4 |
illE:
l,.tt. *
l,at\=
L(t,rtf
3"
(formally),
mally).
-*,.,
t T.
and V tt. ? (infor-
lu
2:This expression is used to
ac-
cept an invitation to someone's

home. t ( means "without
hesitation" and taD+*T lirerally means "to intrude on some-
one's time." When you accept

an invitation to some event, you
can say s r. c*ffi $'C ( fj
t. (formally), '(I ( (informally), etc.
3:This expression is used to close

an invitation sequence, saying
that you are looking forward to
D+. */"
ir.
t)
b) ,,, #/ffi
wa:
ffi B 0)tfr,- ,s - I
ll'tvt
*+utv
@ai
*rvtv
wa:
*+utv
rga:
*+vtv
>>>>>[fft]
-s
>
l"r
. lr
reHJ cEao
/f-11-I*lr?5
i.D+/t.r"
ffitf;rlt Lt,t ? 5
i,- t' J:d,

D , ftl r,.da"
i 1", cltr" ltclt,<#.( (tttt)E"
E*/Eurt
6"
4:t * -> implies that you can't

comply with an invitation.
it is polite to ask
this type of question, which
would make it easier for the ad-
5:Oftentimes,
dressee to refuse your invitation.
6:When you can't accept an invitation, make sure you give

thanks for the invitation and ask
to be considered for another op-
pornrnity.
135
-#"o"
1 ,r,
l-lbJvl
- -,,\B+. i *^ E##feE-tt-t., /J L'o B#l*. il

7,3- l. r',{- I --l :c- ft+.i?$ tr" invite) L * T. '*H {u, uoo
like)" i/)f-1 -.t- fl*/J!.o g+*trffi.) L" fttJ.+g+VWfr b * T (to decline) . /'l-rl /J i..?tf :#,H l-ru trLl't. t * .t"
"<7
-
t,-
-D
,,,
n-lVJVl
-îlH++^ i-^lEA'hz l'7 7:.1) -*j A,t:/. b /Jt'"

* /,". +WX'R-cz z l-vzl1v"-Tr(t.. H++.#t.*T" g++
,{7:/J b.
tiZ<r,."
J,', trt-wJVl
e
'
47 t:z b. -tg+.
l'"
BA^+
i -î 4 &EA^+:
4t. H++-Htlo)ffit:e,rlf L / t,. f.-. tll)X.'r:fl$ L * i-" EY*
HLX.t:fr->T /!.r'Ht*T" i. Hffi*t""= ( lll
#ff L / r.. (ftl- ER. , E^L++.X.* {" ffiHi&W ff b . Y/;
4 {t tfr.-t 1f,ffir 6 J i t:L-c ( !.o)
{,,,A-lVJVl
e,{
4 Et,-/ b ,'" t++.. ,}

:*l: 'c. Ar'WtHh^ t,o show himlher around) L l t' ,H: { t,' * T.
7).lT / r,. :- :R.1, #.. /J t.o 1 i . ,L.t. /J 1..
7 i: z b .
-*t+.
-^lt
"' dV2-,
a) 47t:t,{L. t2,f,-)sff.- t L{ffi7)r. !r'tlt bF'c'C. ['.. t

+. ilt,/t . /-r ( / ( ,HFl--c.Z?Ff, - ,r'e 2,r##L/J'o
b)
L't
EE,/WE:, !. { *dEr.l:HF
H#*Hffi{F.'c({!'"
L.
f,1.
c:'.12
'
7I:##L
r'
\'"
n0)
>>>>>
r*[.,p
E
= S
.* t,t 'h 7 -[4
a
cartoon flit., anima(tion)J
comedy
tj.-
-
rtr
-t7 -7
r{if
t,
t\,+rJ
actor,/actress
horror film
ltit)-!=2
*r.t
contemporary drarna
W,W period drama

,'.lz e'-Jy r^ happy end(ing)
plot of a fitm
du
science fiction
6'o fF*
e
lft^L
v r--/
y)
t.
i{"- =E+ffX?/J.o
e I -,) -g*K.t,,ffitr,t|{!.*T.
b'
ffif
CD
AHr.'(-
!.o
^Hpt:-/J
to make a lot of noise
6 )
a) Ht&?
(family name)
ttfi
t. !. * T..
b) _ r) _# .l/ffi. Fllt:/frH* Lt," E ) t_,C.tlt b * T..

c) -') -. E+?'fEl:ffi.*L/..
d) ,1-1 -l'fElffirftSb'c'Ui i.o
e) Eft*)-') -7ts-lrfa-7l rtb{" LJ i." t ) l-'C./zJ' b *."
-#>""
i
iJi"
,lrrJ
L
I
f.
-*. 7 lrN+x+ffi-c.#tfrH-W.L(u. trt, ++xElA

'
:g+ L -C r,. a " H#Iil*RH Kt+'C. H&t Y #ffi. :^d'rr
jL
bor" -r" t 10^('u.lv-/, 7, y rtP4 4,) z;X?ffi

t'ffi,-c'. 4{vt:--tt-'c14 z)t v ! ay" -ffiIstUl*F#.6Fr
!.r. 1 z)ty!=vlJBA#r{". s r-. EffiHffil (
I/H,L lfrr-' , ('CX:I"
: ffi *. o'C - n E't.t:- t" : #4 s Y &ffi.+81+l--CRb
a i: / o " ffi..f"*,. #Eft,n:-l#:ffi., r-r/; b l-: ,
ffitg.t:.!. #ffi< zc i ("_ --. y -t:tt+lJffiWb" FfrtiS

u. I 1 E:lF* ->To r-: I -'t" nX:defu,v.r,.{ {
t ->I. :rf i t E LF"crF ( H.t'c.ft-c /{'. r-J b + (
u.{L*:l.
ffi.1}ffi,81:56 fi.6 . ftl: l" /\80)#E: l- fr,. I - 1 v
!. ( .rl.n.fu. s L ,I < ,ffi'tl{[.]:o - / -Jffi,trJ..{"
_: s_ J. :- / r,. t-,fllt't,.oI" L. L. &l-#Wt:
a 7). . r i E,: (. ffiFit: t. frh''At:frffitY ffi.
tYLH,{vI"Y#W.tt if-i t)-o'c.t-HL- Lc ': ( b

Ll irffi L(. ffi:f4.=ol" TLfrffijL'/-:. [jL
y-. T*ru.. :
ifr,,--'-c)
:/. ?l-r.
,' I-
->( r.t- ffiFiffi:- Y wt?.-rl"
ffi.^F-|,.->l-
r38
-t,/Ji'tgJ7r. d',t.-
i L{
>>>>>
,j.
, /.
tt. ->
i t:S i'
/. H El X+-cffi:
ffi..
aE *1.
*r
: :]F* : { r. 6 ,r"
r1.
low Lt.J
a grovp of students that

meets regularly with a
designated professor to
study specific topics
J ,T
a smal1 cushion for
to get lost
/4 \ / l
l:ffi:E
jzJrt/!l/"1
sitting on
L'
tr(
4
tot
[:r).
to 1ay flat (to sit on)
the back
r,.Ffl
tl,a
,(,
appear; arrive
<
to move [u.1.]
gB
the next day
oi n
./\Er
lT6
eight-mat room ll2'x72'f
R9l;E#,-,,
e.
ff
uI
0)
l-
o.
:(
to caution
tr 0) l- x ? It
tr a) I -t L, 1Tt r,:a.-"
tr
tr
rd
b) I -tti: >ffi.e.rH :/,

c) Y&wt++,.0),s-1 -:flsLt:"
d) :. I -r,./::. */a-i.r{,*t./J.r/o
::t
-ttJ._ ft+,r
[:r1
7a)
2!
gr<
l u.
tA
Ji
b U. 6 )
E rL
atatami room [:
E u
11 E
t:^
alcove
trr
to show (someone) the

way to aplace
ffl
n0) }.
,I
atr-1.
F'frT
{Et'-
to invite
tE'r#-T a
a L. ffi
professor
afc)e; essay; thesis
uJir.u'
't , t ". Y ft:l d't + : / I .l
6tl,,L
=+
il
lt
-HI
riu
:t
f, r,.
"
Itr[(" 1. ffFi:.
-c
, ffi
lt)t)I-!=!
:_
t:-c( !./o
trees.)
t.
l:4.H)
ttFtxT
{_Et4_rle_,-6_____).
No
URE
LT
o
a
o
a
C
Jobs
for Students
>>>>>
n the U.5., even elementary school and junior high school children sometimes work to
earn pocket money by babysitting, delivering newspapers, mowing grass for others, etc.
High school students with part-time jobs are not at all rare. ln Japan, on the other hand,
youngsters through high school are usually discouraged by their parents and teachers from
working part-time since they must study hard in and out of school to survive "examination
J
I
hell." They are expected to devote their full energy to studying to get into the "right"
school or college. They simply do not have time for part-time jobs.
Once in college, however, things change dramatically. Since course work is not even half
as rigorous in Japan as in the U.5., many college students acquire part-time jobs. The best
kind of job is tutoring students from elementary school to high school to prepare them for
entrance exams. They also work as sales clerks, sports instructors, interpreters/translators,
or anything else as long as it brings in money.
ln the U.S., one often hears about students working their way through college. That is
not usually the case in Japan. Parents are supposed to take care of their children through
college, and they do. Japanese college students, therefore, work part-time to earn extra
money for enjoyment. They may buy small used cars, motor scooters, sporting goods, or go
on trips abroad.
Job lnterviews
hen looking for a part-time job, an American student in Japan may be expected to
speak in Japanese, depending on the type of work he/she wants. When interviewed
in Japanese, either face-to-face or over the phone, you must speak very politely, using il#.
There have been cases of Americans selected over their competitors only because their ff#
was better. Therefore, learn to use expressions such as tTLCdl)t and, above all, never refer
to the interviewer as 6ff !
o
o
a
a
>>>>>
EJ.
=,
.75r.
E+t^7,l,/
7JLl{.f l.#
tI f-t zcEE=Eg "
*ItL : ?14 y v#:+ffi{-.

C )v:
L L. ir/ ( Ull y t FL* -l.r). ,ffiffifr7)tts: (. I
:
5 9{t^ :
fiJ!.1 u.'1,{"T"
4 {L:AIi
- lfr ftir b * Tr. ,t'4 t61+t, ( /" r,."

***
EE
C)v
L L. ftb b * Lt. ffiEBltT;.

A'l+t'
b/ ( LffiEX+H++17 v l. FL*T" ffiEt+ffir.lrft+r,b7c t, 'e#:*#WfrWL( u' 6 o t- + LF=l{". tfifru' L * L
+-
/q o
lOEEI
C)v
Et
lsC)v
bb.
4{LIt t" i
" .t, t'c-wL{u. t, +ff, ) 7w.
:t{LfiH-CTr. ffiffi* b *1'.

7 r rt_ Ela" ,Hffiffi+:+-I
v.t
'
4 ) 1." 4 {Llt
*rEl t:
1l... --E
ttl-'Cu.t'l*T".
,-1.
l1.- l,.-'ffrJt.*
aEl
4 {L'atJ'-
C)v
tl,..
El
+- 4 o)Wt:"
ft+LL*f.
C)v
{# L!' :
7#.L/__(___!_lf_I_.
.
k rffi|-'|,t' ,8't.' *
L )." frtÎ*. -B\+;twl>]te'. t.{*b
:(.
trIo)1"
ZgffiJlrfrff-fro
^ffi
4lL'aI*-
tU
( *Fr.u.lL*3-.
*Tr.
.l8r>>>>
EH7-+lr, oU v lLt!ii1 1..0) Ucui"
z-qlv
,[eJ/ v 4
JL+:
z-+lv
4 ) tr" f_-e-ll-rFr**.-6t-f :ffib+r.,D/rr,.
s lLf:
| U/; t,..,] .
. . /7tzt
l.
f rlU,
?
?
f*ffiffi/u.,1'l
""
ifl" t-rd'rl_$_- "r,. D ) .

3
,fElr, y
7v / {. Lr,.. "
z-lv
l a DA"v y
I L+:
-il'7)ktfr.#. L " lffi)v.v y 7v z . ;ffi+ t-tbl'

{"- trI o i- ) l.'t.'*r _11t .
z-+v
Hffi.o-,
to "(Lf
..
7Y
-c'C. ?
,/"
/'l
+ .. OL .- ilE
T.
,,"
. 4 ,ttft." t S'>'C F,2tl o)"
z-g'v
'C
L7:
z-+f v
= i^t lo
l= l o-C
jL+:
N-c'c
z-+lv
. x 7 r i I -: E,r"*a ( u.u-,D/../" Xffi.Fn->-c

^#ffi,"- #ffifu\frp b tu.sf u. t:"t" ffLE
T,.tt:H. I l{.{ btl"
W#ffi.- t.tr,: . f4. b ?
4 ) tJ" ffifl 7 v.s 4 | T A,.b 6 ,D + / r."/Jo x+t+Effi
ffiF,r z>I > ? 4 fu1t,6. + f vT,.T 6^ u.6_4/___l__._t .
5
+tv?
t5
L+:
z-cv
JL7:
z-+lv
)vt:frTs.
fr#t.
1"- 7rY!aY+ftvo
"C". 4lLItL o ......"
tJ-'7)W+#.it' :f,u.(
l-l
.-----_-----al
l'q=
t=
ffi
.1 t>
4 tL.
I
I
>>>>>Vlbl\.(
-#l'l
!t1t vlr\. #lEt#e. +frffi L u cu.

-4 lv lx. t+t/r'U19 / ( /:('c. 7tv,'t4
A,'ATtrt- {ql.!.{"L !. )," ###frEl/J

b l-I ( /J t..-c.
ll-l:L',H:{['
b,"C'Ttl [*- *
fi.f+ffi b * T."
s.4 f v
tt ( "j ->l.l41t-&)'"
w++tfr
ffi++l
l-4YY
10
" {tJ'. 3v-- -:+Lu'.

#'ffiR l-I L '"""o
ffiHt . f+{"++ffiffia4t# t' }. o Lf : ( * L"
flJt.ttl,.0>^j bl#:"C"
4{t . . t : t?#H{"ffiR,s4 lWL(u-*T}" ffiffi

Ekffi.L{ t'* zJ'>. # L'C. .1 6 i 1"1'.
-4YY D . F7r.ttl a*.T"
W++1
ElPE"
t5
t -I.1r".
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* 0) i?#iH:ff
H++ffi
Iu)ol
9z,l Y v
? i.Ê-c + ." I 'r 4 i

f:e L/ia. (" . B Ht'-7
w+4[ft
e)r
L l.
tT
"
.tv,,t
4 l' r:
t' * T .
w++ffi
t"ttt$("..
1r{- l.'C- + v l2 v-Ztt-c-C < {L6LWL{u. ,'Ar. yt4 /v ,/ 6ic0t b t',Hr,.*-l- " -E-n+H{". f^Hrr4 )
t4)v
{" .
L-c- 7c{Lttl l[.
EEIB. t&ffaf.
-4 YY
w++f
!
'
-'l'*mt.
L*T.
- t' ) .'>f11 tt"
.18F,,>,,
Z Xf, -?+
/< 4 :
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7
t" 1'
i\!rf4v
fr^ j tv7 l.
=Hl""v
r t t /'tt
+
0)
: Inr ,
=
Ettf14
1o)
A'#
o);t-LX.
ffii, 'e
trffi.
,
k+I.m
*+1L
X
'c*^,ffi
lIr" ri
F- i
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^ffi+b
F:{LT
-)
'{
'c(#l.r)
H, IIJ "
1."
o)
),
I
ftH-(
b r
Y
HffiI
o 2 ^
-R
trh\t1,81,
Frli tr
(,
- t .u - t = ) t & 2<tlFf
T tb l: <
t:t
Et< 5 frt.
(memoria
lV .=.H#
l)
(5tEH : Fil
tr- t t) -
t.))
I
Ftts
ffi++
.L
E tH
)K:
: t
o)lI
#F
rlj
:ri-) F-')
I
im
o
t-
-c
1P.?
ffi
{-C
,
.t"
:e
/ f *
b)v!
tttttTrlrltir F#u
-cttu -? /-# #-c7y ffi:)(v

f: : k'
r # :
{L
0) )
l; j [. t,,
b {L ,8, 4 : ? i 7 I
/ !r Y lD/' !r,
' m !r B "
Y t )v
)v 4 2 A LI
/\ffitf
.
- 74 t,'L
!r
l
)v
Uq 7" i."
t+
^
v L i t"--)
/\ ?y xi)r$B
t7
^fl EXAo)
iw
+
H:'=
7 t i S t -? + : TH !r r- = 4 ;-L
t^y.',:,.
- 0) z +'c. < '1..'{"ffT ft-c
^HE4',;+
?- 7 0) 'i
7' fl l,:
B 4,c_,1r
B - f 7
7 !'
Y F o v' -C )v 7 ' t , H
^
i-ffif ^g y *
i'.H
ki
"I{. h" zcZ &"rE't,
C
U
&5
jn'Z 2 L i D j i i t '-o
* +F
t {L
'c
Ht';i
1,
,t &
)
=i
^.
t :
F *if,' r 4
t:
6
J
y
:
/
,
l: B
, /\ " 7
u X f c ^,
lftl/f)4rt=1,
4 " 4 / !r o v t E- t
i:
fr
!r t m 7 ÊXTcEU
"
7 rt
418
4 : +
o) =t
v i
I r /:
147
l8*,,,,,
i:
.i'
5t
wt
z
ira
Llt
-+ffi
school
[:Y&;often
used for names

schoolsl
ii L
&.w
l, U
o)
teacher
s lfr#
l:re)
for ,,\]
fffi)x.w v
['f
, ffi+l
to
u,i
+ffi
/-t--ru
OL
f,f
,, ,'r-y 4 T
tr: *a El : r 6
(tl, -
#Lt'
target; object of
volunteer
to meet lhumble form
of )l lu.i.l
detailed
17
ut*.
aft.er
Ii'c. i t
fine; good
connection(s)
little; short (time)

lformal for L]
J+l
s L+Xa
,1.,
junior and senior high

school students
lu.i.l
a person
rt.u
I5
to replace someone
l, ry'l: lu
tt
lfamily name]
J:+r'
6ft
z ->w,b
10
so5
L'r J
'r
vlivt
ffiill
of
person who handles a

patttc;lslat business
matt [ is generally
a humble expression
-LR/n'
lfamily name]
trp*
receptionist
l( l'
l.tL ri
6E|ll
to look for
in cftarge
quick and simple

to chatter
z
6
t:trTl
,,
vttu
16
housewife
female office worker(s)
llit., offrceTady)
#,
relative(s)
lxE
trT.
private lesson
to keep company with;
to be a companion to
r.
trt+
7e
mil
u[. u r
,o
surely
<
translation
ffirffi
bulletin board
f,
fashion model
>>>>>Vlbll.( t-#.1'
'i
t
1w+ft
,
+ol.
lperson who deals with

matters pertaining to
10
foreign studentsl
:I
(t
job opening [i., mouth]

rr v
5ffiffi
special talent;
magazine
+fr
16
19
ski11
:/,v'l I
/4 l.
F-T to lose no time in -ing
r'f
to hire
i
+l'v4f -z SantaClaus
'-t- b (/) perfect flt
a--
ffi
editing
tr
lfami narneT
#lll
177yF'.<2 r*f.ryr*
t(
Caucasian
(
11
on the ocean
(
to drift ashore
,t,8 i
6 ffigJ-f
#-l
to allow
lffi .
warmly
r: [t*t'n
to be moved; to be
13
Elatlffi
impressed
e-
ttu
ancestor(s)
Effi
*tt
s,Bt.Hi-
+-luu, lu
legend
ts-
t[' '
to recall
-i:f-
toward-
d'r
longing; yearning
r.tf-
to hold [u.f.] [written

expressionl
tr_,
e ffiEX
offthe
whaling vessel
ffifif;tr
"etlu.
ru(
Japanese waters;
coast ofJapan
t Br.+
?Mft
a!t
- Q ) t,F,tT to feel as if before long; soon

+';tr
.v'
(- ) l*,'T 6 to be determined to
-; to resolve to -
s (-:)ffiiz
:^:
attt '
r:r\,
ÊX
q'l
10
[:El
to enter a country
<
continent
tEE
z 7t'- l..tj-t
FortGeorge
t
7av l.7Yt*^ scot
s vf 7Y Americanlndian
r9DaiL+
4 iH ft
a person who goes adrift
Dutch (person)
r:'i;
Ranald McDonald
['
f,.,
Lfu
7vlL
national isolation
crew member
flEl
t4
t*ti t
frt#
method
#t.
fortunately; luckily
['
{
c;,\,
frffi
rs
direction; area
Tr'
(--.) fiJ, i
to head toward
711=ZE
[name of a shipl
t gi
lu.i.l
.lg#,,,,,
l f
tF.
lthe biggest island in

the north of Japan : E
JhiE
'o
-&tx u.61
5' '
(-:)tEj-( to approach (-) [u.i.]
+-tu
flE
t (t
EEru
31
Tand
33
to land (on
-)
H(
to be surprised
eriLpi
lname of a cityl
tn
36 XZWJ
4.
nHf-
xx
overseas; abroad
to
decide[:-t:i*
)
;ln
lthird-person pronoun
'&.
for amalel
ttb'
E,{L6
t!
ffiM-r a
:ti(
25
8il
26
^
(r)
'[';
37
s
28
J-r
to die from an illness
t:lftt'msll
[ma1e given name]
genius
to open up the country

(to foreigners) t:El?ffi
mEl
u'
(-:) lft-f
'u
language study
tlr, r'
Dutch ship
Itt t I'
23
niece
L
i v lfi
EXfl.
22
ttri
z\-
[the name of one of the

four major islands of
2r il6
:
throughout (one's) life
ffifr-r
Japan)
t(.t
to send back
frr(
)1' 'Ifl
>f
warship
-+.
the Shogunate
rut| 6-
r5fu
Fffi
*r( l
bET
o['
(-:) LW'f
#
l:4.l
{Lttu
t u
tf,-(
20
the next (day / year / etc.)
captain of a ship
Y9<
18
t(
30g
to appear lu.i.)
to be shipwrecked
interpreter
inconvenient
to learn; to study
tt-
IIFi
-{.'y
. ;;r
RA
Edo Bay
Commodore Perry
to return [u.i.]
l-:]ri+(
*frrJ
tivi
x.w
b'c
treaty
negotiation
t!.
lftl:
l .
'tfrc
splendidly
to be useful; to be
helpful l:'t.t:-v'>l
""t
TJlrl{r
h#t
LW
z.#Efr
s.lfr
6.ffiffi
z.ffi
s.,fE^
r1..+E
tz.ffit
to.lR,,'
tz.
zt. Jhffir
zz.*ff.
zz.'ffi.
20.ffi.
zz.Y
ze.
.ff
g.Eb
r+. =#f
s.ffiE
ro.ffi&
19.#[.
z0.lpJ/Jr
zq.WlL
zs.R
ET
zs.ffim,
so.Xf,
rs.l*
r.
lfffi
ts.tL 6
r.lI=-
r.ff4
z.# L t,.
g.l
q.ffiffi
s.ffi-rR
0.ffifrffi.
z.#,
e.ffi
g.)
ro.#il1
tq.+flft
rs.'[
rs.fl
zo.WIfu
tz.ffi,#
rs.ffit
ro.ffi (
rz.ffiEX
rB.l..
zt.Hffi
zz.ffi (
zs.Effi
z+.WW.
zs.H-ff
zo.tE
zz. FEX
ze.y
zs.R
so.*fr!
rr.
tEE
!.
sr.l
This radical stands for a rice plant and is generally used for characters
representing kinds of plant, states of, or uses fo the rice plant, etc.
t_fJ
tfxj
[ril fd
151
8*-"'
t "'
Xf*Y< r?T='Y
is about the only X.'
l#t
>
t. t z >>> .< Surrttrt]
This expression is used when Y is about the only case where X holds true. X and Y are both
a)
El^r) "(t ('. 6Off. 7t+ffi< rr Ltrlcrl.

(College years might be the only time when the Japanese can relax.)
b)
U-T
Eh
rF.Rffi21.:r,
_ t6 < \rr"
(,{bout the only time Tbkyo becomes quiet is around
c)
#.Ltfr&wt. fr7 v7
47
Llre
Bon festival.)
r"fA:E^ffiw.i-l( r?"T.
(about the only teaching experience [I have] is teaching Japanese to children as a volunteer.)
/r* f pHfJ
t.z,lf
='as expected; also; agan'
is aconversatioalform,of
[#2 >r.3]
Si,.,L...an
erb,ry,liich,indicp!s,thfwatisbing.
said is what is expected from our general or specific knowledge.
a) I a y . T i1
ltW*.T ->T"'t.0) ffi It, \lf U&yXl:t, ol"
(John Kennedy was a politician. His brothers also became politicians.)
b)
+rffit..6
f . 1up tf U HLa :ffiH7)r.. b * j-"
(Kani arc interesting, but las might be expected] they take a long time to learn.)
ott
onlyVou
--f{='lf
-'
l#z
>
s >>>
FF
This expression states a sufficient condition for attaining a desired result.
,, .r:V.(1-.,rfeijln)''-,1uls:'l.' .:,(:,,T'..ffih .,Z,t1thlf'.'.-,,.:'.,,

,'',*, ,,are.droed.,.hn is attached;
|:
ffitrIS;,I*'is'acc itio f'o'ry,
i',1i!::',i':i'
'fr'P.fficles' z:t''
i"tt
)g: 7-T n|{ffifr,: lJ b *-} ,"
(You won't get sick if only you exercise.)
b) E *"rftrr'
c) 2 i
(tf you only sleep, you will getbetter.)
7.:H( )
| L c'c. ,r,rtrft'. r.D
I ifT.
(If you only attend classes andtake notes, you will do fine.)
152
L rr
*nnHl
tttrt 7rLlr{ F#U
d) + fr
?rrtrft'#Eflrffie) 6 r,. btI {..t b * ,L"

(It's not the case that knowing kanji guarantees that you are able to read newspapers.)
e)
EH*11{.
Lirl.
(The only thing I need to be happy is free time.)
.,
',In
g.orpq,capes, there-
is a chqice between,-_N.- Vjttr,O.V
.:r t.:l::;.. -: :. t: .: ::;.:.::4.: r:r:,1r.i: .;..:
.,l.u-,1.aS.,.,,-i
$ fol.lorying
examples:
)
g)
(Tbnfr^'. ib*1.
<T b ffi,r Ttrff. b *f.
(If only you would take your medicine, you would get better.)
zt8t1, f
l#z s >>> tf : i
{rrr, ^,f*l
..:.1x ,hictr:antiu6aa'ioi.'i.l.qt.i .n"', conjecrure with some
> t.
Lur)r E
,cita,inty. .It',follows IN], [/-adjectie+,rr'],;anOttain foJms gf

-vgrbq ana,,
, ai ut, ' , ,,'
"
a) B*EEE.6 , Hm&aorrf r"T"
(Ifs Sunday today, and so banks are supposed to be closed.)
b) Bt:{l,t'!./'6
c
Bffi-h+/rff
f .T.
(His Japanese should be good since he lived in Japan.)

Bi;
Fr b*u- l*f
(If it's
a used one,
f'1.
it should be
cheap.)
d) 2'<4 vffiFflct.z\l: o1- 4, y 7tjffiL ( rr.f*f (.T.

(For people who know Spanish, Itlian is not supposed to be dfficuit.)
e)
BAffi=+:/r?.1. BffiffHe)
*dt'T.
(Students w1no are in Third Year Japanese shouldbe able to read newspapers in Japanese.)
$ rrr -l*TLrt
l#2
> t. z o >>>
=e=,btt
tub\r
âuraatiur]
r0
a) *.6ftt"
(Ifs iike
a dream.)
153
.lg#>>>>,
b)
,/Jt. l, VHb ftf . l.4/c[r.
(I feel stupid being forced into buying an expensive thing like this.)
c) r .fl=F / . ;1 . t /da.
(It seems difficult to find aob.)
Ilclu
d) X+ffi4FT 7ttrrJ-"
(It looks like lhel is going to get married next year.)
lffia#t
$ trr N tr?='as -'
a) ###EnLf El,-frr <7 t yr^1. W",tWzr!'J i/.
(It seems that the number of Americans who go to Japan
> . t s >>>
t,(]
as English teachers is increasing every
year.)
tfl 3
r<1,+
b) 1= 7+-ll. ffi+l'T b DIiE("^tt'> LlJ!'"

(Chomsky is perhaps more famous for his political activities than as a linguist.)
| ," N/ (lI) ='because
(of); due to'
-l(t:) follows [N], lt-adjective*t1,
lffivl > n a >>> ERitu rrur,zu)]
and plain forms of ,-
adjectives. It indicates the reason or cuse for the following clause.

pression, and hence is used in writing or in formal iitotioos.
a)
tdtr t9
Xft7
i 4 l*-t
-l
e[.$, :,4"F d,.1,],,+-
f6l:.ex:.
::is.
.:.:i,, r.i :. :..: .,...-r:i.:i:.-:....::;. ,.: r
t' tr:r:11::
1'::
:'.i::r',
i::tr::r
::.:itt:,::.;:,1
Y+ tv ttl"
(The flight was cancelled because of heavy snow)

(?
b) #?ttFttdt-
Hi :ffiFfl7):f: fi o
(fan3i take a long time to learn because of their complexity.)
) #ffi'e 6 )Bilt. /J r,. &)- #rcftEl: D ( t. /.
(Because there was no interpreter who could handle English, the Shogunate was greatTy
inconvenienced. )
(aI
rtr.
(Because of the deteriorating economic conditions, many people havebeen laid off.)
e) E#ffifufr-f
(E). E^fra /c.
(He went to Japan in order to study Japanese.)
f)
E#ffifu,ffiU rl
e)
(E)
- BAâ l"
(He went to Japan because he studied Japanese.)
rt
a) "'Vwt hOTE;fff
TrLlrr F#u
>>>>>[#1]
I : In general, the party that
ffi^: At I
)v
; t t, t.^#srt
r.< uffi**#og+r ?72
l. rf,
.xT2" ffiffi7 tvtt 4 | Z Tb
* t fltr[tZ"f
{L: bb. 4{Lu. 'i "
)v
answers the phone speaks first by

saying L L. Some people,
however, skip L L andidentify themselves by saying, for
example, H+'C. Business es-
1"
tablishments normally identify
r3"
themselves immediately, with-
ffiff-7)frW.t b *-l-..
i.. ng YEffiFffiFk,r'L f :
b *T"
l
ffio)L: 4 )-AzJ,o ?ffL{'.l- -EtaEl:.. t-C!#

L !' L *6ffi1- Ur r' t E!'* T- pH
+'{-W c a ^r. 6 L.r r,./ lit * 1..
-)v ; i!.. /1. D I i -c. 1" f''t-F+:1Elr. * T.
XU ( *Ft.t,./L*1"
outsayingtLL.
2
The caller must first identify

himself/herself by saying - F
L * -t-. If you forget to identify
yourself, the person answering
would ask
ffi
(polite for tr)'c
^TLfj'rr.
L I .. The
latest trend seems to be to leave
out the latter half of this senonly trlL l as
tence, leaving
intact.
3: Once the caller idenfies him-
b)
'-
Eg?8f;fr(messase)
t t ' t.
ffiti
self/herself, he/she normally asks
for the person
l' ) lt'a"
'{,OJ?'
ilrBl llr,., 4 )f-T7Jt"
,tut
)v i 60 ). *+ 7 2 l- fr L :r rf2.
* 7''"rbz L+rf;f 71,3"
tljEl bo) i. t r e H. 'c.i b * T.
tv:. . 4iT," lEIffiat6')\ ' Lt i.,
f
ilrBl& )1,wc : F6 ,8r. * T l .
)v i 4 ) -r'" 4 lLf. T.*li lvr+6'l|' L
t 2ft e,- .L 6 ^.*'ffi ( / l i +Jl
tv
l.E
(to give a message) < l, r *

TIJEI
)v
IIJH&
tf
/r, '
5.
ti''b * L/:. E--c*r * T.

!.U ( Jd-F,.L*T. {'t.
^TLL*-1"
: A, ( / t'"
he/she wishes to
talk to, e.g., ffirlrJhr.. - l- +

r.. * T .. In the above conversation, the caller instead states the
reason for the call by saying
-e
,lEl.-lc
-o)
r..t,Tr
or ? l, r1-#1.-C r,. 6 c L
+ L->ltf. btffiI.i L
* Ll.
4: If the party that picks up a phone
does not identify himself/herself, then, you can ask by saying
(polite for 8) L i
you are calling someone's
-o)*;4
.
if
home.
5 : When
you want to leave a mes-
sage, you can use formal expres-
sions such as
-l ) *6 ( ti
t. */1,. and - L ld6 ( f

t' or informal expressions
( ftt. ?
such as
--c'C.G,Lt
ard,--t1.- f *t.f
.18#>>>>>
1 ,,,
El-)b7Vl
- ,{7i: b / t.. -lB:

<l'
aHYE.t_ H#.2 7 y.,s 4 | L t.f".

!' !. t##+ffi.Effi# tr.ti'Cr,. * 1" i -^t'< y y###nriift'.
a +ffi. ) Efr,EWv" !. * T" - - /\ffi?ffiH L / r,.. ffi
u-
ffiI.t..ffi (detail) l.
f ,,,n-rVJVl
e
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
'<7 t='{1.
b r t." B++.:rtJ t?{F

r.{ffUiffiffiHL/J r,.o 4.:- L ffi
-^tB+4.. t) i -^&E:
l:#lt,ttJ'C.-
##vy Tvtt:t
L')r. EH.
ffiF. EFfr, +ahLt#E.u.,ffilll"
When should theybegin?

How many times a week should they meet?
Where should they rneet?
From what time to wlnattime?
How much should the tuitionbe?
J "' E-rVJVl
e,{z:t D t r." ff 3 , r.4 y vttt._ l9?ffEf,:ffi
TTJt- 'ffi.ttrFffif,:ffi" llffiffi,Ff,Tf ^: t, ->'c. - ffiH L /J !."
t--c
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++
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-ffiFr:=aE
-B:=fH6iTi"
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iri"
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ti 7
'{.''r
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ril
-si 4 -Flai:#l-r ': ( b t-I a -? i,. E#)y17 y l-0,,

lfu/-.l. BA^fi ( ffi- 'hx l. 7 r \ t) -t:ll.tat"?f+r(!. oTfr
flr [r ,Hu.- t ,tt:ll,
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*1 4,L?Hr*,n
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ti- ffifrW7 - | 7 .-7 (.': r#(F b o),s v t- trJ.t z iHu-PVl
-clt, . -7
-i: , b U{ L * o" (.. f "t#o{ !.
,syl"ilJ][llv t"4z-'.b/a' r.) I :ftcu./;o ,v."rlf/J (.
17, {-,,v l- ty y / z1i v F-WJtr,'b TI" 4t, | 4 vz
,) y r* *'C Cr-;v - fi tvl"y ),.->f11 y l-tr{"î -i l.
4 vt)y e: ta.t-
Ii
( AW..-C l, *. -cl"
._
L a1-
r*frrfu
t'J<
+fF
Uit.,brand-oriented,
i.e.,Ilkingfor
narr'ebrand goodsl
:-i
hometown
-l
*9fr,,e.
n )
n b)
n )
n d)
n e)
a
s'r J
*tg'
ffiww
iE U t ) lr
O.
F5
':
Ttandmade
/l
l:-c(F.
to be disappointed
whenever
: Ctt b 0) l- x ? Itf Ur"
-ri 4 -*. BY6i:,r7 | 7 z t/ - t,-/vy b .c"

7 7 :. t) -t hti.- ,"( {t,rzJ.-tIo
*?'E "tt- blffVl\t, B:r,. a. tH,l:vVJl ->I"
'h
*t,1.
,-h l. 7
11v F-pVlt -6 *f 6 L!."
. t) -1)X.tt:It-
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ETE;
rff
/ t'
e_n-.__*_lF-A.u.1lt_il{U
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o UP. fd<.'
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n.REHcE.fc!
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'
ilirr,.;,..'........."..'..........'.....>
IJRE No
a
a
o
o
Humble Expressions
hen one gives a gift in Japan, one uses an expression that minimizes its importance:
)t.T&V\V)C175 (lit., it'sjust something insignificant). The spirit of humbleness has
always been valued in japan. lt is the same spirit that makes Japanese speakers say {EI'd
ttttfu75 (/it, there's nothing worthwhile) when they serve a meal to guests, or LUZ,
lvCDtl\',/lvCtcrdtl (Cl) (lit., it's far from the truth) when they are complimented,
for example, on a member of their family. 2l'a!\+r)el, howeve is a fairly formal expression. So, when you give a
t,fcbo)
ldLfu
gift to your homestay family, a less formal expression
such as
Cd wil I suff ice.
Gift-giving
hen one receives a gift in Japan, one is not supposed to open it right away. wanting
to open a gift immediately has traditionally been interpreted as a sign of beng
materialistic. Don't be surprised, therefore, if someone you give a gift to in Japan does not
open it in your presence. Likewise, if you receive a gift, thank the giver profusely, but do
not look too eager to know what s insde. Like so many things in Japan, howeve this
custom, too, is perhaps in the process of changing. some young people nowadays may ask
you to open what they give you at once.
Another difference in gift-giving between the U.5. and Japan is that when one receives a
gift in Japan, one often starts worrying about what gift to give back. For example, if one
receives an Aiur 0.e., gift for special occasions) from a neighbon one must give back a gift
(r.e., an AffiUl of equal or near-equal value. When you are in a student-teacher situation
where you are the teache however, you do not have to worry about this. ln other words,
if you receive a year-end gift from a student you have been tutoring, you are not expected
to give anything back.
Since an average middle-class Japanese family is accustomed to receiving so many gifts,
they are not easily surprised these days. lt may be difficult to give them the kind of present
they might find extraordinary. The best kind of gift for a H# to take to Japan for his/her
host family, therefore, would be something that would be hard to obtain in Japan. Take
with you, for example, T-shirts from your college if there are teenagers in the family. Picture
books with beautiful color photos of your city or state might be another good choice.
o
o
o
a
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u
Li l' :
H
t {L * ti n 1 "
a)
)
i
r ) /: T Hh ffi 6 4 +rJ
l
:'
k
U /" 1" W. IJ iF " i t ^
*,8 ?'ffi.W.FtJ r" u o)
) i , v )Lw S
- b
.EA
NH
o)t'e
\
o
t9
,
/"
l-..
!r i*
4 :
t r.i7. f+ !r i v ffi
^
. , o) i15 *'
b 4: u -c
<*
e' r tfr'
tr
*.
165
.lg#>>>>>
,:,1:r
;!i
ol
t-'
I' o)
gift; present
AbW
17
fr,ffi.i
to worry about
*is*, s
anirnal
WrW
to go out of one's way to

do something
[>>>;t/-
t'1]
tr'
:v
t9
21
?7
to open [u.f.l
mascot
to wear
BJ
23
6m
red
tt, t.
t'
fr
to be pleased; to re.joice
-f,
2to9
z rr (
without hesitation
unreservedlyl
Ul.,
t-l
ts
color
r.L u 4iLL
4 ffiMWE
',
*t
- / .
7-y
f
t.r
flr l-
to have no choice
but to
-1,
14ffi
W
r
.g
.ti "C.-
[>>>*rl- t.2]
navyblue
at least once
lcontraction of
*:
t6+L
[>>>*;.i
fl
pri
EX
t
tfami namel
-/J+
lcounter for suitsl
5'
not at all
suit
r(
t1
n- i
wedding reception
t'4]
-tI] {t
12
weekend
'&t
a
gft.
of appreciation
tea cup (for green tea)
>>r>>Dlp
season
i't ,
traditionally
*+fi
mid-year gift
tt, i tf ru
3+*
t+t
fff:
#Lto
,c.
9 EII
LrJ*
ulr+*
relative(s)
-tr*
ffi*J
14
R+h
to visit
<tJ
r
,tt
ffi,ItffiTt
ffiw
influence
,'zlrv
Christian
9'n
#,
church
just;
_t
3s
36
xw
1a'= i- I
chocolate
lover; sweetheart
,..
-t:FE
clt v
40 2
42
to help each other
.'i
', -
t6El,
not limited to
one's superior
exactly
reciprocal gift
'f
4s
*, 6
l:lt
"f' b t1)Ll
weird; eery
cash
[>>>E,/-t-1oJ
-hd
sightseeing trip
original
[>>>*t,/-t'e]
to exchange
37 ,L
loca1 product
rl E r'
*,0)
only
['o
e,
frffi:
{"{.
22 n&.
tT tB WTI)
24
30
'7uit11)
.xt!
vicious circle
fruit
rc IT,VI
zo
l:HHl
increasinglyl:-ll
mffi
34 /C'l
New Year's gift of cash
to invite
clearly
['*r;
tl
New Year
*'-.* -
bde
ttt< v vt/,,'lu
i t
HM
rc
end-othe-year gift
to deliver [u.f.]
to *+:
uJit.
tH'r#t 6
a'J
29 Ell . :
to eqjoy
f8tr
groom
28
someone iu.l.l
13
.tr-- )
#F
s
ffih
/J 6 to be indebted to
tro I
'
exftavagant; luxurious
HR(r)
end of tl'rcyear
tr
4 tffi,H
tt,
ttrrJ<
24
25
6ffi!:
d"*..
- [: -lf-] g / l
#Kl
aTuL
fond of
-F
[rt
to decide[af.]
z.ffiWJ
s.f
6.grW
- .?
t.E a
e.s
rr.xfl
rz.E*
r.F
ro.EE
tz.
zr.#BF
22.ffiffi
1.
zo.
El
taS:
+.&
q.ffiF
.ffi*r
ttffi
ts.tffi
zs.tE#
z+.8
r.
6lt'
5.7J5
ro.
-'
ts.ffiIT 6
zo.f,ffi
zs.
t'El
t.A b *2J
z.i
s.WffiH
.#H
.4
z.#Kfr
e.ffi
g.ffi,ffi,
t2.ffi,ft
rs.lR
tt.WJ
r.Hffiffi
s.ffitF
to.RW
ts.ffi#
and is generally used for characters representing god-related objects and activities.
this radical comes from

l+Ll
l+tl f?fijld
,,,,,
1 ttt fd:='to
go out of one's way to do something'

l#t
a) " "H. lt4l7).
Effi("ff
>
>>>
dtzd
uo*
"
(It's not easy to take the time to go, so I will talk on the phone.)
b)
Y4.: clFX. Ltl.t.f LI i""

(Do you think I should rewrite this composition?)
ftE.: ^b"r ( ( r,-u-,Ds!.f."

(I don't think you have to take the trouble to rewrite it.)
(ttdd
:r()
vs. tf
ir "ir " denotes doine something in a way that takes more tim and effort than o"""r.ury, o,
purposely doing something that is not necessary. So, in general, there are at least two
alternatives and you choose the one which takes more time, effort, etc. 't: , ( , on the other
hand, is used to indicate that one has spent time, made an effort, or
obtain something, or to reach a certain state. It is often used with expressions such as :
,
and
14' '.
c) c/t,< BAffi?BoI0):. b/Jr,- T

(You learn Japanese with a great deal of effort, but
d)
ff L* i.
ifyou don't
use it, you forget it very quickly.)
t2 "t? 'X (
L. t.f"T
(You don't have to take the trouble of coming.)
J.
f ,r,X,Ultfrl$ftlr='1s have no choice but to -'

lffi2
> . t
t >>> uflfzL< e D %urr)']
T,hi,sprossion, means that X,,is.notr what one normally wants :to, :do'bq1 ne hag :no, choce-,..
t, . r,: . ., :. rll,jl
r' . . ::,r .:i.:rit.:.:r ,,r. -.:.:.,,
.,ri
r: 1..:.riri.J,.r.li.:..).1,r:.r:,1'.,' .:jitrll:: a:: :i':
:'
but to do it.
,:,:..i,1.,1.-
a) t t.ffi1.
7 tv.,
4 t 31
J, t)lt'r)rru'"
(When one does not have any money, one does not have any choice but to work part-time.)
b) IFr t'. 6 _ !.'C.ft < e ) llfi ttt"

(Since I don'thave a car,lTtave no alternative but to go on foot.)
l#: t. t >>>.'. eean*at']
J rrr Vn,/ n
.' .,rVd. / {L fonri,which is,homophonousto'lhe siv,ffi'-y-,b;. ffi#t ''
(honorific
>
forrn),
as in the
following examples.
169
.lg#,,,,,
a) ft+^. &lt'ltt?
i trt, t.:
'HH[ .7(" L & ) ..
(Professor, I hear you have written a book. When is it scheduled to be published?)
b)
ft+t7
(
1tt"
tLti.6lt- + T.r-J.Laf
I'l ,'e l,
^)F
professor]
you
.{merica,
things
were
very different from what they are
When
came to
lfalking to a
now, weren't they?)
Qr>r>
"<
y rt
(-f*) ='at least'
l#3
a) + / ( ,r../u.. FF:'r!.T'-
>
z >>>
tt)<-El#a
bT#+f*ffiAf"
te)r]
l:
/J b 1."
(I want to learn lots of kanji, but I don't have much time. I would like to be able to read and write at
least Kyoiku Kanji, though.)
b)
b< -.If B^ffa r

(There
people
must be lots of
r>I L. ,B
i sr", 6 i
"
who would like to visit Japarr at least once.)
c) EWT -HFd <' trl* E#ffifutfrL-c {, !./ t. .

d)
(I would like lthem] to spend at least one hour every night studying Japanese.)
L
6
:{ff
I)fttr (' ' Lf t, 6 !.1 !- ,s, i f&u,l i
"
(There must be many wives who want their husbands to wash dishes, at least.)
S t"t -fl='so that -'
lffiaryt
> t. a
>>># uo a * ; tr]
tX , t: Yl means [Y so that X]. In this constructiol, X often contains a poterntial verb,

negative form or stative verb, which normally canlt be controlled by one's will.
a) r>,t.t*l,b
6 & a E1 a a v
- |
'l.
(I gave lthem] chocolate so that they can all enjoy it.)
b) tr/Jt* llt.t*a!.t
( / u..
(Please write it down so that you won't forget.)
c) B^litf6ali*#. lf t.*f.
(I am saving money so that I can go to Japan.)
d) +++dsr: ,h,j E Lr,.Hrt.( b *-f.

(Children's books are written in an easy language so that they'll be easy to understand.)
170
*uo*
]?,
e) ffiL!.HF z e.|;W#. Ltt.*

(I am saving money
) ffiLt,#H
T"
that I can buy a new car.)
so
ttlzw#.
l-( !- * 1.
(I am saving money in order to buy
new car.)
i.No,tlc-..thatine)', th9.verblis,4po-t9nti-.yrb, whil in
$ tt *JZ,/ 1E-='seems -; appears -'
f),
the ve!s'..an
lffi*t
-,,,/jiadjectives'and ,t,::adjetivs both:aearin;ad ial:foim
a) t.,
(
as
> t.
a9ti9-n,v ,..'
o >>> rFEtcEz
az ;-e
af
follows.
fr-"IZE,Z6"
[Hel always
seems to be in good heaith.)
b) BA^rr+J b<E6"
(Japanese look younger than their age.)
7','z
r,
a)
l#afil > t.zz >>>...ex;t
arz]
emphasizes the preceding noun or phrase.
Bffir+rb , Zz. ffi!.f.T.

(Japanese is interesting preciselybecause it has kanji.)
b)
)FS ?
BA^
l' Ha { !'* T.
(I do wnt to go to Japan next year lfor surel .)

:.r
,.,:,The:s.eems: to:he;some.r3son.why.,,orie has 1o emphasiz-e ap-arti.cBlag:,tl.o.ri..r$rlpase.

Sentence a), for example, would be used when someone has said that kanji is troublesome or
that he wishes there were no kanji. The speakei then rejects that idea by emphasizing the
,"u.on clause. i4 generally replaces particles lJ/k,/lr,/lt, but is attached to other
particles, as in,r 4, L i ?, etc.
$
i:,,
>>o
XplY='tt's
true that X, but Y; Although I said X, Y'

l#aM > z >>>
ffcf
grven to
r'followslplain forms, but

qualfy X.
a copula
/i
z< z : <b]
is generally:omitted. In ttris expresqion, Y is
171
o
J s,,,,,
a) , y 7?7cT .
EIAI:.?
zlr vl|b * b r,.*r,"
(although I said Christmas, there are very few Christians in Japan.)
b) *u- EcT g.
ltrrHa
u b b *, ,"
(Although I said it's cold, the lakes never fueeze.)
$,r,7-f=Just; only'
a) /t'r.Flffim aLlrr,Lf r.lJr,-J IYtxEb *T.
la$>t.zl
(A student who is oniy concerned about getting good grades is problematic.)
b)
ti.ft#/
L(
t- 0)t.
c*
rL-
,8,!.* T.
(I think it's boring to be doing just housework.)
/c'ffirffri6 J
r LrtIttElffi{hD
*r,"
(Internationalization is not just to become able to speak English.)
f O -" N (Of NP) EF/(rt='s1
a) E#ffifutfrLf r,- +r.
limited to
-'
l#av>:z>>>ff,,ucmael
Bffi4t=Wt) *, ."
(Students who study Japanese are ot iimited to Japanese majors.)
b)
&t.-
/ e tEz))Jlrl BAÊF
tuT Lr/rro
(These days, professional sumo players are no| confined to Japanese.)

t:
This expression can also be used in the affirmative,

c
) *+Wt:fttl 6 ttx++XL
/cEE
in
d.
n< t\6
"
(Only those who have graduated from college/universitr can go to a graduate school.)
f 1 *' ltlu (* particle) Tt='ny -'

.
as
, G- 9terally,,p4r-ti1es-
cles such as L ,/'
a)
tr<
ElvtHtlUT'
l#vt>t >>> eruart;tt]
and ?. are.'de-leted.wh.they,rare,.fqjl,wqd ,t:'.tr,':\i{il :tlirartit,/
t:,etc., remain.
t !.!.tT"
(Any present will do.)
b) Elvr),.tt' ?'t,r-
^? ) L )ttl,u,"
(It's nice to receive a cardno matler who it is from.)
Etvt),
rg:,{L^tr- i$/i.
(A person wtio canbe friends with anyone is lucky.)
d) t
-tffi:c.
(Any place is
{e)x-'ffiri"
home once you live there. [:There is no place like home.] )
>>>>>Dw
a) "o #umdt
Elu
). fr. *.J,t u,r /crr/?.rtt
R#o)t6atr t'f.'f
Br
Elu
HE
Eu
>>>>>[t.:]
1,
you give a present, it is

customary to say futl.lto
D + t..1,'e l , v.t *. tt
tJ r. o)T It E, lLl!.,
1 : When
"
b- t . t4*.""
z )rt\ t"r 6#7 z, r /c rr / *L?"
4 ,tfi, ffr.*> t ( 'c. I . -z I t ,
t - - lvffi /' it {" j- " 6 "
L'fl
', etc.
2"
2: W1len you want to state a reason
for a gift, you can say, for ex-
-f t. t "t. l *T111,
:/c*lL"fTor ,.a{
toff|: t: .c r,. * 1o).
ample,
tt]:-.
-f
lrrrdVv-,
e
,s7: t->f., s* r' 6 '>'c.-&) {Ll-.rr: bFht=-tt.'cffLr..r7" v y /: /: .. /-tl' i {Lt-. oi,ffiB L /J !."
tfiul
lf#*.
EL
y 7<;'tr:ti--)v7 vv ".afiia 6 -cts.

*4'2
-i{Lt-,c
'Yr
t;
^
(knitting) T+-C'.
fi ffi,: ,->Itt:- [X0)
" '&f-t*ffia+rJ
({tI1"1-l"
rGmA,
$lLTit. * bt.*:{'. {L./Jz).->lcurt .
t't'&k-. { rr ){Lt ( 'c. {" 4{Lxgt: L{!.*T.l
,1-T
f,r,-rVJVi
e,:Z: b. --^g+.
+.H{r[tJ- ( /" l t
i-^,+
BAffi : T 6 "
7 | 7 r I t) -0)).':/J b /J !.o a) HY
a) EAi:r,./ l., &++.rJt, H'n. tffi-t(
/ z"
v v | HL{HT",t
{LffiIJ !. i L l,!. o){.'. E++.Ii

r --r_ 7c/wy lt:)1.{!. t,-#,81.
b) 2 y 7-"'.0)8. , 7 | 7 r . t) -'H (ffi) s7"vv | < {L"
c)'h l. 7 r . t) -l)ffi <W> '#4.,,:- /vc' v I k )tf"
7|7r
i. t) -0)*1 , (*
h)
?c
7(
{L
173
.lg#>>,>>
3,,"iii.7tv-J7tlcilvl,
biZ,
Li
t4 ffiffi:rr.{..r,. HFLlJ !.o (l> l-Q )\.- i++.7Jsr./Jl}i".
it
r-ffifia 6.
It,.:6 * L /.1 l/irffifF Ur ,"e1 .)
b) EnTr-> / L 0)b ++. F,.:zJr2,,v-/(Fb , 4 44l:t: E A,T/ v'v | l> 6 .>I.H7"1L
/J
BAt" ,ffi
t."
4,",fF*.
e 1 -c'ffi l--cI/v v t ,Hr.H:?r.{. I i {LUt .r+h) r. iffif.'ffx?
.o F *
H?" 0 Ftlz !. <-ffiA,ctr.69 (
r,.")
e BArlrf - l. .-HL.w t_ { r. * T. cD ?Hr. -(_ n1)xrJrlEL

I t.r-'x ?^t 1."
[.u
r,t.
taffi
zri
o.
Aff
''* (
n )
il b))
n
n )
a
d
e
lf
chopsticks
Etr
:F
1c6
merchandise
I
b VJ
affordIe
ct4
trt
ffiw
tr
lrLd'o. F:
Kamakura-style carving
@{,f
to wrap
: ^17 ./ y 7"'/v v l ffi. { !. / u. ,8:11.6"

7 ) y i:!.). 7./ y rt/\. Li1./r,. L. EA^.{> Ld'lJr,.,
hl|*,o))v, t-u-"
*J
*6#l9.ItE+Ef" .
4
: t\,
^l.
+,# ti.i:E
H: lcI i "
IE
o 7-+Tr. v /
ill
w
h*+tJJffil+fi8=<
"
E.tIt H ft+^
ffiEc
Fu'FIt-r.6 i :. \,-)0)*:.-E tr:/,->{ L* r.* L. ft

+t*l6lF,(*[. : L+ t,. * -f.o 7ct, rt,. tt. : T- l, i. BA* 4 ,/
tv-0,{tl1t.,i,t.t.T. f 1. . 1., ..t..-L -, -'C.ffiu-/ v ? z?l*,u.{l,.*T"

"c. 80) y l= -- . lnr EffiffiffiHt-Wfru/ -c"T"
Z o)il't OL -C". frl^H#l^t"c'3'r. t+ffi. ,$- 4 z v v l'" ffifl
t I'f " B^{.' - ./J b i. . Eu.ffiF} b r#Ffifrfrttt ( /of
t-4 i.r"Td" L o CI'c < tl,l*. ffiwH:+f+flll{.'.
=
t -y
*fEf# {t ,.-> l;
{"
Lt.
/ L.=t:ffSu. t ffit.{H
d'usu. l /J u. u.
):
XffiP#ffi,z . A5:lf L.H{fi

L/;. 4{L7r'b. *6#++-r{l.../Jl
El-c"x,.
. fl,: ttt+IJ'c.l#w'e L/. *t. xE E#)',F.
)F"ffiWffiF:ryx-fr,{
r,.
,11t. fsd. b ( {wo'c. !- {"-
i Lt
u.r,.t' )'L,E,.'{..*T" 4{L' . -N: ,r / v v | 6 -r L -C L /.
Kn'R-'CftJ'C -I. 4 i *Xllr-fk]',"t(t,'* Lt" S olf,b T ) Y rt
{"tt. {t. ffiffi L ttrrx-' 6 /J u. 'a- +Ht, : fr{"ftlLL * T. i

.tf'/ '* :/ /J[.] ?. tt$:/J o-C ( t...
.Ll
lE10B
z-+fv - 1-+.>
.lg#>>>>>
.tr-
.,1 -,
a-.
-Et,'ffi49
arranged marriage
{,a,F. a
ffi4$
.
Tove marriage
*rm
plate
.L
complimentary close
used by women
ceremony
"dr.
Fffi
relationship
a) 7-+)'y.t-+{".!.-L -, -I b.
t-f zJ,"
b)
Er,.
v?
7 ttti./ b Lf t.
7-+): v. rf Ba^ffi,\8tffiHryt-n* L/;s. 4 ffit-, B^ffil*
wffiHt:./ trtb-t- I j."
c) z-+lv
) l,ltr. b *f
..
ffiF=t:ff* L/."
d)
4 {Ltt /J't}'11."
e)
EIA1 t. a C 7,ffiF -.66
*t,
c,frt_a)f !."
T#JI6
l<
+ffiA,:aa
f
,lr
. .: rijt:i:;r:
;
'' ::r:,::iijl(i'
: ai:.i::a::t
'.'::
::.,.::'
t:;ra;t:':;::::F!;!:
'L,.
I ltq-
!tt,
,rtli1
.
. :t!
':!_r,
'1in'-
'lt''trt ,,-..,
' I' : I "t i,1
rl,rf r-r1rf q"rlr

rr
':'jil
r-.t
'
LT URB No
a
a
a
a
o
ULLL
Shinkansen (trf,ffi)
tTt h" Shinkansen, or the Bullet Train, started as one line in the 60's, but has since
I expanded to a few lines running the length of Honshu, Japan's main sland, as well as
part of Kyushu. lt is not inexpensive, yet it is a fast, safe, and comfortable way to travel.
Trains are on time 99% of the time, and even if you miss one, you don't have to wait very
long for the next one.
Rokan (ffifr)
here are enough hotels throughout Japan, but if you really want to relax, go to a ffiE,
a Japanese-style inn. lt is expensive, but if you wish to experience part of traditional
Japan, splurge one night and stay at an above-average fftE in a hot-spring town. Soak
yourself in the hot tub, eat the food they serve, and get good night's sleep on a futon.
Hopefully you will feel all refreshed the next morning.
Travelling
apan is a populous country and everyone loves to travel, which means wherever you go,
it is usually crowded. ln the spring and in the fall, many schools have so-called iVffii+,
teacher-led trips for elementary through high school students. Although it is impossible to
avoid these crowds completely, you should at least try to find out from travel agencies
when the peak times for school excursions are so that you can enjoy at least some sem-
T
J
blance of privacy and quietude.
a
a
o
a
>>>>>tft
'
fr
EJR ffiA,D)Htr.
u..,-f l "
C)v
ffi#ffiqlf+sHr.
ffiF
>4
C)v
ffi*tj**
ffi1
lDfltrt--br*TJ"
C)v
4i11'" t"
C)v
ffi1
r.r-TT" D+. tlJlf,lFb *.-l'r- * )Lr+L ( /t'"
ffiF
***
t,1.. rf+/r L * L. 12 H 20 E&#
:-ffl,Lt:F Lf'ft
dnt(.-t.
RE
C)v
ffi1
tsC)v
ffiE
C)v
* T. .
[,r
t'"
L.T-T.o
x 6
20 0) D
ffiffi#*. t- 6 /J .- ,{"1..
ffiftffi#t*. {+# -ffi: ->t .'* To
4 ifTzJ," EfUTdao L'( f'-T..
15 ffi
(.
"
.L 6 l*#(.'T"
Fl. E 6,090 H. ffit' 10,580

(-HL L+HtL-&rH Lf ) D + trr{""
ffif+
*T7)'"
RHs 17 ffi 13 .
C)v
4,490
-nL+FltF.b L*T.
......t'fsl} L * l-T" 420 Hta'; b "-l-.
t .
Fl:
b * 1.
476 E_
-l 'lo#>>>>>
ev,
It
U z5 t
5*x,-^tF
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lplace name]
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tft tf;t t_#J rd
187
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rlapa-
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b) tt /J tr l t6 t,f:f!r
r.,
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(I am so fuil that I can't move.)
c)
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- ,This
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fo{.lq):.S1.l
T].
as
in d).
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F-
J "'
lE[iJf='more than anrthing'
a) -
l[J
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> t.
t t >>>
lql&
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>
t.,Er)t :
r]
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(Right now, IwarLt a car more than anything.)
b)
t,
l[
t:
fJ &gFr*#(.'T"
(Health is the most important thing in the world.)
Qr,,,
fit)YEfi|
t.ts
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a) 1. B : ht t, - vffii:ffi,.
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b)
6tt
t .fl3da/
ll'x-'.
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hot day.)
(tf you want to visit an old city, Kyoto is the best place.)
188
Y'
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ott ^,f
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l'.
>
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L 2b
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r.
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(If you go to sleep with the window open, you will catch cold.)
c) #.lrlltt**86 .
d)
i zo*,*r' Lf ( li r.."
(Please come as you are.)
6 t6#.lr) * *E /J t. t_ ( /J !..
(Ifs not good not to return the money one has borrowed fom other people.)
e) )vt
189
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a)
b)
HelShe cannot use the timetabie because helshe cannot rcadkarrl|

HelShe wants to go to Kyoto on a Nozomi tomorrow. HelShe must be in Kyoto by
11 a.m.
HelShe wants to know whalfiain the clerk would recommend.
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we learned in ffia*r) fg+,lffi1, Lesson 3, there is nothing better than doing a
homestay in Japan to understand what a Japanese family is like, to see how "ordinary
Japanese" live, and to improve your speaking skills. On the whole, they will treat you well:
they may put you in the best room they have, cook better (or different) food than normal
just because you are there, try to take you to places they themselves may not normally go
to (e.9., a sumo tournament), and they are likely to shower you with gifts. Even then you
might feel uncomfortable: your room will be smaller, you might have to eat food that
looks completely unfamiliar and unappetzing, go out with the family when you don't feel
like it, etc. You might even resent the fact that the host mother doesn't give you enough
freedom or privacy. As Mami says in 3 of the current lesson, howeve it is very likely
that she means well, and the unpleasantness you experience is most probably a mere
misunderstanding, just as much on your part as on hers. lf you come to a point where you
simply cannot get along with your host family, discuss it with +EIft, who could make
arrangements for another family or another type of housing for you.
s
Making Apologies
mericans and Japanese don't necessarily apologize in the same situations. Americans,
for example, always say, "Excuse me" when they bump against someone. ln Japan,
however, don't expect to hear lArtlv, ft+Ltrt [,fi, etc., on crowded trains, platforms, and
sidewalks although you are pushed and shoved allthe time. Japanese don't usually apologize
in such cases, unless they feel they really hurt you, e.9., by stepping on your foot by mistake.
On the other hand, salesclerks and service personnel in Japan would apologize much
more readily and profusely than their American counterparts, at even the smallest hint of
inconvenience they may have caused you.
Also, Americans don't apologize when they fear some legal or financial disadvantage
that might arise. For example, in a traffic accident of which you yourself were the cause,
you are not supposed to apologize in the U.S., because apologizing in such a case might be
interpreted as an admission of guilt. ln Japan, on the other hand, the person who was
responsible for the accident must apologize at once, to show how sincere he/she is. ln fact,
the presence or the lack of sincerity could very well be a big factor when settling the issue.
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days
the latter part omitted

one's thoughts/
impressions
l|"vq
L:fE).
XR
l
use
fr?(
to catch a cold
t' r+
29
("
rlt
[:lEI]
lla
t t!.i
spirit of independence
(t'
34
many times
to speak
gradually
itt
faiT
28
[:{ l:]
clrr' L.l,
lt,
to be lenient
u!rf
tat<
#83?
7aundry
to caution; to warn; to
critical
at the end
Bffiffi
behind someone's back

o
#1.t:
+t
irht
tl't,
lrt
HC
not at all
-.
someone uneasy
advice
'fEI
miso soup
f- ( -/.
r(
advise
,' t
result
<
Ftl L
without limit
'
*,
tolerate)
l:
tr ll/n
Eil
40
^[.+u']+a
+ffi,ft+
collection ofessays
first year o Heisei
[1eBe]
>>>>>
iliz l-?r=u-ordffi
I.E,.
z.Wtrt
s.EH
+.
6.B
z.Hl
g.,E
s.W
Lz.H
1,,
ts.'&k
16.*
tz.*
ra.
21.^
zz.W
26.tFH
zt.ffiR
tz.E
n.lD/\
31.8
*fr
t+.ffi
s.ffi
ro.
ffit,.
rs.
fH
zo.f
rs.
ffi
zz.4L
ze. .41+
ss.#ftf
z.
!.
zs.kW
zg. \
s0.ffiffi
zq.Yffi,7tr
z.W
3.*
+.Et
s.
e.'
g.Kffi
ro.
16.TJil
&:'T
rz. Fffi
tz.4{t
zr.ffiFE
22.ffiffi
zo.ffiEft
zz.'hw
L.'ffr
o.HtrT
TT.Y
z.
rffi
fr'l
fr )
rs.Wl)
t+.Hffi,\
rs.ffiffi!
re.ffil
rq.EX{LEil
zo.
zr. ("
za.fgXF
z+.
ffiS {r
zs.ffr,1
This radical comes from the shape of a house and is used for characters
representing kinds, parts, conditions, etc., of houses.
tl tEt ft rd
207
.l t
#>>>>>
1 "' - $Lff-lrr ,/ ttOTllI ='because -'
a) ft+.
: i
lv-et ."
l#l > . z >>> rd: l H: tcrutrt' a]

ltr >.0 >>> e<gJtrnn t;n o]
r,.s,8r,.-6.Tda.
L I
(What happened? You are late!)
H. tI J, L t-I L a t:X.. tffit7). tt -> l

(I am sorrSr. It's because my parents called me just when I was about to
Y4. : T 6*.-r,"
b)
++.(*): i
,oTl
Teave
'
"
the house.)
Lt" =1J' ffic/J.
(What happened? I've been waiting for half an hour!)
++.@): ',. e)," c*r; .
(road)
( .1,-ct.tltvtitt,"
(Sorry! I came by car but the traffic was incredibly heavy lso I couldn't help being lateJ.)
,r, -f,J=
a) #fr-o
L#t
> .2
>>>trt
cura:ttr]
) 6l=ffiTt I /f . ..
(One should travel while still a student.)
blifufr L'C. J "

(I wiil get my study done while it is still quiet.)
b) #lt,t
c) t,t bl=fi Llt.
a-
LL'ct6 ( t
r,.1."
(You should do what you want to do while you are still young.)
d)
Bl: tt
r:. -ir=ff b r.- ,8,r. *

I amin Japan.)
(I would like to climb Mt. Fuji while
e)
t(t"r) Effil.
-c'c,t-
(Time flewby while we were talking.)
1.
*:.
t:
i'.W,,hn'.9'3,,ri9,'pr,
eded..i'a.:l,a-tiyq:v,,erb,'f.9,r,m;f.ex,,,r-.
something hapens.'
f ) * bE( rlt,t)b|;'1fr->/l.!.f"L l"

(You should go home before it gets too late.)
g)
: Lz)''(t'ftabl=ffi
L*T.
(I will do my homeworkbefore my mother scolds me.)
es the,,m.e.a.ni.
g1
,,
:befig
itiz
>>>>>
3 ttt Xfi,Et$='n
weighs on one's mind; to be concerned about

lffi 't >
::r..In,,this'construction,,X'san,b'either,u{r-9r'a,p9n1ene.o-r1r
Fr',E r)
*t
"
(I am worried about my
b),$ (I
zz=u-rm
grade
. t o
-'
>>>fl ctaa ua]
ne!|,,2-dl:b. t-4,$ry,bi+.Q,,,;:,
[s.)
4 ++.Xffi,. +m-i t *tt
!-)tfi,Erc
*I
"
am botheredby the fact that my host studenfs family has not even written a single letter to me.)
{r'>>
VTf)
lffi
t > t.t t >>> u(lEnaul*l
This phrase can be used with either a negative or affirmative predicate- In a negative sentence,
.",itm .:eanl..f (i'-rnme.i.trow.n. a ffies,' In an afrmatile lt,nce';t..1i ,tne.-s@
..i...:.'am.l:.....:.=,:':..:...'.',.'...'.'.,.............:.:'"..'.'.i],
a)
a l,< $tt), t'll.,b4:Ff,t'( ( / t'"

(When you don't understand no matter how hard you try, please ask your teacher.)
b) i 4It- aV<bL*r,.
(I can't tell
$
a)
l'(
lie no matter what.)
t'-B^nT'>f
./
!'.
(I would iike to go to Japan once, no matter what.)
ott ? l='inadvertently; involuntarily'
l# t
>
t. t z >>> ?tr1,vu
:z]
fr.lJr,.: ?tttlt:H6 :
l 6.
(Sometimes, we accidental say things we should not say')
o'C.
b) ffi l,-c, .(- Prffif3f L * u l.

(I was talking and lost track of time.)
$ o" Nl,?It='to pay attention to -; to be carefulI of -'>>>.n' a?lttr]

lffi
a) E##Tffi.
7?
>
v l' E-..?tt( ( /i r'"
(When you speak Japanese, please watch for pitch patterns.)
b) A: D+. ur#Wz
(So,
you arc
Teav
ng tomorrow?)
B: ) ,"
(Yes.)
A: Ds. -fl2llTtJ"
(well, take care!)
209
ft
is used in many'idiomatic expressions in Japanese. The following are some of the expressions containing .
*. -ll,1?( ='to realize; to notice' (cf. Lesson 5)

l
c) ftidE:Fo:.br^^ -t;fit'2:f tf .t-6'.L/.
(I didn't notice the poster on the bulletin board.)
*#. w L L T l; ft t'2 I / , *n,l o 1 lt, t> -ci L

(It was after I got home that I realized that I had lost my money.)
"
x V(plain) + E='to bring oneself to do V; to feel like V-ing'

e ) ffi B W*fuffii 6*nt--r t) *, l"
(I don't feel like studying on Friday nights.)
) ?,l:/rftrf. mtt.*T.
(You
can do anything if you put your mind to it.)
>,>
(plain) E*tmLrl,/,/ffi+to
ask / reil / ask lsomeone]

to do [somethingl'
l#z
.
-,
:,
".(p,
in
> t. z z >>>
uctr )
t dtffi
t,r'rl
this, cgnstructon,: indicate!, that jt, i-s an indirec1

-q.99tg, .9[ a
prqsent)'J't :
a) ft4t:fffi{?t.
J is equivalent
coryqand or
-c :
a requqsf, [V,,,;:
taiitqupi" .u-c;,tV,i',itt,l.'
lette of recommendation.)
,,t y y * t.
Tt. t,t. {:
=
(My host mother advised me not to go to school wearing shorts.)
c) +-ffi *
nnaa * : tr]
( !. / ( J l;*Eur L /.
(I asked my teacher to wdte
b) *r A, : y
ro.,a- n-.w
lffiarry > !. 1 6 >>>
+ffi,\
lc 1
(I was told to come home by
< 6 J.
11
fx "
) t;ttl,t"tc"
p.m.)
$ rtt V(VOlitiOnal) lt=,when I was about to V, lfr2>.tz>>><rLr51

a) 1,{- l'^l1I a1,/. rffif /c"
(When I was about to leave for the department store, it began to rain.)
b) ffi'e'.F?Ef,l.r-
) t t,-
Z
lfrr l"
(When I heard his voice and tried to talk, tears came to my eyes.)
>>>>>
rto
(X?.)Y< t,lf='X,
Y'
to the extent
fiz zo=u-re
l#uw>.a>>>...But<aurtl
* "itt*u,tirffi'*irt:,is:n; '
:::',;i'.,r,.,'like t*I:,'idicates rhe degree

, , 'r, (or x f). Ycan be a t-djectivc,(.g,,
a) T t
t:f
r$li.'(
ur("T); an'1. ,S,f;ul"i
(". iffiBAffi
rfrt' ( a
l,+/r tr("f .
y
-c Ll.A,c,.6
b
<
(He has lived in America so long that his English is almost better than his Japanese.)
b) r,4 i s/ ( 'To(. ff^ft/Jtr< tf'L.

(There was so much food that we almost could not eat it ali.)
c)
uhtr'
EL&|Jffir>r (
l',:f.
BA:*Ltr< \('T.
(There are so many ways of reading Japanese names that they are even difficult for Japanese.)
,, Th.,( t . phrase.can precede, the. situ;tion'it,.isi scriin,ii;i,

me1!rng, however,' is the sam-e, as lX a-. fi -(, $ ' l'1.; ",' . :',,,,'
.i'Y
( "f
';
1 : 1
,,,
d) . ffi,Z)+,I*EFffi ( 6 < trH L t.-6T"

(This reading passage is so difficult that lto the extent that] I almost get aheadache.)
e)
i8,/ur< rr(,r. ( K: 6.
(There are times when it rains
f 0 *'
so
hard that you can hardiy see anything in ftont of you.)
(plain past) Ol='used to v'

lffiary >
.::i:r..r..':..:
:.:
;r-:::
.. j'ii
::,:...'.,:-
..
s >>>
,.'...;t,,
L tE
or
t. t 9 >>> z tlor. z
tc]
lV(plain, past) ] is used to express something one used to do in the past, to reminisce
a) ffi: i- I ( # LII ,h'l,tt't"

(I used to fight with my brother
lot when I was a child.)
b) ;l(#ft*- J ( rrl ( ruf, Ut{ti"

(I used to play hard and study hard in my college days.)
11*' V(stem)/c(
..,,A,suffix
lt
atahs
lffiafi
> . t
t >>> grt<oE6Ei]
to aht4rted.nmt ofverr (stemof,*'. :,f,oqq):,agd,mgaqs.hat
ffi, tT ',s Y ,*a!' L
!..
(Bread fresh from the oven is delicious.)
b) hI) t< 0)/<Y +t:F") t( ( a- t..

(Please watch out for wet paint.)
211
.l
tt
#,>>>>
a) ,,, yfr,=
(El't t.r'ffi ?
ilrH
b i
.. 6
$a 6 e c .rJr{,t'1'"
- Ta*,r.^:)
sions such as l>
#,1,(rtt* /rh""
f : b- tA**.lv" ,r.7)t* ( z'c"Cl- *:{.
zn'.cW*12"
illEl: i.t- ( *E\. L*1"
1z
l*-t|.1,i., c
", {
i L-(t.l
-'( ( *lu
z -.C ( lul r- ?, etc.
2:You can apologize by saying f

4 *, ," c Iu, fr" ) ,, *, T
or
b) "'P-TE
!r.:
l) v t :
When you are bothered by someone's behavior and want to complain about ig you can use expres-
T.*'t,.
('-L*T,
etc.
>>>>>[ffir]
Y l' ,. * rir-a.
ft.:
r,. EH* Lffi=#rq e, t \ -c,

^*
t l,'t l, *. -t I $ oT T fi,
"
El , * l-ltt" n' ff< /J /JrrJ i
Iiv| :
f-U<<Lrta4.
*t,r. zn -fl,?l-l *t
-T
t{i
(-
o)'Cf .
)
is used to give an excuse for your
'1,tr.
action.
4: When you want to ask the other

2"
person to be caref,rl the next time
or not to make the same mistake

again, you can say I lr,. 1,J. i i:l,t ( t-ia, 47). tfi
2tl'c,h, D +.l-f ia,
etc.
1
.
,,,E|-lbJV'l
,{z:r
6,
b_
*tB+. i-^t,tr4
l. 7
}.
t)
-*a& A,^r. t a !.o B
I:*JU'* To 8#l*. ]-ffi? tt,tI t,->To),_ r')E ( ->lZ)tTk#,

(roles) ^Wt-'c - t
WI-t r,." .ffirKb: r r,,
-ffiH L /J !.o
'Hl
f ,,,jV-rZ h,-l7r
e
E#ffi0)ft,+.t e,, EAffiS:ff
lF-c_
I
74
* /
7 frLr.. 4{L'
d-l "1 T
/.,xai f.L I ) tr."

| 7 v Z"t_A_ .fhtr' 7t:##.L
"j:)v-/
r."
E*
. )
"
J "' E-wJVI
e L 2 y 7 b 7 v 7" Lt r,. \,- rXJl.-c-c. _ ft+.L++.*#Z L t t..
.o):t
<ffi^*i-d"
++- t -r 4*. ," -EF f
{. 1.6.
ft.
i 11'" : a.t.zJ.
++,
r._
ft?r
6 r,.i:l,ff?
'F,'c
r,.{.
4 tt.6ffiEfsHr,.
il{ ( / r,."
"
4rrrdVz-,
e ,{7: t->'C.. llB^frct
L/ ( f {.
-a77 4 L/r,.. " i .tr:-tr.(_ fH+

L/ ( / ( {. t L-tl-Ir,.._ Eit-At:Jr
^ffiLt./J.o
/ ( / r,. . z - ffiH L /J tfLll't. l * .1,.
5 *'fF)t
e L 4(.'ffiL:/: ..>A- lft*+ -^77 4 t-Tu-,/
"c".
/J
t,.
-'+ f 6 FX. r,.o
L/ ( r1..1 r,. iffi
213
.l t
#>>>>>
e z-+ly0)^7 | 7 r
i. t) -0)*1 *r
NE L tfLO. F-] {
t like that l:
J==31 to smile
',t
>
t.ffLr^'
CD
?Hr.t_ *.
?^fr !..
)l
!.'
Ys'i
rJ
to begin to talk
[:t.l
s]u
+t
washing dishes
thanks to
-*a.t1"("
t'ffiT
t ,
t-c,
$lllllftt.
,rffiL(r,.*T.
enough
z-+lv-T: * bfr:Trt!.6 L!.o

n a) :Jrl,:1.
z-i'Y1,. L't{:=:t
L{!'.
n b) :-it,ffir
( t ,0)+E\1,Lt-"
t*.
tr )
l.i:ftrrr,.o-C.\,- L!."
n d) Z-+lvtrt7sj.
*aE,t.
c
i"
tr e)
214
rj7)+ffiT:
<XE )
Ll."
lvtU)r^
J=,cT
t,wl
w
BA:E&YL{t. 7./,) rt )y.t:- IBAti{"1.J tFfl ( . l#Lr,.

'c"T.l L_ rffE/. L. L- lr,.f / i,/u''l,(.'T.. {4{.' ffi L{
/r'l , . l,rr\tLffi\-'c.<{L. -6u.f /J *. 9pg

uF,,{L. Lr7c i /a'" FH*. .C7 / t) rt
t* De). fl-El\u.s
^kL , / ( /:llfr.'.
,& ( r.o-C. lu. -- Jrz I uF,e'fu a ti
HHJ:l,flr*. *t'u.s,)u 9rr-H,{L L!.o
4: t't/ . ff 6 /J t'. - "May I taikto you in English?" Ef,.
il. LI 4 ) . fS:. ,Ff,sxt"Ff ,s z1#-c ( !. 6 ffi . . {Ltrt&
u't u'io 41)E^^r)ltffiffiHt-lu-a; ) t' i a L t.. *^
'A Z# L / t,. ffif A ,1 t . ffi :. a {Lk b {L L - lFIf . u. {" / -F,f*
(
f 6 l,.i" $t,6,, 4A,/: .6- EA^)r{" aL6ba)

/a'. rfur'(u.6 j ] rf,f*tr; u. i 7./ y lt ),,*t ( /Jr."
E#'r -c* 7 ) t) h )x,t: L -c"c u.t/J: *. El^^./.El
#OL{ ( {tr[. !. i a LI7c i . fiJx-'. /r 'C". {t.u./!. ,H:
( BA#(.*F - 4 lHr, # l-r' ,tr kRu-tffi.t,E1( : r
et\-o :frr.0): LJ ( :({. Hffi-c"L'c <{LEA/\r,a'
,L
l,.!.io
I i ("bt- * * . Ba#'C Lk ) Lr t-ELfrnss
t.
BAffi(" Zr. < {Ltt . ffi H^^fb /r r. k ) r, .

Bffit-i-t/"L6 a | $ee-4 )l" fitr-'. l=-v-y -:--L -y-r7c
{17J"
_y-f -7)
u.
i rffUfr fut b-f .
Ê:u.tt:,
Jo v E'a
l'i fu f -/3
to stare
almost rrever
{,'
.,X
bus stop
Lr."
.l 1 1
o
1.
2.
3.
4.
F>>,>>
Al t r v
1) JJ
L&#lr :
etr4 . w2
tJ
7 l-v v J l.fi v\.
ffil*,=dfrz
uluei
)tf
V
v
v
v
v
V
V
V
-,!5ffi-!SHef&;
-r1 < 5 rrm' ajgJ__$ll
.Maffiar{ffi
_u-)fr
E-r_"
L(<
..e_8_4__?..-&.
tt..
.J.g_Iru:r_.
9Etifi[rr&rffi<c"
""""""""">
LT URB No
o
a
O
a
o
Medical and Dental Care

n America, when you want to see a doctor or a dentist, you first call for on appointment. ln Japan, too, it is getting to be that way, but there are still some doctors who do
not accept appointments. You just have to go to their office and wat for your turn. Prescriptions are also becoming fairly common, but if you go to a neighborhood docto he/she
might still prefer dispensing drugs himself/herself.
Health insurance is virtually universal in Japan, and it covers dental care, as well. EY,
too, should carry health insurance. lf you are covered by your parents' policy in the States,
however, that might cover only emergency cases in Japan. The wisest thing to do would be
to buy health insurance in Japan. Most of the time, premiums will be reasonable.
Before World War II, Japanese medical science was greatly influenced by Germany, but
since the end of the wal American medicine has become more and more influential. As a
result, you might not find much difference between medical practices in Japan and the U.S.
There are, however, small differences here and there, one being that, in Japan, one's
temperature is taken not in the mouth, but under the arm.
The Japanese, as a rule, do not take care of their teeth as well as Americans do. Preventive dentistry is not as common, and orthodontics is not as advanced. As a result, you find
few youngsters wearing braces, and uneven front teeth are not unusual.
Doctors and dentists, like teachers, are always addressed ftfr. Don't make the error of
addressing them X fu !
J
I
Food for Sick People

hile chicken soup is probably the most common food for people with colds in the
U.5., in Japan sick people, especially those with digestive ailments, eat okayu (hot
rice porridge) with umeboshi(very sour and salty pickled plums). Okayu is easy to digest,
and umeboshi is believed to have all sorts of healing powers.
o
o
C
o
a
>>>>>
Z-, . tJl.Jfifrt#+
fil-tJ
2 rc 5
lrE+ < fd "
z-+lv : trH"
Jr ff :
ti L*
z-f v
zJr
ff
L/". H&Hu..C".
u9 i,{_ ( l:i4 :_z_!._-g!'?-.-.,,:-nr# H ( r':I
12
"e.
?lLt|u.l* ,tJ" L o Lfl^ffin?Y 7 r-'ct'fu'/ ir"
T."
z-+fv: ^*,.
o=+t'.,
zJr
ff
z-iv
dr ffi:
#r)Tffi
: <. ftfiiffi4El-: c ( '
l,t*J ( b * Ll."
: [tt,.l 6. u' ( / b * Ll; l . * t/J'ffiu"4,-c"T.
4 )." D. ttr A'tt:-'C. 6:lu't.'TD+/J.''L
"
-c'-T".
$u,'C-h\
f t. ffifT
z-lv
f^ttaHu'*1.
dr ff
(ftr?r,.tlEL/s6)
. t *'l-."
: f-l-. ffi7r'Tct
( . 6.
Tt.3_;__6__&/+
3
rx='t t "C tJ"
15
z-c)v
zJr
ff
-!l-. D +,
tr.. ft.
L
zJr
ff
7-v
!. o +E *+.a>ffi# :Ix a *
t
*!.. 4 i124)
D
+. *af,S:.
ft+LL*r.
i br i :'"t'* Lt.
L. do
7--t)v
6"
e)
"c. + ( xn'!ft
->
r ffi 'c ( /
-llz#,,>..
!-1Y v,
E ft:
l-4lv
E.tfi<"
i L* L/..
b0) ). EF (' !.i. e'FJ z ( {As/' tt cl.ta"i-s. -.
= Fli
.t- +* [ffi ( /.c'C"

s E ft: 4 ) 1."
9-4/v +rJf.l)Lrffi/mu. l-1" 4{tt:- u9),{#!rHr. K:,{ L* Ll.
E ft: r. l * ,tJ" &.1* z
.4fY
E ft:
, b,
_l
*. ," 4 {ut:,
CT#t".
( ErSFfitl-c < t" u.. .
D. L o "H'c.a*.1-
: f b u..i,fit.'cTd'e" .l{'T #kH L * Tr'r. -Fft
b *.
*t
10
i. t
!"
A,1a"c ( u."
.4YY
E fi:
9-4Yv
tr s:
-4lY
E ft:
El-*E{'f
."
!'F. -E=81.
'-.t:EftH
L ( /- t,..
/n\J,,
* L.
4 {Llr. . - B l:1nq.. j
[
su.
Ua ( t."
) r.j ->'ClaJ1cT""
"T i .
-4YY #* i L/ u.!.{" L !. ) '"
7c )-r:1^tr" t i-frl'. fFJk
E ft:
^t > !.!.,("T. * -. =
##
gargle
ffi ' zJ't'-4VJl t tt: l- { *d ..'t

6 E i -c'T." ElA,,\ e, iaz.g__('_6_-u-_:1 A,l t , t.@-lt
Fl 1.
bb*T..
l-4/v
220
l,.?.. t6t."?H ( L/ffi. ,$x l. 7 r i, -* ,zt(F-t ( ( frr*

t-T" 7 / y rt D+- .tt'?Or.l;J ( 7+ y 7-/ffi.a*.Tl .
4 {L !. l,.{"T }.
E fi:
9-4lv
E S:
f+I|ffi"/-u. r. {" L } )
9-4)v
E E:
4 iT'"
*at$: "
7c
.o
)11tr" * . ffi 6Fô ( bffr_:_rul,_IC;-
rd" (".
-. =B(.'T ('l6 Eu-*T.5

D+. "i ) bl I :'"u'* Lt"
tI __b
8gi!
--'
*U,-r*r
r. U
e HCf9 -4Y2. t ):E UcU"
*/L: f )l,Io)"
-4)v B *{d.ffir, ( {"
b tr&'
*t.,
-t- Cffitr A'tr:Tto / *. )
ffi. l "C 7) .
8il6ffif+(*T"
td.,
& ,
Ft*. i "c+-^7
td
H(":'"u. * T.
l,'o
( r
rffi
{t':
.,
| " (*'.L. E l,:#T .)
r'!' o i t' ffiW
L{,- 7
)'
/\E++.
A,1:6
*.l- "
t l..o
bt| : fi,!'./J .'{" L ! i '"

7c i 1l tJ" . B t!+tLfl,i- 1/': /, ,r)r.
-^*e' {vt
( b * Ll. 6_ =H*/ 64r,.{.. * Tl .
f,*t'Ts. +n-r u.t
'1,
ff:
<
(9-4yvt:) =H+Ds"i.
ls .1
.4/v /r.D if'T"

*&
D. --H*:filt.*Tt"- I 1, ( *FEt' L*f.
't,
:
ff:
* , :
',
("*. Lttt
*" (ffitlJ6")
-4)v
*a&
L*T"
I v ly v A,T*J" 4 {Lcttt- -ffi: E^ ) 4--"
20 *, ff:
td ,
i6ffitJ?
I v/y v LF
bb- ) ..r,.* Ll"

r,.[.o .c" ] lt.oitt. t,
i *u.-C(. E[6ft+., -L+f'f r(
9-4)v
6. t..? [.n('. ! "

4 i f-f '"
l&
I-
/ .r
2s
4, :
4yv
ttt
I't ,
Ll)Et'l,'u\da"
221
-ll2#,,,..
dffi(")e -'c^t-
/=
/i +
t'
W
Y
!'
F ;Y q F,
t
-c M' tr ,.: _: i^, H #
r,ffi - {"
A ri __. ,
ii J F trr ) +'tu ^ h/-" u t' .t ffi:

r. "h
? A *' r k
H H ? If5
iii
L?
ifrrF ri
$
!,
ftffi
t',*r-rrf.Hr:'-e
H5 ( ,
,':'
r'l R D .iE;l
t kE
:Z-oTfy-*t'ai,
r"it9t
+tr,
dat,
str,T+3
*
r
6H, "z,if ,; i:\iF=;S
I
'
fr
"+;;,Al.t=;q3ffi
')',,"oroio)J,tyk
rn ft --
iilt,^:_
f:4 L - r: H(
E !r
*
+i Lr I L o) tr ,{ :
L,Z' a- ;/: t:i

!rF-t:ifd*dr;r
"C
0)
ts*|i?#$FtriiEi
t:. \ ul
f,? +g1'H 4 'g i:"
r,gV 6+r
ffi;H f r; k' F i..rFt'
+i I i
l-{L?
4
t ;i * ,' 4 ( *
i t 'L
i'
9
1 :-c
r,-..'+?, 1tf y
L i.'=
kAi;';?,gl
rZ ?ful
da
''oi"i:,1^,!
HL
i1f-?;Y,t:;gRgfi
'ffi
?zibtrZ'
'lT"
E;i,
-
:tfr,
tA" U
!.
i)
t-.C+Îlj-+,La
/
L
.,j
:
S
t#,!
6,1
I
-r,?
'-
r^
h
t
aH
a
2
^
z
L\ + : r ,r
r* #'' ( I . t ,Ei6x*
=L:,*/tJlUr,?
#
r*c ii,!o
9#ffiF{,
.
9F--:- T t e' JiH
b
t- ffi rr:
tiF
:l
#F
222
tr
-C"
,!'
65ci
ffi t
jtl
# L6
t ,tl
Iu,a
3 ffi
a 6'l 3-/
something affects one

negativeJ [>>> J'l- F 2]
the condition of a
disease or illness
Y7T-
to complain of
-.x.1,
feeling
10
to throw up
11
E#
doctor; physician
-l
14
f26
to examine (a patient)
ruEt
map
T..u' u
l'
because lused when
20
somehow
13
tra,
3,fEI(
b.u'
rL(
,'tL
complexion
not much; not enough
[>>>*t*,/- l-'1]
o)t
*a=F:
nRH-l
langvld
ffi,aLl
ttr u.
frr
u?
? .ffi
llrtt
STffi
rs
throat
zr
to swallow
22
i'r.
care!
to take (medicine)
gargling
ffi.,
soft
t'lt
hot rice porridge
to feel a chill
-aI
za
(-;[Lll/Jt.
nothing canbe better
(than -) [>>>Eiz- s]
<
<1
rc#
appetite
diarrltea
ttu'
2s
l6
medicine
-Tl
6
c
'
l,a) -cffi
rt'
']r.:e
r-
T.
t:#ftl
to feel tired; to feel
oit
ffi
sofa
ll'
from illness [i.]
L'2 lu
to get up
D*m
-tr
grimace
tooth
E'-
lpolite verb meaning
patient
-f
'
E[6ffit
suddenly
ltrlu' +
to getbetter; to recover
Ozaki Dental Clinic
u +.(
to become Yacant
X6l
-112*>'>>'
22s
-lni*>>>>>
TAICO
CIOl\CO
Japanese has
categories:
ffiffi
arich
ffiffi
system of sound symbolism. Roughly, they can be subdivided into two

(phonomimes, onomatopoeia) and ffiffiffi (phenomimes, psychomimes).
represents words that imitate acfual sounds. English has some of those, too, such as
sounds that animals make. Compare the following:
b,b,
Sound dogs make: bowwow
ts,.l,
Sound of a gunshot: bong
:s-t
Sound cats make: meow
l*-/
if /
Water dripping.' drip, drip
Sound cows make: moo
L't- 'e
ffiw
I! /v,/T lv
I{lIlt
H eavy obj ect falling : thud
tUL,ttc
of actions, etc., impressionistically.

English has some ffiRfl"-like words, too, such as roly-poly and shilly-shal/y. In this lesson's ffi
a+n lFfl:#l,wehavequiteafewffiffi,ffi, suchas b b, L < L (, f,fl",4tr4,and
ffiffiffi
are words that express states, feelings, manners
b<r\.
There are three important differences between Engtsh and Japanese here. First, in English,
if
one speaks with too many #Effi or ffiffi,ffi, one may run the risk of sounding childish. In Japanese, there is no fear of this unless one uses onomatopoeia specifrcally used in baby-talk, e.g.,
b ,b , for t. Second, English is actually filled with verbs and adjectives that originated as
ffiffi or ffiffffi but are no longer regarded as such, e.g., slam, whack, flash, slick, smooth,
plump, glisten, etc. In Japanese, on the other hand, many ffi# and ffitrffi are used adverbially,
often with the addition of , as in the following examples:
bb()ttr
L( L( ()ffitr
,ttr,(
tQt4
)HFT6
( )trT
6b<b()trr
226
to have a piercing pain
something (usually, stomach or teeth) hurts in a dull, persistent way

to ask questions in rapid succession, i.e., in machine gun fashion
to talk in a subdued tone
to talk noncommitta/evasively
>>>>>
t 1, * ) ()tFt
fift|-fd
? f 5
r< r< ()ffiri
Third (and this is related to the second point above), there are very often cases where, in English,
complete different verbs are used for related actions while, in Japanese, one and the same verb
will do with the addition of different ffitr or ffi#, as in the following examples:
tl rtl rX,)
t:*-> LK)
to guffaw
to grin
tl6Ll
t)
:f : t
<'r <'rx,
::t,,
to giggle
to smile
ffi
<T <T'
r-2t-22
lLLlLLTt.,
227
12ffi>>>>
I tt' 6(l-tLl='not
much; not enough'
l#l
> t. >>> <
t-rdD a tctrrD]
> . >>> <
t-trra/ettrrrtr]
This expression is always followed by a negative form of a predicate.

a
< t=fut&L tvi:Xfr'
i 816.
(Ifs not good to complain without studying much.)
b) ffifrffif.
l^r/ut.
(When yo are sick, you can hardly eat anything.)
/rr, ^,{t[r/t-'perhaps
i,
-.
because
l.':r witlout .i.SrVe1 a reason or a
a) yst
/Ju.
-'
cause,i-::,i.i
l# I
'..,,
ttft+.o)Ltl i tt "
(Is it because of the teacher that students don't do well?)
b)
l l:'
lFr,,ftL1)rr:T 0)J ( /J!."

(It's not good to blame others for your own mistakes.)
d)
ilffisffi.r/tf t,r. ftfr,sl."

(
e)
{Lltfr,tlJ.
(It's just your imagination.)
[He] looks dispirited, perhaps because he did badly on the exam.)
ffi*ilffirEL.tlrr_ ifr.t&u,"
(There ate marry absences, perhaps because the final exam is near.)
228
>>>>>
J >o' V<Lf{,r='1ry
V-ing'
l#'l
>
filtl4 p lc 5
t. I >>>l:
( tuErr]
This,is a polite,form oJV tAaJ.t1,,Snce,1li,,lir,s,a,f.o.1m' ,b-qo.rneo4highei,

status to give a command to someone lower in status, - r r,. camot be used by a
piso+1wer.in,si4tus.J ,i:z\t:,.9,*iE, 1i!-:;...]q ti,.::iilf.,,,9 !*:r{rt:=o,f},,:V,.4ra'
,/ 1., and is used, for example, by mthers in talking to children.
a) rlLI lTlvtt. : #:/ b *T"

(Go and rest for a while. I'm sure you
wili feel better.)
{,,, N <tl
l#,z
> t. z z >>> r)ro <
5tl.l]
N'(',6 1., in this case, indicates that,N is th ininimum fevel, degree, et Gg.; eqs st,,lightest,
etc.)
f t. isoftenreplacedby ( i-.
a) f/J.t!-F- 7-7" (ur: L/t.t'f.. L I
).
(When you have a stomachache, you should limit your diet to something light iike soup.)
b)
r# f ttt /J t,. 6l b * T.
-St'=
(You should be able to write at least the kanji you Tearned in the first year.)
5 rrt -liff ltZJ*lllt='olhing can be better
than
-'
l#z > t.zs >>>tt{trtrui aeao *u,r,]
',r,nii
einte
is
mostftequntry,$wittr
a) ffiftF* Eru
the plarn, present
t"4ttfUfiof;lti$;
l,ftz .l*r.
(When you ate sick, sleeping is the best thing to do.)
b) BA#rffi{ !, i r: b ttt'->l . B^ff < Eruufz t rrr

(" + , Lfu1frl,t, tft-> /1r.. !. ,E !. * T.
* 17
'
,8i t.
(If you want to become proficient in Japanese, the best thing is to go to Japan, but I think you should
first study proper
[i.., the basics]
in 'A.merica.)
$ ttr E E='as one wishes'

a) fts*/f./:, , ) ea lil. 6 r l. "
l#aryt
(Work general does not get done as quickly as one wishes.)
b)
t\.-lu
A : ffiX* if.1." l.a-ct.*T."

(How is the thesis coming along? Is it progressing well?)
B:
.tJ7).F.
.|fg1/ ( (Elc(1.*T.
(I am really troubled because I can't write it to my satisfaction.)
>
n a >>> B t
rEi*r)Hr]
-lP#,,,,,
| ,r, ,vl{-'lstend to -; to be apt to *; to be prone to -'
l#M
a) BAffi,,Lffir( ffia# f f.' /Ju. Lt- i
>
. z
o >>> /tu) 5 urlrtS
t. t{-ElÊrt)tf
tr]
bt.
"
(It is not unusual that a foreigner who can speak Japanese
b) 7 ./ r,
'.*
* b rb
t: L/ -;--
little can't read or write it at all.)
-o
(It is better not to be too modest in .A.merica.)
a) o," ffitrlfrir
184.
>>>>>[#t]
-+ v A,, ^ ) U* L/o r)f#
Ttz'?-1"
z-i'v :
,9
i ^ ( t:.e /l.:.
!fi7)t'ffitr{,
Tr" zr# v*t2"

ft\.:
ffii ?
z-+lv:ml/J!.i'T"
ftE. :
Dr . Bl*+ \ XE'l->(f,t.
l.-Td"
z-qlv: ftL.. 4it-*..

ft.: t*EFl: 3.
1 : When you notice that someone is
not feeling well, you cansay W
mr-'cTr, fir/J i
T{x, r.mr.,"cTr" erc.
2 : Some of the useful expressions
for descbing symptoms are:
-?,r4i.//, (, , *r
, El,
.,
etc.)
-rff6 (#, , ( L4,

,etc.)
lt
,i
-t(fr,ftfi,*r.,
etc.)
tl\
-:fCFffi)
ffitb 6,167)rl6
L(r(
!., ffrr t.,
fifz)sfft'
3 : To someone who is sick, you normally say lt$:.
--tffi1.14?r'c5
| "' E-wJVI
e
i -^ A*X: / b /J !.o g+t*.l'?

E: HffinffiH L-C !. * T" *H#Lfr,-c ( r,.,
,{ 7 : r
t.t-
- -g+.
tt *-
E
#
r'
{l;J
head
'
throat
f f
trl
<?o
u.S/J'ti
medicine
a?a
r)sfl
to have abad cough
rf,'*,1,t
thermometer
f ,,,g-IVJVl
e
,{7:z b- -tB+. i-^t*- 714 *d& ,tr:/ b / t." g+4.

E f :' /J !.t. *d ,s#E^: * 1" H++.tt. */J'/ < a+t+
nilrtr/J!.
!.
L #HAL
1"
{>
!.o
^0)H#1fr,:{
rltb
Tffit 6
to have diarrhea
ut
r).
Et ,lrtT
to feel like vomiting
J "' A-w7"V1
e ,{7t: b- -rHaffi{.' 7 t, h^++.. i-^r 4tv-a./ 4 lE
A,,\#: t\t!.. z ,, ^rE 6 ( r. BA^,,,mL{!.*T. ffi
i [.-rt'?Or.tl f'
l*/J.:-ffir,.J 'r.. r,.r.1.
ffili ( /'l/{''L/J t..
4"rrl{V.|-?
e'<7
,=h\,
lL- Htl+ffi1)
a ffi=wt? !.
{# Lr. /J ,.o
5'*fF*
e t1)ffi.
:ffirWt:-tr.{. -'+
r,.
{Fy-E*
/J
!.o
231
-llz#>>>>>
BA^x++.Xk_Ls#
=
rLr
r !. * To cD ?f,L. r.
.l
.'bt.
di
'L i
ffiF-T
to break one's leg
t:
L t t?tr.O. F
ô)y-ttr
-( t'*?,ll'x ?.d'l l,'.
Effi
I feel sorry for you.

I sympathize.
J-
C :e
[:<
(r)
[the sound of the howling
windl
ironic
to break down
f/'o
n a) a-^1. il:4r/;
tr b) HY.t*, i' r,,\{.. .
-^*. -ffit:7+-t,-ft-> /c: rb"
n ) zEV4l*z +-L{1. :-.ift-r.
n d)
Elt- Kt,. Ea/;.
n e)'.zJttft-c
n f ) , 7 | It., zc0)E- -E+ trzJ,->c" (.:
J.
$'r' ti
lEl
232
tobe fixed)
>>>>>
127fi
t. U
EEI (ra0s-tstz) a
frlrt4:
',fr.W./\-7J
w
lri.
7 ./ t) dr#,xi 7 1
'
. ).-y
iFlA^*l" ZrlJJt -f y z l. 1[g1t--C

!.t- th.r,:4grtffi._ I ) - /.->ro HHt+{.x+ (:4 +.'-') 7.x.
+) #.Ll r. b 6. ^* El^rÊ:ffi (.. E/ .ftI+. ffi5
L/ll'. b l"/J ( . E::r,.(; < ,o)ZF.r.l" 7 t y rt
(l,afcadioHearn) r,.
o).t"
>
ffik^:
{ r. )x.ttrt-n;_
B("t{" 6&"e^1,,-y
b" E
'.&i*
.L/:,.- v d- RfTffi.L{ r./ffi: . lfrlvL{ Fla^: / b _ i

:('Tf((,
, y - I ( .-tIl. BX+t:Jf r,./;flElr\t*. a/J EA^

J b1: Ht'ff r16b. /\-v{:IEIDt':/" Lalrr-'.l
t+t. HA^:/J LAt:R( ot L*:/. - t;-vtQffi, lbb.
FIA: / , tr-'l
-l
t a
*
tobecome anataralized
citizen
iE U
tl
0)
lI O,
"tr*fjzl. /J !.o
u q
l^ #
1'
{Et.
tl
;R9#,tue.
/;.
+f,.'cr'
to love
ll?t
,cll Lo
pri t
fi
standard of living
low [*1.]
salary
tt b 0) l- x 2 trd U.
f
)\- v tt, #ffi.i- Id;: Ef^.fa,

n ) )\4
BAu\:
n ) ur-Y1,.
n ) 0). El^{. t t 7, "cl ff >{ta\,-6"
{ .:t.
n d) ur-71.
a
"
7c
tr e)
/"
,*
Efl.8tr^W1fr0Xfr+
EA:cr.{-m
L,Er/7)r2/o
/t 5
iEtoffiffii^6
o F. v
/uh)fh\
l,'ii
,.i'
1',
'11
URE No
o
c
o
o
Errors and Laughter

ust as Japanese people make many errors when they speak English, non-Japanese
naturally make lots of mistakes when they speak Japanese. Making errors and learning
from them is part of the learning process and should not be avoided. Japanese people
might laugh more than Americans would when they hear mistakes, but you should learn to
accept that because their laughter is well-meaning and good-natured.
T
J
trtrt,r
Loanwords (or ft'lFH

>>>>>
r
I
oday's Japanese vocabulary consists of three categories of words: wago (l1"+o, i.e.,
Jupun"re words), kango (#, i.e., words that originated in Chinese or made-in-Japan
pseudo-Chinese words), and gairaigo (tl*F", i.e., words that have been borrowed from
languages other than Chinese). Most gairaigo come from English, and their number is
increasing rapidly. ln this lesson alone, we have seen several English-based loans: F4lt, <>
! =), Z/ (- l'., I t r-, etc. Loanwords are troublesome for English speakers because they
very often change their shapes. For example, many words are cut short. A good example
would be l'.1v l'. (from toilet) shortened to l-.1. Loanwords frequently change their
meanings, too, as you have seen in the case of <2!
=7. Loanwords undergo significant
changes in pronunciation also. When you pronounce them, the best thing would be to
forget they were originally English. Pronounce them just like any other Japanese word. You
will then not only sound more authentic, but will be understood much better.
Japanese
Attitude Toward Foreigners Speaking Japanese
efore World WarII, the only Caucasians who spoke Japanese were missionaries, and
even they were not all that good. Japanese people therefore developed a mistaken
notion that their language was simply too difficult for gaijn. Even today, when foreigners
who can speak Japanese are no longer oddities, many Japanese still hang on to this same
old myth. When a foreigner, especially a Caucasian, suddenly speaks to them in Japanese,
they sometimes just freeze, i.e., answer with a blank stare, unable to say anything. This
might be particularly true if you go shopping at a store where you are not a familiar figure,
or if you stop a stranger to ask directions. Don't be discouraged, however. At the university
where you are a&#., you will definitely receive better responses!
o
e
,,,,, E##ffi1
1e7-+Jt.
7-+lv
dr ff
:
7-+)v
tJtJt;Ucul"
Etac { td.t-l : trtb b * Lt.

,/l (.-T..
w: Efr/\E.r\t' ,f:Tt. 4 L
"f
i ^ --
/
= Bffl:f:
"
di ffi:
7.-v
4\ ffi:
A-+lv
d\ ff :
7-v
di ffi:
4o)i :u.f T C* ,t,-ffi1"

4{11?
*. t. t- ffiL( t. ) ttt:- . 4 tr,-f / ( / oI'e - l*a
ffru.,^-f t r.. ,"a t ) o1 ->I ,1T "
| | 4 v) lt+iftt..l o"c. ifrt'crnr/'.o
"C. Q )oIcb- t '7rt l4 i" Dr. HE4'rt'f] * L*
i ) o"C ) l1T !"
L? )t')btI'Ut"
f*{WoLf :{- ll4 vT" t y' v^f-r/t,..TTj
o"C_Hffi.ft.: _ {c . f/v\htol 6 , Z-C. "
:. (
ts 7-qv
dr ff :
7-+lv
..,L?
h!h- fl' l*+^-li/u',1f

I
J o'c.o/
H:rt'l-
[. ,{''T"
20 dr ff
z-qlv
. Fryfi:#)Et:{u.
iH&t++r '>"
4 ) t "1T "/". -ft^ I *a
+iftr,. j #rH. = A,t
J&
, *
lt"-r*j
/"
,B:t 'I4 i1"

di
tfr,:
bb, 4)f'tIo /t:-,:o
237
.l t
#>>>>>
r otlFo)1 :t2 . r]t\-y. Effi)ffiloartrucL"

Etzl-Y
:F. 7-/ y rtE)&../-tv
=I,ctrl
*"
ffi:
trt-Y
s ffi ffi:
rr;l-
flrr B4a"
j : if' #Z , l- L ( r,. L E,-t t.. l r,. t A"tT .

2
^.i. Lliti L(("Ll i"

1'
)lFfrkH"c. mansion t:{,r!. /J .

!. /J !. L4 ZI t L l,. ,{"T"
H ffi:
10 r,r-y
!'
T:"[. e, U t-'c.t- (-E
t------
## mansion . HA# l< yy = y) L 4 lvt:, ,"ATtt "

i- . t.:,u. * T" tffi mansion { !. j *. ,llUi- x-.r. t) v frEFElt,{. u. t ) /. .1r ( t ( rimx-e , Es zo
30 btrtE{.'Tda"
ffi:
D+. E-zy! a y t*. L":r.*Tde.
Irt-Y
: f. 4 :- {"*. L/ :
i LllvtT."
ls ffi:
Irzl-Y
cl,'C'1
"
zc,)Er^N/.: r,1_ ,ER. x*.c 2 y_:*, rrvtT"
ffi:
tr,l-Y
lABCl,s- l. +i 7 .,1- l' * ("rHr- L * Tl : f
1l
t . :t'{F+
D+ ( (-"vy
!. i Lt
YD+b,
rEffiS E otc
. )Effi+r.
ll A,I" 7 1*t,..1 o'ColA,"C- KoL !.*
LJ.
t
/ t:"to
tn
{l-l-
Frr
f-'r-l
t-T-l D
tr
rT-I tr
\1m
'il11,''
238
A,
,",, E#6ffi1
!-1Y v. fi3-=Ucut"
) - 4 y v, a 0) c B#T.r.,+ tt:/.-:Itt"
*:
!'-4 / v e)f{>/Jr,.l""
-:
4 A,t a L-c'C t ,4 , L a 6 - Trt - 4 / vItJ"
a----------4Yv t ) n)/"
7 y,{. B#ffi\frffilffi. {4sffil,t.oI?
*:
'
9-4/v
nrte-1!fu_.. u.J'tWl,'cIt,>" lfXl lfl " , r ./
5
,1. -2f ,h'7r"t,"-" Flf j (.6/Ju..4,/td.
-:
B 4,,\ : ffi L r. , D / L. " /J
" : *#,EEl(" /J u. I "
-c" El^îl,EEr" / u. t{". { i tI+/" i ?
l-4)v
Q
-:
9-4fv
*,b4il""
[#! fu:4 trff{".
#,n*
rnr
ffi'tJ - ,+: trt( tf'

E^
u. ,/'.
-:
15
9.4/Y
*:
-4)v
Ai l?
. lD} i /fru.fsbbT -6,{"El://.
"jr.1aL"
flJ*'. EAffi/ lfl'i+4("j-l .. l*+4r;'.1 .- l*ttl+
4{Ltr.
/'j .- .!.bIi? 9ffi2. I'mastudent. la'tr"

iff{r
-:
9-4/v
-:
lr.lYv
2s -i
:.
/ 6 ii h"
E.l r|ffifr#: t /r.

trffi*s/,/" .0):f,YLt44., b,4 i / ,E i .
tflt:ft*.;Tffi:x. lu.6: Lrl..*T.1 L. li6ffit',:/J b * L/
"j .b/J!. . ftTL: ra!fuTbtr" 6. ,'EL : j"
'c"de" 9ffi;-: aFl-u. j" d )t:. abook. books. the
book. the books !fuT- l, l.r t,frtb A,I7r.6- 7,1,.55
i /\+ rffi+ o-c -. F: { l' b t' 6'lla'} "
D_ HH/:. Z{ttt,,t",-t t#-C#t I,"
f . {4-c o'c 6, -*ff
{>
l-4/v
-:
se)( ( J
.l t
#,.,.,
J f
'c.,#, : -t
i ffi i a #. ffii;
r'tL
7 frL : ffi, -('L l* f+ i) |'t tt,
./
:'i "
,Ht
rr a
U T,
; T
!r
,
L
b
L
!r v '= o
l" ''.(,
t; i'+
'i,
-i!Ei
i A. F ? T ff ) r\ '_ 2 !r 5 : tL -{. ffi.

# ru
*')t-l**
ffiffi # Y 1rt f":'+';t''
'&.
H; ('bh il'
)
H'
I
iiH
4i
$-ffi+
r/=H+^'i,ji ;*';i
,;
iE#[Ki3t
i fr,.\ +2.X
1.
:"'t
* fo i'/r +/ #^'
t-: H ' + g: A t
# A
K b z'
'
FFU't,?"*q'Z
t fi
ffi
+:
7 , 'i ffij.
l ,* { t 'Z ' .: ^
? t*i q i*
,J.
-re
'.#I.HiryL+?;+ i,., 1
*ffii
ffi BrjB U o rt> H -{. rc o - , ffi.
LH.-)t,U+HL'{i.yR
ffi2
!\ I
/:ffirfLt+.
* I U
+
!. +.
A i
H #.
A
ifr,lilB'*,+o)^r4tfr
7c
o)
fr
4
FF
t_.'+
fEH
L-+rJ
i F
, ti,,
Lr
/ 2
t't 'tfr
U 7 -t \
* rlj {L * I
r"b#7b
2
,J':*
/
:
l t [r Ll ,) +
o)
l.',rt h
{"1
b flH, t B {.
WHAry
ottJ'='-c
1*\
"c"ft
v
{4
Hl
a'#4
=*F)*r
r\ r:. t'
f"L')
i a.
frili"
fr4
t #
" -\
*t.
:t. )
T
S /
1
r
/
L
i.
+.
Rx
tt
ftk
Ii
F,t
{& I
?qi..i,
/;
o)
7c
" *)
*o)ut
E
^
"cffi
frL+.t
o
,",,, E**ffiffi1
15
.l t
#>>>>>
tf,'lt
6ffi
't
g *a$iJhr,.
,
personal experience
bathroom Llit., place to

wash one's handsl
)E*-
past
'a
to state
u t;tJ
*"'J U
,t
-4ffi6
x-ui
funny
'-
('
consderably; real7y; to a
great extent
[>>>*]t-l- t'21
[>>>git-z-
l',zc
,t
t)yl^
Hollywood
r[.o
11
i
nl..
(-)*i
particle(s)
Ef,
opposite
to correct [uf.]
this side (of
-)
to laugh
21
L.
lpl'C. lr
whatever eise might be

said; after all
t( .
&(t)
thafs worthy of
l:trL
EJJ
rfttr'
actorlactress
EF.
|"
rtJ
242
pronunciation
x,
you, Jason; thafs truly

like the great student
that you are, Jason
l>>>x;,t--q7
.F-
to be modest; to humble
oneself
'1sY-'4 '/ Y
lname of a templel
alcta,
t8
living;1ife style
ll
tt"
(,-;)S. / - it mustbe (-)
't
#y+
lname of a prefectureJ
hard [as in "work har']
o;
reason; explanation
ot ur i rl1.
rtt.
complex
ffiffi
22
honorific language
[if., respect languagel
r:5t
(-r) + (/J)
(at
i
23 ,F
t{,+vs
not good/skilled
-)
practice
o F^'tv t'.
r['
+-'Y
u*
r fr:
qri:(
Donald Keene
72
Chinese language
t5 , !
14
to decide (to
-)
[u..]
in those days
[:
L-i v
5ffi
4l
16
17
extremely [written
ma.
expressionl
r;t't
X+
. tr.,
4ffiL
woman
s [H(r)
18
t:A{S. kLl
19
l','b l-l
truiy
l:Ft:l
T*(r)
8+t
L/
not good; unskilled
24
significant; great
improvement; progress
[>>>*8,/-
1-6]
[>>>g,E/- t 7]
[Chinese lamily name]
broken
le.
ElJff
summer cottage
2?
r[t '
m*.-l
*L
ffia
g., J apanese)
to encourage
to urge (someone) to do
(something)
it
28 ffiJa)
usual; that which was

mentioned before
artut:tJJf LU
ti
EB ffi
zs
rtt
||[f']: I
-
anti-Japanese sentiment
embarrassing
but; although t:-l?, 'l

[>>>*t-l-
Tng dynasty [618-907]
I, l,,
EXH
to loaf on the job; to idle

away one's time
-fr-e
-
12 bE
at last
+l+'a
on one ttand or on the

other hand (depending
on the context)
fina;
26
-l
r.t
Hffift
around (someone)
EI:
to copy [u.t.J
rti
ro
Taiwan
to invite
although
ti ut
[>>>*;/-t'9]
tE<
to notice; to recognue
zF
-f-
most
25
#'
t'
at
blackboard
_tr
$'f,.
*ta-
t),+ tx
fixed-price htnclt/ dinner
.{. t
1a
ft'
in those days
(-:) 'bc ( to come by (a meal)

*5
(-t:)trD to agfee to; to accept
'!..
II-
one sentence
Chinese food
<
L.iLi
carefree; slow-moving
{ri,
RdE
l.*
-x
^.r;r
4 o)tA
t['u
t['-
\di
trlE
-L07l'
free [time]
)
_l-
at'U.
most of
;t(
unfamiliar
tr#f+
F
-cf
l:ffit't^ /
F,/: r.l
F,merSJ
'
6 t-'l:
selstudy
ttv
formally
+Effi
'tr
: (-t:) *
3
si
v't
poem;poetry
Sr
rfa
one day
I1brary
^
t(
10]
first of all
(r)
average; ordinary; like

normal people
rti
30 m
l-.
desire
.l 'l=#,,,,.
t
r. L"-i:
3t 7 y rt
).33
A )t
ftW United States of

America
1',1
l-c
47
rYsli-lu
l:
{,
48
,l
,t'
ffiffi
J.;lt- l
little l:,1,)
view of moralitr
much; considerably
tt tli
orchard
RffifEI
&
tL i
t'i l,,
North Carolina
akeady
ffi:
'
l:xl
(-)7-
'lEffi {,
#ffi
u-tr'
6
EET 6
"/u
to contradict
(-)
r'tJ
ffia
to snap
l
34
'
(-)ffi#-
. r b
+l'27yr
h
36
,t a
ur5V.i
40
?&
Jr
ri
'rL
f+
4t i b
49
'l'
to point (to
-)
50
al|of a sudden
L'C*
t'f a
cherry
t i{,
5?
to commemorate
elementary school
(-
;. r
)
ftt a
r#w.
lfamily name]
[male given name]
Tf
well [used when making

statementl
; ;
for; considering
[>>>g;tz-
;t(+uri
ll]
even
so
l: [ ; l< r
-[E
46
vsli v,\'
IH
Bd
again
Etffi-hl
with respect to
nationality
l-ct
on the contrary
[>>>E;z- r+]
- a.l
)7
to be different (from
I [written
-tT'l
t i
ff
-)
reader; reading book
is concerned
mountain cottage
t:.ElJ#l
owner
l
5z b'* , ;
rIr
as long s [>>>gitz- l]
-;
motaT education
n.L
-+.
as far as
as far as
'u
Japanese reader
together with; in
company with
[>>>*;.2-tz]
age
t:,
[:-tr]
hard
J[\
expressionl
44 Hffi-ffi6
t( t.t
4s -ffi,^
to master; to overcome
-Ffmft'
bt* i
rlr
textbook
43m
to understand
itself
utruu.l'
content
42 Q'{Lt:
difficu
;t((
a modest or hesitant
many times more
ss
to give up
<
fr,wt a
b
other
-r,,'
ffit
to drop out
to understand
245
#.,,..
.l t
1 ,r, Ntc ,/ N z /c
l#t
>. le
>>>,rc5]
a) i LEct- yEll'. b i !"

(My mother complains ali the time land I feel frustratedl .)
o))yctb- a "r,: i
b)
."
(He said this. lCan you believe it?J )
rr, .l a ff ='considerabty; really; to a great extent'
l#,z
,l
"
is a cttoquiat form of
>
t. >>>
: t#eE 5 u...]
indicts that something is of a degree con * ", which ..-'...,,.:r:.r..-::r,:',,,-.,.'.
..;aiV,@m*,uu1,,,.,'.:.r-:
a) E 7 r yr^t. N+E+.I*iff i?) 6 ,Hz(t'6 1 i /.
(Most,{mericans seem to think that university professors have a great deal of free time.)
b) trllj pffE *1't' 6 Ll-.
(It seems that the dormitory food is really bad.)
3 t* ^,1!t rtC[l='it
lPt_og..r,vn9....1.,1,s.ta
must be
-'
l#,z
2^ r,X.t :I." u- ,T lt, t
t.'> tf #r
b) b4 a*r+ffi? Lr'0)ttt BAÊtr/JLro

(The person who is bowing over there must be a Japanese.)
<
l:lv
ffiEl:
L't BAffitt Lt"l;r/JLt.
(Japanese mustbe easy for Koreans to learn.)
d)
,Ft
.t >>>eLI5 L
uctt-Ettt]
msof
4
(Since he lives in a big house like that, he must be real well-off')
'L
>
/ t .ffi i[;SUtt t"
(It must be inconvenient to live without electricity.)
l' 1. lr 6 l;l r /J to
,,,,, Ef6sl
Qrrr, Tr(fE) ='ndeed; as may be expected'
a) BA t: *ff
{l,t
u. /c
>
t - f
lfri
>
3-rv
>>>
I v >reaf
r El4#sI#/""
(Since he has lived in Japan for ten years, he speaks excellent Japanese indeed.)
l)
b) r6B+ft8ll z f
. Trl:f
' L
t.?li.
(He is an excellent calligrapher, as may be expected of someone who teaches calligraphy.)
"'
Ntslvl,lNtcrl?
le#z > l.z
>>>
*+*.flv<
Jtr !.
2.24 >>>
2. 26 >>>
*l||rrlu<
#letvh\
!. 22 >>>
O)tO)
!-26 >>>the books
Etu<]
Both /,. and lA,1 can follow a noun, wittr the meaqing of :things (or people) like-.'
Only t "', however, can follow a sentence. ,'C, is a contraction of many forms such as
tj '- / 'I. tj t. i o)lt. orthelike.
li:lirlr:::
lii:
1 li li:l:..:i ':.
,.: .::. :':::, :r::l:::: , l:..
hfii
..
--
7 )
(t
ffi t. t ,Ba l.
(I thought things like particles were difficult.)
l;-ilr
b) tfl'll rfr)Bi't,1"( (=tEEtraA)- zf b.tltoI.

c
(I didn't understand at ail things like how wtashiwa anduatashi ga differ.)

ttr'
Wffi.b/J !. ft?L:
lvt
(:t
f
t,
i>{vrz). 6.,'L
(Since I was told that it would be impolite if I don't :use keigo,I was worried.)
>tt -*0)0)='although
b)
-'
lffivt
>
= t.
t.s >>>fle)5nra/to)l
1lffiftfr=+L / OO. +# l-ffifffi,tp * l(" /J t."

(Although I studied Japanese for three years, I still can't read newspapers without a dictionary.)
rr.l i .,!d)r.
, t ,/!
Bfll+lW.b ),,fi.r$oo, fifflzftrfffitt.L
* Lr,t.ct"
(Although Japan adopted western culture, it would not change its traditional values.)
Ii
.l t
#>>>>>
| ,r, -fr( (f*) ='on one hand; on the other hand'

:aii.i,i
lry>.gf
Ei
t"i'nsefi;4,n*.l;.r: *:Jii'Hu*.i.i,j
"r
often omitted.
a
b)
< q'uffT z.c !. 6 . -'t'. 4r ff x
it
r r
r.'
!. 6 4l*ido t,4/J r,.o
. :
(The number of working women is increasing every year, but, on the other hand, woman who hold
important posts are quite few in number.)
H)KHffi. -V' rf Er v.t)v0)9lL*ftrffi1,/i. f'?. ttRffitrt

ffi r ->'c.\. o
rF
(es for U.S.-Japan relations, while, on one hand, cultural exchange in the private domain is quite
popular, on the other 1nand, trade friction is a big probiem.)
8'* FFlD&fi='almost
It
means that
replaced by
a) *_v
every day'
it
E,
appears like every day, although

Fl, +, El, FF|, etc.
,*.
'Ea&
lffiarv>!.91
it is not actually every
day. .8:'ch:ib
rfi#n+?-rr e it"
(I hear Mr. Keene ate Chinese food almost every day.)
b) 86ffi' I
Erdo&a t:ffiffir6 6"
^-c'1,.
(In Japanese class,
we have homework for almost every class period.)
9 *r.[r{tt='at
most'
lffiaNl
>
t.tz
>>>
tittElr-tl-]
It indicates a maximum limit, which is still a small amount.
u r, ) ix (* ti- -ffiHl : tt ttt r-. :5 / t'r' !./'.

", ^(In aTarge class, on a good
day, you will be called on at most once or twice.)
b)
Et)-i
-3vt.- lfraIfial Ll,aL- tft,rtrEf. Elf Lr ,.
(Japanese white-collar workers, when they take vacations, take at most four, five days.)
1O
* -l,lf b='although -'
lffiaw
a) Br. d\ r.El/Jf ffitEil/"

(Although Japan is a small island country, it is an economic superpower.)
248
>
s >>> El' L r*bt 5 ]
,,,,, E#ftffii
r
El r,fEl * r
(I am sorr5r but I can't visit you today.)
b) t
c)
: { , -e r. /J r El ffi ,)-
(Ifs curious that
a person who's
t', 1 i tt) t.
ffi
been living
in
/J r,. l*
d) lJ'e, /J./Jr*ffi CD ?Ef,t.( !./

(Although
,# f"
Japan can't speak a word of Japanese.)
. /,ril,,Jltt, J i
didn't understand, I listened and listened to the CD, and then
: rJ
/.
strted to comprehend
it.)
f *" N LH ='or considering'

a)
lffiuW
> .
>>>,1
\+ll-++ e uzm]
H *. BA^ t?*tffir)r-h+f T"

(Maeda-san speaks good English for a Japanese.)
b) HHI*. tfltF t,<tr#tr!./..

(fokyo has few crimes for a big cify.)
12 *' Z*t'J[r?t ='even so'

a
la>t.tzl
r,. ,H
t- / . Z tt t= L t, H r. : tHt. l.
=
(I had expected that prices in Tokyo would be high, but even so, I was surprised how expensive
F-I*Wlffitlffi
everything was.)
b) T t
( I r. ,8, i
yrHi. #Hffigtr*eir.
ri I' t.t t, ) tt,"
, ztrt=a,(t, i,,ffiffi
(I think it's great that American high school students can spend. lots of time on extra-curricular
activities, etc., but even so, wouldn't it be better if they made students study
EAt+*. &l:ffi
,-c..$.
bt-itl:
ffi7)o) ,d b (-- ffira'
lf
.frlt./ i.
u.
little more?)
" z nEU t,. tr
(Japanese colieges are said to provide time for students to relax before they go orlt into the real
worid. Even so, I don't think they should just goof around.)
3 -"
^,FU ='as far as -;
as long as
-,
lffiat > t.ts >>>lo)fll
It is used to set limits within which the fo[wing statement trolS true. tt generAty follows
plain forms of verbs and r,.-adjectves. Nouns are in J -form (t.r., {+.X.cA a m I l,
id'..rardjeti., either in t. a rorrn,a!,.jr.,,rl
.,)i.,::',.,r.,
,,'.r
.'(i.
a)'c
)$ b 1"
w.q o) tT
(I intend to do whatever I can.)
b) ffifinr t.FU. +&Hf*
/ .;r. ..
(As long as you are not sick, you should notbe absent from school.)
13
"l
c
F>>>>>
A | ,h+.-
'lEI.1'
l'9fi1*41 / u'(" l-
) '"
(Sensei, do you know of any good English-Japanese dictionary?)
i Qt f"{a" flffic'(.t- 6FrJ t'*. BArcofl'' b (". 7, Y Lt:

ffit,-\f !-lt u.,f.'f
.z'C.b.f
tr b
rifllf*Fi t. ) ; b * T.6-
if'f'"
far as I know, all the dictionaries are for Japanese people and there is no good one for
Americans. However, there is one called Fngana English-/apanese Dicttonary, so you might
want to try it.)
(We11, as
14*" II-CT--'on the contrary'
.;l*
a)
...aid,
fit.-L
l#afl>.ss>>>zfilrrr5,.a(EFEt<ltD:lt*;rl
poti (otconseeuenceii1l.0,nh
tL*,...-..h.'$1..i .'"',-,,:
( /cl.
-r-VffiUfc, fr"e(//J
dirtier than before.)
(I washed a white sweatr, and now it looks
b)
c
')'!'
ffiffi,ffi.u,frffifJ
- 7t'ZcTillt' / ( / 7 a Llrb"
(When you read instructions for a machine, sometimes you get more confused.)
c* 'ffiSl' l :
6 r 6.
h' -cT
6
" L
(If you study too much the night before an exarrr, sometimes you end up making silly mistakes.)
ilffiHfi t:fu,ffiLT
"," E#ffi1
a)'-lf *,Uffif
>>>>>[t]
A-+lv: #tfrat: { '1,,/ZtttrctIvTT

[t 1"
drf: ^.i. ,t {"-l-."
tit
v I F-W0>Ft:l t:Tt o{. *r' ,:
1 : When you start
ffii.) ' rs c /,'c ll
expression. When
you had abad experience, use ;
dr{
7-+v:
J
:
E),
:(Ezt3-
ftEJrEl
,t (ll
* Ll,
r.
or the like. In Japanese, having a

terrible experience is conceived
as "meeting a terrible eye."
lt- ,{"-1l
* A"t
l4i"
tJ+,
* t- . i )-t'C. i A,f-f i."

-? vt) r.lt l, *. 2.
HE.,t,frr
rJrff
fdl 't- El : > -:lc
#/' d't"
Zt\T'?2
* .t, : [*a+ifti. ^.fJ
'
or a similar
o)
^-ql
telling a story, it
is customary to preface your story by saying cf-G6. 't,/
2 : When you are listening to a story

it is good to give aizuchi, words
that the listener gives to indicate
that he/she is listening and to

encowage the story teller to go
on with a story. Common aizuchi
includes
r,.,
4lLt?, ? iTtr,,
, / 6 li
, etc.
In nanating a story, try to use

sentence connectives (4 l., 4
lL, , e t t, erc.) and adverbial

clauses which indicate the sequential nature of occurrence of
two events
(-l
, etc.).
," EI-IVJV'(
e # t
r,
t/,1
(p.237) fr, (to recreate) t-t r..o -i 7 tt:/. b.

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Man's World
Ithough Japan is changing from a man's society to one that is kinder to women, the
transformation is quite slow. Women are enterng all phases of Japanese life, but still
many positions are closed to them. Female office workers, because they are not given
important jobs, have more free time than their male counterparts. They save money and
often spend it on traveling. Housewives have to spend much less time on household chores
than before thanks to modern conveniences. As Susan's host mother explains in E 1, they
have more freedom to engage in other activities. Men, on the other hand, especially if they
are corporate workers, have to spend too much time working in the office. They come
home late and exhausted and thus have very little time or energy left for their families. As
a result, mother-child relatonships tend to become excessively dependent while husbandwife relationships suffer.
l a
the lmperial Household has held in its possession the

"Three
so-called
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crescent-shaped jewel. A set of three to make up a meaningful whole has always fascinated
the Japanese. ln the 1960's, the new "three treasures" were a refrigerato a TV and a
washing machine. ln the 70's, "3C" (notice its singular form because of the lack of plurals in
Japanese grammar) represented a cal a color TV, and a cooler (r.e., air-conditioner). "H"
ntroduced in 2 is a term coined in the 80's and refers to three qualities young women
wanted to see in choosing husbands.
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tL
o
J tt
n*
st5r1e
14
x#
housework
to be envious
to be popular (with)
ideal
3 high's
income
level of education
Ju
g{.{'
thick omelet (in
height
lunchbox
,t
TH*E
American
Lq)l:ry2
lfamily name]
Japanese style)
L'u,
lfamily name]
tll
company
in N's own way

[>>>g;tz- t'z]
F'
+t*t
to keep (someone)
7./ y fr,
HF,
t6frY
4
22
husband and wife
,,
L
one's senior (in job,

school, etc.)
l:
tr
wife
b l:
lonely
,f-
way; to do what one
rs
school [it., culture

centerl
ot
ffi
to desire; to wish
fate;karma
rrtrr
(,tt t
#H
lfamily nme]
12
lfamale given namel
,o
t/ :
7
/gl J
r:qri, j
x)J
input
ffi
,6 #
document
l+
*6#
< 7)
7s
JIE
#:
( ''rl-:
5'<
51.
22
taking turns
t v,
25 HH
although; in spite of
[>>>*;./-
planning
ffiffi,
rrracf,tine
self
cZ
ffiri 6
F3]
to continue
rtl
to agonize
2Z 'IT.r
r*t;
irtD
ffi(
to work
*t
r[
I WM
3-
-F
j'i j i
u
{,d"
ffi+w
t{,2
3ffi
s+1
continuously
!)vi
tr*.xffi'
r
*
tfcV
*{
Ministry of Health,
Labor andWelfare
to put together (in a
report); to summarize
ro
l:
conversely
)'.lJs Z
,!:f L
canbe observed
in contrast;
as opposed
to
11
tt'
'
[Tl
t{,2, ,
to decline lu.l.l
:?Hr-r+ffir)rH ( /r
2 Wh
uC
rl(
n
u
child-rearing
)
35-39ffiE :35ffi.39ffi*('-^
1,
current situation
+-+
l D
(status)
rt(
to suppori
tt.l'
<
'i+t,)
wltite paper
[:6
-a-
comparcdwith the
previous year
unmarriedperson
F L t r,. r u.,,\l
? 9.:
zl<
labor; work force
rate
to rise; to increase
RM#
problem
, frtw)J
LEI
_t tf
a?,v+
I I ^fi :7Inl'ffi,
D!)D'
to do two things
ffi
#ffi
to indicate
bc
marriedperson t:ffi{
Lf r. ^l
concurrently
ratio; percentage
uB'
crytit-t, ,r{t1,+
't','
Ht
increase
tt u+
making copies; xeroxing

rcgr7ar position
serving tea
t: e'tutltu
='d-
clerical position
zti7iv<
u%u'
r'1, tflL
*ffim
Etf,fcl
9r;
75
xT6
to strt
business
*114n,,,,.
+.ti l.
16
ft
t,t" t
t)
ut"
t7
r - + lr
-\t'bl*n)
r[.cr
,.
*ffi:
actually
l
18
zt -lJ : l/a to manage to o[.<

continuation
ffiffi
generation
r'tB r,
lt
r#Jdfi
looking after one's aged

parent(s); care
tueti
.E.
+tf
[family name]
13
ffi
[ma1e given name]
society; world
t' i
4ax
5 b"
ilt
some womerl
Jt'/
husband and wife both
working [:*f'/)r
{{l.rr.6: l
together with
a['rr
14
_ F
6t
[>>>*;t,z- s]
15
-:i.!^h,v,
*.HT
,l
*,b #
b
(-"'l:) *'.l}'a to enhust (something) to (someone)

[>>>*;tz- t'o]
spectacular; amazing
L-C toward
tru?
to change oneself
[:
76
P
##
holding two jobs at the

same
a-
T6D 6
to adapt
T,L
to end; to finish [u.r.]
te
1g
to give a birth
'
,
9JE
to raise [u.r.]
19
ffi
husband
20
(-
' u $a
,o
#L t)
suffering
6
/JU.
have to
/ 6 / u.l
[:-
lril
ot t:
ta
o'.
<t6
l:*ttt#
6. Ll
time
?lEffi:f
-dal/
-F
carein one's home
life
industry; business
L,'u-
one's partner
fE
5A.L)
percent
-ffi *
rr'
12
10
fl\Bl
{t'
l.lt -l
triple afflictions
over
to give - las a reason, as

an example, etc.]
flexible
<
'.
a 1itt1e
-f
v sri t lu
*W.Q)
to close one's business

.,
r'g; ud
to rnanage all by oneself
J.
g#4
{*r-
wife who devotes

herself to housework
exclusively [:ffi/'ll
Lf r. ^l
u (--IT 6
to adapt (to
-)
2t
Ltl
burden
''
A,1 side by side (with -)

f :- -ffit:1
ffia
\ -)
rt
,
holding
hardship; suffering
t'
(-:)mf 6
zz
lower position
to endure
(-)
t''iv't?
ll:
superhumanly
22
ll'rl'T 6
to cover up; to make up

for
(-t:) *ilzu.
cornparable (to -);

equal (to -) llit., not to
lose to -l
t-
Qttutl
^Jb
to agree (with
every time
tf
rll
to adapt (to
33 'e) 1,/
r,'
ti
40
lEll*
living together in a de
facto relationship [:ffilF
Lr.r'-ffi-.ftr: l
-m
a groltp of people doing

the same thing
F7]
tt
Mfr-T
-)
tobreak:up
?-L
to carry (something) on
one's back
u'
to be to one's
disadvantage
l
unfair
way of life; life style
ty /,
,fE^
not acceptable [-- t./']
34
t-f'T
to remove; to get rid
36
-fv
to throw (something)
away; to discard
>'t'a
to combine
sa
,'t$6
so-called
to have one's name

entered into the family
register l:ffillL-C.-
tti
^r'
^+
to reject
t-462VL. Ll
to fr,gltt
(-;6'b 6
-)
strength
)J
:z
family register
o ?r.
5'q'
trt
Fffi
7t
[>>>*tl-
furthermore
ft.T 6
being like a superman

[:,,\'!r{ffi ]
CJl:
i .
:
- '
effort
'i Etu
-/
3e
t:q5r
(-:) Hffi't a
2e
DINKs ldouble income

no kidsl
to respect
ftD(
'qt
)J
f ,1-v?Z
sa
individual
v -g-i
of
freedom
.S. ( t,. ) to say this and that;
48
* tt*
ffi:t+t
to meddle
affairs)
in
(other's
to expect; to count on
*114u,,,,.
t.*
z.Ef
.*f
+.4f8
O.IF
z.Y.
s.'Effi
s.*4
s.HE
to.)*h
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ts.Ei
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rs.E
to.ffilT
tz.ffi (
ra.Ir[
zo.
zt.frWh
22.HrJ'+ffi
zs.Lfl
tg.ffiM#
z+.*M
zs.fET
zo.F,
zz.I,
za.
zs.#W,t:
so.
=!
s+.++l'/
ss.
eq.
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it F
to.#h
+t.,*
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o. H{r
sz.ls
33.
ztJt
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+2.fr
+2.ffi!
2.ffi L t,.
z.5E#
q.fr4
2.ffi
s.'ffi
s.ffiffi,
IL.-llt{,
rz.
ro.HJ
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zz.-E
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zs.#
3r.ffi*
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gz.ffi
eo.Hffi
sz.,
zt.Efrl\
z.Mffi,
r
268
/c
s.trffiF
ro.'l{r
M.EEfrlffi'
rs.
tg.Y.L
zo.:
zq.ll#.
zs.*W
za.If
ss.Tffi.
zq.trfi
so.fHffi
M.t L
ss.
ss.F-ffi
sq.lElffi
+0.Wfrft.
This radical comes from the image of a house with a hanging roof and
was originally used for characters representing kinds, conditions, etc., of
roofs and buildings.
tl tEl fHt rd
>>>>>
E)g1!
t>>
NEftN ^.ltft='N
has its own
-'
l#t >.g>>>ttutt*atr'gEr:raaul
a) #I=I*#,OEirrr .
(Parents have their own lives [to live].)
. fH t
r,.
-trr b 6 ,1 , *
S ,Ft"
(Children have their own ways of thinking, so we should first listen to them.)
b) f. {^ f: f:F l* O#
2"u Nrf*Nr/Ul;V='lu.,
does things in its own way'

NrlNt/JONz='lur has its owlr N2'
lffr
> rs>>>=t*Eaotr]
a) A: t) it"x->Lfulfrl-T'?
(Why don't you study more?)
: trtt {r.
ff//J U |ltt lv|{,cT
t\6r
{ b {*t ".
(I am doing mybest in my own way.)
b) vrrJfiEtr*vtufit|0)Jr) b. EEf*E/c10)& ,.
|. - / t..
(Both America and Japan have their respective good points, so we can't say one is better than the
other.)
J ot' ^,<{ff;
. ', :,,lik,:,'gxreses-the
l'F:
i4q
>
'of,ja|thou-gh'.l.Ho.rv.gve.r,"
z >>>
(,!:
,,,':fi.ti'of,displeasure, isigui iic-ntiii.irsj-i-i,i.lii*
;'ario,ran@r:t:;iti+3"44'.'.
a) lH
< rf
Etf-ftrl
;;,;:",,.'t,,':'::',:.-,,. i+;rr..
lr.l.
.r.n<f t c cl''r*ur < tc]
[N
exp-rclse-s the spea$.,s,.,,
l,
[r*-adjective+.,r:ff,i.t
,{r,;,i,-+'-''.;t-tr1:t' :n-
El.
(It's troublesome when a child does not want to play outside.)
b) TSr< l:1
f S b /s6^t..
(A person who is poor at doing something but loves doing it is
big pain.)
c) *r /Jr'( r,:-t-ftt'. bH i^l*Elb *T.

(It's too bad that *tere are people who have absolutely no money but keep buying expensive things.)
d)
N->'c
(
t.6 < I=ffi.L( ( lJt..
[He] does not tell me although [he] knows about it.)
269
14gn>>>>
Qrrr, ^, ??r
,/ fJrrl$T=,for
such and such a reason'

f#3
,;.,,
i, isa,eflwra
or'
t',1),,Td
this ptrase
{o11"*r "
t >>> tb : (LEe]
9_q"j",,,,
r,,,Jui.ng ,,'*
i.tt' r - 7 fuifrtrtfltL t. L ut IErfi Tffiffi l- 1 rsr'+ r. *

(There are students who don't do homework saying that they are too busy studying for other
,t'
> t. t
courses.)
-c"
ffiF -f t )
IE
7a fll*tr'l & \.
"
(Many Japanese women quit companies
".11 for the reason of mariage.)
c) BArA{&ffiiffLt+ 6cTtt)
tE?'4/JftS*r}f /J1.o)rgffi
l "-C1"
(In Japanese companies, it is normal for women not to be given important positions for the lostensiblel reason that they will soon quit to get marcied.)
ror
){,EY
lawz>1.7
.. ir'
'
>>>Htrtr*(E:<rr(l
' : ':
'
canbe,a,nounloiaverb(plainfo{m), X L ::'hirvjirienr4i:,,r,.j,,'':'.,,',,"':,,1,.
(1) N ::ttogetherwith; along with'
A) HtrIE
T EBAU'trJacb "
(Kyoto, together with Nara, is an old Japanese city.)
(2) N L
t:7V
lplain, present) & :

,ffis'tiidicte-s':,thatr:lAqjX:dpp.e s,.grdoe.Y',It"often'indictes that
l>
vo
changes'p_ro.ed-,
11P.4.!..9.9ouslY.
b) +Wi)r',er.. rrt=iu
(It seems that
*rffift
as one grows older, one begins to
trYl\t
(Langtage changes with time.)
7a
r: r&bt-u-"
worry more about triviai things.)
"
$ "' XYlltr='to leave/entrust X to Y'

a) ffiiH : lf. ffiffir *zt'tf ( { t-!. ,8 i.
lnawz
>
.1
(I think we canhave machines do simple tasks.)
b) jrJt f.
h,t,v\fr- .o
Ê:f
(It's better not to leave imporiant things to others.)
c) *#ffiu,$' y
ffiftrr*
t ) tt,"
l. : :f ,
(I wonder if the day will come when [we] leave all the housework to robots.)
>>>ffitr*t'tae]
'''''
l r> X/e:V
.ii
EI
la*z>1.30>>> ,srat.lcrt f
j.i,i1*s'tntiti.lpr ,t
'io r'r'v-
fiar.nali-'1e$,4,a.'*.,,
also happens.'
6 * t'S"
(I dont like to be told the same story every time I see lhiml
/EIEI Dff?E'
b)
r?-
.)
T6.
v -V,/Ot;
v r )v&\,trJ i," b
(Every time I watch TV, I am disgusted by how many commercials there are.)
B;6tffer:11< L|t;
7c
tfu)*as tlHi
"
(Japanese peopie by souvenirs whenever and wherever they go on a trip.)
$ "' V?< tttSEEtriFT='l wish someone would do something; I hope

someone does something.'
lavz > !. 3 o >>>
ttttht:
< ( frlc 5
a) ffift:r+HLtrt*.ttcT (ttt ,8t,I:f f"

(I wish men would change with the times.)
b)
c
{f( (tttBt,r:f l"
{ c X$r)nlg
(I hope fthe company] lets me do more important work.)
) i tr+tt.
!'6 'lTlrt-
frif;l.T (ttt Etrf f.
{ c
ffi.'4,("-'.1)
(My child is just having a good time. I wish he,/she would study more.)
Etrtr]
*114*,,,,,
a) "o .8 ^
1.Bl
z -l v
rjrEl
7 -+|'z
t. H^0)k/.rJfH4.* d"r6 .
&e
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i,Hr,.
* 1'"
f *. ftr * d'l 6 . f{ +* p )
rr E,r; sH<. * lt 1"
^
irt/Jtltt tffiry - * u \ t t ? u'
E) lvT [t 1"
a 11,. Z n< a h, r |,ttt,rtt 2. BA
r{*effi v 77 *. b r!.. 6.
traf bfr$ti,amf +t"/r

L r- / U t / r\?. L *. j
lt,h
z-+lv: 4).C.-Lti..
b*
When you want to express your

opinions, you can use expressions such as _ f ,8r,.
* T, - : l l'c * l} l',,
-(1,) D r !.: ,8,1. * T
or -(.1,) D + / r...6 L r i z)..
Obviously, when you use -l
'should,' you are expressing your
opinion in a very assertive manner. Framing your opinion in a
rhetorical question, as in -,
ljt.:H..*T or -.t D
t"e l, ) t, makes it less
assertive.
2: When you want to disagree with

someone, it is best to first ac-
"
knowledge his/her opinion and

then state your opinion, as in )
,,4Lt? )tt,6 Lr.l

4
TLT
?' fT
t. ,Br. * T.
1 r"r [f
/<
-e
I,
E,
4 {LT,rtU
etc.
-JlrJV'
,{7:z . -z\i*^.iE (R.>aXri. i-^t. 7c{L)E( *{..fsotr,./#

t:/ b /J !.o *. /Jt-'E ( / ->ln'1fr,HAl,Ttt iL*'r. t * r,"
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e
1:
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L.r./J!.o fr{_H,r) z
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272
t,."
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vzlt-'c.*6r,.t. f{" r 7 7)yILt=ry,p
3'* a-wJvl
i-^lE#F:/ b ." olti. *aa I 4Lr (

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=#Tzt, i .. FFF: .6 /\fr"
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# L. t. /J !.
a) :tElf" *. A{* nl1giiHl (roles) !. * T."

b) L+ -e t, lPHlrJ'..boI L,Bt. * T..
4 {L e {L0)
5'o .r {-
tv
7"
: 3
t. {
!.
{.'&'t I I z )t t' :#*.

t
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1 ^l- | U /J t.o -t ( l-\, D + / r,.,{.-T.1 l-A,D + /J !.'C'L j .J
i- ,8t. * T l l r E ffi.2f#l- /J t.o
6*'dv2-,
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* f ." tt Q i,Bt. * T.. ffiUc-C, th"e , I 70))yIVt:#*, L !.o
7 ,,, fpjt
[A{*
fr+J r,. i ffir. :E?. =.E++ f
r,.
o)(FX_#
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!.o
273
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e +rI ,ffi r. i B^F , (wife) # L r !. * T. CD ?Hr. a,

L
^.y-t
l*'O. F: f t.i'rJ'x ?^d'rlJ r..
n ) )ffi ,1. :' L*lt:YT a'c 6.

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n ) ffi'l.^l*. i:BYL/; : Trsb"
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n
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h) ffi A,c^tr, Ht*a7, , rt,-flr ( Lr,.,
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......>tr
URE No
o
c
c
Kawaii (r}trtr)'Cute'
n ffi in Lesson 2, Sachiko used the word kawaiito describe a squirrel. The word kawaii
was originally used to describe only babies, small animals, and dolls, but in recent years,
it has come to symbolize Japanese pop culture. Hello Kitty and Pokemon are no doubt the
most famous examples of this "cuteness" culture, but cute elements are found not only in
character goods but also in fashion, personal appearance, mannerisms, etc. You even see
these cute characters on the body of commercial airliners and many government offices
have cute mascots, so they are not just limited to children's goods. A young female office
worker might characterize her male superior's mannerism as "kawaii ." Once a seal
wandered into a river in Tokyo and became very popular because it was "kawaii." The word
"kawaii" has indeed become a handy word to express one's positive feeling.
1
I
Group Society
n Japanese society, the group you belong to is very important. So, when you meet
someone for the first time, the first question you are asked might be which company
you work for or which university you are attending, rather than what type of work you do.
Within the group, maintaining group harmony is considered to be very important.
Conciliatory and cooperative attitudes are more valued than strong individualism. 50,
confrontation in public is avoided as much as possible. Japanese value unanimity in any
decision-making process, and so, consensus building is sought before any important
decision is made.
J
I
l<')
trffiE (job hunting)

refers to somewhat systematized
activities that college students go through in the process of looking for employment
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-f,'
[+
33
nation's power
:7o u
o)a -
3/ {F'r
condition; circumstance
:t(tD (
u 5'<
30 HH,T
current
ulrti
to exert (influence)
lu.t.l
.r'T
to raise lu.r.l
E.
deeply
'-lr
fashion designer
level of name recognition
l:tl
.Il
w(
r-
#,fr
rttt,
one's sense of value
ftr{ffi
architect
tr'
liking; taste
, E ',
Lu.t.l
tt,t,< r'
medium
to praise; to make much
of
u- not merely; not

simply [>>>gtt/-t'6]
't
*,+
k tt+.
ffilr.,:
t*'lr6
?3
<
strictly
objection;
E=#
counterargument
r.
-6;ff!/ '
there is no room for
[>>>liz- e]
>>>>>
73
uri L
common sense
ffiffi
['
proper; reasonable;just
5 (r)
(-: ) .'f ir-Z r.. to be no matdn
14
for; can't win

[>>>*;.t
(-:) {'tl a
LpriLr('2i
16
for some reason
t7
ffi l:: (
blanket
30 b'* {L6
to put
l#l,f
31
nt
tuir '
ffigJH,Z
:##urcf'b ^
:Ffrffif
on
to be dumb-founded
to feel impressed
,4,,
ffi
discontent
:-: ( t. [>>>*8,/-l..to]
:g -j- la-l
r-+'.
ui <
tti
+fi
''-
37
job hunting
ffi+
t"s]
concerning
ffi ffi lf
v'ruz u +
2s
Jllh\HlcEA. Y l..l)t5EfE
44
t',VJ
to declare; to say
definitely
qs
-lJ ii,
6'r
,..
not to be pafr;rt7ar
about; not to be picky
[>>>*;t,z- t t]
r5r
t8
E l:
[.
19
somewhat long
<
ffi(r) cruel;heartless
r*?
(-. ) |lfua to be out of
vv>
ffi.fr (t) excellent; talented
uEr.
/\t
a
;t u*
zr ffiffi(r)
ffitr-t
dt'tx
f
rut.rr
to believe
d+
,, +- 6
26 t)'t. D
v
,vs
ttf tr-
Hll,*r..
za fiil (
I
U', b Ll
2e
ffiTF!:
't.
tie (someone) up
psychologically
room; space
to liberate
'[.'
)t
ffia
- )
rfr
almost
{. ti
in
pleasant feeling
(sensation)
'tt
f
!i
advance
chilly
fl
ffi
t{.t
56
:c
tobe chi11y/cool
6t
cooking
#
ffi
development
(-:) r'U.tr
to get used to
tJ6r.f6
to get frustrated
l.
57
materials; ingredients
to work effectively
(one's) lap
judgment
#,+{
to observe (the rules)
possibility
to
r[.ur
little
beforehand;
to make
u'ir-
ffia
occasionally
a
ffif&-r a
to turn off lu.t.)
l:
ro)
EI
heating
B IHT
25
,r,
funny;comical
air conditioning
z I'*.
< F
+Iffi?TT
firmly
h
rt.
perspective
ffi,w
tnt:,
person oftalent
{< ut-
22
46
Lt
consciousness;
awareness
.l t s
#o>,,.
t.tffih
.f 6
2.ffi
z.#.t>
z.-
s.ffiffr
.ffiffi
g.fri-
s.ffi
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rs. E1.
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zo.Ht
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ss.
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rr.r,,.ElL
L ,.
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a.M,W
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(t)
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z.ffiFfi.h
zs.lffi
tq.Y#
rs.FF
ffiff
)\M
This radical is based on the image of grass and is generally used for
characters representing kinds, conditions etc., of grass.
tt t_l t_ru rd
290
>>>>,h\EE. Y l=i5t5EfcE
l#
>
t >>> <ur D'.url
) * i 4 lF -z / - ( Lr 5 *(F # -z / /" l / ,/ ".

(Yesterday,
b)A
Imadeapie,orratherl helpedmake apie, and.
..)
D + fqfffi:ffi -:l ,1 -t f
* .S ol ?
you went to Aso, and did you do horseback riding?)
(So,
*:
? tr zt'-,8: b z
l /"1"
- it was more like just touching

L. /+4.t. / t L i .
(It iasnt rea horseback riding
c)
rti!'
i: J#'c"
BAffiRc
a horse.)
(At that time, there were brothers who took Japanese, weren't there.)
n#T r\ 7tr. /c:'-6Tl
"
(More preciseiy, they were twins rather than brothers.)
f ,,,
E,
c$/lt E
E =,rather (than) ; if anything'
le#z>zzal
ll
' 'h'- tweerl.the'two alternatives,',,,
a) '&/dl*Ecbh,E) E&#,t:il;) (!'6"
.,
(She looks more
b) BA^fr
like her mother lthan her father].)
c bh',
Nfr-ffi *
/J
!'"
(The Japanese people, if anything, do not like confrontation.)
) fA*. Bffi*. t, cbh')
ffifr+.
(If I have to choose one over the other, I am better at speaking Japanese (than reading it).)
tto
^,*/ClT='to
it
have a feeling that to have the impression that;

seems to me that'
l#,2 > t. zz >>> r Ji f.f t Lt3-]
a) BA,r'LEL/i )tRtL:f f.
(I feel my Japanese has improved
b) BAl*
little.)
I -/
l- tv
' D 6 J /J -"t$ l' * "
HJJ lv.
(It seems to me that the Japanese people value a group that they belong to.)
291
.l t s
#>>>>>
{,,, *,1() ='to (say) something
a) +Effi+t.f !- 7t'H
like
-'
l*#l
* t/cr. 5t.
(I heard something like the number of students in Japanese
> t. t z >>>
lnDrrJ 'l
."
Tangaage classes
is increasing, but is
it
true?)
b)
7)ri?
t lrj 'l ( bd't,* L /c.
(They often said something like, "This is cute.")
5 '''
() |f,fi='similarly; just like'
l#uryn
la*tz
a) 7 z,
l BA IAT*- 7
Y rt f"
(Anime is popular in America just like in Japan.)
>
>
z.
zs
>>> e ru e E{l
oo >>>
r El
6.
^frr
b) ffiElffi: EA#H+*- fffi .
'L
<
(The Korean Tangtage has honorifics just like Japanese.)
l$
a
t>>
!E-?t*/!t='o1
merely/simply
Ell+EtF-livffiffi,L
-'
l#atvl't
> t. z t >>>
lv z ?:ta r t*aur]
t. T' tttL\"
(Japan is not merely imitating foreign cultures.)
b)
&
( Ltt.- g'=r6+.ffif
/p) I,1ffi.f r- 6
o)T,Itl/,Lrt
(Many people are probably not working merely to make money.)
7 ,r, N/tf='full of -'
"
laryz
>t.( - l!
>>>
lt
t'
tto)]
,',+.Ud,r'ffi
a) 7 t y r"c"lffi4^t110)9-.,{
vlt!.f
!. ++.H'tr} .
(In America, we sometimes see students weartng jeans full of holes.)
b)
v fFx T tffir. . 6 .
(It is time-consuming to correct compositions full of mistakes.)
F u. r
8 *'rufftffJ[l='11.re is no room for -'

ii
I
a) *tfro)*lrtt"
(There is no room for compromise.)

292
lmaryz
>
!.13 >>>F:ffia*eaurl
't
I
I
I
I
>>>>>
tf 5.ElfcE. y l'.r)tSElcE
I
I
b) fH+rff?Hr.( ( rljt.^ti . -#ffio)tr$/Jr,r.

(When the other party does not listen to what
$ "' Nt! (l*) tl/(rt='to

a
[I] have to say, there is no room for discussion.)
be no match
for -; can't win
-'
larytz > !.1 4 >>> o)=^ct*i5,aar*ur]
: #Ef*rt'lc
A,t:fr5/Jffi
t)/Jr,r.
E
(Even the most legitimate reason can't prevail over this word.)
b) **r.- (
6 ,1..2
1l>/p l;l* tt"
(An amateur, no matter how hard he/sbe tries, is no match for a professionai.)
*'
(stem) Cr='difficult to v'
a) l1.
. 5sf;de t"tli
lavz >z.-ls >>>="Rt
J5ur]
"
(When one has a sore throat, it mustbe difficult to eat.)
b) to)XW.Ilf,,\:
Li
tr.
(I find it difficult to talk about my own failures.)
11 *' NE/i ,/t/,r='1tot)
to be particular abou (not) to be

picky'
lma*tz>.4s>>>-20);rt-tDrdr]
a) 7 r+ v l. : ztrJ.:?t,r6
. Bffi#Tt*L!-. LlJt..
(tf you pay too much attention to accent, it might be dfficult to speak Japanese.)
b) ffit--z t
(Ifyou
12u
rt.
/c tt ft
< XtrtHL 6 "
picky
are not
about the location, you can buy
house inexpensively.)
NE*Jl?='a in'
Lamz > . s 6 >>>
1 taurct*]
Yt fL : /ic /.
a)
fircrcr*tt,(4tf
b)
ffi-F,* t) v v 2 tt+ | / r titst'rH
r-
g
a
(In the Meiji period, it was very unusual for awornan to study abroad.)
r"
(The first Olrmpic Games were held in Greece.)
293
.l 'l s
#.,,.,
a) ttt
lrt,2-l
ffi+:
FFE*+I fr L :f; 11. +Et* I I

. F,/ FlJ rr 7-vt.
BAl
.8:r,.f B r D{ L. -c I,+
.- L ts, E , vtrr+JH:I L rr,Etr
*f2 r'. eU < *rffirr L:f f3"

aQi.U<J6ffit.L*T"
ffi#
llz-Y.1,l ,F+EA:{,f.. L. c
L + .t-cTs. Bf"G{l,r trt-ffi|-
w+
lffif
t )lta"
***
D + . #l=c\(
ft a tr#
x-Tf
9.
4 : It's important that you preprre a

number of questions ahead of
framed in such expressions as
l,lEf L i . and
i *"'4LT..
-t:zr-.r
you did not understand

what the interviewee said or
e*.,.
-frEtr
*T5.
***
w+
question him/her on this subject.
5 : When
**t
T
2: First, let the interviewee know

what the topic of your project is
and then ask if it is all right to
time. Your questions can be
tno
ffi#
one by fust introducing yourself.
3:Conclude your introductory remarkby saying I L ( t. L
Et;- Y
.-tf a
1 : You can start interviewing some-
E Htr,ft Ltr z L\ t r 6 2 E t, t)
h5 '-'tr:f l.,t" **.ffitf,ElJ t)*1.,t6"
when you need more explanation, you can say, for example,
i-*dL. L*.1, l) i,tl.
#t ( ffLrr.t;t*+,.
or
t,.
i d)ll ' i t. i ;
'C
'.
6: You can end your interview by

thanking him/her. ftfffit-- t
b * L l means that you learned
lot from the interview.
294
I
I
I
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>>>>,
t bt Hl E . Y l.'') 51 E
t >'> E-rvJVl
e
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4 v c,,- ^l*.
c- -1^. -^ 4 v 2 C- - {L )": b !..

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4vl)YlLrlJt.o
f,,, jV-27 h-7,i

e
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2 -a i/cHF?ft,. /J
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"C Z I z 0) )uI t, t:#tL !.o
=
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l,'C. 7>*.
l- !.
r,.o
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e Erfto /: 0)b .L ?F,,i: L{. Jr v-llF b /J !.o 4 0)/\t:- _ B^
i ,H ->T:lt' i "- E A,r,f; ) ,H: /.H /J !.o 4 {L4 {L v7" ttt Z 2 i 7 -#*L /J !..
$orr
4V.1-,
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.:'r,-L.t,Hi o)tt)t*T'o el,Lr,fElf L
j., E
A^.i?!.!. tHi LbtI80))u.b!.!. t,Bt *. lEDr"t,

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e
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.l t s
#>>>>>
l rrrfFl
e
Ê'f'*/JL.o
a) 4 vi C:--+l-tLr)l.>t -tv* l'"
b) +jW,4 vr' c-- UrI*, 4o)4 vy' - --*. L...(FXt:t,/. u.o
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CD ? H r.'C
Lr!. 7./yhLTvl-vvs,
l trr -'O.
F:
^.y-
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81ffi1.1
kE
a selservice sqyle
sushi restaurant
IE
fat
TL
rolled sushi
z"
.^
L.
frf' x ?nr,/ r,. "
avocado
*'c a
t1'l.na
vTi i r"
tuna salad
L. (t*a.Lr,.Lr,."
n a) Effi.uT
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n ) rr^t. TL{4:1.1. t,Hz-c,. J i"
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296
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rhr 5 F,lc E 6.
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5 E E
ofl
w
rti7 J .bW++.. +++HH&i,-\#EHF.. E
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1.1- R 5
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ffiEt:
Bfi
1.1- R 2
1.13-R2
ffi
1.15-R 12
*r
-ffirt
..
1.9- R
1.9- R 15
1.15-R 12
1.3-W
1.9- R 13
+r<.b.
L ( .tr
r..*
U"|{lv'ta
:
1.5-R 18
r,.r. L i.lllu.t.
ffiffi:
r{,' f.t,'
<T tl
.{r
1.8- R 17
ww
De*-'
<'
1.3- R 2
1.1-Ri2
L.15-R47
l,tt'
?5r'
terr. t'
.t.:,i.
trffit.
fflffi
1.9- B 12
@**-'
316
L. Tt ,
htL. a i
1.8- R 8
1.9- R 2
TffiA
lt
ffi
ffiH
ffirt
1.10-R7
@t-*'
@***'
@***'
$ .
1.1-W5
L.4-R4
: (.rf
t.13-R27
L.7-R20
ffi
EF
IP
.:. f (
ffi
ffiE
u.6i.-,
1.9- R 3
@*=*'
R
ffi(
fr.
1.8- R 22
#H t) 7 | t: 6 4#n+ltF:l,slo fTJ l
t 4 | v.<-. ll l ltrJ. lffil 1ffi4+n-l)ti
IEffiHI. IEf,I I IEf,M D ffiI. IJ I |trffi] ?TT"
@o**'
rr?
tolove
1.1
pleasantly warm fwith reference to weather]
>tcte,1 t.<
L.2-#,
>vtTlffi+Tl
1.8-2
747 Ainu
lrlCi liB#l
1.10-
one's partner
L.14-ffi,2
1.1-ffi
lfamilynameJ
1.9-1
bJt l1.rl torise [ui.l

&>/t6Ut [Frl.] cheertul
L./---D
1.1
tr [female given namel

r?l?k] fal]
ttl t?I#l lplacenamel
1-ffi
1.8-ffi
1.2-1;1.12-E
head
/c u I [fr tr]
lLtl vicinry
bcl?lc)5tl
hurtingJ
z&/c*lFfi1
thick omelet (in Japanese styie)
<
address to send mail
1.9-ffi
L.14-:,1
1.1
s-ffi
L,
'J-
t.2-+1
1.11-3
1.7-3
L.
i 2-F
to
(one's own) older brother
1.3-2
1.4-1
cartoon Uit., anima(tion)l
"1
tffil
1.7-
1.1-ffi
L.12-:r
fat
1.1
7,l r avocado
r* <T t< 9-l tobe lenient
7 J r) l blc! tmenca,for instance
s-t
1.1 5-F
L.
I I -r
1.1o-ffi
Loi 1lr,trtF'l
T)t)ttr->
United Sttes of America
1.13-
, h Ll7 t t *l American history L.4-1

7 tt) t L8 17 t, ttl,A,mericanstyle L14-A1
7 t t) tt 0 wi lT r t rtffil Americanway 1.1 1-ffi
1.1 -T
+*, to apoToge
7
rLlEl leg; foot

t>LlclHl tomorrow
trL t ltfr l to break one's ieg
lnl
lr<ft1
to shower (someone) with (something)
1.9-1
b rtulffirLl- longing; yearning

I#l morning
L.14-+2
1.9-ffi
L.12-^3
L.2-
[u..J
L.12-ffi
circle
-)
L./---".
to gather
=t
72{- l. $fl apartmenthunting
r( [r]
1.15-3
to raise [t.]
to correspond (to
L.7-ffi
L.1s-#,2
etc.]
1.6-3
$'td> 6 lR l
rrc
3-ffi
1.3-4
zr g.1 hot [with reference to weather]

$'t *, 6 t* I to gather [u i. ]
L.4-^2
L.7-^2
L.4-
warmly
to have a headache [i., the head is
1.1-3
L.1
&rTl+l
- las a reason, as an example,
to give
rU
>tg
to keep company with; to be a companion to
bTl-Lf
>t*.1l
rZ rll [ma1e givenname]

>3 >t'Ic. [q.13] clear
r ru>6 to give up
lA l to getbored
r8 tL tobe dumb-founded
< t4 < ] to become vacant
t>1D lrtr,|#ffiffi1 vicious
bT lffiJl to open [ut.]
1.5-T
>tct Ut [Ez].v.]
,( [ffi+]
$+ tl
t>'lfrl red
to give
2-
1.1-3
addressee; the person you are talking to
1.10-#
1.1-2
L.2-T
t,/C [f:]
while; during the time when
1.10-1
r? - lFff;] Mt. âso

?.5 t"lll to play
>fc-l+Zl
greeting
\\ll*Tl
>T'6 [ffi.]
to keep (something) for (someone)
t)
btra lllt)
b>tT.d>
rtrbtL6lfr,tLl
(-I?)bq2<
r <
1.3-;1.10-3
towash
beforehand; in advance
l<l
appeat,
anve
to comeby (ameal)
to walk
L.15-2
1.7-; 1.8-ffi
L. I 5-r
1.1-ffi
r6UlrHl
bfvz
one day
L.1
3-
,9 i0)l-ffil
\\trbi
first-rate
L.f,-il
l'l
luttered when something unexpected happensJ
1.10-3
[ma1e given name; often given to the oldest
bbt'[(-lc)rta]
L:4-ffi2
tr,a .V
bb'z
to adapt (to
-)
L.14-#,2
to combine
1.2-;1.7-
to show someone around
Ur
[H]
liketht
1.11-F
t.12-fr,
stomach
//r t,.fll
to declare; to say denitely
L.1s-ffi2
t,L/l [v.ilT] tobegin to talk

trrV * t2 L [r,.El L] expression
rfrr [l,l]J other than
1.1
rlc
[+lc]
r3 truly
u (t) [R(re)]
5-
1.3-ffi
L-
b-
r1
1.13-ffi
stylish; chic
./c t!l way of life; life styie

tr/9 allofasudden
U< D[rE] child-rearing
r(zfr afew
[iUEl] lfamily nameJ

urt[H_R] opinion
/rd[l] after
to be comfortable
L ll consciousness; awareness
VL/[E] lfamilynameJ
Vr L{, [E] doctor; physician
vL+* [] lfamilynameJ
vr L < ,. tffi61
J\t)
J\
14
t r
L. I 5-81
L.14-,1
L.7-^2
intimidated
1.15-2
L.s-3
1.15-ffi2
1.8-1
/r, L T l"d>U> t..Ffffil hard

t,a?( [-E] apairoffoorwear
v\?0) 13
before I knew
it
lJL < t*ffiel
(dependng on the context)
(someone else's) younger sister

t
r.p /a.|
3-#
1.4-
L.4---o
1.10-2
1.10-
1.1
3-ffi
L.l1-#,
L.6-+2
1.2- i
1.4-+1
1.12-
1.12-:t
(-f ) U -> l-+ [honorific form of TT]

(-rr) U to need -; - is necessary
u\It"\ - ll.tl, -l to change
U\bll
to get frustrated
color
U\W6
vaious
so-called
Xi tm*l
1.15-ffi2
1.1-
L.b-
L.1s-3
1.9-1
U\bU\b (r) l (r)l
U\hl.
3-;
! flar [rrr& re rH 6 ]
bad cough
L ur
1.1
1.1
.? [Et] anecdote
l.* / [[] lfamily nameJ
t,.1z). [84,ft] different culture
t * v [#] lfamily nameJ
,rA [4] meaning
r,i "lffi/"1
1.1-1
1.8-ffi
L.--
J( 3 [*ttffilc] genera
t - lf i t-?l
on one hand or on the other hand
L.7-E^1
clericalposition L.14-^3
to have
,f[-] most
L-5-fl
t \b 0) t rf ?ffi*l
some women
L.|4-ffi,2
L. 5-E1t
U,1 [-A] one sentence
t \b t. 1,, - /- 2 l-E H+Ll 10,000 yen bill L. 0-
L.12-ffi,
t,atJ( [-]
one nighfs stay; overnight stay
L.12-^1
t.1-+2
1.2-+3
1.5-ffi;1.13-1
very hard
t.2-2
? C [,<] to hurry; tobe in a hurry
'/< lfr<] tohold [ut.] lwrittenexpression] 1.8-ffi
once
L.T4-=,tN2
L.14-r
t, '[-]
,->
5-ffi
L.B-1
Japanese style pub
to be dispirited; to feel
L.4-#,
r [u c - rf r ] t l
U\Ob[t,ra$] aroundwhen
tr" L [-ffi] together
L? L a l-+l throughout (one's) life
u., L iTl'>u' t-afml
V
1.1
1.1-2
Ul/
rE.+ [EiE]
1.1 1-F
unexpectedly
!r t// [i/,r/r/]
per occasion
dont know when
>hfeutT6 t*9-l
bLta,5
[-E]
son] 1.2-3
1.1
1-ffi
L.14-:,2
impression
u\hv x jc0l*8ffi7
- left an impression on (me) [u.i.]
L.15-:n2
L.1s-3
, VT'r 7/
t
1.8-
Atnencanlndian
\l"N iT LIHTl
to quote
1.6-T
- t*is [--Lrtt]
concerned
as far as
) /r gargling
t
a ,lJti [lEli ]
L.12-^2
lhumble form of
.i ' [mi]
lhumble form of
L. I 5-tr
and
X6]
(to ask)l
1.5-
j tzt- can be observed

i TeIl l9ttl receptionist
1.8-1
i<l*t+l
i t t(tm) *etl to take (an exam)
ial*ryal toreceive
i "< t< I to move [ui.]

i VI4l cow
<"
tf$
(-) ib
Cl
to fade; to decrease
L#Zl
i2l(-1.)1*61
i tatrl tolay
-)
[r.i.]
(egg); to
givebirthto
(passenger) fare
L(/'LW tffi+l
L[4] movie
L.t-fr,
extension 1.15-ffi
1.1
i-ffi
*iLt)\ [j#l.] cetebration

t i - I'T 6 tI6#9- I to cheer for
L.7-^1
3-ffi
t./-="
t D6 '[(-t3)6D]
to agree to; to accept
i D6't D6l
1.1
to adapt
3-ffi
L.14-#.,2
5.rvr IBXJ
1.5-2
West Ui., Europe and .merical
1.6-1
5 to end; to finish [u.r.]

*i*i lltl downpour; heavy rain
ISJSI [t ] there is/are a lot
*j*j\C l/llc] much; considerably
L.14-ffi,2
female office worker(s) [i., ofce lady]
L.14-^2
*i *i
1.6-3
L-
--er
L.14-:n2
L.2-^2
1.1-1
L. I J-
-
Well. lused when looking for a right expressionJ
*s*s.[iffi]
1.10-1
*i*i i ltfH#l
1.7-3
L.-E
t / *i *i t \ lt, lT rLdt Lr l
the more (students) Ihete ate, the more
L.12-^3
1.aLFs] influence
Luro)TlI lXWl fmale givennameJ
lJttlfiffil
L.14-*2
1.9-1
driver (byoccupation) 1.6-ffi
smile (on one's face)
1-ffi
[u.r.] 1.6-1 t-r)VlOLl
to give abirth
i hbl-lJ
1.3-ffi
1.1
without hesitation [li, unreservedly]
1.1-3
lu.i.l
1.6-3
U-
1.10-ffi
ttl
i + L/\ tobe envious
l,1 to sell [zr.]
tr.trr [BVrLr] lucky
i
* fried shrimp burger

. .- t"l to choose
- ll to gain; to learn
-l-l#l fate;karma
-l'utT Iffil
V
1.12-r
to complain of
1.8-ffi
l'b xrLD i iffi-Ll

-l'0 xr( [R(]
1.1-ffi
EL [type of noodle]
*
i [Xg] horse
,*tuLeO+.ILl
-)
-irl-lfFl
1.7-E
Edo Bay
1.1o-ffi
1.1
to move (to
science fiction
to visit a far-away place to compete in sports
L.4-:t
to be born Gn/ at
;LXJL7 [SF]
1.4-3
1.10-1
1.2-
1.3-1
1.14-1
to copy [ur.]
->l-6
1.7-
'llfi'>l to t5rye (messages)

i z ( LV. [*Lr.] beautitul
5-#
1.1
L-
within the domain of -
i2Tl+Tl
L.14-ffi,1
receiver
i l
1.3-1
to greet by bowing slight
ZTFT '
l (
tml frain station

.'r[Htr] railroadstationempioyee
.L+ ( T6lffit)
1.10-ffi
lplacename]
the professional
*i*i$if [tl lfaminameJ

tI Xb 'tJtgl $eatioy
t*JELl reciprocal gift
(-) lezl.T(f) thanks to *s Lv strange; odd; funny
1.3-ffi
sumo
1.7-
1.6-3
1.3-
*S. L
1.5-+3
1.1
1-ffi
rt;frt6 tunny
ft;frl hot rice porridge
1.11-t
1.13-1
L.12-*2
*is*, [/,11] lfamily namel

ti t l to set up
*o' < t4l the back
*; 1 u) l:f- t 89-l ro send
12
L.11-^2
L.12-3
1.7-
back
1.8-ffi
1.9-T
tl to send
#<tLlLl tobelate
*i <
1.3-2
to' < lR
L.-^
ifiDtlElDl
iSfe 11l to carryout; to conduct lusuallyused

languagel
1.3-ffi
1.11-3
*i to scold angrily
*i totreat (someone) to (something lusuallyfood
in written
or drinkl
L.6-2
*ss L.18ffi*l ozakiDentlclinic

*je) lw:1
1.12-3
to put away (to include) [u]
L.1s-ffi1
*i trml plate
*S r, [*jrht.]
tL-l#Z6l
J5 DS o'"
toteach
*5L i [{iIl]
LA ti.'#l castle
i5"Vlf [+sffi]
*;
1.9-
washing dishes
to be indebted to someone
5/ Dlc
[*lFl:]
rbke care!
*j/z)U [*sE^v.] each other

*s+ t*s#l (seen) tea
( Atl$X<ttl servingtea
*b w j IT -l+l mid-year gift
*S+
1.9-ffi
1.9-ffi
1.9-ffi
L.i
i-1
tt'+l
e)
please.
1.9-F
L.14-*2
remember
6 [* H :z]..6 l
i I lu.i.l
main
*i
t+
i!ffi1
L.5-'
-;
t#l
to give importance to
,-
parent
t lf ['lffl
L.4-*
1.15-2
1.6-+
[.] L.1 5-ffi

(person)
t2 l"tl:,4-ltrvY^l Dutch
1.8-ffi
t , "t 'lrf , v Yffil Dutch ship
L.at-8,
to exert linfluence]
*i9*iSttttvl
1.9-ffi
lname of a movie theater]
1.1o-ffi
L.-il
L.|4-#2
burden
1.14-3
L.i3-1
L.B-1
L.12-:
t$l-l)6let)."Dl
*j
1.1-ffi
L.2-#,
Jsa(trrlfi2ffrl
1.15-+3
1.6-2
L.1-+2
1.10-3
*.;L9-[,Bv.HT] to recall
*S6 LU [mr'] interesting
L.12-^1
1.10-1
Buddhisttemple
*ilf l*Hz)
to learn; to commit to memory; to
to value
Js(v [*?tftv']
*<
1.3-
L:lT [lsu. LT]

tili L t*il chopsticks
*i t*rE[E] bath
t5.t i t*.-f$l tunchbox
Jslav
L.1s-2
*i t(ilBl!)Wbl
[u.i.] 1.5-ffi
jo= [*] husband
L.14-ffi2
*'l 9 change;balance of money returned to the
bathroom llit.,pTace to wash one's handsl
*jlaV [*sffiv.]
1.4-1
request
heavy; dull; leaden
tofail (anexam)
purchaser
(someone else's) older brother
6 () t+(/d)l
[ui.]
t:t [Er]
*? l(,.-)A,bl to learn
*i/ trJ.El lfamily namel
J5l3r, [*iE,]
1.2-
1.1-
same
ti
to be late
to be surprised
to meet lhumble orm of
1.1o-ffi
1.1-1
NewYear
: rs
<
1.11-F
end-othe-year gift
t b E re lt.fr
*i tl sound
L.7-2
*ii tffil youngerbrother
ti lO tFBl men's section ofabathhouse L.1O-3
*5 L/* t+J+:l NewYear's gft of cash 1.9-ffi
J5 t LV quiet; submissive
L.14-1
t9
1.7-3
6le)w9 l
-; to get out of(a vehicle)

15 Lffi6l to snap
*tr [*&] gift of appreciation
be finished; be over [ui.]
$bl$bl
to get off
*jr<
t$l
*ii,tl
music
hotspring
L.O-8
1.1
3-ffi
1.9-3
L.2-2
L.
J- r
1.10-ffi
,,,,,#*Etl
tS
tte@
lkl
women's section
of abatlhouse
0-3
1.1
[iEtI]
[t*ffi]
1.15-3
abtoad
pleasant feeling (sensation) 1.15-ffi2
.v[/r#]
L.14-ffi1
( lffiEl]
V
.rr?
( [!tl]
< l*]
1.8-ffi
foreign country; abroad
1.6-3
super express train or bus
L.7-+2
lt ut:C,TL tElffiTLl
a selservice style sushi restaurant
r/r
Vrlr>T
counter
UfrerTl lwritten form of rr,'t]
1.5-ffi
1.1
1-ffi
L-Z-n
L.12-^1
complexion
L.5-ffi
.tltI( [trA< ] to catchacold

? 1 l*ffi] family
./U [#] problem
./ [h] broken [e.9., Japanesel
lrbrlrlfrfiffi1
(something) returns [ui.]
lffi]
[tr]
1.3-+3
1.13-#
1.1-3
JSU
\lI lfrttlT
to clean; to tidy up
matter 1.8-
1.1
1-ffi
1.1-2
L.l4-ffi1
L. I J-fl
lu.t.l L.6-ffi
L.15-:r,2
one's sense of value
1.1
5-ffi
lrb DW /|ff#$] standardofvalue 1.15-ffi

L.7-^2
z). t#El section chief
t->'0T tobe disappointed 1.8-tr; 1.11-1
7D\'2 llfi] vigor; liveliness; vitaliry; energy 1.1O-ffi
r,o<r,tT [Hf*r 'f ]
1
to have one's own way; to do what one
0)$0)ltr.l
person who handles a particular business
r.>
ltT 6 tffiTl
pleases L.14-^1
to stride; to swagger about
L. 1 5-ffi
.c&( TlfrffiTl
lltllr
it takes lwith respect to time or moneyJ [ui.l
(-lz,'Y6
.'9 l-ffi I
as far as
12
-;
L. I -8,I
1.15-2
concerning
.Sl t(-:)Efl notiimited to

. I t V. [ (- l) F /t.]
not necessarily as
long as
t(-). l(-c)ml
would have to be the best choice
1.9-ffi
1.6-3
L.
t5-
1.1
0-
t( vr[-H1
Ll,T 6 LWEf 6l to believe frrmly

( [t] various parts of the country
' 1
t+fl]
<
.,
<
/L* t+l
to play an active paft
.(t, [*]
.
college, undergraduate
level of education
1.8-1
1.15-ffi2
in
-r/e
ta LL [7Lt,.]
.fTt [.9']
fJ,fsf, l,ll
surety
rte\
speakersl
sad
withoutfail
1.3-ffi
t.1-2
lfamily nameJ
I wonder fgenera used by male
not necessarily
L.7-fr,
home; family
i tfiffil
.fa 9- L
school loften used for names of schools]
zl.
tfl to lend
.9" tryl number
L.6-+2
togohome
face
rrru)
1.10-ffi
.S[/<] volcano
L.l4-*2
.D [:F] housework
. L complimentary close used by women 1.9-
1.1 3-ffi
.Do.[$ffil] orchatd
l
:#T
t>fcl#l
L.15-ffi,2
on the contrary
,-lWl
r Lilil
.tS
1.15-F
i I 1ffiffi6.1 to liberate
.->
1.1 3-T
.T
to open up the country (to foreigners)
I l-
L.1s-ffi2
on
z).
looking after one's aged parent(s); care
.v
L.
1.7-3
[amoviename]
J.lI6lWTl to put [l*] past
x or Y
/rr
.rr.
behindsomeone'sback
'lrL+ trfi#l
@tt-*'
--
.ll[Hf]
f4/\ l.9- L -rrl
fairly
L.4-*,2
1.2-
1.3-
1.8-2
1.3-ffi
L. / --ot
1.10-ffi (-tcf) ltettt

L.l-^
L.14-2
to be no match for; can't win
L.15-ffi,2
.i
L.15-ffi2
tEIEl
possibility
321
,0)Dlf.1
she
1.1
lt)v?Vv.7tr\7ltyl-
[name of the author]
t ts- U
trt
to cover up; to make up for
)Vt*!
)vr'tY , -
av
kind of adult school
L.14-ffi,2
z).V
1.10-2
1.4-3
culture shock
1.1-ffi
culture centerl
rfLll
lthird-person pronoun for a
\l/
cute; lovely
1.14-1
male]
L.B-ffi
1.2-;1.4-1
J'b\\Zic
i feel sorry for you. I sympathize.
t t>
l*bal
1.12-F
to change [ui.J
1.4-
fjtfufis
[i.]
lftfl fr1
.t!r [Hffi]
1.8-1
way of thinking
L. I -n
1.9-; 1.11-2
relationship
.lt,.t, tel welcome parrSr

t,1, j l) X a 1ffifrffitr1 sightseeing
. D t+l
1.5-3
frip
Chinese eharactet
[(-l:) ffi Lf] concerning

z).D [,8] patient
,L1. [(-)ffi D] to feel that l, L L l, >.tB) [B,. J ]
r,1,T
to gain interest
i E - lffi., z
to feei impressed
. <
tffil
1.14-3
fffiffif[] mechanization
l-l
S frt,r7)r
L.J-rX
to change (one's) clothes
1.10-3
( [] planning
,TllYTl
1.14-3
to become a nafinalizedcitaen
t'
le|i r)fil6l
1.12-
to feet
as
if
1.5-
-)
1.1
t#l industry; business

S ill#fT tostartabusiness
< tftl < I to work effectively
< 0 tfim9l consideration (for,-)
O- r
1.8-ffi
al
1.7-3
L.14-ffi,1
L.15-#,2
1.15-2
L.1A-ffi1
1.15-3
3a 49P1 season
L.9-#
'L<t#*L(l boldly;firmly
[Jt]
north
L.12-ffi
L.1
to expect; to count
on
[5r dirty
C. lftg i I to be concerned about
"r([4tr]
L.15-:n2
movie director
L+ tB[ffi] marriedperson
SDoz l*l technology
$ /14r
L.
L.14-#,2
L.J-'T
/ctrT tHffif
1.11-
0-ffi
<Tt+Er9-l
L.f-E,T
L.O-=fl
t(--)Hrtr1
during the period (when
L.4-#
L.12-3
L.-att
"r( [(-?c)fi<]
to notice (something)
lt,l'ET\ffiTl
to be moved; to be impressed
machine
1.9-
t.7-ffi,
trlr? ) lffi,1 one's thoughts/impressions

',tcLte) [ffiS()] simpte; easy
' L
1.5-3
to return to one's home country
/,*>61?)l\b6l
to replace someone
[#St*]
Zfhbi
Ul.,
hard
,,t lffil
to borrow
,,
ry
inviting someone to join (a club)
.*,
.* < C9 lffiW) Kamakura-sryle carrring 1.9-F
*,LT t*E61 to endure; to putup with L.i 1-3
L.3-^2
.4r lffi] paper; sheet
L.4-ffi,
' / [ff] body; health
./+Te> l#fe>l
t,9 lffiu a1
to do one's best; to
L.15-:n2
it'sallright; onedoesn'tmind 1.4-3
to rest [lif. to rest one's bodyJ
{'ll,
coffeeshop
o-ffi
L.14-i,2
1.15-ffi2
L. 1
-ffi
1.11-1
posrage stamp
ol9ll
for sure; surely
L.5-T
L.7-3
c, [S16] ticker
3,6 [(-r)fi3^]
to like -; to be fond (of -)
1.10-T
1.1-3
fil:r]..l
(something) bothers
c.. [(-r)
someone; (something) makes someone uneasy L.11-ffi
something bothers one; to
cfa 6 [ (-tr) fi c r
be concerned (about -); to worry (about
1.1 1-
-)
I
I
I
I
tttt'*El
8tJ"T tBBTl
.., tfi'l feeling
1.13-ffi *bv>< t)<l
to commemorate
1.1
f i i#gl wish;hope
f L+ tS#l one who wishes
2-
L.J-n
to do
1.3-ffi
1.3-
final exam [lf., semester-end exam]
L.15-:N2
* I rules
L--n
setphrase
* I {r< t*9I@l
L.z-fr,
* ti* l to be set/fixed [ui.]
I 7|lH you [Itis generallyusedbymale speakers
L.1'^2
toward someone equal or lower in status.l
1.9-ffi
3l#'e>l to decide [.]
i(-13)i*l to decide (to-) [r.r.] 1.13-ffi
tfr#l
{t,t,
!.>l'j tfr-tri I to worry about

toale)frt2Il
1.10-3
feeling
<'.
[R]
( C
L.1
1.4-3
L.12-2;L]2-E
although; in spite of
( t [n]
job opening it., mouthl
( '[n]
mouth
+?).* L/ [E[L] critical

< f l [Blr] tobuttin
1.10-3 -{At-ffi1
a group ofpeople doing the same thing
L.-
L.14-ffi1
1.1-3
+ t{E+bl
<
ro Le illWMf l to absorb
3w0 i tffifll salary
i t(1#J)ffi1 alittleoverUt< tl education
i .'. [] church
i.L tll textbook
Ltnl teacher
< L I
1.15-ffi1
1.1
1.10-ffi
xjV t.<llWTl
. lffiI]
1.9-ffi
<
3-ffi
<
1.1
1.8-1
Lz [] classroom
Dre i#l professor
i 1. tRPl interest
2-
L.|4-#1
L.J-J
1.7-
L.1-2
tocooperate 1.15-1
L.4-r
permission
lastyear
L- I -1
a
rr/
to regret
Ll living; life styie

< rTlTl tolive
( 'r<[(-)E l<] comparedwith
V t) 71* 7 Chistian
<
such that; to the extentthat
6L7rl#Lbl
suffering
L.
I l-dtt
L.
I t-#r
t.13-+2
1.1
1-ffi
L.O-En
1.9-
L.14-#,2
{/-,1-lffi1
warship
1.8-ffi
llVrlf[#Bl
experience
L.4-
lt, [HT]
[female given name]
L.12-#,
honorific language llit., respect languagel
t ll
to wear
1.9-1
lvt) [iJ
lTt,8Lr [#]
cut]
L.7-.2
1.14-3
]t,r[tr#l
piercing pain [esp. in
tohangup (aphone) [lt.,to
L.14-ffi,2
L.l-2
someone]
stomachache/headachel
6lql
L.11-ffi
1.11-3
L.14-:il,2
a l#Xl hardship; suffering
name]
1.7-3
< *, tRil lfamy
( Lr,. [# Lv.] detailed
1.8-1
< "1-1 [a form attachecl to a name in addressing
reference to a
1.8-3
lffir]
1,7tT
to assemble; to put together
LP i Ur'llll lthe name of one of the four

1.8-ffi
major islands of JapanJ
p
t.14-+3
1.11-3
Z$o)lWJl
+( t#l suest
"+ < c [3] conversely
i . ttf[E] vacation
-;
< /6o) t+ryrl uit
L.10-3
kimono
--in
L.12-ffi
<
[fi#t,..1
to have
L. /
airport
C{tlB*l bvchance
<lD t*l medicine
3-#
1.4-ffi; 1.11-1
condition
<iit4l
1.9-1
/-tJl-lE+l in recent years
comforlable; pleasant; to feei good
3 StJ'l*+l
I I (ffib)
1.1
to pqy attention to; to take care
t*.cLTl'll*ilffi1
extremely fwritten expression]
1.12-3
1.13-3
tendency
L.)-n
economics
1.3-ffi
323
lwT13HTl to calculate
D1, [fi]fEl bulletinboard
l.Dgt['dj] art
llVr?( [#ffi] continuation
lltrt/trttt t#ffiffi1 cell phone
r$ut\lv, i lf < {f t.Refit*fiJ
lu\
L.-rr
lll
lname of
trr
i llMTl
f-YI
ce1l
t#l
L.14-#,1
L.4-ffi
to express figuratively 1.1 1-ffi
1.10-2
phone
1.2-3
this morning
L.2-+1
lL tFl scenery
lT tlHTl to turn off [ur.]
!1..lffiR] resutt
I->
1.1
1.11--ffi
L. I-E
pretfy; quite
j tTtffiffifr-l
0-#
L.1s-#,2
fina; in the end
la i [ffiffi] fair;
L.5-^2
fine;good
I.>LUba /-l#MeE.)
L.9-^2
wedding reception
trI
L( -
fe U
[i* L(-14
t]
by no means; never
II
">
-;
to resolve to
oTv\T6 [(-3)i*T]
19
t'T
1.1
l)
1-
/'T t (- ) i*,'l
to be determine o
tTffil
1.8-ffi
to decide
1.8-#
L.12-2
diarrhea
l lf ffitT l
to have dianhea
-lRl prefecture
Tl-ll sphere
1.12-E
1.1
"1l decrease
llt, lB-l lmale given name]
IT l"z1'1 lc lffitttlc] strictly
l kJr'| l9') front hailway
T
1-ffi
L.14-#,1
1.6-3
1.15-ffi2
1.4-tr
T/.,lu'z l,ffil
entrance (to a house or
building)
l'8 w , l-o lffinl

lS i t*#l
II
(professor's)
holding two jobs at the same time
lll'Z Llnel
lu t4&l
324
l&El
t'I/-Zl-T
lSuro)
curent
L.f,-
offrce 1.3-
L.14-:,2
cash
1.9-ffi
now
L.12-ffi
1.1
s-ffi
to be modest; to humble oneself
1.13-3
fV [E] original title

ll,/l L t${t_l contemporary
1.15-1
ll,r ) l#,Wl
L.7-^2
rlnn
lla < t#El
8-2
1.1o-ffi
train line]
-fulKffil
l
lT
/.b <.tig$*l
history 1.5-2
contemporary drama 1.7-
archirect
l't"tTle)ngf
-)
,CJt [^] lover; sweetheart
i .r i c this way; in this manner
j,l"T6L*Wf 1
il'LTsT,
exchange program
i St;#l
L.
L|IF+EI]
0-3
1.2-1
to exchange
1.9-ffi
L-5---on
lecture
1.9-ffi
^l&v/,al
5-ffi
to see sights (of
1.1
L.
l-
L.O-
Oi t#l highclass; first-rate
a i Du [&{t] hish school years 1.2-3
[name of
a baseball
stadium]
-d Lzt-l Room- L+ t-#l number - car

L i tFl' nesotiation
i L a-lf'if 1 tonegotiate
i.tlur E) l- i lEfrMl
Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
i'rtilFl
i iil#l
lplace nameJ
L./---",
L.s-
L.i0-1
L.-r
L.J-
L.i4-ffi1
1.1
fall colors (of leaves)
0-ffi
L.4-ffi
I + < tffi1 the iatter part omitted 1.11-ffi

t.2-*2
tl voice
l< tffi+l language srudy
1.8-ffi
(-c) 8216 to manase to L.14-ffi1
i o)t.iple$Wl hometown
< tffiAl words and phrases
< rU [Elrl.] overseas; abroad
< ,r70r< , lElH+*l
International Division
( v( a [ElHllc] international
< rl D i l lElffi.l]
with respect to nationality
1.8-
1.1
5-ffi
1.8-ffi
L.J-
1.1o-ffi
L. I J-r
rrttrH#i*El
( /at, [E]
< lf ljRl
<
domestic
1.1O-ffi
blackboard
L. I5--E
1.1
( I < tEltll nation'spov/er

-)
i t fnfftl in one's fifties

L i TleWTl tobreak down
D,
:r.r,
77
tutor
tobe treatedby someone

tunny; comical
3-
1.8-2
L.14-ffi2
L.i 1-ffi
- r
,fe6 [(-)Rre]
-IcT
lwritten expression]
"
word(s); expression(s)
[#*.r,.
t+Bl
choice of words
child
:t connection(s)
&lff arl fiking; taste
0)
t*fl
+ L
dfttr1
:1
U-
to like; to prefer
t{'ffi1
!)
J-n
1.1-#
1.1-3
it has been arranged that
tffil
t+Hl
lfamily name]
cookedrice
maklngcopies; xeroxing
L.2-f
L.12-,
L.---on
1.8-2
L.1s-,1
1.15-2
L.7-1
1.6-
1.14-3
L.14-ffi,2
L.1s-1
L.9-^2
navy blue
this semester
1"3'> L/ [E*L/c]
crowded
tl one of these days

il'te, 3 [i4:] inthisway
a",/,'l+WJ tonight
L-4--
1.1
0-#
L.1-^2
1.15-ffii
1.1-
@t=--'
/
tV,2a l+T-, )v#)
extracurricular activities
L,5-,
f-+j--,9 t+-ll-Krl pouringrain

-)(q i l-;aHl $atuity
L.2-^2
- l [-ffi] - years old

V,[l] recent
,c llcl atthe end
V L [J] beginning; first
t,/V [t] iargest
u[F] wallet
SV.9 i tffl] materials; ingredients
1.7-1
*ll u
-Z,1=f,.aa66
lf t#l
L-
1.1-ffi
L,I?tsot
-E
has been decided/ ananged that
lfC.t
L.6-^2
L.15-ffi,2
1.3-ffi
it
1.15--2
1.3-1
can
-)
1.2-3
lvr.>
qf-
to decide to
1.7-E
1.6-2
L2-ffi
L.6-^2
to be crowded
(-lc) *r*u
not to be particular; not to be picky
'r llt,r () [iffi (r) ]

(-) a it's about -
lbl
3l 1 - comedy
) sony. linformal]
1.12-F
1.1
rl tF#l famiregister
Z 4 in whispers; secretly
to be different (from
tr
-)
'
ll)t v v zv) private
b?iEfe
to have difficulty (with
1.6-2
L.14-#,2
individual instruction; private iesson
Dl"V
L.4-ffi
>"f not acceptable

&* [rJ.l] lfamilynameJ
l'lE^#l
Dlo
L.12-2
Llt I lFtr,tI )
D, IIEÎ intlividuat
5-ffi
1.1
L/ lt*u [(-13)L/ !ler]
3-ffi
to neglect to write for a long time; not to
[(-c) E]
if 6
< TIfrEET]
to master; to overcome
nothing can be better (than
/cT
correspond for some time
silo
rt2/
[+L]
even
Er
1.1
1-ffi
L. I -
L.1
o-ffi
1.4-1
L. l)-ta
0-ffi
1.8-ffi
L.4-ffi,
ll,1e)l
3ltElc] ahead (ofsomeone)
thriving
l'trElrl
< D* tel Mt. saturajima
2a7zf cherry
l tTlll to lower [t.]
< t#Ell national isoiation
O-
1.5-
L.1
fortunately; luckily
rt#Tl tolookfor
. trEl [fami namel
l,1, (fe)
L.
awhile ago
1.8-T
1.9-3
L.7-:t
L--E
t. I -t
L.1
0-
L- I J-n
L-2-1
L.-E
6lf.Z6l
9-
as
tosupport
L.14-ffi,1
I expected
Sr tffi]
1.13-3
1.10-i
seat
Z L#il to invite (someone

speaker)
3. L [*S] magazine
to do somethingwith
tlre
L.7-T
L--
o11-TL+fr-Tl
to lose no time in
a f I
<
-ing
not at all
-/At
t{ffi1
Lr/cl / r [ (-
to have no choice but to
tLV [trLu.]
s,l
L.s-2
tonely
1.14-1
[m..r,]
a small cushion for sitling on
1.7-
to loaf on the job; to idle away one's
t [&] fpolite from of .t

* ' [#] stte; way (a person
ll tlll obstacle
time
1.13-ffi
1.6-2
does
something)
-ffi
1.1
1.1
1-ffi
J/ [1r] cold [with reference to weather] L.2-ffi
bl$f tfi$d'l
tr
h$l
cr
to feel a chi11
<' tffi
<"1
lot of noise
ffamilyname]
-)
.tluT [(-lc)T]
-)
l-Z i l#l mountin cottage
*lV t r-7 SantaClaus
to agree (with
3 ,t1, (re) \fr,
ttrl
LLr
326
tl
poem; poetry
lil]
same
regrettable
{f tr/srarl
1.9-2
l{fru.l rt can,tbe helped. 1.3-1

L.r)cffi] grimace
1.12-3
> [
L.2-^2
moreover;besides
to scold
1.11-3
l)trl"ltt't lffiFf,ta]
L tfrl ceremony
<
L<L<
(ffir)
reference to
time
passes
1.1
L. /
L.14-ffi2
L.7-ffi
L < [EEI]
lsmallest of the four main islands]
1.1o-ffi
D< A tffi'Jl (train) schedule

1.10-1
self-introduction
D L i r.V [a#t/t]
L.t-fr
quiet
L.
L.1
1.1
L.
5-r
1.8-3
t.7-1
1.1
3-ffi
L.7-1
t-i
3-#
5-ffi
L.l4-^3
1.10-2
L. 5-n
[H#] itseif
L.s-ffi
[ffi{t] age; period
D/v tffiftrl period drama
1.7-
l.t'JetT41 holdingalowerposition L.14-ffi2
Lbcl-Tt,r [t^ffi]
I
D/Lr
[a movie name]
L.14-:,2
-lx
to have a dul1, persistent pain lused in
D/1,
L.14-^2
atoothache/stomachachel L.12-fr
LT. (re) [Sr. (r)]
I t-r
1-
1.9-
to 1ay flat (to sit on)
L.7-ffi,
L.
i t3l 3high's
Doi < i=!l tripleafflictions
'l.l-l=ffi1 strike-out
1.7-r
/''lle*ffiT)
to particate (in
Lt{
Llt
Dfit[ffifit] jetlag
DLro tHl selstudy
DL ttrl dictionary
l-l-l9l self
L.l4-ffi2
t.15-ffi2
to make
b tlX+fl
L.12-^2
L.7-+3
samurai
furthermore
lc':u'
t,
Lz)./tV
Lttd> ->'z
L < Ig
TJ
1.9-2
L.12-ffi
lfamily namel
1.8-3
well; now [used when switching to a new, usually
more important, topicl
y-r-T U- lcNPl gross national product

! z1 7-lVlJN Japan Railways
L.t-^2
t'l 14 -- [mB] JapanTbavelBureau 1.10-2
L.-t*tr only; no more than
L.2-ffi,
D.( T tHTl torealize lu.t.l
1.1 5-ffi
fr however; but
1.3-ffi
Llrtlltl way (of doing something)
1.1-ffi
L.7-3
[*Hc] actua
Dz D i t*'lf5l cunent situation
Dtc [*:] realiy; truly
D?l [*et] actually; in fact
LplfuT IXWTl
Dz
vc
to be unsuccessful;
to fail
L.14-#1
(status) L.14-ffi1
1.1
5-ffi
1.1-2
1.1
1-#
I
I
ttrtt
l*rl
D?.1?
actual thins
Excuse me (, but ...)
L-Z-fr
1.1-+1
Lrl,r rl,lhffi#l
1.10-1
U<Al6 t##tl to pointout

l"L+tffilfl bicycle
D'i L tH*l automatic
lt9lcl
13
1.15-ffii
1.4-3
automaticaily
1.4-
Lt [ffi] merchandise
1.9-F
(
Lf, , I for the nrst time in a long time 1.2-ffi
LJ lffil to tie (someone) up
L.15-,2
Dwitc( DD i
Dp
( t4l
1.5-3
LrO
( /l [E]
LL
1.1
the end
Dv [$#F] office clerk

L3 9 lffie>t)l deadtine
to indicate
perspective
L.s-
Giants lname of abaseball
team] L.7-^1
L.s-2
social education
1.2-fr,
l)l,l&Ll
a working, fuli-fledged member of society
l-+LLl$Hl
L+'\
picture;
L tFfl
1.1-3
1.4-;1.6-ffi
1.3-ffi
address; place of residence L.1O-.2
L l- ( .2 ttretrtl
job hunting
L.15-ffi,z
LwLx<3-|ffim9-l
to get
job
le.g., aI a
j Ll'lWhl
t^tr]
l-wl=tl*El a person in charge
LP tll housewife
L4 tul hobby
Le
Dwl"LWT
i+fl
lJ-r
frrml
moral education
L.l-#
L.
tJ-#
1.10-ffi
L.s-
tuirion
capital
t--tl
L.
-F
1.2-2
l-w2Ll'lfrhl one's home

l-w ->b i tHtEl business trip
i rc [Hml:] around (someone)

-Lw . [-t!t|l] - week(s)
L,,lBl custom
religion
Loitl
1.9-3
L.5 - tt
1.5-ffi
1.1-1
to parlicipate in (an event); to compete in
1.8-2
1.14-ffi2
1.1
homework
I'If,l'c lilH#lc]
i tl use
freedom
L.14-^2
Le(li( I i tffiiHl hotelcharges

1.6-ffi
Uwfz x aT l*iTl to assert; to insist 1.12-ffi
l-w.tl),iT\frT6l
Dw
to chatter
tl
L.1s-2
L.4-^2
L.14-:ffi1
after-school school
photograph 1.2-; 1.4-1
Lr
DrE
1.3-2
L.15-:i,2
t+f+l sociology
L..Lri.< tifl
Di
1-ffi
L.14-#,1
L+.r,z)(
L+.r,
L.J- t
i t##l ciass
jU j t#*Hl
1.1-
L+ tgfl
,+,7yy
t+Srrl
trllill state capital

D i e l' (re) t$i (r)l flexibie
Lwcwi tn^l income
DP 't+l enough
Dp 'lv\bl+ft'l one tenth
LO i tr? tE*l weekend
Dpi (r) l}e(re)l imporrnt
Dtl oneself
L* tEl island
Le>TlTl
1.1-ffi
housing conditions
DroS
DoS
El
D.tfryffirf,l
ten plus a few hours
LO
resewed-seat ticket
D"i <
t:wiTi
1.6-1
Lz* tHFll question

L2 tL\ \ 1T rr [* it ?l,rr]
! Ei
L
L
taking turns
0-2
L.1s-ffi,2
1.8-1
1.8-2
L.i-2
lrJ.&l
1.14-3
L.1i-ffi
for reasons of
L S i t#l
1.7-ffi
L.
toobserve (theruies) 1.15-2
r\lrr [#11'] introduction

z)( , t+l scholarship
L ia
L./--.
1.1
1-ffi
1.3-+2
elementaryschooi 1.13-ffi
commerce
1.1o-ffi
D i tfiWl condition; circlrmstnce L.t5-ffi1

D i L[-hEr] one'ssuperior
1.9-ffi
l- X l.rL,f./il decrease in the number of
chdren due to lowbirthrate
1.5-ffi
D L t#l commonsense
L.15-ffi,2
xj l'+ll"t*if#l
passengerticket L.1O-1
LLI+*1
(time)
little; short
l,l
lformal lor
1.8-
L D i t#tl
to dse; to increase L.14-ffi1
D L i tlFl
D T() [(-l*()] sood (at-) 1.1-2
Lx)cuT6t#lffiTl toinvite 1.7-tr;1.9-ffi
Ll,b xa lhl height

Ll'Icw tr. [m+]
l|x)ll'lnf*l
joke
LJ [,,m]
Dilf t##l
Di( t**Tl
L i [Ff]
information
symptom
Lx
<
to land (on
L.
l-f;
1.10-3
L.s-ffi L.,lrttrl
-hE"ET]
1.8-ffi
L-T
to
offerameal
L ( " tl diningroom
L ( ca( [F*lczq ] :mm'
L<< tml appetite
D llv [] advice
D Ltl particle(s)
D D 13 [ c] gradual
D.V [A*] woman
!ay7 shock
L V [i] document
L.2-ffi,
ail the time
,r716 lTavu967
to stre
Ll",u/,t#S+ffi1 butiet train

D i t^tll population
DSt t [f] person of talent
l-l'"ll#l
DD tfr+fl
examination of
patient
Shinto shrine
Ll,vrll,ltrl
newproduct
bride
V/.l- D ttrH:fl newspaper articie

V l-l lBJ improvement; progress
L /, Ut lffiffil retative(s)
L/-6a l#B1 sroom

fvrD i tffifi1
L.4-
1.13-ffi
1.8-2
1.9-ffi
1.3-2
-T8 6
to do something too much; too
1.14-3
1.3-#
1-ffi
L.12-#
Tayman
L.1s-3
a 1ot
1.1
lEt^*Ftrl
L.s-2
quite
L.i0-2
Vt,
L.O-8,
1.1 1-ffi
T j D'>t. lc [trHtrlc] several days ago
1.13-3
7-Y suit
1.1 5-#
Ti l!/-lff.^l severalpeople
1.1-3 T-lx1 end
L.4-ffi
-l t-if I fond of -
L. [ffi^']
,)v Jill
<
to worry
fVt,l
1.11-2
to check; to look up
1-
tobe woried
L.12-^2
to inform (someone of something)
l.
L.f-d5
1.1
letter of recommendation
LbleY'&)frl
l'i l#Ll
new student
L.1s-#2
tffi#l
screening by application forms; selection by

examining one's papers
L.1s-2
L.14-2
L?f ttr*l
in the tuture
[(-:)
new producl on the market
1.8-ffi
-)
Lvr.li
Ll'o)ll
LlvIJt \l t,.ml
1.9-ffi
true
treaty
L ( Dt+Fl meal
L ( D/llfHfl
328
L{ t#Hl relative(s)
L"?c L+ t#Sl :+XL/tdn.b
1.12-=,^,
1.1
1-E
1.10-1
L.4-+2
L.15-#,2
L.12-ffi
1.1
0-ffi
L.1s-3
?- < tffi <
T(
[,]/v.l
/et
lL
T<
to
llke [urJ
few; 1ow in number
creat!
(to rain) hard; terrbly;
9-ltCTl
tremendously L.2-^2
to spend (time)
x:r y l. rvFl:l-17:v
l.7vFl
scot
TD plotofafilm
TLTC6ITLE]
1.6-2
to make sushi by hand
T9-b ttrl
1.3-
to advance
TTIW]
to urge (someone) to do (something)
-f-t - each
f "> t. far -etby fat
Tfc [trf:] alreadv
Tt6 to throw (something)
1.13-#
L-4-n
away; to discard
l
I
l
I
,,,,,+=*Erl
j-lf Lt,. wonderful; terrific

l
l.l(
Ttri :wr'
(-lc6 to decide (on -); to haveltake (-)
l6 l(-lc) 61 to sit (in,/on -)
r
tl
one's height
L.4-2
.tt*
L.iO-ffi
herself to housework exclusively
1.4-
1.1-3
/.iTle)rl
because lused when something affects one

negativelyJ
1.12-1
( [1fr] character,
[!] life
personaliry
.f
rfr2f
standard of
D ro
q, D
[4]]
L(
.lz'lr
'f,'
'tfL/
bill;invoice
1.12-ffi
lrlr-f*Ur fffg-larl
l( tiftml laundry
L. I 5-,B
1.13-ffi
grade; academic record
L,5-r
qtV
1.5-ffi
student; pupil
(ra) tig (r)l
'J5
L.14-fr,2
to seat oneself (at a tble)
fl/, [{t]
.tl-2 .
"a
< (
L.O-
generation
1.14-ffi,1
with much trouble

c
[il98]
[l&9lc]
L.s-2
actively
explanation
1-ffi
L-Z-ffi
by all means
a group ofstudents that meets
1.1
L.1-2
regular with a
designated professor to study specific topics
e)< l<-l atleast once

,V[F] crewmember
1.7-
1.9-3
1.8-ffi
1.1
1-ffi
L.B-ffi
it
to advertise
ttr]
l'9 +(
1.1
-ffi
L.b-E
CenttalLeagae
L./---n
one's senior (injob, school, etc.)
L.15-#,2
.r:z< iffir3<l
ClzU
lEf
2 l- 7lV. r) - I
''lt' [rE]
comptete opposite
1.7-
L.4-+2
captain of a ship
l"l
to carry (something) on one's bacl<
1.10-#
not at all
move)
'ltffi+l
lttjt] world
* iffil seat
1.1o-ffi
to make a move before the other person does

(in anticipation of his/her
,,1
.t.v
L.7-ffi
/-<421ft+fi21
L.15-#.,2
proper; reasonable; just
tEEfl
L.2-ffi
7,,1ft,t+1
l'b x i ttl
/"A
(rr) [HlX ()]
.lt/r
L.7-ffi,
L./--
.tlLo t*l
l"Dwa
1.9-ffi
t+Ell
l-LT lWfrT l to die inbattle
ql'l)2lft,Hl the other day
people native to the land
extr av agant; luxurious
1.1-2
the entire nation
1.6-2
1.3-ffi
formally
at most
[!ft]
1.13-1
-)
., <
1.12-
[#5Tfr9fc] psychologically L.15-ffi2
[E#]
to major (in
1.1-3
player seiected fot a team lusually athletic]
tttlr#l
politics
,r L lc [iEfrc]
L.3--
L-4-n
living
r o L t:Fl
'tlt, [t]l success
1.14-2
1.4-3
1.4-1
qU1t
wife who devotes
"lvT2lftnl lastmonth
rl D l#Y+l [name of a templel
.tr
.U.
Lete+ffi1
L.14-^2
fithalf
L-
all
l --oti
L,5-n
(C[ffiffi9lc] stratesically
1.15-ffi1
Z ll demographic
) Vr IHSJ difference
Z fJic l?ttfl]:l initsownway
1.15-ffi1
ilt,lBlnl
L.14-#1
Z t, u t.>
but; and yet
?i i
increase
lZ
/,
->
L.14-:x1
1.1
1-
l
L.s-2
L ( i#ffi1
regular
position
1.14-3
?iT.T Iffi#T]
to consult (someone) about (something)
i a tffil
L.s-2
:Mr+rr
Zlr'1ft1 ancestor(s)
?l2L(-?)21 togrowup (in-)
Zt< [<6] toraise [u.t.]
1.9.F
1.8-ffi
ti.l
1.1-3
L.l4-ffi2
r
I
Z2 xaT6let)+#TT
to graduate (from
/ct,
-)
Z1911
outside
Zi b
?bo)
before long; one of these days
inplace of
that
L.2-^.2
I-E
L.2-
I saw you last; since that time
lZEl
Zo)
Zo)TcL?Ml
?trtlt'
?
and others
in that case
besides; in addition
i?l{El
t7 T?ttl>
?tL?
in those days
lZEl
?o,>ut
noodle shop
L.4--i
L. I 5-,l
L. / -E
L.5 - r1
and then; after that
morcover; besides
even so
1.1-ffi
to respect
to be to one's disadvantage
Thailand
-/,L
l-ffi-) -
/C/rr
[t]
/V(
U,
t#ffifl
flrst
tlermometer
(big) tournament
[/t+]
V r ,.t,
/r. s
graduate student
graduate school
in conast; as opposed to
[f,S ()]
L.14-2
/vL[tf*l
/
[Zif.,
Llc [tL/]
mighty nature]
significant; great
the general public
L. I )-rd
of
L.B-1
1.3-
toward
L.4-ffi
ftody) weight
target; object
L.B-ffi
importnt
1.5-61
approximately; in most cases; in general
/u[tr] anitude
/U L ttml very big city; metropolis
u
13
D.., r l r'1" fffi
-:
mostof
/iu,P [;t{] big statue of Buddha

r.r.U r a 1"" i iz\+ltr{l
L.15-ffi2
/cLr/ [t4] oh, no!

/Vr9 ( [lE] continent
lL I z [l] opposition; confrontation
)-dD
1.12-E
l.l-:r
t.1-^2
1.1
3-T
L-Z-f,
tU\bllll rbiwan
tZTlffitl constantly
-le-6.1 to endure (-)
t*l lfaminameJ
/.liL[ffi] [familyname]
tt *.6 t61 toincrease [u.i.]
16l*ffiTl to compromise
IL fmale given namel
l L. if t remember correct
/."
tLlt
l?.
[ffi.1:1
certainly
tcLxi l*l alittle

L'1o-ffi ftT'.lw'l
L.
5-'t
L.J-
1.1
0-#
1.1
0-#
1.1
3-ffi
*rFttr]
Pacic War
L.
L.3-F,,
lU,1 fairly well; to a large extent; pretty much 1.4-ffi

1.10-ffi
t./--
L-L'^
1.1
5-
1.13-ffi
1.10-ffi
L.|4-ffi2
1.15-2
1.6-1
L.7-ffi
1.15-2
t.1-+2
L.4-^2
L.f-il
1.1
3-ffi
tobe saved; (something) helps [u.i.]
L.4-#,
j l6i1
1.9-ffi
tTIt>
330
1.15-3
L.14-#2
L.14-ffi,1
important
L.14-:n2
,D) allright
l\tT6 l(-c)lTl
/cLl? () lfl (r)]
/cUl[i#]
L.1-^2
l"l#ffi1
/cr.r L [(-]c)ff Ll
Mother Nature
i tt*l
i t#l
/c, L i tf*l
ti+Hf l
personal experience
lcytI
/t,. D (/e)
/cr Lrp
WWII
@,=*"'
/t,J5lU
,o*u.u
/uDl3T [7tScT]
-
1.13-ffi
L.'i
?l'IIutT6 tTl
Zl-T\ffiTl
L.7-^2
to take a good care of
L.2-2
tLI.{ l-<l
? lrtlstV t L< Lz
in response to that
t,l
''
/*]
1.3-ffi lc
1.6-1
1.12-1
sofa
Z|L3V<6
/t,r
lct, Dtp
?o)lzl
since
[tL/
(-l:)
L.12-#
?lt't\lcl?,bt)t.l
t*tr
not too good; not great
L.
amongthem
Llc
1.1-3
to help each other
6 lWrJ l to help [ur.]

tcTta tte6l to visit
tTT
tcTk [te]
/cl
/c/. [tri ]
1.9-ffi
to inquire
1.1
just; only
ttl,i
1.9-ffi
to flght; to compete
L.7-ffi,
to frght
L.14-ffi,2
//c , t [ (-lc'..) W l]
to hammer... into -'s head
tlLt.tsl
/c/ Lrr
[E
fcbttz
L.1
[ma1e given name]
Lv.]
Icl7.l$l
-/c t-i*l
1-ffi
s-ffi
L. I 5-
matfot a Japanese-style room

plural form
1.4-tr
L.1s-ffi1
instant
L./---on
tc'21
t't' l'zl
to stand; to be built [i.]
tol'T6
tffi#f,9-l
1.4-*t
1.10-
to derail; to digress; to ramble
t.12-ffi,
a( [/c<] I, aiso
lc->,V> 6 lc(r,rl tobe standing
t'tb l1-LMWTI to drop out
tc>o)lWl building
/c f [fr]lf] for example
1.7-3
lEtr]
to)Lt:
/c
foward (to
t+Ltjl
[#lb]
-/c'C
to enjoy
-;
everytime
il"l*ft1
/ tFl ess
: occasionaliy
I1, to accumulate [i.]
() not good; must not do
ldt= inorderto
-tcb
-ttT
L.z-ffi,
L<r,
3-ffi
t T]
1.9-ffi
1.3-T
L.S-; 1]4-ffi2
L.Z-Jt
to be
tr
1.1
1-ffi
l
1.1
s-#
1.15-#2
L./--
1.7-^1
(-lc) grtsv] it must be (-)
L. I
3_2
i ti I
1.1-ffi
.( IijE( ] nearby; inthe neighborhood 1.1-ffi
.C( [(-c)Ec< ] to approach (-) tur.l 1.8-ffi
tc'> l1l strength
L.14-ffi2
to differ; to be different
D tmfl governor
L tfrffil knowiedge
L.4-*2
L.l-^2
bD-tNLl acquaintance
At-tEl map
b'zl)x1ffitr}
-t>+ j
+
1.1-ffi
t.12-*1
order
1.1
0-ffi
1.6-ffi
lcontactionof
( I-l
f L* i]
L.2-^2
1.9-2
[counter for suits]
to be proper; to be solid; to be in good
-bwi
bwiu\T [T]
advise
warn; to
bw
L.4-
L.s-3
to caution; to remind; to
1.4-*; 1.7-; 1.11-;
i lsi t a (' []F4lfLtrl
central ticket gate
bw j *; j
L.t-^2
i dl" ttr*#l
L.12-#,
1.5-2
l--+1
L.15-^2
1.11-+3
shape
in the middle of doing something
lname of a journalJ
L.15-#,2
sufficient
L.15-:2
1.1-ffi
tul1or-
t9 IEU l
L.1
L-l-#
to be hesitant
when
1.6-1
/n
>
1.5-
1.1-ffi
tl-lgi lF,l heating

V [t] region
1-^ team
lvT
L.7-^2
to request
whenever
L.12-*2
L.14-.2 t>+/,.L<U\
-)
probably
d>
1.2-
L. I J-
lfamily nameJ
t0)ll other
lcLfI! L(t, * T [ (-) * Lr.
to be looking
tc 'IC.
1 lt /e/ r l$lc -<
not merely; not simply
rr ttr
correct
(time) passes
/c/e.
/V to feel tired; to feel languid

/c,1 [lF{] credit (for a course)
l4,'tr [4T*] man; mate
"f/- gradual
L.1s-ffi1
L.1-^2
i s( ttrSl junior high school
bw j,0 i I ttr#H4l chinese food 1.13-ffi
re
tcwji.ttur[tr!]
junior and senior high school students
ro
( ttrEl#l
Chinese
bwil'x < tEl lunch

bw j l-l"l+'l center
language
1.8-1
1.13-ffi
1.6-2
1.1o-ffi
j tl'14+l middle-aged
1.1-ffi
t> w + /'T lff l to order (something) L.6-T
tcWjU t,< t+ffi] themiddlepartomitted 1.11-ffi
t>
tffil
suwey; investigation
i Ltffi+l
condition; state
[^trlc]
tt x ) Dl'<
lC
bx)Dl':9
tffi^-lDl
superhumanly
L.s-^2
L:4-#2
L.l4-ffi2
[colloquial form
1.11-1
/cV < ttl
superpower
1.1
5-#
1.9-ffi
" exactly
L.15-2
6 f tffi4l cooking
chocolate
1.9-ffi
laaV'h
L.1 s-
L+ [tr#] author
b t2 L [a kind of sushi; a box of sushi rice covered with
1
1.6-2
small slices of fishl
tXl
[f.f
e8&ri tfil
?le3
[H:]
?* t*l
2t,l)
1.5-ffi
the following year
L.s-ffi
(at-)
1.1-ffi
to arrive
L.i0-1
tnasaTa
always hvritten
expressionl
wife
1.1
[ffi/] strong
-Ctrr :-t: ( t'
332
,7
polite
L- I -dr:
kids]
L.|4-2
-)
< i () [5
C tHEl
(e)
ppropriate;
suitable L.1-ffi
L.7-*2
exit
<6 affordable
7f l f - fashiondesigner
(DrO,[?ffi] procedure
<-)< t) l+f91 handmade
tg^l
+Lr
L.
- atl
L-l-n
L.1s-ffi,2
totkesomeoneto
1.1-ffi
L.12-ffi
1.8-B
L.1
0-ffi
[+,tD+vr]
1.8-2
(? [ffi] staying up all night

tettt[*H{trl] familiar;welracticed
l+E^lLl
1.7-3
L.12-ffi
L.7-+2
to obtain
(.,59 t+F9l (hand) gesture

< t(-)+ffi1 this side (of -)
1.1
1-#
1.13-2
(9Svy,
)t-rteriyakiMcBurger
ar5 ( rlt ttt1frtfr,ttllttl
1.6-3
Stand out from the crowd and youjust invite trouble for
1.15-2
yourself.
1.9-F
L.1s-ffi1
railway
1,15-F
1.1
L.14-ffi2
1.11-2
letier
1.1-3
1.14-1
L.l4-#1
to decline [i.j
fixed-pricelunch/dinner 1.13-ffi
<*ji9- [(-t:)f]
to adapt (to
L.1s-2
DINI ldouble income no
[+ffi]
s-ffi
1.1
t] mark; score; grade; point

< /.'U> tlHl clerk; shop-employee
, V tfiHl electronic store district
1.9-F
v2 /r
[ifu<v.<
s-
1.14-3
namely; in other words; in short
2tL<\\(
quick and simple
L.14-1
?j frtr [r/r] be convenient

-tTlffiITl to continue
t? lf,r] to wrap
2le.)w>l
to work (for -); to be employed (at -)
T,l
<Cu\L
to keep (someone) company
2o)l-l/.+l
tl
1.10-3
'v.]
Yft,
<
<?.i
">0
1.8-ffi
socialization; friendship; association
?< [(-13)< ]
?< ttll desk
<VL
L.1s-ffi1
interpreter
?r/& [r.i] :&r,'

clt lt, l#tLl to become tired
cr
(lrr i r or rather
<v\\T6 tT9-l
<sA
of ( Ir; most often
by chdren or womenl
?i+<
to suggest; to propose (a plan)
<ria. (ra)
being iike a superrnan
used
L.5-
i t(-l:)Hil toruninto (someone) 1.2-3

<\\blvT t*9-l
<,
L.s-ffi
1.6-
tEfi#Rl electrical appliance L.

ir< [Er+]
<'
electrical engineering
(,
t,
[1T]
L.7-2
1
3-
1.1-2
genius
L.- E
1/-L tE+*l
eleclronic instnrment; gadgets
L+ tFl
rrain
1.1
5-ffi
L.4- n
I
I
I
I
r""+*El
.1? [Eil]
legend
L.
l-a < (ra) tEffiffi(/)l traditional

1".i ( : lffi9:l traditionaliy
Cl-bll,l,'i tftrl
telephone number
l.
1V
rr
to melt into; become a part
1.9-ffi
1.1-3
bathroom; toilei
1.10-2
"i O i.,. [E#] classmate

i ( tfixl arrivingrbkyo
1.2-3
1.10-1
i D tgffil in those days

i D/t, tffiftl rhns dynasfy
'i L? tlfl same room
1.13-ffi
to appear (on TV, etc.) [ui.]
justtike
( v (rr) [,
(re)]
to be good ar
< S tffi#l special tlent; skill

( L g i tffil special issue
( i tffitl characteristics
< C [f+fc] particular
1.1
try
I i tlfttl colleague;co-worker
ieUr [v.] far
. -r-l 7 . tournament
*"' I l-l I I jort
"r < t#< I to explain [u.r.l
3-#
(.s
[f+FJ]
special
It,/-!ffi7rl rcader; reading book

1 0't Ll[T4L/] independent
'( I .rlr,' Ll" tts#5#l
<
spirit ofindependence
ltr
lFfl
clock; watch
L. l-7i
1.1
s-ffi
1.6-1
1.4-3
L. / ---oit
L.
3-ffi
1.1
1.1
1.1
)-n
5-
L.1s-ffi1
1.8-3
L.1s-ffi1
1.10-ffi
L.5-,I
1.4-
1.13-#
1.11-2
older
library
1-ffi
L.2-^2
local
product
-r
3-
1.9-ffi
special express fare ticket
1.10-1
.2vl*Fl suddenly
.2z).t, ["2. ]
L.12-3
have to choose one over the other
L.1s-2
ifl
very (much)
1.1-3
-/tr
6 lE' l to deliver [r.]
fe I [ts[] next door; next to
rt/, F' +- Y Donald Keene
lz( lftcla1] tojumpat
* [* ] to stay (over night) lui.l
* [(-13) l* ] to stay (at -) t.1
can't possibly
*t'T
L.i-ffi
L.e-ffi
L. i
-2
L.1
3-ffi
L.1s-3
1.1-3
L.O-il
v>-1B>l
to have
{r/
stay (over night) [u i.J
ll
1.1-ffi
friend
1.1-2
together with; in company with

(-) 3 togetherwith f/ [Jtlf/]
1.13-
L.14-ffi2
husband and wife both working
L.14-#2
&.(
to say this and that; to meddie

1.1
L.
tt ?"\-tl*W*Wl
zpiITl,,lWR#l
<{,
i t(-)ml
ase
L [Et]
{,
tffil
1.9-1
"i
"
L. i -3
-bQ
(-/) , / have just done something 1.4-3
bytheway
L.l-*2
5-ffi
'i
1.1-3
tobe-ins
t.7-^2
L.i 3-
L. I --sr
somehow; no matter how hard one may
ptace
- L( as- L< t for; considering
1.13-ffi
animaT
1.7-
Li -l+f]
"i < . tffiffi] view of moratiry

" C O i t^l infroduction
j ''tlffiVtl
1ilr|
1.7-3
L.l4-:n2
naily; atlast
tlf lcontraction of -.r-ltf]

* [rFf] alcove
+ trFl barber shop
i 1-
L.
i't' [Fl]
i a
1.1 i-E
L.2-^2
1.1
living together in a de facto relationship
of
L. tJ-il
i L< no matter how hard (one) rries

D TIET.)HET]
t[llr]
L.7-ffi
7:f 7X
I t,Rl
in (other's atrtus) 1.14-ffi
Dragons lname of abaseballteam] 1.7-1

chicken tltf.,birdl
1.6-1
u)
tq
to adopt [u.t.J
u\tL IWV
^tLl
to
manage
all
by oneself
V
'9(tgrnl
:a-lEn6l
l.j, )l
tl
1.1
effort
totake
5-#
rA
1.6-1
quickly and steadily; atarapidpace 1.11- i
@r=**'
-
tT
[-
to get by without
fa*9-
tTl
rd .
-ing;
tl b]
to come offwithout
L.4-t
1.13-3
to corect [ut ]
/e*Ltl
to get better; to recover from illness [i.]
[j] long
rlL [(tf] [fami nameJ
fil tffi1 lname of a ciw]
/s/t/d9T U+Tl
L.12-^2
fa/
to make
it up with; to reconcile
ty'tfg/t-
fgr
[F] [name of a prefectureJ

bf.1*l content
/a [Ht] view
/atDlc [lc] somewhationg
but; although
bl#til
1.1
3-
1.13-ffi
1.10-2
L.15-ffi,2
1.1 J.R
to drift ashore
+ lcontraction of - ll"]
-ta! /alar
have to - lcontraction of - lllA ']
-/e
L--lr
L.2-2
/*
-te>
L.12-#,
1.15-ffi1
not easily
lafisfuc < [(-lc)ffi<
L.4--.
topitch
t*Slz IE#l leavingNagoya

(-l: fa Db to get used to
/ttf. r some reason
fe'tll summer
te->.1Tlffi#Tl
to understand; to be convinced
1.8-ffi
1.9-3
L.7-^3
L. I -
-ot
5-ffi
1.1
tl
L.6-^2
r 7.1 te *l' tiE 9.l

to weep; to shed tears
L.
rt [fr.]
I t-r
to agonlze
1.14-3
lplace nameJ
1.10-ffi
te > u t t, ol l . lc l
thing which one hasjust learned
L-
/e,i [lE'l]
L-l-^5
to stand in line [u.i.]
(-) f*> I'f sde by side (with -)

fe I lc lfrm] Narita (Internationat Airport)
-fa\:. in-'sownway
b6ll
1.1-#
1.14-i
L.2-^2
/er\( ifpossible; as - as possibie

/a l ' I see.
tefu6l?lc)Htul tobe accustomed
L.5-E
(to
-)
fe
l$tl,]
somehow
4>
1.13-ffi
1.1
-2
1.4-3
thingslike
lu,U o ,
L.4-
L. / -J
le. tffiHl difficultytounderstand

l(
1.6-1
-tgfufi>:t
t* lutt,
I t-#
L.14-ffi,2
to ring [u.i.]
[f< o <
whatever else might be said; after ali
1.13-3
fe h U t o T 4> [{-qt a ]
undeniably; no doubt; by any account [it., no matter what
L.7-2
others may sayJ
lelt,tt
L.12-#,
somehow
le"-(4
tl--<l
no matter how many times
/el'EL.ta< tlga
teub.te( [fif * ( ]
<
L. I
manytimes
somehow
1.1
-t
1-ffi
L.12-^2
1.13-ffi
L.15-ffi2
tf!{ t.ltffil manytimes more f'IfT t#&f l tobe shipwrecked
L.1s-ffi2
fefuI!1.13 [ffiJtc]
1.10-ffi
1.10-1
L.4-#"
l.ra
from north to south
L.i 1-ffi
1.8-ffi
l0ltl
to suit; (something) becomes (a person)
cr< (rs) [ (- ?
not good/skilled lat
334
(sushi serving of) medium quality/price
f* [{b]
E"\!) [+]
t,
-fie(
L]4-ffi,2
lname of dish; bowl of rice topped with things like fried

1.6-1
pork cutlet or fried shrimp, etc.J
/a
without much thought
L. l-J
pork cutlet
telxTre
L.14-:n2
-J
(e)
L.
I t-Er
]
1.13-3
,,,,,H**Erl
-C
( l
lC
<
-;
hard to
::t:lT
difficuit to -
1.1-ffi
to smile
1.1 1-F
? [:ff ]
with two meals
1.10-2
CD iZJ'V'*IIHfr]
everyday conversation
3.\r IH?]
1.1
Japan and the U.S.
[Hl] diary
C(/ [(-lc){X<v.a]
_lc.o fel _; fe _
-e)Ia [-
H c
L-
to resemble
L.2-:t
cz
clt
s-ffi
(-)
l--fl
1.4-1
L.7-2
(Jt v.) ]
second (largest)
L.4-^2
clt,"'TlqlbTl
1.6-3
to Japanize; to become Japanese
I=El- v [HiEiE]
Japanese waters;
offthe coast ofJapan
1.8-ffi
Japanese reader
3,'lL
1.1
3-ffi
lH4ryl
1.15-ffi1
lC?|ffil luggage; baggage

admission to schooi
C rp ( [.tS]
cro( Lt,t^+fiHl
1.6-ffi
enffance examination
1.5-ffi
< tÊll
lC P
lc
qtT lL#Tl
ro
t3. v) <
c 1"3 rb
t^Jfl
input
l^fi,'rl
l" L^ll person;

Ll'ZT
rc.
lAffiT l
I!.1-
human being
to recognize
L.l1-^2
5-ffi
L. 1
ia
*ac
L, I J-
Hey! [a way of getting someone's attention] 1.5-3
t*l
fever
1.3-4
L.4-.
taoLl"c[*,ul:1 intently; eagerly
have to
L.14-:,2
-*aIte>fe\
1.1 -3
tei T lF.T l to oversleep
Jtt?i () [ffi? (e)] iooking sleepy L.2-,2
1
L.e-ffi
1.1
L. I 5-t
1.1o-ffi
t.14-^2
L.12-*3
1.12-2;1.12-E
lu.t.l
5-ffi
1.1
1.1 3-T
L.12-*2
to swaliow
r0 < r9 @)
0)v(9 Lte
0-
L. / -EJ
noncommittally; evasively; in a roundabout
tffil
tf*.7 l-
L.7-ffi
owner
.1 [.1]
Zâf ltral
L.14-+3
1.1
1.1-1
to state
1.1 5-ffi
!."bl l#NTl to acknowledge
level
of
name
recognition
5- ffi i
IC "t, E lHl
Ltl
0)J9-ltFrfi]
L.14-#,2
popular
L.s-ffi
way
L.12-ffi
a bus, etc.)
carefree; slow-moving
L.4-:t
L.
l5-r
@tt*-'
to have one's name
entered into the family register
o).?tJ t$l to desire; to wish

f ' later [formal expression]
' throat
-);
L.-ffi
L.l -n
) -)l v I. uncut
) - \rt , , I North Carolina
0)6\ffil to remain [i.]
1.3-ffi 6l -r*l
to ride (inlon
to take (a taxi,
to enter a country
L. I -
L.2-+2
tl'*,21+*1 end of the year

o>) xi t#l agriculture
to cultivate; to develop (one's ski11, etc.)
31, < t,tB##l
Japanese rnade; made in Japan
tab IEl to sleep

t lBl to sleep; to go to bed
-lav t-+ftl the -s
t'tl'l+.+ I every year
-t-t . [-S.]
since - years ago
tooth
1.12-3
percent
llv S i t*l
lfl/t, [Hff] medium
/ h :7.vy' |
to close
1.5-
one'sbusiness L]4-#]
Itt,l [F] actorlacess

(-f) lf.9 have just done tf6 tfi?tsfl
to feel like vomiting
t<
te<l
tothrowup
l( L tl whitepaper
l < D, t^l Caucasian
f < t#ffi] the Shogunate
tl Im*Tl to encourase
1.1
5-ffi
1.8-3
1.7-E; L.i3-2
1.1-1
L.1
2-E
L]2-1
L.14-#,1
1.8-ffi
L.
- E'T
L. I 5-En
335
tffil [place name]

ll'l[9..!] tocarry
,fy7 1 y I . r) -/- Pacifr,cLeagae
t ta
1.10-2
1.6-ffi
L./---on
including
-;
D< ll<l forthe firsttime
-I*.1) l-M) to begin v-ing
'
t lthn)
ltLlfr,l to run
2lZ
)\7
1.7-
L.1 0-
1.10-ffi
pass
lf. Ltr [f.Lv.]
embarrassing
to remove; to get rid of
1.13-ffi
L.14-ffi2
to pass (an exam)
,X)
t/SJ.u
1.10-2
bath
lt/r7T
-T
1.1
1.5-
place
.1.
L,
L.
bus stop
F*tt'l
[t*r.]
1.1
to be out
of
chil1y
to become clear
t\v - batter
lf>tV (to meet) by chance
l'r(t#El development
2ty l!-aY F happy end(ing)
c aT6l*T1 to announce
Ilt"clt 6 l#Ll), l to talk to
BrsLrl#Lbl
become absorbed in talking
tltl.l,r [tFu.]
wide
a l*Li
to pay
336
1.11-1
[E#] crime
tf,,irfi{El
SL
1.10-ffi
:+&{r@ffi7)s( t
tl [trf,{] opposite
Itl-tLT lfltrTl
L.1A-ffi,1
L. i
to
judge
bl lv l>
1.1
3-
L.
J-
L.7-:,
1.11-1
1.15-ffi2
L./-re
[E
ffil]
1.1
/r,l[ffi] objection; counterargument

tffi+Itl comparedwiththepreviousvear
1.5-
1.1-3
to set ansry
E,rEl- hero
r, [&#] damage
0'itftfiffil
alane
S
L,9 t4L.lrl
U->
19T
cth
---"ri
1.10-1
1.7-;1.12-
1.1-3
L.15-2
for the frrst time in a iong time
[tFHc]
5-ffi2
L.14-ffi1
1.1o-ffi
(one's) lap
1.1
3-ffi
t. /
UJtV lname of abu]lettrainl

$( Lrffilvr] low
ADi
3-3
1.15-ffi1
L. tJ-
It /-E
1.4-3
extreme; very
L.2-#,
tobe surprised
1.1-ffi
i." tHf'f4E#l
International Date Line
L.
t-#
L'11-1 pTtrall
1.4-ffi
L.1s-3
1.3-ffi
hungry lused by menJ
It>t lffitc
drner llt., evening meall
anti-Japanese sentiment
1.7-
f,t,trfrtr1
L.1s-#,2
L.14-:r,2
5-#
L.1s-#,2
L.1s-ffi,2
ll (r)^ 61r^.l
to be
1.1
Bangkok
tt/-ttua < tltflJtrTll
1.15-ffi1
ttr/r [#r] fast; quick

It + lffi1 l to be popular [u.i. ]
r
power
to make ajudgment
L.14-:,1
t.4-2
lt,b
t@(l towork
Ittc'T 6 t#Tl to break up
t D tfl eight-mat room 112'x12'l
It2tl-lftJ pronunciation
to
2{!tl/a2
1.5-
spring
1-
1.15-2
/c(
t#l
l-t
IttIt IT l.ll
to approach (someone)
It-> l) T
1.13-2
paper posted (on a board, a wali, etc.)
t(-)rl
starting with
tt)y F Hollwood
0 ra m9ffil
to move to a new piace ofresidence
1.?D[+] sheep
U o LI? I'X'fti'cl desperately
U->lcV Qe) perfect fit
pitcher
.vft*
1.6-3
O'2 N
L.12-:
.(t,T lT
t3tr
[,l.Eftr]
not necessary
to reject
L. I -8,
1.10-ffi
1.1
5-ffi i
1.8-3
L.7-^1
L.O-t
L.14-:fi,2
,,,,,+#*5rl
tl1
"tr 2
tl'
terrible; awful
1.4-
unfair; cruel
t-l
1.14-1
1.1z-ffi
one word
average; ordinary; like normal people
1.13-ffi
1.lf,t*41 onenight
f)t) r tl. 9lFl walking
tlc( (e) [H(re)] ironic
1.1-3
t#flTl
1.10-#
alone
1.1 2-F
to criticize
[H.+] days
* (r) [H()] ftee ltime]
;r.- :r- lthe sound of the howling
windJ
1.1
0-ffi
1.1
1-ffi
1.1
3-#
1.12-F
i Lr t*ffi] beaury salon

'ttrfi] sickness
i l'L IEHRI Hyogo Prefecture
U x l-T\ffifrTl to die from an illness
Os
L.
O- r
daime
6Jr [r]
OZVltLl
[(-3)t116]
-)
[passive form of
llc[Fs] again
Ic'zd>-zEJ second
L. I 5-rX
L.7-^2
zi lrl common; usual

,c.[4ftr]
1.2-ffi; L3-ffi
(commodity) prices
parts
1.8-ffi
,",
t*ill
part
.\
(ra)
Buddhism
L.4-ffi
L.7-^2
L.12-fr,
tT(/)l
inconvenient
L.12-r
*tTi#l discontent
t tel w'inter
L.B-ffi
7, z l. V- !
77V l:vi
L.-m
1.15-ffi2
L.4-2
frustration
172
71,'l
L.b-ffi
i.a.,llking for namebrand goodsl
1.15-2
.,brand-oriented,
1.8-
1.1-ffi
(rd)l
Tt)?7â Lr)?7l [nameofashipJ 1.8-
5-3
,6 ll
5-ffi
7tr+ r i l7'trFff]
tffffi
sensitive; susceptible 1.1
Lf 'I.ki [trXc] iequently; often

l"+ u) T to be chilly/cool
-, t-#l
77-7.1.i.-
ltrF]
iit#ffi1
1.1
L. I J-t
1.5-3
club
firstname
member of a club
envelope
i t*ffi] husband and wife

,j L on,really.; Really?
.' t(-rJl
to increase [ui.]
L. I -1
1.5-3
1.13-
L- l4-^
L-l-E
L.5-E
to fal7le.g., rain, snow, etc.l
collection of essays
':t,
'extracurricular activities'l
1.5-
first year of Heisei h9891
1.9-ffi
-:|. Really?; Gee!; You're kidding.

.\ () should
[Tfi4:]
weird; eery
L.1-2
"l t'tr] analysis

,l,lfi tl sramma:
.lrL < tfffil context
.,1+try1
(/a)
L.
J- ilt
1.1
1-ffi
L. I )-ilr
1.1
-;fi
1.15-1
field
[*fi(re)]
0-;
1.12-ffi
[tlL] culture
'll< t+l literature
lf,l
L]-
1.1
-l1"
/tl-W a
L.2-+2
professionalbaseball
TVVV 'l 7 frontier

V lffifr1 atmosphere
Fortceorge
7-..9s-
1.8-
.( [fi( ] deeply
1.1 s-ffi
,l.c ' tfliel club activities lin the sense of
,l3
L.O-8'i)
< iT.lEeHTl
i.lvl+l unfair
L.14-ffi2
Sli tSttil tokideachother L.i1-ffi
LStT,B*l mystery
1.3-
Dtffi^l woman
1.13-ffi
,laalIL#)
L.15-ffi2
.tr]
totake (medicine) L.12-2
1.tflffi]
1.14-1
to spread out [u.i.]
1.4-;1.13-3
fmaie given namel
A rlrl, es)
V1,
*tr
t.2-ffi
L+ lHffil
U
9 ro
a person who goes adrift on the ocean
if lEfl
<
L./---on
tl.'iDitffittl
the condition of a disease or illness
x,i
[#(e)]
to be included (in
Utte&.(r) [a*()]
LlttlwT
( So(re)
complicated; complex
1.15-ffi1
unperrurbed;
calm
1.14-1
.\/ l/ r h /- l+ ,ft,+l
L.
I t-1
L.4-*2
L.5-iin
337
[T* ()] not good; unskilled

.rz? [FJ#] summer cottage
\? 3 -tL lflJlC -fa.1 not parlicularly
room
^ [#E]
î'747 fluently
{, - Commodore Perry
to decrease [ui.]
^ [H]
-./c
(t)
".r.,(/r)
l*Qe)l
.:lult T l(.*ff)*l[ll
to change
.\lvTt/\'l INMT 1
lu te , t T 6 l*te ffi T
to look annoyed; toTookprzzTed
t+ < tffi[]
L--n
It,
L.14-ffi2
L,
totelevise
- r
rea1ly;
JapanJ
L.1o-ffi
truly
L.4-+3
(to speak) withoutreserve or ln

L. I -r,
1.8-2
translation
l' \\ l#*l
1.9-ffi
original
@t=--'
1O-ffi f ,
5-#
well lused when making
a modest or hesitant
statementl
- *
1.13-ffi
[-&] lcounter
ofpaperl
lr
sheets
*.vl8l
*/ttrEl
for thin, flat oects such
as
1.3-1
[humble form of
11 <
/Xl
1.6-2
1.1-3
lfaminamel
(-"'lc) *z).'lt
L.5-n
to entrust (something) to (someone)
L.7-ffi,
f Lt9-Ll
rolled sushi
L.14-2
1.1 s-Fd
lf,rtfffitr] towant
t?f (#9.)
L.7-+2
1.1 5-F
\ runa
(-lc) * treu. comparable (to -); equal (to -) [ltf.,
not to iose to -l
L.l4-ffi,2
L.7-ffi,
i.l|lAtTl tolose (agame) [ui.l
L, J-
If firstofall
?73 t h mascot
1.9-+
L.9-#,
*9-*9- increasingly
also
L,f,-r
*/
L.2-^2
t/c f [/&] See you later.
(I am) not good yel
L.1-+2
/ f /fT
L. -1
* tFJl town; city
*,r:lrcizi;,) to anange to meet L.7-2
t!t-lf.l tomakeamisrake L.4-*.2
(to speak) in a subdued tone
L.12-ffi
[-o)r"'] -
It
() i
(ra)
is more ... than
L.2-ffi,
L.l-*2
bountitul; pienty
i lt i tf*l method
Ita l.lfrffi1 direction; area
Iti t /-l tHlTl to visit
fi*4
,tr-
1.8-ffi
L. / -
besides
rE]
L.4-+1
is the most neutra]
lllurtffiffil
l"r.r,
-oJ
L.O-M
77 1 [,+-xr,f
(-) .
rr< ll
I [It
L.B-ffi
porter
:g+4'7)'h-
7 4 l-1 t' 68
^
L./-i.
form for male speakers.l
whaiingvessel
L.1-*2
L.-t
l1," almost
It"-tet hardly; aimostnever
lf* almost
,+ 7 -.rl[,ir7-48[] horor film
,, Y ,I 7 vohtnteer
iftl
tJtEl
[the biggest island in the north ofJapan]
338
1.1-ffi
1.8-3
(r) [fU(re)] convenient
Zu\TblffiW"f
It'lg/-(, )
L-l-n
lmain island of
[+Elc]
machine gun fashion
1.1
oneself
E./-.413
L.2-^2
1.4-1
to change
,:
Iti
3-#
It,l"L i t+ttll
1.4-1
to transform
.,'Lt##:Ll iawyer
.\/wLwi ttriJfil editins
.,9
1.1
L.2-.1
stranse
.\/-L/-T l*f l
1.13-ffi
1.8-#
L./--
1.3-ffi; 1.11-
L.15-ffi2
1.7.8
1.8-1
intown
1.1
z/ [fet] [family namel

t a/c ( -tarr [g( -rr]
tc
f 'C
tf*l
t,$El
(ticket) window
*,6
/e
not at all
lfamilyname]
to put together (in a report); to
[S,]
*ia< I#<l
1.1
1-ffi
1.1
1-ffi
1.10-1
summarize Lj4-ffi1
to learn; to study
toinvite
1-
L.14-#,2
1.8-ffi
1.1
3-ffi
*.teT 6 l"MTl to imitte

A l+l lfemale given name]
it tA ( not much iater; soon
f t+l to obsewe; to keep
*,W7,
L.1s-#1
lfemale given namel
trT
->
meals to
L.15-ffi,2
. [4]
r.z)ri
(rules)
1.1-2
* I t* D +l ffemale given name]

*.9 lBl around (someone)
7 >u t
1.15-3
1.15-3
1.9-*
lpoliteverbmeanins*6] 1.12-3
7tttVtl.Eflurt.]
7.2
I'L+ t*ffi#l
A D\r ll
can'tsee them
all
1.1O-ffi
unmarried person
L.14-ffi,1
short
^l-l.Etrf]
1.1
unfamiliar
1.13-ffi
TrTi arlffil lake

A tl shop; store
AIZU6lar?#l misosoup
L.4-+2
1.6-1
L.1 1-:t
4-[--EJ [famiynameJ
A ttEl fmaie given name]
L.i-1
1.14-ffi2
fbc. i [:i ] to set iost

b.'zltr ln2\l - is found [i.]
7'tII ln? l to frnd -[.]
{ l*tr
1-ffi
ZrE
"1
L.
care in one's home life
7r\l) lWV
7.0
x1(
At l#l
1.10-ffi
L.io-ffi
1.1
1-ffi
1.1
bLb
(-)
1-ffi
rather
r9.. LU [tr
I5-E
L.
1.6-ffi
Lt.]
difficult
t.2-^2
f3l (r) l^trffi (/r)] wastetul
L.11-ffi,
bTe)
tffil
daughter
1.1-ffi
{+ () [*#(e)] unreasonable
1.12-#,
f: ktz + < t^trl to be indifferent L.I 5-ffi
{r lffl village
L. U-il
t,r [] niece
1.8-
t,L[*] (name) card;businesscard 1.1-3
)t,A (/) [()] honorabte
L./--
e)i tH-hl
1
r)9- LV. lVVu,l tate

dlotcC-teu rarely
e>rcr*.IHRI
l--
1.6-1
1.1
1-
(r) lEf;()]
towakeup
L.5-d
troubresome
i -lF]
LA [+Ua]
i L' t+ Ll
L.2-2
L.1s-2
to need just
improvement [lif,, just one more stepJ
f [{,
/ -J
1.11-ffi
/-i
i r,
L.
menu
TlH*l
1.4-1
much (to toleate)
L.1o-ffi
L.12-+1
L.2-ffi
manufacturer; maker
1.10-ffi
74>olhr<l
personaliy [l#., witt one's own bodyl
L.7-*2
tsl)w/,T6le)fr'f l
>"1l aspect
lw2lffiWl interview
L.1s-1
(r) tAffi(r)l attractive

to examine (a patient)
r.L tl the past; the old days

f] ha[trmlc] withoutlimit
to be too
L.14-*,2
gest"e
7r43Tlnrcg61 :rd(
A+ lil] city; capital
I t-r
L.4-+2
Zte7ll south
AIC < /r IHLr] usly
er L b q b l *. t, g o)#l
1.8-ffi
) - l, L.I-E
) - )V e-mat7
L.Z-85
St Ltr spectacular; amazing
1.14-fr,2
sf L"lv [H* LF*t] alarmclock t.2-^2
e>VrtIAUl,rl
lhonorific form of - a /fr{l]
1.6-2
1.3-ffi;1.13-ffi
all of you
- [u.i.]
1.1-ffi
1.11-*3
[female given name]
Zte ' L
to head toward
toweicome; to meet; to greet L.i-ffi
person ofhigher statlls; one's senior
h tile)l
to tecognue; to approve; to notce
O-3
1.1
1.7-
1.1-ffi
indecent; unsight
private house providing lodging and
[(-/\) \i ]
to contradict
[F,v.ffiffi ]
anangedmatrtage
7rln.l
7tl'LW < tEl

tourists
1.11-+3
L.O-r
linle more
1.5-2
tequest;
apptication 1.10-1
to appty
1.3-2
iTtFTl
lhumble
it+fr]
formof
i]
1.1-1
L.15-2
biaket
< < tHffil purpose

fJbT/" ofcourse
1.3-ffi
L-l-1
: t' tf,
a { []
L.14-#,1
<+l
< to be popular (with)
f.1, fashion model
ir [:&] to request; to ask for
* tFl to return [u.i.]
topraise;tomakemuchof
4ro)ll
l<
person
-)
-410)0)
usedto (do something)
[ut.]
4>Ei I A lffiMT l to imitate

4>v> to have a dispute [quarrelJ with
I / t#El lfamilY namel
I + [*ilJ] lfamilY namel
,< tl complaint
EVJ)V
r,/l,r
L.14-^2
W
late afternoon, usuallyjustbefore
1.4-3
li
WiLW
1.1
3-ffi
1.1
5-ffi
1.1
5-#
1.14-3
1.8-ffi
1.1
-T
L.7-=,,
1.1
-T
1.8-ffi
&( before long; soon
&.* Lvt tobe fussy; tobe over criticai 1.11-3
1.15-ffi2
&. Lv2 noisy
ro
tnel
1.7-
baseball
&o D t4f$#l
+ < t*ttl approximate
+ < tn#l Japanese equivalent
+ 1 tobe usetul; tobe helptu1
.? ( lClz [&lcU.r to be usetul
+ Llr. kind; sweet
*/c (lC) excessive; indiscriminately
c[fl] achap;agay
&u at last
+tl inn; lodging
+i tErl
tohire
l. / --
baseballstadium
1.1
1-ffi
1.10-
L.
Z- r
(e) [(e)]
1.1
1-ffi
L.1s-#,1
1.1
5-ffi
L.12-#,
1.1
championship
L.7-ffi,
L.- -otl
L.J-
r,. (ra) [^(e)] famous

.1 [l] informal cotton kimono
19
leisurely
Wbllrl
l'l t(-)f#Tl to point (to -)
lA lfemale given nameJ
t+l
Wt0
lfemale given nameJ
W6Tl#Tl
L.4-2
L.i0-3
1.10-ffi
tea cup (for green tea)
1.9-3
1.1
1.6-
toallow
1.8-;
L,L'
i t#l terms
i LtHffil form
D
t$l
L.2-ffi
L.3-+2
errand; things to do
XiTf [+.8]
(-o)) x c tiLe -
to see
-;
in
word;
in
a
short
i l tgl
i if t#fl western-sgrle room
< tgl thenext (day/yeat/etc.)
( Dz tSHl
i tfrgl
1.10-2
<
lf
1.8-3
tl
L.2-*2
3-ffi
1.10-2
lplace nameJ
r:t,.t.
1.4-3
to give priority; to prefer
Wo
5-ffi
excellent; tlented L.15-#,2
L i ttr]
Wjl.x < ttl dinner [lit.,eveningmeal]
Wi l>l-lh,Ll friend
Wil-TlWftTal
1.10-3
1.1o-ffi
valid
1.8-ffi -xircTa
to try to
to make an effort to
L.+-8,
dinnertime
[female given name]
WajLrXl
@t=--'
&
tffi+l
1.3-ffi
1-ffi
problem
1.8-ffi
1.1
Mongolia
[Flff]
jttrlclgfrl
1.8-2
t.s-+2
tremendously
although
1.15-ffi1
+if <l+Hl lname of atrainline] L.7-^2

t.14-+2
+f {, tlll lfamily nameJ
+T lcontractionoff{J*f] L.6-*.2
L-O-EZ
+6 to refrain from -ing []
L.15-ffi2
& alittle
L.12-^2
&i.U [i.t.] soft
side
the next day

desire
L.7-^2
howitgoes 1.5-2
L.4-ffi,
t.7-^2
1.1
s-ffi
1.4-
1.8-ffi
1.7-
1.1 3-
L.i1-3
U f
tFl
t +* ttlJl ffamilyname]
Ar:H=v)i--
L/ tEl lfamily nameJ
i t}l preparation (for class)
[-rret.1 there is no room for (-l: oa't depending on Lrg
(-l: -t2
1.8-1
1.2-3
Llh*]
9<tEl
1.2-3
r)
L.s-2
VZi t#.fl
-9?t-Fl
L.15-ffi,2
-or
L.-
zlS'
considerably; real; to a gret extent
1.13-2
ttr1
F' i tfffil
L.14-fr,2
sociery; world
school designed to prepare students
for college entrnce exams
[nf
L.f-,l
A'n ] to flag down
L.O-8,l
l(-"') F.tll to call - by

1.1-ffi
e<l ll*fTl tomakeareservation L.1O-T
l&i tl room; space
L.15-=,n2
X ll to stop by
1.3-4
X.lel at night
1.10-ffi
,5
..
X6
accordingto
L.f,-
t..l
to show joy; to be pleased; to
rejoice
E'T
1.2-*; 1.9-
f ltl gladiy; withpleasue 1.7-1

X.bl.< t'ttc- ( t l(.- x,7, L< *iG < ti
Say hello (to -) for me.
lrl
L.4-fr,
x b l.
*jiau
<
Lt T lx aL ( r L*Tl
EitL<]
[morepolitewayofsaying
(e)
0e
1.1-1
[#(r)]
1.8-ffi
1.2-E
ideai
L.14-^2
-rate
( [Elffi]
L.14-ffi,1
ttreory of nation
building
x)lRl
dormitory
I -tr-l
I t+l
lchinese family name]
- I
th
Teague
ffemale given name]
1.5-1
L.5-
L.2-^2
borh-
L./-="tn
0tH*l fee;fare
1.10-1
9 x ) l."lffi1 parents [lir.,bothparents] 1.1-3
V il
t|JTl to make use of
L.J- E
I I tflgl cooking;cuisine
L.4-
9
x 9'tll
to do two things concurrently
L.14-1
xiqei#4El
9 xrl'ltftffil Japanese inn

9 x L+ [ft1l*] travel agency
totravel
9 x jT6lffiftfl
[fif]
(re)
[*ffi(a)]
cruet;
hearttess
1.10-ffi
usual; that whch was mentioned before
L.
t5-
t.
/---",
L.14-*2
L.
O- t
L. I U-'T
L.
O-
s-ffi
t.2-I
tLl"\o)lwl
L.b-ffi
1.1
example
1.7-3
L.-
L.s-#
special division for foreign students
1.1-ffi
rushhour
9y!t-TV,l)Vl:.?,
I:+)V ls RanaldMcDonald
b /-1fl,1 [a movie name]
5-ffi
i/11l+Tl tostudyabroad 1.1-1

9 w j t ( $r7)rfr | lg+affi] lperson who deals
with matters pertaining to foreign studentsl 1.8-3
I ro i s ( .rlu.'a [B+!Htf+]
- LV
[amoviename]
1.1
fL,
r)
land
squirrel
9 6,1ffi1 theory
it seems that; evident
3-
L.7-ffi
lschool where a foreign student stuclies]
L.5-E
j |ffifFTl
1.1
I !i t4l reason
0ro(tg+rEl
easy; comfortable; leading an easy iife
tzL x
to understand
sumo wrestler
high class Japanese sqde restaurant
@u-*'
93
golgci*mtffi
by
J,0)*,1,
'vtT tI[4T]
1.10-
[place nameJ
vlf i [;F] air conditioning

Ltl history
V ,'t) t-,
a 7 recreation
leve1
lz.\z
lr,- l- rcportjpapei
L.15-#"2
1.13-ffi
1.15-ffi2
L.7-1
1.5-2
34'l
tLlvbU\I 2 /- l*:ffiffi1
tul'LW
i tffigl
iove marriage
practice
tLl- < Lffi1

fLl-r<tffittl
continuously
*tI rcason;explanation
1.13-3
tlt*/et ifs not the case that
L.14-ffi1 *rS*rS
1.9-
1.10-2
1.4-B
. [T] hallway; corridor
i i E < lfrz-l labor; work force L.14-ffi]
l! LhELI
L.f-8,
b 1C-teLt not much; not enough

b /-"lffiXl article; essay; thesis
L.12-^1
L. /
-r
@t=*-'
1.9-1
1.7-;1.10-2
bTfLTa [tTc] :i/ r.''c
1.3-
1.3-
to
(-t) t>tv) :-o)l

b t, l$rl to laugh; to smile
*r 9 lr [fl] ratio; percentge
[t.]
1.6-ffi
1.1
5-ffi
1.1
5-ffi
1.3-;1.13-2
L.14-#,1
L.5-t
1.1-ffi
to undersrnd
*>l'lt l(-)flltLl
to part (from -); to say farewell
342
a tatami room; Japanese-strle room
bT*Ll,tLl to forget
z.:'fcTlTl to hand (somethins)
irlcr.r[i] lfami nameJ
unemployed samurai; a high school

ba
graduate who is spending a year studying for a college
entrance examination
4:'V?lffil
3-
L.3-,
to go out of one's way to do something
place where one can be reached
rtlr [!] young

bJ\ l(-'r).ft)\l
1.1
1.2-
rrl
-)
L.Z-ffi
[#rl
r am
sorr5r,
but
...
1.3-4
*>1but) t*Eil
to speak
(to
ill of (someone)
1.1
1-ffi

An Integrated Approach To Intermediate Japanese

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An Integrated Approach To Intermediate Japanese

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Akirr Miurn

Nqomi Hnrok lllcGloin

2008 by Akira Miwa and Naomi Hanaoka McGloin

reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stoed in a retrieval system,

First edition: Jne 1994

Tlpesetting: Soju Co., Ltd.

Published by The Japan Times, Ltd.

Integrated Approac]t to Intermediate Japanese ( F

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Meeting Someone in Japan

lntroducing Oneself or Others

How to Address Someone

27.T\-J t d' 28.(rd'

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