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B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN

GIO TRNH M UN

THIT K VN M
M 01

NGH: SN XUT KINH DOANH


CY GING LM NGHIP
Trnh : S cp ngh

1
TUYN B BN QUYN
Gio trnh c bin son phc v mc ch o to ngh cho nng dn nn
cc thng tin trong gio trnh c th c php dng nguyn bn hoc trch dng
cho cc mc ch v o to v tham kho
Mi c ch khc mang tnh lch lc hoc s dng vi mc ch kinh
doanh thiu lnh mnh s b nghim cm.
M TI LIU: M 01

2
LI GII THIU
Trong nhng nm gn y, hot ng sn xut cy ging lm nghip gip
cho nhiu b con nng dn min ni xa c i, gim c ngho. Tuy nhin
vic sn xut cy ging ca b con cn nh, s dng ging khng r xut x,
khng ng k sn xut kinh doanh, thit k vn m cha p ng c yu cu
sn xut, sn xut ch yu da vo kinh nghim, cc k thut nhn ging tin tin
cha c p dng dn n cht lng, nng xut cy ging thp. T nhu cu thc
tin trn, vic bin son Gio trnh hng dn b con sn xut kinh doanh cy
ging lm nghip l ht sc cn thit.
c s h tr ca V T chc Cn b - B Nng nghip v Pht trin
Nng thn, Trng Cao ng ngh Cng ngh v Nng lm Ph Th tin hnh
bin son Gio trnh Sn xut kinh doanh cy ging lm nghip phc v cho
cc kho o to ngh trnh s cp v dy ngh di 3 thng, trc ht l cc
kho o to phc v cho n o to ngh cho lao ng nng thn n nm
2020.
Gio trnh m un Thit k vn m l gio trnh m un th nht trong
su gio trnh m un ca ngh Sn xut kinh doanh cy ging lm nghip. Gio
trnh c 02 bi, mi bi hc c chia lm 04 phn, c th l: mc tiu bi hc, ni
dung bi hc, cu hi v bi tp thc hnh, ghi nh. Cc bi dy c bin son
mt cch ngn gn, kt cu hp l gia l thuyt v thc hnh nhm cung cp
nhng kin thc, k nng v thit k vn m cho ngi hc.
Gio trnh c bin son bi mt nhm cc gio vin c kin thc, kinh
nghim v lnh vc sn xut cy ging lm nghip v nhn c rt nhiu kin
ng gp ca cc nh chuyn mn n t ba min ca t nc.Trong qu trnh
bin son nhm tc gi tin hnh bin son ni dung cc bi hc theo trnh t cc
bc thc hin cng vic ca ngh v lng ghp cc kin thc cn thit theo logc
hnh ngh.
Trong qu trnh bin son chng ti nhn c rt nhiu s gip ca
cc cn b khuyn nng ca cc tnh Tuyn Quang, H Giang, Lo Cai, Yn Bi,
Ph Th.
Mc d ht sc c gng, nhng do nhng nguyn nhn ch quan v khch
quan nn vic bin son cn nhiu thiu st, rt mong nhn c nhng kin
ng gp ca cc ng nghip, bn c Gio trnh c hon thin hn
Tham gia bin son
1. K s: L Th Tnh (ch bin )
2. Thc s: Dng Danh Cng
3. K s: Phm Hu Hn

3
MC LC
MC

TRANG

LI GII THIU .........................................................................................................2


MC LC ....................................................................................................................3
M UN: THIT K VN M ..........................................................................4
GII THIU M UN: ........................................................................................ 4
BI 1: GII THIU CHUNG V VN M ................................................. 4
Mc tiu: ............................................................................................................ 4
A. Ni dung ........................................................................................................ 4
B. Cu hi v bi tp thc hnh ......................................................................... 7
C. Ghi nh .......................................................................................................... 7
BI 2: THIT K VN M.......................................................................... 9
Mc tiu: ............................................................................................................ 9
A. Ni dung: ....................................................................................................... 9
B. Cu hi v bi tp thc hnh ....................................................................... 24
C. Ghi nh ........................................................................................................ 24
HNG DN GING DY M UN/MN HC ...............................................26
I. V tr, ngha, vai tr ca m un .................................................................... 26
II. Mc tiu ca m un ....................................................................................... 26
III. Ni dung chnh ca m un ........................................................................... 26
IV. Hng dn thc hin bi tp, bi thc hnh .................................................. 26
V. Yu cu v nh gi kt qu hc tp ............................................................... 28
VI. Ti liu tham kho.......................................................................................... 28

4
M UN: THIT K VN M
M m un: M 01
GII THIU M UN:
M un ny cung cp cho ngi hc c c nhng kin thc, k nng v
la chn a im t vn m v thit k cc cng trnh trong vn m.
vic hc tp c kt qu qu trnh ging dy nn kt hp gia thm quan
v hc tp
Vic nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc vin nn da vo qu trnh la chn
a im t vn m v thit k cc cng trnh trong vn m, kt hp vi vic
nh gi s thit k vn m ca hc vin
BI 1: GII THIU CHUNG V VN M
M bi: M1-01
Mc tiu:
Hc xong bi hc ny hc vin kh nng
- Trnh c khi nim v vn m
- Trnh by c tiu chun phn loi ca tng loi vn m trong thc t sn
xut.
- Nhn din c cc loi vn m trong thc t sn xut
A. Ni dung
1. Khi nim v vn m
Hin nay c nhiu cch hiu khc nhau v vn m, nhng chng ta c th
hiu vn m l ni trc tip din ra cc hot ng sn xut v bi dng cy
ging lm nghip (gm cc khu ch yu: lm t, to bu, gieo ht to ra cy m,
cy cy, o bu, chm sc v.v) m bo cht lng phc v k hoch trng
rng v dch v.
2. Phn loi vn m
Thng thng, da vo c im v yu cu sn xut ch yu, vn m
c phn thnh hai loi nh sau: (theo s ......)
- Theo tnh cht sn xut:
+ Thi gian
+Loi cy
+ Quy m
- Theo cch thc sn xut (k thut):

S CC LOI VN M
Tm thi
Thi gian

Theo
tnh cht
sn xut

Di chuyn hng nm

Lu di

C nh nhiu nm

Chuyn nghip

Cho mt vi loi cy

Loi cy

CC
LOI
VN
M

Tng hp

Cho nhiu loi cy

Ln v va

Ln hn 0,5 3 ha

Quy m
Nh

Theo
cch
thc sn
xut

K thut

Nh hn 0,5 ha

Nn thm nc

Nn t (lung nn mm)

Nn khng thm
nc

Nn xy hoc nn nilon
(Lung nn cng)
Nn gin, gi (lung nn
treo)

Nn treo

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2.1. Theo ngun ging chia ra;
Theo ngun vt liu ging chia ra:
a) Vn m hu tnh: l loi vn m to cy con t ht ging.
b) Vn m v tnh: l loi vn m to cy con bng bin php gim hom,
nui cy m, chit ghp t cc vt liu ging v tnh.
2.2. Theo k thut chia ra:
a) Vn m to cy con r trn trn nn t thm nc: l loi vn m to ra
cy con c m trc tip trn lung t.
b) Vn m to cy con c bu trn nn t thm nc: l loi vn m to ra
cy con c gieo m trong bu t dinh dng xp trc tip trn lung t.
c) Vn m to cy con c bu trn nn cng khng thm nc: l loi vn m
to ra cy con c cy trong bu t xp trong b xy khng thm nc, c th
ch ng iu chnh lng nc dinh dng trong b.
d) Vn m to cy con trn gi v khay bu cng: l loi vn m to ra cy
con khng c v bu mm, thay vo l v bu nha cng c th dng nhiu ln.
Thnh phn rut bu khng phi l t, thay vo l cc cht hu c (cnh l,
rm r, v cy) c x l kh c v ln men. Khng s dng lung t
hoc b xy, cc khay bu c xp trn gi cch khi mt t.
2.3. Theo quy m chia thnh 3 loi:
a) Vn m nh: din tch di 0,5 ha v/hoc cng sut di 500.000 cy/nm
b) Vn m trung bnh: din tch t 0,5-1,0 ha v/hoc cng sut t 500.000
1.000.000 cy/nm.
c) Vn m ln: din tch trn 1,0 ha v/hoc cng sut ln hn 1.000.000
cy/nm
Din tch, cng sut ca tng loi vn m c quy nh ghi bng 1
Bng 1. Quy m vn m
Vn m t ht

Vn m t hom

TT

Quy m

Din tch
vn (ha)

Cng sut (triu


cy tiu
chun/nm)

Din tch
vn (ha)

Cng sut (triu


cy tiu
chun/nm)

Nh

Di 0,5

Di 0,5

Di 0,70

0,1 n 0,5

Trung bnh

0,5 n 1,0

0,5 n 1,0

0,7 - 1,5

0,5 n 1,0

Ln

Trn 1

Trn 1,0

Trn 1,5

Trn 1,0

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Din tch quy nh bng 1, tnh cho vn m t ht to cy tiu chun
di 1 nm tui v lin canh (khng lun canh). Cch tnh din tch vn m v
cc khu t sn xut theo cc yu cu k thut c th cho vn m t ht trn 1
nm tui, lun canh v vn m t hom di 6 thng tui, khng lun canh, theo
ph lc 1 km theo tiu chun ny.
2.4. Theo thi gian s dng chia ra 3 loi:
a). Vn m tm thi:
b). Vn m bn lu di:
c). Vn m lu di: thi
Thi gian s dng ca tng loi vn m c quy nh ghi bng 2
Bng 2: Thi gian s dng vn m
Loi vn m

Thi gian s dng

Tm thi

Di 3 nm

Bn lu di

T 3 n 10 nm

Lu di

Trn 10 nm

Tiu chun phn loi vn m trn quy nh nhng nguyn tc v yu


cu k thut p dng cho cc loi vn m to cy con t ht ging hoc t hom
n khi tiu chun em trng.
B. Cu hi v bi tp thc hnh
Bi tp thc hnh s 1: Hy xc nh loi vn m ca mt vi c s sn xut
theo cc tiu ch phn loi hc?
C. Ghi nh
- Vn m l ni din ra cc hot ng sn xut v bi dng cy ging lm
nghip m bo cht lng phc v k hoch trng rng v dch v.
- Phn loi vn m
+ Theo ngun ging chia ra;
Vn m to cy con t ht
Vn m to cy con t hom
+ Theo k thut chia ra:
Vn m to cy con r trn trn nn t thm nc
Vn m to cy con c bu trn nn t thm nc
Vn m to cy con c bu trn nn cng khng thm nc
Vn m to cy con trn gi v khay bu cng:

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+ Theo quy m chia thnh 3 loi:
Vn m nh
Vn m trung bnh
Vn m ln
+ Theo thi gian s dng chia ra 3 loi:
Vn m tm thi
Vn m bn lu di
Vn m lu di

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BI 2: THIT K VN M
M bi: M1- 02
Mc tiu:
Hc xong bi hc ny hc vin kh nng
- Trnh by c khi nim v vn m
- Trnh by c tiu chun ca tng loi vn m trong thc t sn xut
- Thit k c cc loi vn m ph hp vi thc t sn xut
A. Ni dung:
1. La chn a im t vn m
sn xut cy con c hiu qu, vn m cn phi m bo cc yu cu
sau:
1.1.V tr t vn m.
+ Vn m phi c v tr t thun li v giao thng, bng phng khng b ng
nc, cch ni tiu th cy ging trong phm vi bn knh 100km l tt nht i vi
vn m c nh, < 50km i vi vn m tm thi ( i vi vn m tm
thi cng gn ni trng rng cng tt).
+ Vn m phi t ni c iu kin kh hu ph hp vi yu cu sinh thi ca
cc chng loi cy ging, trnh c cc yu t thi tit bt thun nh: Gi rt
sng mui hoc nhit qu cao.
1.2.Yu t t ai.
Khu t xy dng vn m phi bng phng, c dc nh hn 50 v tiu
thot nc tt. Phi thun li ly t lm bu, t lm bu l t tht nh hoc tht
trung bnh c kt cu tt, tng canh tc dy, mu m, c kh nng gi nc v
thot nc tt.
1.3. Yu t ngun nc.
C ngun cung cp nc ti cho c cc thng trong nm, m bo yu
cu v cht lng. Nc ti khng c nhim phn, mn, cc cht thi cng
nghip hoc cc ha cht bo v thc vt qu ngng cho php.
1.4. Ngun cung cp in.
Trong qu trnh sn xut cy ging cn dng n in chy mt s loi my mc
nh my bm, in thp sng do a im t vn m phi c ngun cung
cp in

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Bng 3: Tiu chun iu kin vn m
Ch tiu

Thch hp

Chp nhn c

i tng p
dng

1. Ngun
nc ti

Cch vn < 20m,


ti ma kh

Cch vn < 50m, o


thm ging ti ma
kh

Tt c cc loi
vn m

2. Cht lng
nc ti

Nc ngt, PH 6,57,0, hm lng mui


NaCl < 0,2%

Nc ngt, PH 6,07,5, hm lng mui


NaCl < 0,3%

Tt c cc loi
vn m

3. Ngun in Cung cp , u (in


p v n nh)

Ngun in yu c th
khc phc bng my n
p t ng

Vn m trung
bnh, ln, bn lu
di, lu di

4. Giao thng

Cch trc giao thng <


50m, xe ti 5,7 tn c
th vo vn, khng
phi u t xy dng
ng

Cch trc giao thng <


Vn m ln,
100m, xe ti 2,5 tn c
trung bnh, bn
th vo vn, phi u t lu di
t sa ng

5. thot
nc

Sau cn ma nc tiu
thot ngay

Sau cn ma nc ng
khng qu 3-4 gi trong
ngy

Tt c cc loi
vn m

6. dy
tng t mt

> 50cm

> 30cm

Vn ging ly
hom
Khu lun canh

7. Thnh phn Tht trung bnh

Tht nh n st nh

Vn ging ly
hom
Khu lun canh

8. Mm mng Khng c mm mng


su bnh hi
su bnh hi. Khng
ca t
phi x l t

C mm mng su bnh
hi nh.
Phi x l t bng bin
php thng thng, t tn
km, khng nhim mi
trng

2. Thit k cc cng trnh trong vn m

Tt c cc loi
vn m

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2.1. Nh kho, ng bu
- Nh kho, ng bu nn t v tr khng che khut nh sng mt tri ti lung
gieo hoc lung cy con
- Nh kho nn c ca kha cha phn bn, thuc tr su, ti bu v nhng loi
dng c khc nh bnh phun, cuc xng, x chu...vv ca vn m.
- Nh ng bu xy tng bao 3 pha lm ni cha t rut bu v t cha vi
khun c ch. y cng l ni cng nhn ngi ng bu
- Ty thuc vo iu kin sn xut, loi vn m m chng ta tin hnh xy dng
nh kho, ng bu tm thi hay lu bn

Hnh 1: Hnh nh nh kho trong vn m

Bng 4: Tiu chun k thut nh kho v nh ng bu trong vn m


Hng mc

Yu cu k thut

i tng p
dng

1. Nh kho
- Khng lu bn Nn nh bng gch hoc xi mng bng phng.
Khung nh bng g, cao 2 - 2,5m
Tng, vch ngn xy gch

Vn m t ht,
t hom, nh, tm
thi

Mi lp bng tm lp phi br xi mng (nh cp


4)
- Lu bn

Nn nh xy gch, bng phng

Vn m t ht,
Nh kin c (mi bng, b tng) cao 2 - 2,5m. C t hom, nh, tm
thi

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my iu ha nhit , m .
2. Nh ng
bu
- Khng lu bn Nn nh bng t nn
Khung nh bng tre, g nh, chiu cao 2-3m (t
nn n x)

Vn m t ht,
t hom, nh, tm
thi

Mi nh lp rm r, c tranh, l c, tre na an.


Tng quanh nh. Phn tre na an, cao 1 - 2m.
- Lu bn

Nn nh xy gch, bng phng

Vn m t ht,
Khung nh bng g, cao 2,5 - 3m (t nn n x). t hom, trung
bnh, ln, bn lu
Mi lp bng tm lp phi br xi mng
di, lu di
Tng xung quanh xy gch cao 1 - 2m.

2.2. Lung sn xut cy con


Khu vc lung gieo m ht:

Hnh 2: Hnh nh lung m ht trong vn m

Khi thit k vn m, nn dnh mt din tch nht nh xy dng lung


m ht, lung m ht nn b tr gn vn phng tin theo di.
Lung gieo ht b tr theo hng ng ty, nhm to iu kin cho cy con
c kh nng tip cn nh sng mt tri c nhiu nht.
Khu vc lung cy nn cng:

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L lung nn lng b tng v c xy g bao quanh, c l thot nc ng
m c, nn lung phi c lng phng v hi dc v pha l thot nc, tho
c kit nc. G lung nn xy bng gch cao 10 - 12 cm v trt va xi mng
cn thn. Ty theo a hnh c th ca ni t vn m m xy lung di ngn
khc nhau. Mt lung bnh thng c kch thc 10m di x 1 mt rng c th xp
c 4.500 bu cy vi ng knh bu 4,5 cm. Lung cy nn xy thnh tng cm
4 -5 lung, cc cm cch nhau 1,5 mt v gia cc lung cch nhau khong 50 cm
l ph hp trong qu trnh sn xut cy con.

Hnh 3: Hnh nh lung nn cng trong vn m

Khu vc lung cy nn mm:


Lung nn mm cng c xy dng theo kch thc nh nn cng, di 10
mt, rng 1 mt. G bao quanh lung c th lm bng khung g, an bng tre na
thm tr bng , gch gi cho bu cy cy khng b , hoc nn lung lm
thp hn mt vn khong 5 - 7 cm.

Hnh 4: Hnh nh lung m nn mm trong vn m

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Tiu chun k thut h thng lung v gin che gieo m cy thc hin theo
quy nh bng 5.
Bng 5: Tiu chun k thut cc loi lung v gin che gieo m cy
Ch tiu

Nn thm nc (nn mm)

Nn khng thm
nc (nn cng)

Lung t

Lung bu

B nui cy

100 - 120

100 - 120

100 - 120

Chiu di (m)

8 - 10

8 - 10

8 - 10

Chiu cao (cm) mt lung


n chn lung

10 - 20

10 - 20

10 - 20

110 - 130

110 - 130

110 - 130

p t xung quanh
dy 3 - 5cm, hoc
xy gch ch dy
5cm

5 - 10

Chiu rng mt lung


(cm) khng ph b

Chiu rng chn lung


(cm)
Chiu dy thnh lung
(cm)
Chiu cao g lung (cm)

3,5

3,5

Chiu rng ca khe xung


quanh y pha trong b
(cm)

2-3

Chiu su ca khe xung


quanh y pha trong b
(cm)

1-2

Chnh cao gia nn chn


lung v rnh i (cm)

5 - 10

5 - 10

5 - 10

Nn y

Nn t, sch
c, bng
phng,
chnh cao gia
ch cao nht
v thp nht
ca nn < 1cm

Nn t, sch c,
bng phng,
chnh cao gia ch
cao nht v thp
nht ca nn < 1cm

Nn xy gch hoc
gch v trn xi
mng va, khng
thm nc, bng
phng, chnh cao
gia ch cao nht v
thp nht < 0,5cm

Chiu rng li i gia cc


lung (cm)

30 - 40 nn t

30 - 40 nn t

30 - 40 xy gch hoc
gch va xi mng

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Gin che nng
* Khung
* Mi che

i tng p dng

St hn, ct bng
Tre, g nh,
st, cao 2 - 2,5m,
cao 1,8 - 2,2m
chn ct b tng

St hn, ct st cao 2
- 2,5m, chn ct
b tng

Phn tre na
an, che 50 70% nh sng

Mi bng, an bng
st f6 - 8 ph ni
lng, che 50 - 70%
nh sng

St f6 - f8, ph li
ni lng che 50 - 70%
nh sng

Vn m
nh, tm thi

Vn m trung
bnh ln, bn lu
di

Vn m ln, trung
bnh, lu di

Tiu chun cc loi lung gieo cy quy nh bng 5 p dng cho trng
hp lung ni. nhng ni c iu kin kh hn hoc c bit khc phi lm
lung chm hoc lung bng c th tham kho vn dng cho ph hp.
2.3. ng i li trong vn m
- ng i li trong vn m c thit thun tin cho mi hot ng sn xut
trong vn
- H thng ng trong vn m gm:
+ ng trc chnh l ng vn s dng cho cc phng tin c gii vn
chuyn vt t, cng c dng c, my mc thit b phc v cho qu trnh sn xut
+ ng nhnh (ng phn khu) l ng phc v cho cng tc vn chuyn vt
t, thit b, cng c dng c bng cc phng tin vn chuyn th s.

Hnh 5: H thng ng i trong vn m

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Tiu chun k thut h thng ng i trong vn m c thc hin theo
quy nh bng 6.
Bng 6: Tiu chun k thut ng i trong vn m
Hng mc
H thng
ng Khng
lu bn

Yu cu k thut

i tng p dng

ng t cho tt c cc loi ng trong vn


m:

Vn m nh tm
thi

ng chnh rng 2 - 2,5m xe ci tin i li


ng phn khu rng 0,5 - 1m cho ngi i b

H thng
ng Lu bn

ng chnh ri cp phi rng 3 - 4m xe ti


5 - 7 tn i li.
ng phn khu ri dm rng 2 - 2,5m
ngi, xe ci tin i li
ng chnh: b tng, , hoc nha rng 3 4m xe ti 5 - 7 tn i li
ng phn khu xy gch ch, gch vn va
xi mng rng 2 - 2,5m xe ci tin i li

Vn m trung
bnh, ln, bn lu
di

Vn m trung
bnh, ln, bn lu
di

2.4. H thng ti tiu.


a. H thng ti
- H thng ti phi m bo nc c dn n khp ni trong vn m. Cn
phi xy dng h thng cung cp nc c nh v h thng cung cp nc linh hot
phc v ti cy trong vn m.
- H thng ti nc trong vn m chia lm cc b phn sau:
+ Ngun cung cp nc: Ngun cung cp nc cho vn m c th l sng, sui
hoc ging khoan, o..
+ B cha: B cha thng c b tr v tr cao nht trong vn m c th
s dng p lc dn nc n mi ni trong vn m. Quy m ca b cha ln
hay nh ty thuc vo quy m ca vn m, loi cy nh sn xut, ti chnh..

17

Hnh 6: B cha nc trong vn m

+ My bm: l b phn ng lc y nc ht, y nc t b cha qua h thng


ng dn n cc v tr sn xut trong vn m

Hnh 7: My bm nc trong vn m

+ H thng ng dn nc n cc lung sn xut cy con, nh gim hom: H thng


ng dn nc ny cn c lp t sao cho nc n u lung sn xut. H thng
dn nc c hai loi h thng dn nc c nh c lm bng ng thp hoc nha
v h thng khng c nh c lm bng cc ng nha

18

Hnh 8: H thng dn nc c nh trong vn m

Hnh 9: H thng dn nc khng c nh trong vn m

+ Vi ti: Ty thuc vo yu cu sn xut m chng ta s lp t h thng vi


phun khc nhau. Vi phun c cc loi sau: phun sng v vi nc bnh thng.

Hnh 10: Vi nc bnh thng trong vn m

19

Hnh 11: Vi phun sng trong vn m

Tiu chun k thut h thng cp nc c thc hin theo quy nh bng 7.


Bng 7: Tiu chun k thut h thng cp nc vn m
Hng mc
Ngun nc

Loi tm thi
Ngun nc mt t tiu
chun (sng sui, h ao)
hoc ging o.
Phng php Th cng ( doa, thng
cp nc
ti, bnh phun tay) hoc
my bm y nc vo
b cha t trn mt t.
ng dn
ng dn cao su hoc
nha
mm hoc ng
nha cng lp vi t
chy.
B cha
Xy gch trt va xi
mng

Loi lu bn
Ngun nc mt t tiu chun (sng
sui, h ao) hoc ging khoan qua
x l.
My bm y nc ln b cha trn
cao hoc lp t h thng iu khin t
ng phun.
ng dn nha chu lc hoc ng km
c lp cc u pp phun hoc thit b
iu khin t ng phun.
Xy gch, xi mng ct thp c h thng
x l nc (nu cn) hoc b inox.

b. H thng thot nc:


H thng thot nc trong vn m thng c thit k cnh hng ro,
ng i li trong vn m di dng cc knh thot nc
Tiu chun k thut h thng thot nc c thc hin theo quy nh
bng 8.

20
Bng 8: Tiu chun k thut h thng thot nc
Hng mc

Yu cu k thut

H thng tiu Mng bao quanh vn m, chiu rng 30 thot nc lu 50cm, su 20 - 30cm, dc 2 - 3%
bn
Mng bao quanh cc khu ca t c sn xut,
dc hai bn ng trong vn m, chiu rng
20 - 30cm, su 10 - 20cm, dc 1 - 2%.

i tng p
dng
Vn m trung
bnh, ln, bn lu
di, lu di

Xy gch xi mng, c cng chm thng qua ng


thot nc
H thng tiu Mng bao quanh vn, xung quanh cc khu, dc
thot nc
theo hai bn ng trong vn m, chiu rng
khng lu bn 20 - 30cm, su 10 - 20cm (mng t khng xy)

Vn m nh
tm thi

2.5. Nh gim hom


- V tr nh gim hom bng phng
- B tr kiu nh gim hom mi vm bng li nilon mu en, ct ko bng g
hoc tre, st

Hnh 12: Nh gim hom

21
Tiu chun k thut nh gim hom c thc hin theo quy nh bng 9.
Bng 9: Tiu chun k thut nh gim hom

Hng mc

Loi khng lu bn
Loi lu bn
Ct bng g hoc tre ngm Bng thp hn hoc bulng xit
Khung nh
cao 2,2 - 2,5m
cht, chiu cao 2,5-3,0m (n x),
ct bng st chn b tng
Li nilon en hoc phn na Mi chy che ma bng tm nha,
Mi che
an che 50% nh sng.
bn di cao 2,2-2,5m che
li nilon en, li d di ng
iu chnh nh sng.
Tng vch Quanh nh quy phn na Quanh nh quy tm nha hoc
xung quanh
hoc li nilon cao 1 - 1,5m. li nilon cao 2,2-2,5m.
Bng 10- Tiu chun k thut lung gim hom
Ch tiu
B rng mt lung
Chiu di mt lung
Thnh lung
Lng lung
Rnh lung

Yu cu k thut
100 cm
8 - 10 m
Xy gch xung quanh lung dy 5 cm, cao 10-15cm, nn
lung bng t thm nc.
Trong lng lung trng nu xp bu dinh dng nui cy
hom, hoc ct sch dy 10-15cm lm gi th gim hom.
C ly gia cc lung 40 - 50 cm, rnh i lt gch hoc xy
va xi mng, nn cao hn rnh 5-10 cm.

Bng 11- Tiu chun k thut lu gim hom


Ch tiu
Khung lu

Loi khng lu bn
Dng tre na un cong
hnh bn nguyt cm
trn lung gim hom,
cao 80 90 cm; c ly
gia cc thanh tre bn
nguyt 0,9 - 1,0m c
ging bng thanh tre.

Loi lu bn
Khung bng st =6-8mm hnh bn
nguyt hn thnh lng di 2m p ln
lung gim hom, im cao nht l 80
90 cm. C ly gia cc thanh st bn
nguyt l 0,9-1,0m c hn 4-5
thanh st.

22
Mi lu

H thng ti

Dng nilon mu trng


trong sut cng ph kn
khung lu gi m.
Ti phun sng th
cng bng bnh bm tay.
Hoc ti phun sng
bng my bm v h
thng ng dn nha.

Dng nilon mu trng trong sut


cng ph kn khung lu gi m.
Ti phun sng bng my bm v
h thng ng dn nha chu lc hoc
ng km t ni gia lung, cch u
1m c cc ng nh ln cao 30-40 cm
c lp pp phun. Lp h thng iu
khin phun t ng theo thi gian.

+ Vn cung cp hom

Cc vn m sn xut cy con bng phng php gim hom cn phi c


vn cung cp hom l ni tp hp cc dng v tnh tiu chun ly vt liu
hom cho sn xut cy con. Vic xy dng vn cung cp hom c thc hin theo
quy nh bng 12.
Bng 12- Tiu chun k thut vn cung cp hom

Ch tiu
V tr
Din tch
t ai
B tr dng v tnh
H thng ti

Yu cu k thut
Nm trong vn m hoc cch vn m 100m
Theo s dng v tnh sn xut, c ly gia cc cy 0,5 x
0,5m
Tng t dy 50cm, thnh phn c gii tht nh n tht
trung bnh, thot nc tt.
Mi dng phi c b tr ring r, c cm bin ghi tn
dng. Bin bng g hoc tn c sn ph, kch thc 30
x 40 cm.
Theo quy nh Bng 7

+ Khu m nui cy
Cy mm t khu gieo ht khi t tiu chun v cy m hoc cy hom gim
trong nh gim hom t tiu chun c cy vo bu chuyn ra cc lung chm
sc cho n khi xut vn. Cc hng mc trong khu m nui cy c thc hin
theo quy nh bng 13 v 14
Bng 13- Tiu chun k thut cc loi lung m nui cy
Ch tiu
Lung t
B xy
B rng mt lung
100 cm
100 cm
Chiu di lung
8 10 m
8 10 m
Chiu cao lung
10 20 cm
30 40 cm
Chiu rng chn lung
110-120 cm

23
Chiu cao g lung
Mt lung

3 5 cm
Bng phng, sch c, t
ti mn khng c ln
B rng ca rnh gia cc
40 - 50 cm, nn t
lung
Chiu dy thnh b
Chiu rng khe xung
quanh y pha trong b
Chiu su khe xung quanh
y pha trong b
Nn y b

40 - 50cm, xy gch hoc lng


va xi mng.
5 10 cm
2 3 cm
1 2 cm
Xy gch hoc lng va xi
mng, khng thm nc, bng
phng, c l thot nc.

Bng 14- Tiu chun k thut cc loi gin che cho khu m nui cy
Hng mc
Loi tm thi
Loi lu bn
Khung
Ct v khung mi bng g hoc tre Ct bng st cao 2,2-2,5m, chn
ngm, cao 1,8-2,0 m
ct b tng. Khung mi an
vung st =6-8mm
Mi che
Bng phn na an hoc phn c tranh Li nilon en

2.6. Hng ro v cng ra vo


Xung quanh vn phi b tr hng ro nhm bo v ngn cht s xm nhp
ca ng vt, con ngi t bn ngoi vo vn m ph hoi cy con.
Tng ro c th c l bng bng cy xanh, tng ro thp gai, tng
gch hoc l ch l con knh ngn cch.
Cn c vo thi gian s dng ca tng ro ngi ta chia ra lm tng ro
lu bn v khng lu bn
Tiu chun k thut ca cc loi tng ro c quy nh bng 15
Bng 15. Tiu chun k thut hng ro v cng vn m
Hng mc
Hng ro

Cng ra vo

Loi khng lu bn
Cc g hoc tre ngm, ro chn
bng cy tre hoc phn na.
Cao ti a 2m. Kt hp lm
hng ro xanh.
Tr cng bng g hoc tre
ngm. Cnh cng bng tre an
hoc kt hp dy thp gai an.
B rng cng bng ng ra
vo. Chiu cao ti a 2,0m.

Loi lu bn
Xy tng gch bao quanh cao ti
a 2 m. Hoc xy tr xi mng ct
thp, ro bng dy thp gai. C th
kt hp trng hng ro xanh.
Tr xy xi mng ct thp. Cnh
cng bng st thanh hn. B rng
cng bng ng ra vo. Chiu cao
ti a 3 m.

24

Hnh 13: Tng ro xy bng gch

Hnh 14: Tng ro lm bng thp gai

B. Cu hi v bi tp thc hnh
Bi thc hnh s 2; La chn a im t vn m
Bi thc hnh s 3: Thit k cc cng trnh trong vn m
C. Ghi nh
Tiu chun chn lp vn m:
+ Chn v tr vn m phi bng phng, gn khu vc trng rng cng tt
+ Chn ngun nc t nhin sch, cung cp trong bn ma
+ Chn t ng bu, gieo m ti ch hoc gn vn m l tt nht

25
Thit k cc cng trnh trong vn m:
+ Nu vn m sn xut cy hom th phi thit k nh gim hom trong
vn m, lm v tr khng nh hng n cc lung gieo m trong vn c
bit v nh sng.
+ Thit k kho cha t v cc dng c phi lm gc vn khng lm che
khut nh sng n cy.
+ Thit k h thng ti tiu trong vn m phi m bo ni ti n
c mi v tr trong vn m, khng b ng ngp khi gp ma.

26
HNG DN GING DY M UN/MN HC
I. V tr, ngha, vai tr ca m un
- y l m un khi u ca ngh sn xut kinh doanh ging cy lm nghip,
c ging dy u tin cho cc hc vin tham gia hc tp ngh sn xut kinh
doanh ging cy lm nghip
- M un ny cung cp cho hc vin nhng kin thc, k nng v thit lp vn
m sn xut kinh doanh cy ging lm nghip
II. Mc tiu ca m un
Kt thc m un ny ngi hc c kh nng:
- Trnh by c khi nim v vn m
- Trnh by c tiu chun ca tng loi vn m trong thc t sn xut
- Thit k c cc loi vn m ph hp vi thc t sn xut
- Thit k c cc loi vn m ph hp vi thc t sn xut
III. Ni dung chnh ca m un
M bi

Tn bi

Loi bi
dy

a im

M 01-01 Gii thiu chung L thuyt Lp hc


v vn m
M 01-02 Thit k vn Tch hp Vn m
m
Kim tra kt thc m un
Tng

Thi lng
Tng
s

L
thuyt

Thc
hnh

20

12

4
8

4
28

Kim
tra

* Ghi ch: Thi gian kim tra c tnh vo gi thc hnh.


IV. Hng dn thc hin bi tp, bi thc hnh
Bi tp thc hnh s 1: Hy xc nh loi vn m ca mt vi c s sn xut
theo cc tiu ch phn loi hc?
- Gi nh: Cc hc vin c hc v tiu chun k thut phn loi vn
m
- Ngun lc thc hin bi tp:
+ 2 vn m ti a phng.
+ Phng tin i li
+ Giy A4, bt
- Cch thc t chc thc hin:
+ Chia lp thnh cc nhm t 5-7 ngi.

27
+ Cc nhm quan st thu thp cc d liu thc t ca vn m
+ Xp loi vn m thuc loi no
+ Cc nhm a ra kin ca mnh v trao i a ra kt lun cui cng
- Thi gian thc hin bi hc ny: 3 gi
- Sn phm thc hnh v tiu chun: Danh sch cc loi vn m n thm v
xp loi ng theo tiu chun k thut phn loi vn m hc
Bi thc hnh s 2: La chn a im t vn m
- Gi nh:
+ Cc hc vin c hc v tiu chun la chn a im t vn m.
+ Loi cy d nh sn xut ging xc nh
- Ngun lc thc hin bi tp:
+ Hin trng chn a im t vn m
+ Phng tin i li
+ Giy A4, bt
- Cch thc t chc thc hin
+ Chia lp thnh cc nhm 5-7 ngi
+ Cc nhm thu thp cc thng tin v v tr, t ai, ngun nc, ngun cung cp
in..
+ Cc nhm xc nh v tr s t vn m
- Thi gian thc hin bi hc: 3 gi
- Sn phm thc hnh v tiu chun: V tr t vn m p ng c tiu ch k
thut c hc
Bi thc hnh s 3: Thit k cc cng trnh trong vn m
- Gi nh:
+ Cc hc vin c hc v tiu chun k thut ca cc cng trnh trong vn
m
+ a im t vn m c xc nh.
- Ngun lc thc hin bi tp:
+ Phng tin i li
+ Giy A0,
+ Bt d
- Cch thc t chc thc hin
+ Chia lp thnh cc nhm 5-7 ngi
+ Cc nhm thu thp cc thng tin v v tr, t ai, ngun nc, ngun cung cp
in v thit k cc cng trnh trong vn m
- Thi gian thc hin bi hc: 6 gi
- Sn phm thc hnh v tiu chun: S thit k cc cng trnh trong vn m

28
V. Yu cu v nh gi kt qu hc tp
Bi 1: Gii thiu chung v vn m
Tiu ch nh gi

Cch thc nh gi

Phn loi c vn m theo cc tiu ch Quan st qu trnh thu thp thng


phn loi
tin v xp loi vn m
Kim tra thc a
Bi 2: Thit k vn m
Tiu ch nh gi
La chn c a im t vn m p
ng c cc tiu chun k thut ca bng 3

Cch thc nh gi
Quan st, kim tra, nh gi

(Tiu chun iu kin vn m)


Thit k c s b tr cc cng trnh Quan st, kim tra, nh gi
trong vn m ng theo cc tiu chun k
thut c hc
VI. Ti liu tham kho
1/ Nguyn Quang , Nguyn Hu Vnh, 1998. Gio trnh Trng rng. Nh xut
bn nng nghip H Ni
2/ B Lm nghip nm 1992, Gio trnh K thut Lm sinh
3/ B Lm nghip nm 1992, K thut bo v rng
4/ Trng Cng nhn K thut Lm nghip I TW, 2000, Bi ging k thut Lm
sinh
5/ Trng Cng nhn k thut Lm nghip I TW, 2000, Qui trnh rn ngh Lm
sinh
6/ Trng Cng nhn K thut lm nghip IV TW, 1991. Gio trnh K thut lm
sinh.
7/ Trng i hc Lm nghip, 1990, Gio trnh Lm sinh (tp 1, 2)
8/ Thng tin trn mng Internet...

29
DANH SCH BAN CH NHIM CHNH SA
CHNG TRNH DY NGH TRNH S CP

(Km theo Quyt nh s 2949 /BNN-TCCB ngy 03 thng 11 nm 2010


ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn)
1. Ch nhim: ng Nguyn Thanh Sn - Ph hiu trng Trng Cao ng ngh
Cng ngh v Nng Lm Ph Th
3. Th k: ng Nguyn Xun Li - Trng phng Trng Cao ng ngh Cng
ngh v Nng Lm Ph Th
4. Cc y vin:
- ng Phm Quang Tun, Gio vin Trng Cao ng ngh Cng ngh v
Nng Lm Ph Th
- ng Nguyn Vn Ton, Nghin cu vin Vin Khoa hc k thut nng lm
nghip min ni pha Bc
- ng Nguyn Ngc Thy - Trng phng V T chc cn b, B Nng
nghip v Pht trin nng thn./.
DANH SCH HI NG NGHIM THU
CHNG TRNH, GIO TRNH DY NGH TRNH S CP

(Theo Quyt nh s 3495 /Q-BNN-TCCB ngy 29 thng 12 nm 2010


ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn)
1. Ch tch: ng Nguyn Cnh Chnh - Ph hiu trng Trng Cao ng ngh
Cng ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc
2. Th k: B o Th Hng Lan - Ph trng phng V T chc cn b, B
Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn
3. Cc y vin:
- ng Trn nh Mnh - Ph trng khoa Gio vin Trng Cao ng ngh
Cng ngh v Nng Lm ng Bc
- ng Phan Thanh Minh, Trng khoa Trng Cao ng ngh Cng ngh v
Nng Lm Nam B
- ng Nguyn K Tip - Chuyn vin Trung tm Khuyn nng Quc gia./.

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