Tng tc ca photon vi vt cht

ng Nguyn Phng
dnphuong1984@gmail.com
Ngy 12 thng 1 nm 2014
1 M u
Khi i xuyn qua vt cht, tia gamma (cc ht photon) s tng tc vi vt cht theo nhiu c
ch khc nhau, cc tng tc ny khng gy ra hin tng ion ha trc tip nh cc ht tch
in. Tuy nhin, khi photon tng tc vi nguyn t, n lm bt cc electron qu o ra khi
nguyn t hay sinh ra cc cp electron positron l cc ht mang in tch. Cc ht ny s l
tc nhn trc tip gy ion ha mi trng.
Trong phn ny, chng ta s kho st cc dng tng tc c bn ca photon vi mi trng vt
cht, gm c
Tn x n hi (elastic scattering) hay cn gi l tn x kt hp (coherent scattering)
1
xy
ra ch yu vng nng lng thp (di 10keV ), bao gm tn x Thomson (Thomson
scattering) l tn x ca photon ln cc electron t do v tn x Rayleigh (Rayleigh
scattering) ln cc electron lin kt (binding electron). Tn x Rayleigh cng c ng gp
vng nng lng trung bnh (c vi chc n vi trm keV ).
Tn x khng n hi (inelastic scattering) hay tn x khng kt hp (incoherent scatter-
ing) xy ra ch yu vng nng lng trung bnh (vi chc keV n vi MeV ), n cn
c gi l tn x Compton (Compton scattering).
Hiu ng quang in (photoelectric effect) ch yu vng nng lng thp v trung bnh.
Hiu ng to cp (pair production) xy ra vng nng lng t khong 1MeV tr ln, l
tng tc chnh vng nng lng cao trn 10MeV .
Hp th quang ht nhn (photonuclear absorption) xy ra vng nng lng cao trn
6MeV (nng lng lin kt trung bnh ca cc nucleon trong ht nhn), thng i km
vi vic pht neutron, proton, alpha hay cc photon khc, cc hin tng ny c gi l
quang phn r (photodisintegration hay phototransmutation). Ngoi ra, cc photon c nng
lng cao cn c th c hp th v gy ra phn ng phn hch vi cc ht nhn nng nh
uranium, plutonium,... cc hin tng c gi l s quang phn hch (photofission).
Hnh 1 trnh by s ph thuc ca tit din tng tc vo nng lng ca tia gamma ti. Nng
lng ca cc tia gamma c pht ra t nhng ng v phng x mi trng thng thng
nm trong khong t vi chc keV n di 3MeV . Trong vng nng lng ny, ch c cc
tng tc quang in, tn x Compton v hiu ng to cp l thnh phn ng gp v tham
gia ch yu vo vic to thnh tn hiu xung trong detector. Cc tng tc khc chng hn nh
1
Tn x n hi l tn x m nng lng ca ht ti trc v sau tn x khng thay i, cn tn x kt hp
l tn x m c tit din tn x bng bnh phng ca tng cc bin ca cc thnh phn ng gp (do tnh
n nh hng pha tng i). V mt bn cht, ngha vt l ca hai loi tn x ny l khc nhau, tuy nhin
i vi trng hp ca photon, hai khi nhim ny l tng ng nhau. Tng t nh vy, tn x khng n
hi c nng lng ht ti thay i sau tn x, cn tn x khng kt hp l tn x m c tit din bng tng cc
bnh phng bin ca cc thnh phn.
1
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
tn x Rayleigh khng lm mt nng lng photon m ch lm thay i hng ca ht, hay nh
tn x Thomson v hin tng hp th quang ht nhn c tit din tng tc bng khng s
c b qua.
(a) Carbon (b) Ch
Hnh 1: Tit din tng tc ton phn ca photon trong carbon v ch theo nng lng; cc
thnh phn ng gp bao gm (hiu ng quang in),
coh
(tn x kt hp),
incoh
(tn x
khng kt hp),
n
(to cp trong trng ht nhn),
e
(to cp trong trng electron) v
ph
(hp th quang ht nhn)
2 Tn x Thomson
Tn x Thomson l tn x n hi ca photon ln cc electron t do, n c th c xem nh
l tn x Compton (xem phn 4) vng nng lng thp vi nng lng photon ti nh hn
nhiu so vi khi lng electron h
0
m
e
c
2
. Nng lng photon khng thay i sau tn x
Thomson, tit din tng tc ca tn x c cho bi cng thc

Th

=
_
e
2
m
e
c
2
_
2
1 + cos
2

2
(1)
vi e l in tch ca electron, m
e
l khi lng electron v l gc tn x. Ly tch phn trn
ton b gc khi , ta thu c

Th
=
8
3
_
e
2
m
e
c
2
_
2
(2)
c trng quan trng nht ca tit din tn x Thomson l n khng ph thuc vo nng lng
photon ti. Lu rng tit din ny t l vi bnh phng bn knh electron c in (classical
electron radius) hay cn gi l bn knh Lorentz (Lorentz radius)

Th
=
8
3
r
2
e
(3)
2
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
vi
r
e
=
e
2
m
e
c
2
= 2.81794 10
13
[cm] (4)
Gi tr ca tit din tn x Thomson

Th
= 0.665 10
24
[cm
2
] = 0.665 [barn] (5)
3 Tn x Rayleigh
Tn x Rayleigh (hay cn gi l tn x kt hp coherent scattering) l qu trnh m photon
b tn x ln cc electron lin kt ca nguyn t m khng gy nn s ion ho hay kch thch
nguyn t, nng lng photon khng thay i sau tn x m ch b lch pha. Tn x ny xy ra
ch yu trong vng nng lng thp v vt cht c nguyn t s (atomic number) Z ln.
Hnh 2: Minh ha tn x Rayleigh
Tit din vi phn ca tn x Rayleigh l

Ra

= r
2
e
1 + cos
2

2
[F(q, Z)]
2
(6)
Trong l gc tn x, r
e
l bn knh electron c in v q l ln ca xung lng chuyn
(momentum transfer) c cho bi cng thc
q = 2(E/c) sin(/2) = (E/c)
_
2(1 cos ) (7)
F(q, Z) l tha s dng (form factor), c th c biu din di dng bin i Fourier (Fourier
transform) theo mt electron trong nguyn t (r). i vi cc nguyn t c dng i xng
cu th F(q, Z) c th c biu din theo cng thc sau
F(q, Z) = 4
_

0
(r)
sin(qr/)
qr/
r
2
dr (8)
vi (r) l mt electron v r l khong cch t electron n nhn.
3
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
Ta c tit din tn x Rayleigh ton phn trn mt nguyn t

Ra
=
_
d
Ra
d
d = r
2
e
_
(1 + cos
2
[F(q, Z)]
2
d(cos ) (9)
i vi cc photon c nng lng thp, tha s dng trong tch phn khng lch ng k so vi
gi tr F(0, Z) = Z, chng ta c

Ra

8
3
r
2
e
Z
2
(10)
i vi cc photon c nng lng cao, tit din t l nghch vi bnh phng nng lng photon
ti

Ra
E
2
(11)
4 Tn x Compton
Tn x Compton (hay cn gi l tn x khng kt hp incoherent scattering) l qu trnh
tng tc ca photon vi electron t do
2
trong photon truyn mt phn nng lng cho
electron v b lch i so vi hng ban u. Tn x Compton xy ra mnh vng nng lng
trung bnh, di nng lng xy ra hin tng tn x Compton ph thuc vo nng lng lin
kt ca electron trong nguyn t, chng hn nh t 150keV n 9MeV i vi germanium v
vng nng lng t 50keV n 15MeV i vi silicon.
Hnh 3: Minh ha tn x Compton
T nh lut bo ton nng lng v xung lng ta c mi quan h gia nng lng sau tn x
h, gc tn x v nng lng ban u h
0
(xem Hnh 4)
h =
h
0
1 +
h
0
m
e
c
2
(1 cos )
(12)
2
Khi nng lng photon ti ln hn nhiu so vi nng lng lin kt ca nguyn t th electron c th c
xem l t do.
4
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
Hnh 4: Tn x Compton
Nng lng truyn cho electron
E
e
= h
0
h = h
0
k
0
(1 cos )
1 + k
0
(1 cos )
(13)
vi k
0
= h
0
/m
e
c
2
v gc tn x ca electron c tnh theo cng thc
tan =
1
1 + k
0
cot

2
(14)
Hnh 5 trnh by phn b nng lng photon sau tn x v electron git li theo gc tn x.
i vi cc gc tn x rt nh ( 0

), nng lng electron gn nh bng 0, khi photon tn

x c nng lng gn bng vi nng lng ca photon ti. i vi gc tn x ln ( 180

),
electron git li c nng lng cc i v bng
(E
e
)
max
= h
0
2k
0
1 + 2k
0
(15)
Hnh 5: Phn b nng lng photon sau tn x v electron git li theo gc tn x vi nng
lng photon ti l 500keV
5
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
Cng thc tit din tn x vi phn ca tn x Compton theo Klein-Nishina
d
C
d
= r
2
e
1 + cos
2

2
1
[1 + h(1 cos )]
2
_
1 +
h
2
(1 cos )
2
(1 + cos
2
)[1 + h(1 cos )]
_
(16)
=
1
2
r
2
e
_
k
k
0
_
2
_
k
k
0
+
k
0
k
sin
2

_
(17)
vi k
0
= h
0
/m
e
c
2
v k = h/m
e
c
2
, hnh 6 trnh by phn b tit din theo gc tn x vi cc
gi tr nng lng photon ti khc nhau.
Hnh 6: Phn b tit din tn x theo gc tn x tnh theo cng thc Klein-Nishina vi cc gi
tr nng lng photon ti t 1keV n 10MeV
Ly tch phn phng trnh trn ta c cng thc tit din Klein-Nishina ton phn

C
= 2r
2
e
_
1 + k
0
k
2
0
_
2(1 + k
0
)
1 + 2k
0

ln(1 + 2k
0
)
k
0
_
+
ln(1 + 2k
0
)
2k
0

1 + 3k
0
(1 + 2k
0
)
2
_
(18)
i vi cc photon c nng lng thp (k
0
1), tit din tn x Compton c th xp x v tit
din tn x Thomson

C

Th
_
1 2k
0
+
26
5
k
2
0
+ . . .
_
(19)
i vi cc photon c nng lng cao (k
0
1), tit din tn x Compton c th xp x theo
cng thc

C

3
8

Th
1
k
0
_
ln(2k
0
) +
1
2
_
(20)
5 Hiu ng quang in
Hiu ng quang in l qu trnh tng tc gia photon v cc electron lin kt trong nguyn
t. Trong qu trnh tng tc ny, nng lng ca photon ti b electron hp th hon ton
v electron b bt ra khi lp v nguyn t, cc electron ny c gi l electron quang in
(photoelectron). Ngoi ra mt phn nh nng lng cng c truyn cho nguyn t git li
m bo s bo ton nng lng v xung lng. Hiu ng quang in ch xy ra khi nng lng
tia gamma ti ln hn nng lng lin kt ca electron trong nguyn t.
6
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
Hnh 7: Minh ha hiu ng quang in
Trong hiu ng quang in, nng lng git li ca nguyn t xem nh khng ng k, do
ng nng ca electron
T
e
= h
0
E
i
(21)
vi E
i
l nng lng lin kt ca electron tng i (i = K, L, M, . . . ).
Hiu ng quang in l mt knh tri ca tng tc photon vi vt cht vng nng lng
tng i thp. Tit din ca hiu ng quang in ph thuc ch yu vo nng lng ca tia
gamma ti v in tch Z ca ht nhn nguyn t. i vi nhng vt liu nng (Z ln) th xc
sut xy ra hiu ng quang in ln ngay c vi nhng tia gamma c nng lng cao. i vi
nhng vt liu nh th hiu ng quang in ch c ngha vi nhng tia gamma c nng lng
thp. Khng c cng thc th hin chnh xc cho xc sut xy ra hiu ng quang in, nhng
ta c th xp x tit din

pho

Z
4.5
(h
0
)
3
(22)
Trong khong nng lng gn vi nng lng lin kt ca electron trong nguyn t, c s xut
hin ca cc nh hp th ti cc gi tr nng lng hi cao hn nng lng lin kt ca electron
(xem Hnh 1). Bi v theo nh lut bo ton nng lng, cc mc nng lng thp hn nng
lng lin kt ca electron, photon khng th tham gia hiu ng quan in. Do khi nng
lng photon ti tng n cc mc tng ng vi nng lng lin kt ca electron theo th t
cc lp t ngoi vo trong, photon c th to ra thm cc tng tc quang in vi cc electron
lp ny v lm tit din tng tc tng vt.
Bn cnh vic to cc electron quang in, tng tc ny cn to nn cc nguyn t hp th
vi l trng l mt trong nhng tng lin kt ca n. L trng ny nhanh chng c lp y
bng cch bt mt electron t do trong mi trng hay to chuyn di t 1 electron tng khc
trong nguyn t. T mt hay nhiu cc tia X c trng (characteristic X-ray) s c to
ra (Hnh 7). Trong hu ht trng hp, cc tia X ny s b hp th tr li vo trong khi vt
cht thng qua hin tng hp th quang in, do c th xem nh ton b nng lng ca
photon b hp th trong vt liu xung quanh khu vc tng tc.
Ngoi ra, trong mt vi trng hp, nng lng tia X c th c chuyn cho mt electron khc
trong cng nguyn t v bt n ra khi lp v nguyn t. Hin tng ny c gi l hiu ng
Auger (Auger effect) v electron b bt ra c gi l electron Auger
3
(Hnh 8).
3
Cn phn bit gia electron Auger v electron ca qu trnh bin hon trong (internal conversion) vn l
qu trnh kh kch thch ca ht nhn bng cch pht ra mt electron lp v ca nguyn t (thng l electron
lp K). Trong nhiu trng hp s pht electron Auger v electron bin hon trong c s tung t nhau, c hai
7
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
Hnh 8: Minh ha s pht electron Auger
Electron Auger pht ra c ng nng nh hn nng lng tia X bi mt phn nng lng tht
thot do vic bt electron ra khi cc qu o lin kt K, L, M, . . . Hnh 9 trnh by s phn
b cng pht tia X lp K v electron Auger tng ng vi cc nguyn t s khc nhau. Ta
thy xc sut pht electron Auger ln i vi cc nguyn t nh, trong khi xc sut pht tia X
li ln i vi cc nguyn t nng.
Hnh 9: Phn b cng pht tia X c trng v electron Auger theo nguyn t s (Z) i
vi l trng lp K
6 Hiu ng to cp
Khc vi hp th quang in v tn x Compton, s to cp l kt qu do tng tc gia tia
gamma vi ton b nguyn t. Qu trnh ny din ra trong trng Coulomb ca ht nhn hoc
ca electron, kt qu l s bin i t mt photon thnh mt cp electron positron. Hiu ng
to cp ch chim u th vng nng lng cao trn 10MeV .
hin tng to cp xy ra, tia gamma phi c nng lng ti thiu bng khi lng ngh
ca hai ht, tc l 2m
e
c
2
= 1.022MeV . Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng, tia gamma s bin
mt trong trng Coulomb, sinh ra mt cp electron positron v truyn ton b nng lng
cho cp electron positron ny cng vi nhn nguyn t git li
h
0
= 2m
e
c
2
+ T
e
+ + T
e
+ T
A
(23)
u pht mt electron thay v tia X (trng hp electron Auger) hay tia (trng hp bin hon trong).
8
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
Hnh 10: Minh ha hiu ng to cp
vi T
e
+, T
e
, T
A
ln lt l ng nng ca positron, electron v nguyn t git li. Cc electron
v positron c to ra s mau chng c lm chm trong mi trng. Sau khi mt ht ng
nng, positron s kt hp vi mt electron to ra s hu cp, qu trnh ny s to ra hai tia
gamma vi cng nng lng 0.511MeV . Nhng tia gamma ny c th tip tc tng tc vi vt
cht hoc thot ra ngoi.
Tit din ca qu trnh to cp
p
t l vi bnh phng nguyn t s

p
Z
2
(24)
Xc sut ca hiu ng to cp tng i vi cc nguyn t c Z cao chng hn nh ch hay
uranium. Trong ch, xp x 20% s tng tc ca tia gamma 1.5MeV l hiu ng to cp, v t
l l 50% i vi tia gamma c nng lng 2MeV . i vi carbon th cc t l tng ng l 2%
v 4%.
Ngoi ra, bn cnh s to cp cn c s to ba (triplet production) trong trng electron khi
nng lng photon ti ln hn 4m
e
c
2
(Hnh 11). Khi photon s b mt nng lng hon
ton v sinh ra cp electron positron cng vi electron ca lp v nguyn t b tng tc bi
photon. Tuy nhin xc sut to ba kh nh so vi to cp, i vi cc nguyn t c Z ln xc
sut to ba l khong 1% cn i vi Z nh th xc sut l khong 10%.
Hnh 11: Minh ha hiu ng to cp v to ba
9
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
7 H s suy gim tuyn tnh
ghi nhn bc x gamma v c bit i vi s suy gim ca n trong mi trng, ba qu
trnh c ngha thc s l hp th quang in, tn x Compton v to cp. Ta cn quan tm
n xc sut xy ra cc qu trnh trn v th ta a vo i lng tit din tng tc ton
phn l tng tit din ca tt c cc cc qu trnh tng tc. Tit din ton phn vi m (tnh
trn 1 nguyn t vt cht)
=
pho
+
C
+
p
(25)
vi
pho
,
C
,
p
ln lt l tit din ca cc hiu ng quang in, tn x Compton v to cp.
Nhn tit din vi m vi s nguyn t N c trong 1cm
3
ta thu c h s hp th (absorption
coefficient) hay h s suy gim tuyn tnh (linear attenuation coefficient), l xc sut trn mi
cm tng tc xy ra
= N = N(
pho
+
C
+
p
) [cm
1
] (26)
H s hp th hay h s suy gim tuyn tnh m t s suy gim ca bc x gamma khi i qua
mi trng, n ph thuc vo tnh cht ca mi trng v nng lng ca tia gamma. Ngoi
ra, ta cn c th biu din h s suy gim theo cc i lng sau
Khi chia h s suy gim tuyn tnh cho mt vt cht (g/cm
3
), ta c h s suy gim
khi (mass attenuation coefficient)
=

[cm
2
/g] (27)
H s suy gim khi l i lng c phn no c bn hn so vi h s suy gim tuyn tnh
v n khng ph thuc vo khi lng ring ca vt liu v c th p dng cho bt k dng
no ca vt cht (rn, lng, kh). Cng thc h s suy gim khi i vi vt liu l hp
cht
=

i
w
i
(28)
vi
i
l h s suy gim khi ca nguyn t th i, v w
i
l trng s ca nguyn t th i.
Chm tia gamma cn c th c c trng bng qung ng t do trung bnh (mean
free path) , c nh ngha l khong cch trung bnh trong vt cht gia cc tng tc.
Gi tr ca n c tnh bng cng thc
=
_

0
t e
t
dt
_

0
e
t
dt
=
1

(29)
Trong thc nghim, xc nh h s suy gim tuyn tnh, ta chiu mt chm tia gamma song
song hp qua lp vt cht c b dy d (Hnh 13).
Cng ca chm tia s suy gim theo qui lut
I = I
0
e
d
(30)
vi I
0
l s photon n tm vt cht b dy d, v I l s photon c cng nng lng i qua lp
vt cht . Ngoi ra, xc nh h s suy gim khi (khng ph thuc vo khi lng ring
ca vt liu) ta c th thay th cc i lng bng / v d bng d..
10
ng Nguyn Phng Ti liu ni b NMTP
Hnh 12: Cc h s suy gim khi ca photon trong st
Hnh 13: Minh ha s truyn chm tia gamma song song hp qua lp vt cht c b dy d
Ti liu
[1] K. Debertin, R.G. Helmer, Gamma and X-Ray Spectrometry with Semiconductor Detector,
North-Holland, Amsterdam (1988).
[2] G.F. Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement, 3
rd
Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
New York (1999).
[3] S.Y. Lee, Topics in AcceleratorPhysics and Technology, Department of Physics, Indiana
University
http://physics.indiana.edu/~shylee/p672/
[4] G. Nelson, D. Reilly, Gamma Ray Interactions with Matter
http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/lib-www/la-pubs/00326397.pdf
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_scattering
11