Camnang LTDH 2013 2014

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Bin son:Thy L Trng DuyMobile:0978.970.754 Email: leduy0812@yahoo.com.vn - http://hocmaivn.com

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Bin son v ging dy : Thy L Trng Duy.
Gio vin trng PT (DL) Triu Sn - Thanh Ho.
Website http://hocmaivn.com
Email: leduy0812@yahoo.com.vn.
Lin tc t chc cc lp LTH C, CC LP 10, 11, 12.
Mi thc mc, yu cu m lp hc, chng trnh luyn thi, mua ti liu, ...
Lin h: 0978. 970.754.
(Min hc ph cho hc sinh lin h m lp hc mi, hc sinh kh khn, )

Bin son v ging dy : Thy L Trng Duy.
Gio vin trng PT (DL) Triu Sn - Thanh Ho.
Website http://hocmaivn.com
Email: leduy0812@yahoo.com.vn.
Lin tc t chc cc lp LTH C, CC LP 10, 11, 12; lp km ring;
lp cht lng cao (Lp bo m),...
Mi thc mc, yu cu m lp hc, mua ti liu, ...
Lin h: 0978. 970.754.
(Min hc ph cho hc sinh lin h m lp hc mi, hc sinh kh khn, )

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Li ni u

Mn hc vt l l mt trong nhng mn kh hc, nhiu hc sinh than phin gp nhiu kh khn
khi hc mn ny. Ngi ta c cu Kh nh L, b nh Hnh, linh tinh nh i . Mt khc, t nm
hc 2010, xu hng thi i hc mn Vt l mc kh ngy cng tng, hc sinh thng than
kh nhn nht.
Xut pht t nhu cu ca hc sinh lp 12, lp LTH, cc em rt cn c ti liu h thng ha
kin thc v phng php gii nhanh bi tp. Da trn kinh nghim nhiu nm lin tc dy lp A,
cc lp luyn thi H, ti bin son cun CM NANG N THI I HC CAO NG MN
VT L phin bn 2013 2014. Qua mi nm, ti liu s c chnh l, b sung cho ph hp vi
xu hng ra thi ca b, do vy cc bn nn cp nht c c phin bn mi nht.
y l ti liu tng hp h thng nhanh kin thc v phng php gii nn nhiu ni dng
c nu vn tt, rt gn. hiu bn cht bn c th tham kho thm cc ti liu khc ca
tc gi.
Trong cun ti liu ny, tc gi h thng kin thc v nu cng thc phng php gii
nhanh nhiu dng bi tp t mc r n kh. Vi cun ti liu ny, tc gi hy vng cc bn s
gip cc bn hc sinh t c kt qu cao trong cc k thi sp ti. Trong cun ti liu ny c tham
kho 1 s tc liu ca cc tc gi khc, cc ngun trn internet,..
Do thi gian v kh nng hn hp nn chc chn khng th trnh c nhng thiu st nht nh.
Rt mong nhn c s phn hi, gp . Lin h: Thy L Trng Duy Trng PT Triu Sn
Thanh Ha. Di ng: 0978. 970. 754. Email: leduy0812@yahoo.com.vn. Tham kho ti liu trn h
thng website ca tc gi: http://www.hocmaivn.com Mng hc tp, gii tr phc v cng ng!
Mc lc Trang
1. Mt s lu + mo hay khi lm bi thi H mn Vt L
2. B tr kin thc
3. Dao ng c.
4. Sng c.
5. Dng in xoay chiu.
6. Sng in t.
7. Sng nh sng.
8. Lng t nh sng
9. Ht nhn nguyn t..
10. Vi m n v m (Tham kho thm)

Li ng: hiu r bn cht v vn dng nhanh, hiu qu cun cm nang ny bn c
th n hc trc tip lp hc bi dng hoc t luyn thm cc ti liu sau:

1. Cm nang gii nhanh bi tp & Luyn thi H C.
2. Tuyn 789 cu hi l thuyt vt l luyn thi H C (H thng l thuyt v tuyn chn 789
cu trc nghim l thuyt).
3. Tuyn chn 24 chuyn luyn thi i cng (Phn loi cu hi trc nghim theo tng
chuyn + tuyn chn cu hi trong cc thi C H ca b GD T + 25 thi th
c bn ( Li gii chi tit tng cu)).
4. Tuyn chn 24 chuyn luyn thi cp tc mn Vt l (1440 cu trc nghim chn lc (Li
gii chi tit tng cu) + 07 tng hp ht chng).
5. Tuyn chn 54 thi th trng chuyn (Li gii chi tit).
6. Gii ton Vt l 12 ton tp (Phn dng v bi tp minh ha tng chuyn ).

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Vi hnh thc trc nghim, cc ni dung kin thc c cp trong thi rt rng, bao ph ton b
chng trnh Vt l 12, song khng c nhng ni dung c khai thc qu su, phi s dng nhiu php tnh
ton nh hnh thc t lun. Cc em ch cn nm vng kin thc v cc dng bi tp c bn trong SGK l c
th lm tt bi thi. Mun c nh vy, cc em hy ch hc hiu v nm tht chc l thuyt v luyn
tp cc dng bi tp c bn hnh thc t lun, t rt ra nhng nhn xt v ghi nh quan trng v tht
s b ch. Vic nng vi, ch lao ngay vo luyn gii cc trc nghim s lm cc em khng th nm c
tng th v hiu su c kin thc, bi mi cu hi trc nghim, vn c cp thng khng c
tnh h thng. Khi nm chc kin thc, cc em ch cn phi rn luyn k nng lm bi thi trc nghim,
iu ny khng tn qu nhiu thi gian
.* Li khuyn:
Nn chinh phc li nhng bi tp trong sch gio khoa (v c nhng vn v l thuyt), bi tp nng
cao sch bi tp, cc b thi t nhng nm trc. Chm ch gii nhiu dng , iu gip cho cc
em c thm kinh nghim c thi v cc k nng gii mt bi tp Vt l nhanh nht.
Hy gi li tt c cc v p n thi th tt c cc ni k c trn internet n vng n thi cui
trc khi thi i hc, cc em s lm li v lc s nh c nhiu kin thc qu bu. V rng:
* Mi mt thi th, d thi u i chng na, cng l kt qu ca nhng suy ngh, nhng cn nhc cn
thn v l s cht lc c nhng tinh ty ca cc thy gio, c gio.
* V vy, vic gi li cc m mnh thi, thm ch thu thp c nhng thi cc ni l mt vic lm cn
thit gip cc em hc tp, n thi c hiu qu hn v cho vic thi th l c ch.
* Sau khi thi xong, cc em khng nn xem ngay p n, m hy dnh mt khong thi gian trn tr, suy
ngm v nhng cu hi m mnh cn cm thy bn khon, ch no cha r th c xem li sch, ch no cn
khuyt v kin thc th cn hc li hoc c th hi cc gio vin dy mnh. Sau khi suy ngh k v tm li
gii cho cc cu hi theo cch ca ring mnh, cc em mi kim tra p n v xem hng dn gii ca
ban t chc. Lm nh vy l cc em ly mi ln thi l mt ln mnh hc tp v gip cc em ngm su
nhiu kin thc qu bu. y c th s l nhng ln hc tp rt c hiu qu nu cc em tn dng c.
1. Chun bj cho vic lm bi thi trc nghim.
Khi nm vng kin thc, cc em cn phi chun b sn nhng dng hc tp c php mang vo
phng thi nh bt mc, bt ch mm, thc k, com pa, ty ch, ... v tt nhin u c th s dng tt.
Ring v bt ch, cng c chnh lm bi trc nghim, cc em nn chn loi ch t 2B n 6B (tt nht nn
chn loi 2B), nn chun b t hai hoc nhiu hn hai chic c gt sn, ng thi cng cn d phng
thm mt chic gt bt ch. Cc em khng nn gt u bt ch qu nhn c bit khng nn s dng bt ch
kim, m nn gt hi t t (u bng hn), c nh
th mi gip vic t cc phng n tr li c nhanh v khng lm rch phiu tr li trc nghim. C nh
vy, cc Em mi tit kim c vi ba giy hoc hn th na 5 n 7 giy cho mt cu, v nh th, c 15
cu cc Em c th c thm thi gian lm c 1 hoc 2 cu na. Nn nh rng, khi i thi, thi gian l ti
quan trng.
tit kim thi gian, em nn chun b nhiu bt ch gt sn, hn ch ti a vic phi gt li ch trong
khi ang lm bi, khng nn s dng ty lin vi bt ch m nn s dng gm ty ri. Nu c th, cc Em
nn tp t th cc nh.
2. K nng khi lm bi thi trc nghim.
thi i hc gm c 50 cu, mi cu c 04 phng n la chn, trong ch c mt phng n duy nht
ng. Ton bi c nh gi theo thang im 10, chia u cho cc cu trc nghim, khng phn bit mc
kh, d (vi thi i hc, mi cu c 0,2 im), thi gian lm bi thi i hc l 90 pht. Cc em hy

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rn luyn cho mnh nhng k nng sau y:
Nm chc cc qui nh ca B v thi trc nghim: iu ny c hng dn k cng trong cc ti liu
hng dn ca B Gio dc & o to ban hnh, trong c qui ch thi.
Lm bi theo lt:
* c trc ton b : c tht nhanh qua ton b v lm nhng cu d trc; nh du nhng cu m
Em cho rng theo mt cch no th Em c th tr li chnh xc c cu hi .
* c li ton b bi kim tra ln th hai v tr li nhng cu hi kh hn...: Em c th thu thp c
mt s gi t ln c trc, hoc cm thy thoi mi hn trong phng thi.
* Nu c thi gian, hy c li ton b cu hi v phng n chn: Rt c th Em hiu sai ca
bi t ln c trc, hy fix cc cu bng cch s dng ty ng thi kim tra xem cc c t c lp
y din tch ch v m hay khng, nu qu m th khi chm my s bo li.
* Mo: Nn c t u n cui v lm ngay nhng cu m mnh cho l chc chn s lm ng, nh
du (trong ) nhng cu cha lm c, sau lp li lt th hai, ri lt th ba... Cc em khng nn
dng li qu lu mt cu trc nghim, s mt c hi nhng cu d hn, m im s th c chia u.
S dng ch v ty (gm):
Thi gian tnh trung bnh cho vic tr li mi cu trc nghim l 1,8 pht (d nhin cu d s cn t thi gian
hn, cn cu kh s cn nhiu hn). Khi lm bi, tay phi em cm bt ch t cc phng n tr li, tay
tri cm ty c th nhanh chng ty v sa phng n tr li sai. Phi nh rng, ty tht sch chn
nhm, bi v nu khng, khi chm, my s bo li
S dng phng php loi tr trn c s suy lun c l.
C th cc em s gp mt vi cu m bn thn cn phn vn cha bit phng n no chc chn ng. Khi
, cc em c th s dng phng php loi tr c c phng n tr li ph hp vi yu cu ca .
Trong nhiu trng hp, cc em tnh mt i lng no th c th loi tr 50:50 hoc loi ch cn 01
phng n ng
Tr li tt c cc cu (t may mn!):
Mi cu u c im, vy nn, b qua cu no l mt im cu . Khi gn ht thi gian lm bi, nu cn
mt s cu trc nghim cha tm c phng n tr li ng, cc em khng nn b trng, m nn la chn
ngu nhin phng n tr li (ci ny nu ni bnh dn l t li nhng c c s khoa hc! hay t theo
linh cm). Cch lm ny s gip cc em tng c c hi c thm im s, nu may mn phng n tr
li l ng, cn nu sai cng khng b tr im (ngoi tr trng hp b tr im m, m Vit Nam ta,
cha p dng!). Song, cc Em khng nn lm dng cch lm ny, v t l may mn l rt thp.
3. Cch tr li nhng cu hi kh (cu hi dang nh)
Loi tr nhng phng n m Em bit l sai: Nu c php, Em nh du ch sai hay b sung nhng
phn cn thit vo phng n ch r v sao n sai.
Hy kim tra tnh ng/sai ca mi phng n: Bng cch ny, Em c th gim bt cc la chn ca
Em v tin n la chn chnh xc nht.
Phi cn nhc cc con s thu c t bi ton c ph hp vi nhng kin thc bit khng. Chng
hn tm bc sng ca nh sng kh kin th gi tr phi trong khong 0,40 (m) n 0,76 (m). Hay tnh gi
tr lc ma st trt th hy nh l lc ma st trt lun vo khong trn di chc phn trm ca p lc.

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Nhng phng n bao gm nhng t ph nh hay mang tnh tuyt i.
Tt c nhng trn: Nu Em thy c ti ba phng n c v ng th tt c nhng trn u c kh
nng l p n chnh xc!
Mi i lng vt l cn cn c n v o ph hp na: ng vi vng t vng trn khi con s Em
tnhc trng khp vi con s ca mt phng n tr li no y.
Nhng phng n trng ging ging: C l mt trong s l p n chnh xc; chn p n tt nht
nhng loi ngay nhng p n mang ngha ging ht.
Hai ln ph nh: To ra mt cu khng nh c chung ngha vi cu c hai ln ph nh ri xem xt n.
Nhng phng n ngc nhau: Khi trong 4 phng n tr li, nu hai phng n m hon ton tri
ngc nhau, c l mt trong hai phng n l p n chnh xc!
u tin nhng phng n c nhng t hn nh: Kt qu s di hn, bao gm nhiu yu t thch hp
hn cho mt cu tr li.
Nu nh c hai p n u c v ng: So snh xem chng khc nhau im g. Ri da vo cu gc
bi xem phng n no ph hp hn.
Em phi cnh gic vi nhng cu hi yu cu nhn nh pht biu l ng hay sai. Lm n c cho
ht cu hi. Thc t c Em chng c ht cu vi tr li ri!
Cc Em c 2 cch tm p n ng:
* Cch th nht: Gii bi ton u bi a ra tm p s xem c ng vi p n th p n dng c.
* Cch th hai: Ta dng p n a vo cng thc m cc em bit th p n no a vo cng thc c
kt qu hp l l p n ng.
* Lu rng, nhc im ln nht ca cc Em khi lm bi l cc em thng hiu sai hin tng Vt
l, v vy dn n chn phng n tr li sai.
Vt l khc vi Ton hc v ch c mi lin h vi ton hc bng cc phng thc ca phng trnh nhng
c nhng thuc bn cht ca Vt l khng nm trong phng trnh ton. Phn ln cc em khng n
bn cht Vt l. Khc phc c iu ny cc em phi chu kh nghe Thy c gio ging bi, khi vn dng
kin thc hiu bn cht ca vn th cc em mi lm tt c bi.
Khi lm bi trc nghim Vt L, trc ht Em cn t cu hi v t c cc mc tiu sau sau y: Chun
xc cch gii/hng i/phn on ng + Nhanh Hon thnh tng cu trong thi gian ngn nht dnh
thi gian nhiu nht cho cc cu khc + Hon thin Phi bit cch trnh by y t iu kin xc nh
ca vic loi b nghim l hay gii thch y cu tr li ca mnh. Nhanh Hon thin thng i
song hnh vi nhau trong khi tr li cc cu hi trc nghim (trong bao gm c khu t vo trong phiu
tr li). Su tm

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BNG TM TT CNG THC LNG GIC V N V CA CC I
LNG THNG DNG TRONG VT L 12 LUYN THI H -C
1. n v o v gi tr cc cung
+
0
1 60' = pht, 1=60 (giy);
0
1 ( )
180
rad
= ;
180
1( ) rad
= ()
+ Gi l s o bng ca gc, a l s o tnh bng radian tng ng vi khi ta c php
bin i sau:
.
( )
180
a rad

= ;
180.a
= ()
+ i n v:
3 6 9 12 0 10
1 10 ; 1 10 ; 1 10 ; 1 10 ; 1 10 . mF F F F nF F pF F A m

= = = = = Cc n v khc
cng i tng t.
+ Bng gi tr lng gic cung c bit:

0
0
0
30
0
45
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
135
0
150
0
180
0
270
0
360
Gc

Gi tr 0
6

2
3

3
4

5
6

3
2

2
sin( ) 0 1
2

2
2

3
2

1
3
2

2
2

1
2

0 -1 0
os( ) c 1
3
2

2
2

1
2

0
-
1
2

-
2
2
-
3
2

-1 0 1
tan( ) 0
3
3

1
3
+
- 3
-1
-
3
3

0 0
cotan( ) +
3
1
3
3

0
3
3

-1
- 3
0 +
Cung i gc ( ; ) Cung b nhau ( ; ) Cung hn km nhau ( ; ) +
os(- ) os( ) c c =
sin( ) sin( ) =

tan( ) tan( ) =

os( - ) os( ) c c =
sin( ) sin( ) =
tan( ) tan( ) =

os( ) os( ) c c + =
sin( ) sin( ) + =

tan( ) tan( ) + =

Cung ph nhau: ( ; )
2
Cung hn km nhau
2
( ; )
2
+
os( - ) sin ( )
2
c
=

sin( ) cos( )
2

=

tan( ) cot ( )
2
an
=

cot ( ) tan( )
2
an
=

os( ) sin ( )
2
c
= +

sin( ) cos( )
2

= +

tan( ) cot ( )
2
an
= +

cot ( ) tan( )
2
an
= +

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2. Cc i lng vt l

Cc n v ca h SI
di m
Thi gian s
Vn tc m/s
Gia tc
2
/ m s
Vn tc gc rad/s
Gia tc gc
2
rad / s
Khi lng Kg
Khi lng ring
2
kg / m
Lc N
p sut hoc ng sut Pa
Xung lng kg.m/s
Momen ca lc N.m
Nng lng, cng J
Cng sut W
Momen xung lng
2
. / kg m s
Momen qun tnh
2
. kg m
nht Pa.s
Nhit K
in lng C
Cng in trng V/m
in dung F
Cng dng in A
in tr
in tr sut .m
Cm ng t T
T thng Wb
Cng t trng A.m
Momen t
2
. Am
Vecto t ha A/m
t cm H
Cng sng cd
Cc hng s vt l c bn
Vn tc nh sang
trong chn khng
8
3.10 / c m s =
Hng s hp dn
( )
11 3 2
6, 67.10 / . G m kg s
=
Gia tc ri t do
2
9, 8 / g m s =
S Avogadro
23 1
6, 020.10 mol

Th tch kh tiu
chun
( )
3
0
2, 24 / V m kmol =
Hng s kh 8, 314 / R J kmol =
Hng s
Boltzmann
23
1, 380.10 / k J kmol
=
S Faraday
8
0, 965.10 / C kg duongluong
i n v

n v chiu di
*
0 10
1 10 A m
=
* 1 n v thin vn(a.e) =
11
1, 49.10 m
* 1 nm nh sng =
15
9, 46.10 m
* 1 inso =
2
2, 54.10 m

* 1fecmi =
15
10 m

* 1 dm =
3
1, 61.10 m
* 1 hi l =
3
1, 85.10 m
Din tch
*
4 2
1 10 ha m =
* 1 bac=
28 2
10 m

Khi lng
* 1 tn =10 t = 1000kg
* 1 phun = 0,454kg
* 1 a.e.m= 1,66.
27
10 kg

(khi lng nguyn t)
* 1cara =
4
2.10 kg

Cng v cng sut
*1erg/s=
7
10 W

* 1 m lc = 736W
* 1 kcal/h= 1,16W
* 1 calo(cal) = 4,19J
* 1 W.h = 3,6.10
3
J

p sut
* 1 dyn/cm
2
=0,1 Pa
* 1atm =
5
1, 01.10 Pa
*
2
1 / 9,81 kG m Pa =
*1 133 mmHg Pa =
*
2 4
1 1 / 9,18.10 at kG cm Pa = =
Cch c tn mt s i lng VL
A :anpha
B : beta
: Gamma
: enta
: epxilon
: zeta
: T t
: fi
: ta
: tta
: nuy
: muy
: lamda
: kxi
: khi
: omega
: ipxilon
: xicma
: r
: pi
: omikron
: kappa
: ita

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3. Cc hng ng thc lng gic

2 2
2
2
2
2
sin ( ) os ( ) 1.
tan( ).cot ( ) 1.
1
1 cot ( ).
sin ( )
1
1 tan ( ) .
cos ( )
c
an
an

+ =
=
+
+ =

4. Cng thc bin i lng gic
a. Cng thc cng
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
os(a+b) cos( ) cos sin sin ; os(a-b) cos( ) cos sin sin ;
sin(a+b) sin( ) cos sin cos ; sin(a-b) sin( ) cos sin cos ;
tan tan tan tan
tan( ) ; tan( ) ;
1 tan . tan 1 tan . tan
c a b a b c a b a b
a b b a a b b a
a b a b
a b a b
a b a b
= = +
= + =
+
= + =
+

b. Cng thc nhn i, nhn ba
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
3
3
2
cos 2 cos sin 2cos 1 1 2sin ;
sin 3 3sin 4sin ;
sin 2 2sin cos ;
cos 3 4cos 3cos ;
2 tan
tan 2 ;
1 tan
a a a a a
a a a
a a a
a a a
a
a
a
= = =
=
=
=
=

c. Cng thc h bc
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
cos ; sin ;
2 2
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
tan ; cot
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
a a
a a
a a
a an a
a a
+
= =
+
= =
+

d. Cng thc tnh sin( ) , os( ) c , tan( ) theo tan( )
2
t

=
2
2 2 2
2 2 1
sin( ) ; tan( ) ( , ); cos( ) ;
1 1 2 1
t t t
k k Z
t t t

= = + =
+ +

e. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
cos .cos cos cos ;
2
1
sin .sin cos cos ;
2
1
sin cos sin sin ;
2
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
= + + (

= + (

= + + (

f. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
cos cos 2cos cos ;
2 2
sin sin 2sin cos ;
2 2
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
+ | | | |
+ =
| |
\ \
+ | | | |
+ =
| |
\ \

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos cos 2sin sin ; sin sin 2cos sin ;
2 2 2 2
a b a b a b a b
a b a b
+ + | | | | | | | |
= =
| | | |
\ \ \ \

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9
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
sin sin
tan tan ; tan tan ; ,
cos cos cos cos 2
a b a b
a b a b a b k
a b a b
+
| |
+ = = +
|
\

5. Phng trnh v h phng trnh
a. Cc cng thc nghim pt c bn:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
sin sin cos cos 2
2
tan tan cot cot
x k
x a x a x k
x k
x a x k an x a an x k

+
= +
= = = = = +
= +
= = = + = = = +

b. Phng trnh bc nht vi sin v cos
Dng phng trnh asin(x)+bcos(x)=c (1) vi iu kin
2 2 2 2 2
0; a b c a b + +
Cch gii; chia hai v ca (1) cho
2 2
a b + ta c ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c
sin x cos x
a b a b a b
+ =
+ + +

Ta t
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
a
cos
b
sin
a b
a b
ta c phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
cos .sin sin . os sin 2
c c
x c x
a b a b
+ = + =
+ +

Gii (2) ta c nghim.
c. Phng trnh i xng:
Dng phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) {cos sin } sin . os 1 , , a x x b x c x c a b c R + + =
Cch gii: t ( ) ( ) cos sin 2 os ; 2 2
4
t x x c x t
| |
= + =
|
\

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1
1 2sin cos sin cos
2
t
t x x x x

= + = th vo (1) ta c phng trnh:
( )
2
2
1
. . 2 2 0
2
t
a t b c bt at b c
+ = + + =
Gii v so snh vi iu kin t ta tm c nghim x.
Ch : Vi dng phng trnh: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) {cos sin } sin . os 1 , , a x x b x c x c a b c R + = ta cng c th lm
nh trn nhng vi ( ) ( ) sin os 2 os ; 2 2
4
t x c x c x t
| |
= = +
|
\

d. Phng trnh ng cp
Dng phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
sin os sin cos 0 a x bc x x c x + + =
Cch gii:
1
b xt vi trng hp cos(x)=0

1
b vi cos( ) 0
2
x x k
= + ta chia c hai v ca (1) cho ( )

2
cos x ta c phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2
tan tan 0 a x b x c + + = t t=tan(x) ta gii phng trnh bc 2:
2
0. at bt c + + =
Ch : Ta c th xt trng hp sin( ) 0 x ri chia 2 v cho ( )
2
sin x

.
10
DAO NG C HC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
I CNG DAO NG IU HA
1. Dao ng c, dao ng tun hon
+ Dao ng c l chuyn ng c gii hn, qua li ca vt quanh v tr cn bng.
+ Dao ng tun hon l dao ng m sau nhng khong thi gian bng nhau (gi l chu k T) vt tr li v tr c
theo hng c.
2. Dao ng iu ha
+ Dao ng iu ha l dao ng trong li ca vt l mt hm csin (hay sin) ca thi gian.
+ Phng trnh dao ng: x = Acos(t + ).
Trong : + A l bin dao ng, l gi tr cc i ca li x; n v m, cm. A lun lun dng.
+ (t + ) l pha ca dao ng ti thi im t; n v rad.
+ l pha ban u ca dao ng; n v rad.
+ trong phng trnh x = Acos(t + ) l tn s gc ca dao ng iu ha; n v rad/s.
+ Cc i lng bin A v pha ban u ph thuc vo cch kch thch ban u lm cho h dao
ng,
cn tn s gc (chu k T, tn s f) ch ph thuc vo cu to ca h dao ng.
+ Phng trnh dao ng iu ha x = Acos(t + ) l nghim ca phng trnh x +
2
x = 0.
l phng trnh ng lc hc ca dao ng iu ha.
+ Hnh chiu ca 1 chuyn ng trn u ln 1 trc c nh qua tm l 1 dao ng iu ha. Mt dao ng iu ha
c th biu din tng ng 1 chuyn ng trn u c bn knh R= A, tc .
max
A v v = =
3. Cc i lng c trng ca dao ng iu ho
+ Chu k T ca dao ng iu ha l khong thi gian thc hin mt dao ng ton phn; n v giy (s).
+ Tn s f ca dao ng iu ha l s dao ng ton phn thc hin c trong mt giy; n v hc (Hz).
+ Lin h gia , T v f:
=
=
= =
) / ( 2
) (
_
_
) (
2 1
s rad f
Hz
t thoigian
N Sodaodong
f
s
f
T

Nhn xt: + Mi chu k vt qua v tr bin 1 ln, qua cc v tr khc 2 ln (1 ln theo chiu dng v 1 ln theo chiu
m)
+ Mi chu k vt i c qung ng 4A, Chu k vt i c qung ng 2A, chu k i c
qung ng A ( Nu xut pht t VTCB, VT bin)
4. Vn tc trong dao ng iu ho
+ Vn tc l o hm bc nht ca li theo thi gian: v = x' = - Asin(t + ) = Acos(t + +
2
)
+ Vn tc ca vt dao ng iu ha bin thin iu ha cng tn s nhng sm pha hn
2
so vi vi li .
+ V tr bin :x = A => v = 0.
+ V tr cn bng : x = 0 => |v| = v
max
= A.
5. Gia tc ca vt dao ng iu ho
+ Gia tc l o hm bc nht ca vn tc (o hm bc 2 ca li ) theo thi gian:
a = v' = x = -
2
Acos(t + ) = -
2
x.
+ Gia tc ca dao ng iu ha bin thin iu ha cng tn s nhng ngc pha vi li v sm pha
2
so vi vn
tc.
+ Vc t gia tc ca vt dao ng iu ha lun hng v v tr cn bng, c ln t l vi ln ca li .
+ v tr bin : x = A => gia tc c ln cc i: a
max
=
2
A.
+ v tr cn bng : x = 0 => gia tc bng 0.
Nhn xt : Dao ng iu ha l chuyn ng bin i nhng khng u.
6. Lc tc dng ln vt dao ng iu ha : F = ma = - kx lun hng v v tr cn bng, gi l lc ko v.

.
11
7. Cng thc c lp:
2
2
2 2
v
x A + = v
4
2
2
2
2

a v
A + =

8. Phng trnh c bit
x = a Acos(t + ) vi a = const

x = a Acos
2
(t+) vi a = const Bin :
A
2
; =2; = 2
9. th dao ng
+ th dao ng iu ha (li , vn tc, gia tc) l ng hnh sin, v th ngi ta cn gi dao ng iu ha l
dao ng hnh sin.
+ th gia tc li : dng on thng nm gc phn t th 2 v th 4.
+ th li - vn tc; gia tc vn tc: dng elip.
10. Vit phng trnh dao ng
* Xc nh bin :
- Nu bit chiu di qu o ca vt l L, th A=L/2.
- Nu vt c ko khi VTCB 1 on x
0
v c th khng vn tc u th A=x
0
.
- Nu bit v
max
v th A= v
max
/
- Nu l
max
, l
min
l chiu di cc i v cc tiu ca l xo khi n dao ng th A=( l
max
- l
min
)/2
- Bit gia tc a
max
th A=
2
max
a

* Xc nh tn s gc:
= =
=
) / ( 2 . 2
) / (
2
s rad
thoigian
Sodaodong
f
s rad
T

* Xc nh pha ban u:lc t=0 th x=x
0
v du ca v (theo chiu (+): v >0, theo chiu (-):v < 0, bin:v= 0 )

0
0
Acos( )
sin( )
x t
v A t

= +
= +

Lu : + Vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v > 0, ngc li v < 0
+ Gc thi gian (t = 0) ti v tr bin dng: 0 =
+ Gc thi gian (t = 0) ti v tr bin m: =
+ Gc thi gian (t = 0) ti v tr cn bng theo chiu m:
2
=
+ Gc thi gian (t = 0) ti v tr cn bng theo chiu dng:
2
=
11. Thi gian vt i t li x
1
n li x
2
(hoc tc v
1
n v
2
hoc gia tc a
1
n a
2
)
2 1
t

= = vi
1 1 1
1
max max
2 2 2
2
max max
s
s
x v a
co
A v a
x v a
co
A v a
= = =
= = =
v (
1 2
0 , )
- Tc trung bnh ca vt dao ng: v =
S
t
.
Ngoi ra:
- Mt s trng hp c bit v thi gian ngn nht : Thi gian vt i t VTCB ra n bin: T/4, Thi gian i t
bin ny n bin kia l : T/2, Thi gian gia hai ln lin tip i qua VTCB: T/2.
- Thi gian trong 1 chu k li khng vt qu gi tr
0
x (tng t cho a, v):
Bin : A
Ta VTCB: x = A
Ta vt bin: x = a A

.
12

1 2
0
4 . 4
0 2 0 1
= =
= > = x x x
t t

- Thi gian trong 1 chu k li khng nh hn gi tr
0
x (tng t cho a, v):

1 2
4 . 4
2 0 1
= =
= > = A x x x
t t

12. Xc nh trng thi dao ng ca vt thi im t v t = t + ++ + t
- Gi s PT dao ng ca vt: ) cos( + = t A x
- Xc nh li , vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t mt khong thi gian t.
Bit ti thi im t vt c li x = x
*
.
Trng hp c bit:
+ Gc quay c: t = .
+ Nu x x k = => = 2 . (Hai dao ng cng pha)
+ Nu x x k = => + = ) 1 2 ( (Hai dao ng ngc pha)
+ Nu 1
2
) 1 2 (
2
2
2
2
=
+ => + =
A
x
A
x
k

(Hai dao ng vung pha)
Trng hp tng qut:
+ Tm pha dao ng ti thi im t:
= +
= +
= + = + =

t
t
A
x
t x t A x x
*
* *
) cos( ) cos(

+ Nu x ang gim (vt chuyn ng theo chiu m v v < 0)
=>Nghin ng: t + = vi 0
+ Nu x ang tng (vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng v > 0)
=>Nghin ng: t + =
+ Li v vn tc dao ng sau (du +) hoc trc (du - ) thi im t giy l :
+ =
+ =
) _ _ _ _ . cos( . : _ _ _
) _ _ _ _ . cos( . : _ _ _
t diem thoi tai pha t A x t diem thoi Truoc
t diem thoi tai pha t A x t diem thoi Sau

13. Xc nh thi im vt qua v tr li x* (hoc v* , a*) ln th N.
- Mt vt dao ng iu ha theo phng trnh : x = Acos(t + )cm ; (t o bng s)
- X li v vn tc (ch cn du) ti thi im ban u t=0:

=
=
) _ _ ( sin .
cos .
dau can Chi A v
A x

- V vng trn lng gic, bn knh R=A.
- nh du v tr xut pht v v tr li x
*
vt i qua.
- V gc qut, xc nh thi im i qua li x= x
*
ln th n (vt quay 1 vng quay th thi gian = 1chu k).
Quy c :
+ Chiu dng t tri sang phi.
+ Chiu quay l chiu ngc chiu kim ng h.
+ Khi vt chuyn ng trn trc Ox : theo chiu m.
+ Khi vt chuyn ng di trc Ox : theo chiu dng.
14. Xc nh s ln vt qua v tr li x* (hoc v*, a* ) trong khong thi gian t t
1
n t
2
.
- Xc nh v tr li x1 v vn tc v1 ti thi im t1.
- Xc nh v tr li x2 v vn tc v2 ti thi im t2.
- Lp t s k
T
t t
T
t
=
1 2
+ phn l. Trong : k l s vng quay
- Biu din ln vng trn lng gic
=> X s ln qua v tr x= x
*

15. Qung ng ln nht , qung ng b nht.
TH1: Khong thi gian
2
T
t

.
13
+ Vt c tc ln nht khi qua VTCB, nh nht khi qua v tr bin nn trong cng mt khong thi gian qung
ng i c cng ln khi vt cng gn VTCB v cng nh khi cng gn v tr bin.
+ Gc qut = t.
+ Qung ng ln nht:
max
. t
S 2A sin
2

=

+ Qung ng nh nht: min
. t
S 2A(1 cos )
2
=

+ Tc trung bnh ln nht v nh nht ca trong khong thi gian t:

max
tbmax
S
v
t
=
v
min
tbmin
S
v
t
=
vi S
max
; S
min
tnh nh trn.
TH2: Khong thi gian
2
T
t >
+ .... . .2
/ 2 2
t T
t N t s N A s
T
= => = + => = + Trong

*
T
N N ; 0 t '
2
< <
+
max
t
S N.2A 2A sin
2

= +

+
min
t
S N.2A 2A(1-cos )
2

= +

16. Xc nh qung ng vt i t thi im t
1
n t
2

1. Cc trng hp c bit.
- Nu vt xut pht t VTCB, VT bin (hoc pha ban u: = , 2 / , 0 ).
A N s duong Quang N
T
t t
T
t
. : _
4 / 4 /
1 2
= => =

- Nu vt xut pht bt k m thi gian tha mn:
A N s duong Quang N
T
t t
T
t
2 . : _
2 / 2 /
1 2
= => =

2. Trng hp tng qut
- X li v chiu chuyn ng ti hai thi im t
1
v t
2
:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
x Acos( t ) x Acos( t )
v
v Asin( t ) v Asin( t )
= + = +

= + = +

(v
1
v v
2
ch cn xc nh du)
- Phn tch thi gian: _ .
t
N phan le t N T t
T
= + => = +
- Qung ng: s N A s + = . 4
- V vng trn lng gic, xc nh s => Tng qung ng s.

.
14

CON LC L XO
1. Cu to: Con lc l xo gm mt l xo c cng k, khi lng khng ng k, mt u gn c nh, u kia gn
vi vt nng khi lng m c t theo phng ngang hoc treo thng ng.
2. iu kin dao ng iu ha: B qua mi ma st
3. Phng trnh dao ng: x = Acos(t + )
Nhn xt : - Dao ng iu ha ca con lc l xo l chuyn ng thng, bin i nhng khng u.
- Bin dao ng con lc l xo :
+ A = x
max
: vt VT bin (ko vt khi VTCB 1 on ri bung x = A).
+ A = ng i trong 1 chu k chia 4.
+ A =
k
W 2
(W: c nng; k: cng), A =
max
v
, A =
4
.T v
tb
, A =
2
max
a

+ A =
k
F
hp max

+ A = l
max
- l
cb
+ A =
2
min max
l l
vi
2
min max
l l
l
cb
+
=

4. Chu k, tn s ca con lc l xo:
- Theo nh ngha:
m
k
= =>
k
m
T
2
2
= = v
t
N
f . 2 . 2 = = .
- Theo bin dng:
+ Treo vt vo l xo thng ng: f T k mg l k , , . => => =
+ Treo vt vo l xo mp nghing gc : f T k mg l k , , sin . . => => = .
- Theo s thay i khi lng:
+ Gn vt khi lng:
2
2
2
1 2 1
T T T m m m + = => + = .
+ Gn vt khi lng:
2
2
2
1 2 1
T T T m m m = => = .
+ Gn vt khi lng:
2 1 2 1
. . T T T m m m = => = .
5. Lc phc hi:
+ Lc gy ra dao ng.
+ Biu thc: Kx ma F
ph
= =
+ ln: [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] N F Kg m m x Trong x K a m F
ph
= = = = = ; ; :
H qu: - Lc phc hi lun c xu hng ko vt v v tr cn bng => Lun hng v VTCB.
- Lc phc hi bin thin cng tn s nhng lun ngc pha vi li x, cng pha gia tc.
- Lc phc hi i chiu khi vt qua v tr cn bng.
6. Nng lng ca con lc l xo:
+ ng nng: ) ( sin .
2
1
2
1
2 2 2
+ = = t KA mv W
=> ) (
2
) (
2
1
MAX
MAX
mv W = Ti VTCB
+ Th nng: ) ( cos .
2
1
2
1
2 2 2
+ = = t KA Kx W
t
=>
2
(max)
2
(max)
2
1
2
1
KA Kx W
t
= = Ti VT Bin
+ C nng (nng lng dao ng):
(max) ) (
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
t MAX t d
W W A m KA W W W = = = = + =
Yu cu: Cc i lng lin quan nng lng phi c i ra n v chun.
Ngoi ra: + C nng bo ton, khng thay i theo thi gian.
+ ng nng, th nng bin thin tun hon chu k T` =T/2, tn s f =2f, 2 = .
+ Khi
1
,
1 +
=
+
= => =
n
n
A v
n
A
x nW W
t
.
+ Khi
2
A
x W W
t
= => = , trong 1 chu k c 4 ln ng nng = th nng,thi gian gia hai ln lin tip
ng nng = th nng l T/4
+ Thi gian ngn nht vt i qua hai v tr VTCB mt khong xc nh l T/4.

.
15
- Thi gian ngn nht m vt li cch VTCB mt khong nh c l T/4, v tr :
2
A

7. Ct, ghp l xo
+ Ct l xo: L xo cng K
0
, chiu da l
0
c ct thnh nhiu l xo thnh phn c
chiu di: l
1
, l
2
, ..... cng ca mi phn: .......
2 2 1 1 0 0
= = = l K l K l K
H qu: Ct l xo thnh n phn bng nhau
- cng mi phn: K = nK
0

- Chu k, tn s:
0
0
f n f
n
T
T = =
+ Ghp l xo: - Ghp song song: ...
2 1
+ + = K K K => cng tng, chu k gim, tn s tng.
- Ghp ni tip: ......
1 1 1
2 1
+ + =
K K K
=> cng gim, chu k tng, tn s gim.
H qu: Vt m gn vo l xo K
1
dao ng chu k T
1,
gn vo l xo K
2
dao ng chu k T
2

- m gn vo l xo K
1
ni tip K
2
:

2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1 1 1
f f f
T T T + = + =
- m gn vo l xo K
1
song song K
2
:

2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1 1 1
f f f
T
T T
+ = + =
8. Chiu di l xo trong qu trnh dao ng
- Xt con lc l xo gm vt m treo vo vo l xo k, chiu dng hng xung di:
+ bin dng l xo khi cn bng:
k
mg
l = .
+ Chiu di l xo khi cn bng: l l l
cb
+ =
0

+ Chiu di ln nht: A l l
cb
+ =
max
.
+ Chiu di nh nht: A l l
cb
=
min
.
+ Chiu di l xo khi li x: x l l
cb x
+ =
- Mt s trng hp ring:
+ Con lc l xo nm ngang: 0 = l .
+ Con lc l xo dng ngc: 0 < l (thay gi tr m).
+ Con lc l xo nm nghing:
k
mg
l
sin .
= .
9. Lc n hi
+ x l k F
dh
+ = Trong : x l, phi c i ra n v chun.
+ Lc n hi cc i: ) .(
(max)
A l k F
dh
+ =
+ Lc n hi cc tiu:
- Nu
(min)
0
dh
A l F x l => = <=> =
- Nu
(min)
( ) x
dh
A l F k l A A < => = <=> =
Lu : + Con lc l xo nm ngang: 0
dh ph
l F k x F = => = = => lc n hi chnh l lc phc hi.
+ Cng thc dng tng qut lc n hi :
- Nu chn chiu (+) cng chiu bin dng ban u : x l k F
dh
+ =
- Nu chn chiu (+) ngc chiu bin dng ban u: x l k F
dh
= .
+ Lc n hi tc dng ln vt chnh l lc n hi tc dng ln gi treo.
10. Thi gian nn gin trong 1 chu k
- L xo t nm ngang: Ti VTCB khng bin dng; trong 1 chu k: thi gian nn = gin
2
gian nen
T
t t = =
- L xo treo thng ng:

.
16
+ Nu A l : L xo ch b gin m khng nn (Hnh a)
0
gian
nen
t T
t
=

+ Nu A l > : L xo va b gin va b nn (Hnh b)
Thi gian l xo nn:
2
= t
vi
A
l
0
cos

=

Thi gian l xo gin: t
gin
= T t
nn

11. Hai vt dao ng cng gia tc
- Con lc l xo nm ngang: g A g m a m F F
ms qt
. . .
2
0 max 0 (max)
=> => Vi
0
2
m m
k
+
=
- Con lc l xo thng ng: g A g m a m g m F
qt
=> =>
2
0 max 0 0 (max)
. .
- Con lc l xo gn trn M: iu kin vt khng nhc bng
+ M b nhc bng khi c lc n hi l xo ko ln do b gin.
+ g M l A k g M F
caonhat h
. ) ( .
) (
=> ( V l xo phi gin: l A > )
12. Con lc va chm
- Cng thc va chm: m
0
chuyn ng v
o
n va chm vt m
+ Mm (dnh nhau):
m m
v m
v
+
=
0
0 0
v
0
m m
k
+
=
+ n hi xuyn tm (ri nhau):
=
+
=
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
2
v
m m
m m
v
m m
v m
v
v
m
k
=
Con lc l xo nm ngang
- Va chm ti VTCB: .
max
A v v = = => Bin .
- Va chm ti v tr bin:
2
2
2
v
A A + = => Bin .
Th ri vt
- Tc ngay trc va chm:
- Ri va chm n hi => VTCB khng i: .
max
A v v = = => Bin .
- Ri va chm mm => VTCB thp hn ban u 1 on
k
g m
l x
m
0
0
0
= = =>
2
2
2
0
v
x A + = => Bin .
13. Hai vt gn l xo dao ng

- V tr hai vt ri nhau: khi i qua v tr cn bng th hai vt bt u ri nhau.
- Tc ca hai vt ngay trc khi ri nhau:
1 2
. .
k
v A l
m m
= =
+
.
- Sau va chm m
1
tip tc dao ng iu ha vi bin :
1
. .
k
v A A
m
= =
- Sau va chm m
2
tip tc chuyn ng thng u theo chiu ban u.

- Khong cch: (V hnh minh ha)
+ Khong cch khi l xo di nht ln u tin: Vt m
1
bin dng, vt m
1
i qung ng A, thi gian chuyn
ng T/4, qung

ng chuyn ng m
2
: v
2
.T/4
=> Khong cch: v
2
.T/4 A.
l

gin
O

x

A

-A

nn
l

gin
O

x

A

-A

Hnh a (A <
Hnh b (A >

.
17
+ Khong cch khi l xo ngn nht ln u tin: Vt m
1
bin m, vt m
1
i qung ng 3A, thi gian chuyn
ng 3T/4, qung

ng chuyn ng m
2
: v
2
.3T/4
=> Khong cch: v
2
.T/4 + A.
14. Con lc l xo quay
- Con lc quay trong mt phng nm ngang: Lc n hi ng vai tr lc hng tm gi cho vt quay trn
R m l K F F
ht dh
2
. . = <=> =
- Con lc quay phng trc l xo to vi phng thng ng gc : Hp lc n hi v lc cng dy ng vai tr
lc hng tm gi cho vt quay trn

= = => =
+ = =
= => = =
ht
dh
F Tan P F
P
F
Tan tam huong Luc
l l l R quay kinh Ban
P
l K
P
T F hoi dan Luc

. : _ _
sin ) ( sin . : _ _
cos
.
cos
: _ _
0

15. Dao ng ca vt sau khi ri khi gi chuyn ng.
- Nu gi c t v tr l xo khng bin dng th qung ng t lc bt u c n lc gi ri khi vt: S = l
- Nu gi bt u c t v tr l xo dn mt on b th: S = l - b Vi
k
a g m
l
) (
=
: bin dng khi gi ri
khi vt.
- Li ti v tr gi ri khi vt: x = S -
0
l Vi
k
mg
l =
0

16. Chu k ca mt s h dao ng c bit

.
18
CON LC N
1. Cu to: Con lc n gm mt vt nng treo vo si dy khng gin, vt nng kch thc khng ng k so vi
chiu di si dy, si dy khi lng khng ng k so vi khi lng ca vt nng.
2. iu kin dao ng iu ha: B qua mi ma st v dao ng b (
0
10
0
(
3. Phng trnh dao ng:
- Li : s = S
0
cos(t + ) hoc =
0
cos(t + ); vi =
l
s
;
0
=
0
S
l
.
- Vn tc di: v = s = -S
0
sin(t + ) = -l
0
sin(t + ).
- Gia tc di: a = v = -
2
S
0
cos(t + ) = -
2
l
0
cos(t + ) = -
2
s = -
2
l.
Nhn xt : Dao ng iu ha ca con lc n l chuyn ng cong, bin i nhng khng u.
4. Cng thc c lp thi gian:
2 2 2
0
( )
v
S s
= + v
2 2
2
2 2
0
.

l
v
+ =
5. Chu k, tn s, tn s gc ca con lc n:
g
l
= => T = 2
g
l
; f =
2
1
l
g
.
Lu :
- a con lc t thin th ny ln thin th khc th:
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
R
R
M
M
g
g
T
T
= =

- Ti cng mt ni con lc n chiu di l
1
c chu k T
1
, chiu di l
2
c chu k T
2
:
+ con lc n chiu di l
1
+ l
2
c chu k :
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1 1 1
f f f
T T T + = + =
+ con lc n chiu di l
1
- l
2
(l
1
>l
2
) c chu k :
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1 1 1
f f f
T T T = =
- Chu k con lc vng inh
+ Chu k khi dao ng vng inh:
g
l
T
g
l
T Trong
T T
T
VD
= =
+
= 2 ; 2 :
2

+ Gc lch cc i khi vng inh:
=
0 0 0
) cos 1 ( ) cos 1 ( mgl mgl
Trong : l l chiu di phn khng vng inh, l`: Chiu di cn li khi vng inh,
0
: Bin gc pha khng b
vng inh.
- Chu k con lc va chm:
+ =
=
= > =
= > =
0
2 1
0 2 1
2
2
2

t
T
T
t T
VD
VD

- Chu k con lc trng phng:
=
=> = => = = => = =
) _ _ 1 _ _ _ (
.
. .
2 1
2 1
1
1
2
2
1
2 2 1 1
dong dao nhau kem hon
T T
T T
A N
B
A
T
T
N
N
T N T N

6. Bi ton thm, bt chiu di
- Cng thc lin h chiu di v s dao ng:
2 2
1 1 2 2
. . (3) l N l N =
Mt khc:
=
+ =
) 5 ( : _ _
) 4 ( : _ _
1 2
1 2
l l l dai chieu Bot
l l l dai chieu Them

Kt hp (3) v (4) hoc (3) v (5) => Lp h.
Lu : Nu khng ni r thm hay bt chiu di
+ => > = = 1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
N
N
T
T
l
l
1 2
l l > => Thm chiu di: l l l + =
1 2

+ => < = = 1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
N
N
T
T
l
l
1 2
l l < => Bt chiu di: l l l =
1 2

.
19
7. Lc ko v (lc phc hi) khi bin gc nh: F = - s
l
mg
.
8. ng dng con lc n: Xc nh gia tc ri t do nh o chu k v chiu di ca con lc n: g =
2
2
4
T
l
.
9. Nng lng ca con lc n:
+ ng nng : W
=
2
1
mv
2
. Th nng: W
t
= mgl(1 - cos) =
2
1
mgl
2
( 10
0
, (rad)).
+ C nng: W = W
t
+ W
= mgl(1 - cos
0
) =
2
1
mgl
2
0
.
Yu cu: Cc i lng lin quan nng lng phi c i ra n v chun.
Ngoi ra: + ng nng, th nng bin thin tun hon chu k T` =T/2, tn s f `=2f,.....
+ C nng bo ton, khng thay i theo thi gian.
+ Khi
1
,
1
,
1
0
0 0
+
=
+
=
+
= => =
n
n
S v
n n
S
s nW W
t

.
+ Khi
2
0
S
s W W
t
= => = , trong 1 chu k c 4 ln ng nng = th nng,thi gian gia hai ln lin tip
ng nng = th nng l T/4
10. Tc v gia tc.
- Tc di: ) cos (cos 2
0
= gl V
+ Vn tc cc i: ) cos 1 ( 2
0 max
= gl V <=> Vt qua VTCB: 0
0
=
+ Vn tc nh nht: 0
min
= V <=> Vt qua v tr bin:
0 0
=
- Gia tc ton phn:
2 2
ht tt
a a a + = vi gia tc tip tuyn:
=
=
sin .
.
2
g a
s a
tt
tt
, gia tc hng tm:
l
v
a a
n ht
2
= =
11. Lc cng dy.
- Lc cng dy: ) cos 2 cos 3 (
0
= mg T
+ Lc cng dy cc i:

) cos 2 3 (
0
= mg T
mAX
=> Vt qua VTCB: 0
0
=
+ Lc cng dy cc tiu:

> ) cos
0 min
mg T = <=> Vt qua v tr bin:
0 0
=
- iu kin dy treo khng b t trong qu trnh dao ng:

max 0 max max
) cos 2 3 ( F mg T F T
mAX
= =>
0
vi
max
F l lc cng ln nht m dy chu c
12. Con lc chu tc dng ngoi lc khng i
- Gia tc trng trng hiu dng:
m
F
g g + =
- Cc trng hp thng gp:
P
F
Tan
g
l
T
m
E
g g P F
g
l
T
m
F
g g P F
g
l
T
m
F
g g P F
=
= => + = +
= => = +
= => + = +

; 2 ) ( :
2 :
2 :
2 2
Ngoi ra: T
g
g
T
T
g
l
T
g
l
T
=>
=>
=
=
2
2

Con lc n chu tc dng lc in trng
Lc in trng: F qE =

+ ln F = |q|E
+ Phng, chiu: Nu q > 0 F E

; cn nu q < 0 F E

Lu : in trng gy ra bi hai bn kim loi t //, tch in tri du
- Vecto cng in trng hng t bn (+) sang bn (-).

.
20
- ln lc in: .
q U
F q E
d
= =
- Nu ( , ) F P =

=>
2 2
' ( ) 2( ) os
F F
g g gc
m m
= + +

- Nu in trng nm ngang:
2 2
) (
m
E
g g + =
Con lc n chu tc dng lc qun.
- Lc qun tnh: F ma =

,
+ ln F = ma
+ Phng, chiu: ( F a

)
- Gia tc trong chuyn ng
+ Chuyn ng nhanh dn u a v

( v
c hng chuyn ng).

+ Chuyn ng chm dn u a v

.
+ Cng thc tnh gia tc:
0
2 2
0
2 .
v v
a
t
v v a s

=

- Chuyn ng trn mt phng ngang:
2 2
) (
m
E
g g + =
- Chuyn ng trn mt phng nghing gc khng ma st:

. os
os
T
g g c T
c

= => =
, Lc cng:
sin
ma
=
Vi l gc lch dy treo ti v tr cn bng.
- Chuyn ng trn mt phng nghing gc vi gia tc a: Gc lch dy treo ti VTCB v chu k
+
= + =
+
=
+ +
= + + =
sin 2
2 ' ) ( sin 2 ;
sin
cos
:
sin 2
2 ' ) ( sin 2 ;
sin
cos
:
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
ag g a
l
T v Giamxuong g ag g a g
a g
a
Tan Xuongdoc
ag g a
l
T v Tanglen g ag g a g
a g
a
Tan Lendoc
Trong : gia tc a= F/m hoc gia tc trt trn mt phng nghing: xung dc: ) cos (sin = g a
; ln dc: ) cos (sin + = g a
Con lc n chu tc dng y Acsimet.
- Lc y csimt: ln: F = DgV , Phng, chiu: lun thng ng hng ln
Trong : + D l khi lng ring ca cht lng hay cht kh, n v: kg/m3.
+ g l gia tc ri t do.
+ V l th tch ca phn vt chm trong cht lng hay cht kh , n v: m3.
- Chu k:
+ =
=
= = = =
T
g
l
g
l
T
g g g
V
g V
g
m
F
g g
Vat
MT
Vat
MT
Vat
MT
Vat
MT
Vat
MT
)
2
1 (
) 1 (
2 2
). 1 ( .
.
. .

13. Bin thin chu k do nhiu nguyn nhn.
+ Bc 1: Xc nh c nhng nguyn nhn no lm cho chu k thay i.
+ Bc 2: Xc nh h s thay i chu k: do iu chnh chiu di :

= |
\
|
2
1
T
T
; do iu chnh gia tc :
g
g
T
T
= |
\
|
.
2
1
; do thay i nhit : t
T
T
=
.
2
1
; do thay cao:
R
h
T
T
= |
\
|
; do su:
R
h
T
T
.
2
1
= |
\
|

.
21
; do lc Acsimet: Chn khng chy ng:
D T
T
.
2
1
= |
\
|
, chn khng chy sai:
D T
T
.
2
1
= |
\
|

+ Bc 4: Thi gian sai lch trong 1 ngy m: =
n
t [
|
\
|
T
T
1
+
|
\
|
T
T
2
+
|
\
|
T
T
3
+...].86400 (s).
+ Nu tng trn
n
t > 0 : kt lun ng h chy chm.
+ Nu tng trn
n
t < 0 : kt lun ng h chy nhanh.
+ iu kin ng h chy ng:
|
\
|
T
T
1
+
|
\
|
T
T
2
+
|
\
|
T
T
3
+...=0
14. Con lc va chm, con lc t dy.
- t dy ti VTCB:

- t dy ti v tr bt k:

.
22
CC DNG DAO NG KHC
1. Dao ng t do: C chu k , tn s ch ph thuc cu to h, khng ph thuc vo cc yu t bin ngoi
(V d: H con lc l xo, H con lc n + tri t,..)
2. Dao ng tt dn:
+ K/n: l dao ng c bin (nng lng) gim dn theo thi gian do
tc dng ca lc cn, lc ma st.
+ Bin gim dn => Khng c tnh tun hon.
+ Lc ma st cng ln bin gim cng nhanh.
+ Dao ng tt dn chm: Khi lc ma st mi trng b, dao ng con
lc l dao ng tt dn chm, chu k tn s gn ng = chu k tn s dao
ng iu ha.
* Con lc l xo:
+ gim bin sau 1 chu k:
K
mg
K
F
A
ms
4 4
1
= = .
+ gim c nng t i v gim bin t : =>
% 100 . % 100 .
% 100 . % 100 .
A
A A
A
A
W
W W
W
W

A
A
W
W
. 2
+ S dao ng thc hin c:
2
4 4
A Ak A
N
A mg g

= = =

+ Thi_gian_vt_dao_ng_n_lc_dng_li: .
4 2
AkT A
t N T
mg g

= = = (dao ng tt dn chm:
2
T

= )
+ Qung_ng_vt_i_c_cho_ti_khi_dng:
mg
KA
mg
W
S
2
2
max
= = .
+ V tr v tc cc i trong dao ng tt dn:
=
= <=> =
m
k
x A v
x K mg x K F
ms
). (
0 max
0 0

Lu : Bi ton tng qut (Lc ma st ln, yu cu kt qu chnh xc cao ).

* Con lc n:
+ gim bin sau 1 chu k:
2 01
.
4
m
F
S
ms
= .
+ S dao ng thc hin c:
01
0
01
0
=
S
S
N
d

+ Thi_gian_vt_dao_ng_n_lc_dng_li: T N t
d d
. =
+ Qung_ng_vt_i_c_cho_ti_khi_dng:
mg
gl m
mg
S m
mg
W
S
2
) cos 1 ( .
2
.
0
2
0
2
max
= = = .
T

x
t
O
- gim bin sau chu k:
1/ 2 0
2
2
mg
A x
k
= =
0
: . . Trongdo k x mg =
- Ta khi vt dng li sau N na chu k dao ng:
0
2 . x A N x =
Mt khc:
0 0 0 0 0
2 . x x x x A N x x < => <
=> N ( l s nguyn ) => V tr vt dng li:
0
2 . x A N x =
- N l s l: Nm bn kia v tr th tay
- N l s chn: Nm cng pha v tr th tay
- Thi gian dao ng n khi dng: N.T/2
- Qung ng i c n khi dng:
0
2 ( . ) s N A N x =

.
23
3. Dao ng duy tr
+ K/n: l dao ng m bin c gi khng i bng cch b thm phn nng lng cho h ng bng nng lng
b mt mt sau mi chu k
+ Bin khng i => C tnh tun hon.
+ Chu k (tn s) dao ng = chu k (tn s) dao ng ring ca h.
+ Ngoi lc tc dng ln h c iu khin bi chnh c cu ca h (ph thuc h dao ng)
Bi ton: Cng sut duy tr d cn ng c nh c cng sut:

T N
W W
t
W
P
.
0

=
= Trong : N: s dao ng;

2 2
0 0
2
1
;
2
1
mgl E mgl E = =

4. Dao ng cng bc.
+ K/n: l dao ng giai on n nh ca vt khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc bin thin tun hon. Lc ny cung
cp nng lng cho h, b li phn nng lng bi mt mt do ma st
+ Bin khng i => c tnh tun hon, l mt dao ng iu ho.
+ Tn s (chu k) dao ng cng bc = tn s (chu k) ngoi lc cng bc.
+ Bin dao ng cng bc t l bin lc cng bc v ph thuc vo chnh lch
gia tn s dao ng ring v tn s lc cng bc
+ Tn s (chu k) dao ng cng bc = tn s (chu k) ring th xy ra cng hng, bin
dao ng ln nht
+ Ngoi lc c lp h dao ng.
5. Cng hng.
+ K/n: L hin tng bin dao ng cng bc t ga tr cc i khi tn s dao ng ring bng tn s lc cng
bc
+ Tm quan trng ca hin tng cng hng: Ta nh, cu, b my, khung xe, ... u l nhng h dao ng v c
tn s ring. Phi cn thn khng cho chng chu tc dng ca cc lc cng bc mnh, c tn s bng tn s ring
trnh s cng hng, gy dao ng mnh lm gy, . Hp n ca n ghi ta, vilon, ... l nhng hp cng hng
vi nhiu tn s khc nhau ca dy n lm cho ting n nghe to, r.
+ iu kin cng hng:
cb R
= ,
cb R
T T = ,
cb R
f f =
+ nh hng ca lc ma st
Nu lc ma st b, bin cng hng ln gi l cng hng nhn (Cng hng r nt)
Nu lc ma st ln, bin cng hng b gi l cng hng t (Cng hng t)
Lu :
Bi ton 1: Tc trong chuyn ng tun hon vt dao ng mnh nht:
v
s
T

= Vi T l chu k dao ng
vt, n v (s), v l tc chuyn ng xe, n v (m/s).
V d: Mt ngi i xe p trn ng tr sau 2 thng nc. Bit nc trong thng dao ng chu k 2(s), trn ng
c 5m c 1 rnh nh. Hi xe i tc bao nhiu nc trong thng dao ng mnh nht?
Hng dn: ) / ( 6 , 3 . 5 , 2 / 5 , 2
2
5
h km s m
T
s
v
v
s
T = = =
= =>
=
Bi ton 2: So snh bin cng bc khi cng hng: Bin ng vi tn s cng gn tn s cng hng cng
ln.
V d: Con lc l xo dao ng cng bc. Khi tn s ngoi lc cng bc l 5Hz v 8Hz th bin cng bc ln
lt l A
1
v A
2
. Bit tn s dao ng ring ca con lc l 6Hz. So snh A
1
v A
2
.
Hng dn: V bin A
1
ng vi tn s 5Hz gn tn s cng hng (tn s ring) hn => A
1
ln hn.

Hiu su hn: So snh cc dng dao ng trn

Dao ng t do, dao ng duy
tr
D tt dn
Dao ng cng bc
Cng hng
Lc tc
dng
Do tc dng ca ni lc tun
hon
Do tc dng ca lc
cn (do ma
st)
Do tc dng ca ngoi lc
tun hon
Bin A Ph thuc iu kin ban u
Gim dn theo thi
gian
Ph thuc bin ca ngoi
lc v hiu s
0
( )
cb
f f

.
24
Chu k T
(hoc tn s
f)
Ch ph thuc c tnh ring
ca h, khng ph thuc cc
yu t bn ngoi.
Khng c chu k hoc
tn s do khng tun
hon
Bng vi chu k ( hoc tn s)
ca ngoi lc tc dng ln h
Hin tng
c bit
trong D
Khng c
S khng dao ng
khi ma sat qu ln
S xy ra HT cng hng
(bin A t max) khi tn
s
0 cb
f f =
ng dng
Ch to ng h qu lc.
o gia tc trng trng ca
tri t.
Ch to l xo gim
xc trong t, xe my
Ch to khung xe, b my
phi c tn s khc xa tn s
ca my gn vo n.
Ch to cc loi nhc c

.
25
TNG HP DAO NG
1. Biu din vecter quay: Dao ng iu ha x= A.cos ( + t ) bng vecto quay OM
+ di: = Bin dao ng.
+ Gc ban u to trc dng ox : = Pha ban u dao ng.
Ch :
+ Nu > 0 : Vc t quay OM nm trn trc ox.
+ Nu < 0 : Vc t quay OM nm di trc ox
+ Quay ngc chiu kim ng h, vi tc = tc gc dao ng.
2. Tng hp hai dao ng iu ha: x
1
= A
1
cos(t +
1
) v x
2
= A
2
cos(t +
2
)
+ iu kin: hai dao ng cng phng, cng tn s v c lch pha khng i.
+ Bin tng hp:
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
2 os( ) A A A A A c = + +
+ Pha ban u tng hp:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
sin sin
tan
os os
A A
Ac A c

+
=
+

vi
1

2
(nu
1

2
),
1

2

( ) , .
(Hai cng thc ny dng tr li trc nghim l thuyt, khi tng hp dng PP my tnh cm tay)
*Lu : + Nu = 2k = 0, +_2, +_4,.. (x
1
, x
2
cng pha) A
Max
= A
1
+ A
2
`
+ Nu = (2k+1) = ,.... 3 , (x
1
, x
2
ngc pha) A
Min
= |A
1
- A
2
|
=> Khong gi tr bin tng hp: |A
1
- A
2
| A A
1
+ A
2
+ Nu = (2k+1)/2 = ,.... 2 / 3 , 2 / (x
1
, x
2
vung pha)
2
2
2
1
A A A + = .
+ Nu
1 2
1 2
1 2 1
: _
2 2
cos . 2

=
+
=
= => = do Trong V A A A A .
+ Nu
2 1
0
1 2 2 1
3
2
120 : A A A v A A = = => = = = =

+ Khong cch ln nht gia hai dao ng:
2 2 1 1 2 1
= = A A x x x

max
x => bin tng hp my tnh.
+ iu kin ba dao ng iu ha (3 con lc l xo treo thng ng theo ng th t 1,2,3) vt nng
lun nm trn 1 ng thng:
2
3 1
2
x x
x
+
= .
+ Bin max, min: S dng nh l hm sin trong tam gic:

= =
C
c
B
b
A
a
sin sin sin

3. Tm dao ng thnh phn x
2
khi bit x v x
1

2 2 2
2 1 1 1
2 os( ) A A A AAc = + v
1 1
2
1 1
sin sin
tan
os os
A A
Ac Ac

vi
1

2
( nu
1

2
)

4. Tng hp nhiu dao ng ,....... , ,
3 2 1
x x x
Chiu ln trc Ox v trc Oy Ox, ta c:
1 1 2 2
os os os ...
x
A Ac Ac A c = = + +
1 1 2 2
sin sin sin ...
y
A A A A = = + +
2 2
x y
A A A = + v tan
y
x
A
A
= vi [
Min
;
Max
]

.
26
M rng: Hng dn s dng my tnh cm tay tng hp dao ng

1. C s l thuyt
Dao ng iu ho x = Acos( t + ) c th c biu din bng vect hoc cng c th biu din bng
s phc di dng: z = a + bi. Trong my cm tay k hiu di dng l: r (ta hiu l: A ).
Tng t, ta cng c th tng tng hp 2 dao ng iu ho cng phng, cng tn s bng phng php
Frexnen ng ngha vi vic cng cc s phc biu din ca cc dao ng .
2. Ci t my tnh v pp s dng
a. My tnh CASIO fx 570ES, 570ES Plus
Bc 1: Ci t my
- a my v ch mc nh (Reset all): SHIFT 9 3 = =
- Ci t ch s phc: MODE 2
- Ci ch hin th r (ta hiu:A) : SHIFT MODE 3 2
- Ci n v rad (i vi my fx 570ES, 570ES Plus nn dng Rad ): SHIFT MODE 4
- nhp k hiu gc : SHIFT (-)
Bc 2: Thao tc bm my
V d 1: Mt vt thc hin ng thi 2 dao ng iu ho cng phng, cng tn s c phng trnh:
x
1
= 3cos(t - /2) cm, x
2
= cos(t) cm. Phng trnh dao ng tng hp:
A. x = 2cos(t - /3) cm B.x = 2cos(t + 2/3)cm C.x = 2cos(t + 5/6) cm D.x = 2cos(t - /6) cm
Hng dn:
2 2 1 1 2 1
+ = + = A A x x x
+ Nhp my: 3 SHIFT (-) (- /2) + 1 SHIFT (-) 0
+ Kt qu hin th mn hnh: 2-/3
=> Phng trnh tng hp: x = 2cos(t - /3) cm
V d 2: Ba dao ng iu ha cng phng, cng tn s c phng trnh ln lt l x
1
= 4 cos(t - /2)
(cm) , x
2
= 6cos(t +/2) (cm) v x
3
=2cos(t) (cm). Dao ng tng hp ca 3 dao ng ny c bin v
pha ban u l
A. 2 2 cm; /4 rad B. 2 3 cm; - /4 rad C.12cm; + /2 rad D.8cm; - /2 rad
Hng dn:
3 3 2 2 1 1 3 2 1
+ + = + + = A A A x x x x
+ Nhp my: 4 SHIFT(-) (- /2) + 6 SHIFT(-) ( /2) + 2 SHIFT(-) 0 =
+ Kt qu hin th mn hnh: 2 2 /4
V d 3: Dao ng tng hp ca hai dao ng iu ha cng phng c biu thc x = 5 3 cos(6t +
2
)
(cm). Dao ng th nht c biu thc l x
1
= 5cos(6t +
3
) (cm). Tm biu thc ca dao ng th hai.

A. x
2
= 5cos(6t +
3
2
)(cm). B.x
2
= 10cos(6t -
3
2
)(cm). C.x
2
=5 3 cos(6t) cm D.x = 5cos(6t - /6)
cm
Hng dn:
1 1 1 2 2 1
= = => + = A A x x x x x x
+ Nhp my: 5 3 SHIFT(-) ( /2) - 5 SHIFT(-) ( /3 =
+ Kt qu hin th mn hnh: 5
2
3

=> Phng trnh tng hp: x
2
= 5cos(6t +
3
2
)(cm).
b. My tnh CASIO fx 570MS
Bc 1: Ci t my
- Ci t ch s phc: MODE 2
- Ci n v gc l (i vi my fx 570MS nn dng n v ): Bm 4 ln MODE 1
- nhp k hiu gc : SHIFT (-)

.
27
- Ly kt qu bin : (SHIFT) (+) (=)
- Ly kt qu pha u: (SHIFT) (=)
Bc 2: Thao tc bm my
V d : Mt vt thc hin ng thi 2 dao ng iu ho cng phng, cng tn s c phng trnh:
x
1
= 3cos(t + /2) cm, x
2
= cos(t + ) cm. Phng trnh dao ng tng hp:
A. x = 2cos(t - /3) cm B. x = 2cos(t + 2/3)cm C. x = 2cos(t + 5/6) cm D. x = 2cos(t - /6) cm
Hng dn:
2 2 1 1 2 1
+ = + = A A x x x
+ Nhp my: 3 SHIFT (-) (90) + 1 SHIFT (-) 180 =
+ Bin : (SHIFT) (+) (=) (Kt qu mn hnh: 2 => A= 2cm )
+ Pha ban u: (SHIFT) (=) (Kt qu mn hnh: 120 => =
2
3
)
=> Phng trnh tng hp: x = 2cos(t + 2/3)cm

.
28
SNG C SNG M
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
I CNG V PHNG TRNH SNG C
1. K/nim sng c : Sng c l nhng dao ng c hc lan truyn trong mi trng vt cht (rn, lng, kh). Sng
c khng lan truyn trong mi trng chn khng.
2. Phn loi.
* Sng ngang:
- Cc phn t mi trng dao ng theo phng vung gc phng truyn sng
- Mi trng lan truyn: rn v trn b mt cht lng.
- Xut hin trong mi trng c lc n hi khi b bin dng lch.
* Sng dc:
- Cc phn t mi trng dao ng theo phng trng phng truyn sng.
- Mi trng lan truyn: rn, lng, kh.
- Xut hin trong mi trng c lc n hi khi b bin dng nn , dn.
3. Nguyn nhn gy ra sng.
- Sng c to thnh nh lc lin kt gia cc phn t ca mi trng truyn dao ng,
- khi c sng cc phn t mi trng ch dao ng ti ch, pha dao ng c lan truyn i
- cng xa tm(ngun) dao ng th dao ng cng tr pha.
4. Cc c trng sng c:
- Chu k, tn s: Cc phn t mi trng ni c sng truyn qua u dao ng cng chu k, tn s vi ngun pht
dao ng. Khi truyn t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc ch c tn s khng thay i. .
- Tc truyn sng: L tc lan truyn pha dao ng. Tc truyn sng ph thuc vo bn cht mi trng
(tnh n hi v mt vt cht mi trng). i vi mi mi trng tc truyn sng c gi tr xc nh.
- Bc sng: L qung ng sng lan truyn c trong mt chu k. Cng thc:
f
V
T V = = . .
Lu : + i vi sng ngang: Khong cch gia hai ngn sng lin tip bng mt bc sng.
+ Khong cch gia n ngn sng lin tip: (n-1) bc sng
+ S dao ng = S ln nh cao -1.
+ S dao ng = S ln sng p vo mn thuyn 1.
+ Thi gian gia hai ln lin tip dy dui thng: T/2.
- Bin sng: L bin dao ng ca phn t mi trng ni c sng truyn qua.
- Nng lng sng: Nng lng sng t l bnh phng bin sng, qu trnh truyn sng l qu trnh truyn nng
lng. Cng thc nng lng:
2 2
. . .
2
1
A D W = Vi D l khi lng ring ca mi trng.
H qu:
+ Sng truyn trn dy: Bin v nng lng sng khng i.
+ Sng truyn trn mt nc (mt phng):
2
2
W
1 1/ 2
W .
2 2 2 2
nguon
M M M
KA A
K A A
r r r
= => = => =
=> Nng lng t l nghch qung ng sng truyn, bin gim theo cn bc hai qung ng sng truyn
+ Sng truyn trong khng gian :
2
2
2 2
W
1 1/ 2
W .
4 2 4 2
nguon
M M M
KA A
K A A
r r r
= => = => =
=> Nng lng t l nghch bnh phng qung ng sng truyn, bin gim theo qung ng sng truyn
- Phng trnh sng:

- S tun hon ca sng c: Theo thi gian vi chu k T, Theo khng gian vi bc sng
Phng truyn sng
M
O
N
M
d OM =
N
d ON =
o
u acos( t ) = +
M
M
2 d
u acos( t )
= ++
N
N
2 d
u acos( t )
= +

.
29
- lch pha gia hai im trn cng 1 phng truyn:

1 2
2 2
d d d
= =
+ Cng pha: k d k = => = 2
=> Cc im cch nhau nguyn ln bc sng trn cng 1 phng truyn lun dao ng cng pha.
+ Ngc pha: 2 / ) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 ( + = => + = k d k
=> Cc im cch nhau nguyn l ln mt phn hai bc sng trn cng 1 phng truyn lun dao ng cng pha.
+ Vung pha: 4 / ) 1 2 ( 2 / ) 1 2 ( + = => + = k d k
=> Cc im cch nhau nguyn ln l ln mt phn t bc sng trn cng 1 phng truyn lun dao ng cng
pha.

.
30
NHIU X V GIAO THOA SNG C
1. Nhiu x: l hin tng sng khng tun theo quy lut truyn thng khi truyn qua l nh hoc khe hp.
2. Giao thoa sng:
- Ngun kt hp, sng kt hp:
+ Ngun kt hp: l nhng ngun dao ng cng tn s, cng pha hoc c lch pha khng thay i theo thi
gian.
+ Sng kt hp: l sng do cc ngun kt hp to ra (C cng tn s v ti 1 v tr xc nh th lch pha khng
i).
- K/nim giao thoa sng: l s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu sng kt hp trong c nhng im c nh m bin
sng c tng cng hoc gim bt. Tp hp cc im c bin tng cng to thnh dy cc i, tp hp cc
im c bin gim bt to thnh dy cc tiu.
- iu kin giao thoa: cc sng gp nhau phi l cc sng kt hp.
Lu : - Cc i gm c gn li v gn lm.
- Khong cch gia hai cc i hoc hai cc tiu lin tip: 2 /
- Khong cch gia hai gn li lin tip:
- Khong cch gia ca i v cc tiu lin k: 4 /
- Hai ngun cng pha: trung trc l cc i, s cc i l s l, cc tiu l s chn.
- Hai ngun cng pha: trung trc l cc tiu, s cc tiu l s l, cc i l s chn
- Nu hai ngun kt hp dao ng cng bin : Bin cc i = 2A, bin cc tiu = 0 (trit tiu).
- Nu hai ngun kt hp dao ng bin khc nhau => Bin cc i = A
1
+ A
2
, cc tiu = 0
2 1
A A
- Bin dao ng ti M:
1 2
2 os
2
M
d d
A A c

| |
= +
|
\
vi
1 2
=

3. Phng trnh sng giao thoa ti M cch hai ngun ln lt d
1
, d
2
:
+ Hai sng pht ra t hai ngun sng kt hp S
1
, S
2
cch nhau mt khong S
1
S
2

+ Phng trnh sng ti 2 ngun
1 1
Acos(2 ) u ft = + v
2 2
Acos(2 ) u ft = +
+ Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti:

1
1 1
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft
= + v
2
2 2
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft
= +
=> PT sng giao thoa ti M: u
M
= u
1M
+ u
2M

1 2 1 2 1 2
2 os os 2
2 2
M
d d d d
u Ac c ft

+ + ( (
= + +
( (

Lu : + u
M
= u
1M
+ u
2M
(Dng my tnh tng hp).
+ C th dng cng thc tng hp dao ng vit phng trnh dao ng tng hp
+Bin dao ng ti M:
1 2
2 os
2
M
d d
A A c

| |
= +
|
\
vi
1 2
=

.
31
4. iu kin cc i, cc tiu
- Cc i:
+ = => =
+ = => =
= => =
=>
+ =
)
4
1
(
2
:
)
2
1
( :
0 :
)
2
(
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
k d d Vuongpha
k d d Nguocpha
k d d Cungpha
k d d vi
1 2
=
- Cc tiu:
+ = => =
= => =
+ = => =
=>
+ + =
)
4
3
(
2
:
:
)
2
1
( 0 :
)
2 2
1
(
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
k d d Vuongpha
k d d Nguocpha
k d d Cungpha
k d d vi
1 2
=
5. Xc nh s cc i, cc tiu trong khong gia hai ngun
- S cc i:
< <
< <
< <
=>
< <
4
1
4
1
:
2
1
2
1
:
:
2 2
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1

S S
k
S S
Vuongpha
S S
k
S S
Nguocpha
S S
k
S S
Cungpha
S S
k
S S

=> S cc i = s nghim k nguyn tha mn.
- S cc tiu:
< <
< <
< <
=>
< <
4
3
4
3
:
:
2
1
2
1
:
2
1
2 2
1
2
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1

S S
k
S S
Vuongpha
S S
k
S S
Nguocpha
S S
k
S S
Cungpha
S S
k
S S

=> S cc tiu = s nghim k nguyn tha mn.

Ngoi ra: - V tr cc i:
)
2
(
2
1
2
)
2
(
2 1
1
2 1 1 2
1 2

+ = =>
= +
+ =
k
S S
d
S S d d
k d d

- V tr cc tiu:
)
2 2
1
(
2
1
2
)
2 2
1
(
2 1
1
2 1 1 2
1 2

+ + = =>
= +
+ + =
k
S S
d
S S d d
k d d

6. Cc i, cc tiu gia hai im MN bt k.
- Xc nh hiu khong cch ti hai im ang xt (V d gia hai im MN)
+ Ti M:
2 1 2 1
....
M M M
d d d MS MS = = =
+ Ti N:
2 1 2 1
....
N N N
d d d NS NS = = =
- Thay vo iu kin cc i, cc tiu: S cc i, cc tiu = s nghim k nguyn tha mn.
VD: Hai ngun cng pha
+ Cc i:
2 1 M N
d d k d k d = => < <
+ Cc tiu:
2 1
1 1
( ) ( )
2 2
M N
d d k d k d = + => < + <
7. Xc nh khong cch ln nht, nh nh: Gi l l khong cch im M trn ng vung gc
vi S
1
S
2
ti ngun S
1.
+ Ta c:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1
2 1
2 1
d s s d s s l
s s l l k
d d k
= + = +
=> + =

(*)

.
32
+ Khong cch: l
max
<=> Cc i gn trung tm nht (k=1)
+ Khong cch: l
min
<=> Cc i xa trung tm nht (k= k
max
)
8. Khong cch im M trn trung trc gn nht dao ng cng pha, ngc pha,vi ngun.
- lch pha: 2
d

=

- Xc nh v tr im M trn trung trc ca 2 ngun dao ng:
+ Cng pha ngun:
1 2 1 2
min (min)
2
2
2 2
M
M
M
M
M M
d
d k
k
S S S S
d k k d
=> =
`
> => > => =>

+ Ngc pha ngun:
1 2 1 2
min (min)
2
( 1/ 2)
(2 1)
( 1/ 2)
2 2
M
M
M
M
M M
d
d k
k
S S S S
d k k d
=> = +
`

= +
> => + > => =>

9. Khong cch im M trn trung trc gn nht dao ng cng pha, ngc pha,trung im
O ca 2 ngun.
- lch pha sng ti M vi ngun: 2
M
d

=
- lch pha sng ti O vi ngun:
0
2
O
d

=
- Dao ng cng pha gn nht: 2
M O
= +
min min min
k d OM => => => .
- Dao ng ngc pha gn nht:
M O
= +
min min min
k d OM => => => .
10. Hai im dao ng cng tnh cht: im M c vn k i qua, ti N c vn k+a cng tnh
cht vi l s nguyn (1,2,)
- iu kin: a k
a k d d
k d d
N N
M M
,
)
2
(
)
2
(
1 2
1 2
=>
+ =
+ =

- Tnh cht giao thoa ti im M,N:
+ Nu hai ngun cng pha: k l s nguyn => M, N l cc i, k l s bn nguyn (VD: 1,5 .) => M, N
l cc tiu.
+ Nu hai ngun ngc pha: k l s nguyn => M, N l cc tiu, k l s bn nguyn (VD: 1,5 .) => M,
N l cc i.

.
33
2

A
P
N N N N N
B B B B
4

SNG DNG
1. S phn x sng.
+ Trn vt cn c nh: Sng phn x lun ngc pha sng ti ti im phn x:
=
B B
u u
+ Trn vt cn t do(khng vt cn) : Sng phn x lun cng pha sng ti ti im phn x:
=
B B
u u
2. Khi nim sng dng: Sng dng l sng c c cc nt, cc bng l nhng im c nh trong khng gian
(pha dao ng khng lan truyn).
Nhn xt: + Sng dng l trng hp c bit ca giao thoa gia sng ti v sng phn x. Nhng v tr
bin sng b trit tiu to thnh nt, nhng v tr bin sng c tng cng to thnh bng.
+ K/cch gia 2 nt hoc 2 bng lin tip nhau l
2
, k/cch gia mt nt v mt bng lin k

4
.
+ Cc im nm trn cng 1 b lun dao ng cng pha, hai im nm trn hai b lin k lun
dao ng ngc pha.
+ Bin bng sng dng: 2A
0
, B rng bng sng : 4A
0

+ Bin sng dng ti v tr cch nt 1 on x: 2 sin(2 )
M
x
A A
= .
+ Bin sng dng ti v tr cch bng 1 on x: 2 cos(2 )
M
d
A A
= .
+ Khong cch ngn nht gia cc im cch u nhau dao ng cng bin l
4

+ 2 tn s gn nhau nht f
1
, f
2
m t s:
B
A
f
f
=
2
1
vi A,B l hai s nguyn lin tip => y l sng dng
trn dy 2 u c nh v tn s nh nht c th to sng dng trn dy : .
2 1
f f f =
+ 2 tn s gn nhau nht f
1
, f
2
m t s:
B
A
f
f
=
2
1
vi A,B l hai s nguyn l lin tip => y l sng
dng trn dy 1 u c t do v tn s nh nht c th to sng dng trn dy :
2
2 1
f f
f

=
+ Tc truyn sng theo lc cng dy: ( / )
F
v m s
= Trong : ( / )
m
kg m
l
= .
+ Dy c kch thch bng nam chm in (cun dy): f
dy
=2f
in
.
+ Dy c kch thch bng nam chm vnh cu : f
dy
=f
in
.
3. Sng dng hai u c nh (1 u buc cht u kia gn m thoa kch thch dao ng)
+ Hai u l nt.
+ iu kin: .... 3 , 2 , 1 :
2 2
= = = k Trong
f
v
k k l

4. Sng dng mt u th t do, u kia gn m thoa kch thch dao ng
+ u c nh l nt, u t do l bng.
+ iu kin: .... 3 , 2 , 1 :
2
)
2
1
( = + = k Trong k l

5. Phng trnh sng dng:
+ PT sng ti ngun A: cm t A u
A
) . cos( . + = .
+ PT sng truyn t A-> M: cm
AM
t A u
M
) 2 . cos( .
) 1 (
+ =
+ PT sng truyn t A-> B: cm
AB
t A u
B
) 2 . cos( .
+ =
+ PT sng phn x t B-> M:

+ =
+ =
) 2 2 . cos( : _ _
) 2 2 cos( . : _ _
) 2 (
) 2 (

x l l
t A u do Tu B
x l l
t A u dinh Co B
M
M

.
34
+ PT sng tng hp ti M: (Dng my tnh tng hp dao ng)

+
= + =
) )( 2 2 ( ) 2 (
) )( 2 2 ( ) 2 (
) 2 ( ) 1 (
codinh
x l l
A
x
A
tudo
x l l
A
x
A
u u u
M M M

.
35
SNG M . GIAO THOA V SNG DNG M
1. Ngun m, sng m.
- Ngun m: l nhng vt dao ng pht ra sng m.
- Sng m: l nhng dao ng c lan truyn trong mi trng rn , lng , kh. Sng m
khng lan truyn oc trong mi trng chn khng.
Quan trng: Trong mi trng kh , lng : sng m l sng dc; trong mi trng rn: sng m gm c sng dc v
sng ngang.
2. Phn loi sng m.
- H m: f < 16Hz
- m nghe c: Hz f Hz 000 . 20 16 (Tai ngi nghe c m thanh)
- Siu m: f > 20000Hz
Lu : Tai ngi thnh nht tn s 1000Hz v mng nh cng hng tt nht vi di tn t 800 - 2000 Hz
3. Cm gic m. Nhc m, tp m
- Cm gic m : Ph thuc vo ngun m v tai ngi nghe.
- Nhc m: c tn s xc nh, th m l nhng ng cong tun hon, gy ra cm gic m r chu.
- Tp m: khng c tn s xc nh, th m l nhng ng cong khng xc nh, gy ra cm gic m kh chu.
4. Vn tc truyn m.
- Vn tc truyn m : Ph thuc vo bn cht mi trng: tnh n hi v mt vt cht ca mi trng.
Nhn chung:
khi long ran
V V V > > . Ngoi ra: Trong mt mi trng xc vn tc truyn m cn thay i theo nhit .
- Vt cch m: n hi yu, kh nng truyn m km.
- Bi ton: Xc nh tc truyn m trong kim loi:
kl kk
v
l
v
l
t = .
4. Cc c trng vt l ca sng m
- Tn s: mi im trong mi trng dao ng cng tn s = tn s ca ngun, khi truyn t MT ny sang MT khc
th tn s khng i.(c trng c bn v quan trng nht)
- Cng m: cng m l nng lng m sng m truyn qua mt n v din tch t vung gc phng
truyn trong mt n v thi gian: ) / (
. 4 .
2
2
m W
R
P
S
P
t s
W
I
= = = (Sng cu, ng hng)

- Mc cng m : L =
0
lg
I
I
(B) =
0
lg . 10
I
I
(dB)
Lu : + I
0
= 10
-12
W/m
2
cng m chun f = 1000Hz .
+ Ti mt v tr c nhiu ngun m: I = I
1
+ I
2
+ ....
+ Nu cng m tng hay gim 10
n
ln th mc cng m tng hay gim 10n (dB)

= => =
+ = => =
) ( . 10
10
) ( . 10 . 10
dB n L L
I
I
dB n L L I I
n
n

+ Nu cng m tng hay gim k ln th mc cng m tng hay gim 10lg (k) (dB)

= => =
+ = => =
) )( lg( . 10
) )( lg( . 10 .
dB k L L
k
I
I
dB k L L I k I

- th sng m: ph thuc vo tn s, bin sng m.
5. Cc c trng sinh l ca sng m.
- cao: l c trng sinh l ca m, gn lin vi tn s m. Tn s m cng ln th m cng cao, cao cho bit
trm, bng ca m .
- to: l c trng sinh l gn lin vi mc cng m, cng mt tn s, mc cng m cng ln th to
cng ln.
- m sc: l c trng sinh l ca m gip phn bit c m do cc ngun khc nhau pht ra. m sc gn lin
th sng m (=> ph thuc vo tn s, bin , s ho m,...). Cc m do cc ngun khc nhau c th cng bin , tn
s, cao, to nhng khng cng m sc.
Ngoi ra:
+ Tc dng ca hp cng hng : Tng cng m v to ra m sc ring ca nhc c.
+ Ngng nghe: l mc cng m b nht c th gy ra cm gic m, ngng nghe thay i theo tn s.
+ Ngng au: l mc cng m ln nht m tai ngi c th ch c. Ngng au ng vi mc cng m
130dB v hu nh khng ph thuc tn s.

.
36
6. Ngun nhc m
- Dy n v ng so hai u h:
+ m nghe c to nht khi c sng dng:
l
v
k f
f
v
k k l
2
.
. 2 2
= => = =

.
+ Tn s m c bn:
l
v
f
cb
2
= , ho m bc 2:
cb
f
l
v
f . 2
2
. 2
2
= = ,...Ho m c bc l nhng s nguyn lin tip.
- ng so 1 u kn 1 u h:
+ m nghe c to nht khi c sng dng
l
v
k f
f
v
k
f
v
k k l
4
.
. 4
.
. 4
) 1 2 (
2
) 2 / 1 ( = => = + = + =

+ Tn s m c bn:
l
v
f
cb
2
= , ho m bc 3:
cb
f
l
v
f . 3
4
. 3
2
= = ,...Ho m c bc l nhng s nguyn l lin tip.

.
37
DNG IN XOAY CHIU
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
I CNG DNG IN XOAY CHIU

1. Nguyn tc to ra dng in xoay chiu
- Da vo hin tng cm ng in t: khi t thng qua khung dy bin thin sinh ra trong khung dy mt sut in
ng cm ng.
- Khung dy t trong t trng sao cho vc t B vung gc trc quay.
2. T thng, sut in ng
- T thng: ) ( ) cos( ) cos( .
0 0 0
Wb t t NBS + = + = Vi
0 0(1_ )
.
Vong
NBS N = =
- Sut in ng: ) ( )
2
cos( ) sin( .
0 0 0
V t E t NBS
dt
d
e

+ = + = = vi
0 0
) , (
=
=
t
B n
Lu : + 0 :
0
= B n
+ 0 : _
0
= khungday mp B
+ = =
0
0
90 : ) _ , ( khungday mp B
3. Dng in xoay chiu: C cng (hoc in p) bin thin iu ha theo thi gian.
- in p: ) ( ) cos(
0
V t U u
u
+ =
- Dng in: ) ( ) cos(
0
A t I i
i
+ =
- lch pha ca in p u so vi dng in i:
i u
=
- Nu > 0 : u nhanh pha hn i mt gc
- Nu = 0 : u cng pha vi i
- Nu < 0 : u tr pha hn i mt gc
Lu : in p u = U
1
+ U
0
cos(t + ) c coi gm mt in p khng i U
1
v mt in p xoay chiu U
0
cos(t
+ ) ng thi t vo on mch
4. Gi tr hiu dng: c trng cho tc dng gy ra trong thi gian di.
+ => =
2
Cucdai
Hieudung
2
0
E
E = ,
2
0
U
U = ,
2
0
I
I = .
+ S ch ca cc dng c o l gi tr hiu dng.
5. S i chiu dng in: ) ( ) cos(
0
A t I i
i
+ =
- Nu: :
2
i
Trong 1 chu k dng in i chiu 2 ln, 1(s) i chiu 2f ln.
- Nu: :
2

=
i
Trong 1 chu k u tin dng in i chiu 1 ln, trong cc chu k tip theo i chiu 2 ln, trong
1(s) u tin i chiu (2f -1 ) ln, trong cc giy tip theo i chiu 2f ln.
6. Thi gian n sng, n tt:
- Thi gian n sng trong 1 chu k:
s
s
t 4 = vi
0
cos
U
u
s
s
= .
- Thi gian n tt trong 1 chu k:
s t
t T t = hoc
t
t
t 4 = vi
0
sin
U
u
t
t
= .
- Thi gian n sng, tt trong thi gian t bt k:
Chuki
t
T
t
1
.

7. Gi tr trung bnh
+ Dng in biu thc dng hm sin, cos theo thi gian: 0
trungbinh
i = .
+ Dng in biu thc dng bnh phng sin, cos theo thi gian: h bc => gi tr
trung bnh.
- Cng hiu dng (biu thc dng in khc bnh thng): xc nh nhit lng theo cng thc
U
u
O
M'2
M2
M'1
M1
-U
U
0
0
1
-U
1
Sng Sng
Tt
Tt

.
38
2
0
. .
T
Q i R dt =
=> so snh biu thc

2
. . Q I RT = =>Cng hiu dng I.
8. in lng, tc dng ho hc
+ Dng iu ch ha cht.
+ in lng qua dy dn trong thi gian t t
1
n t
2
:
)) sin( ) (sin( ). cos( .
1 2
0
0
2
1
2
1
i i
t
t
i
t
t
t t
I
t d t I dt i q
+ + = + = =

+ in lng qua dy trong 1 chu k : 0
1
=
Chuki
q .
+ in lng qua dy dn theo 1 chiu trong 1/2 chu k (
2

=
i
):
0
2 / 1
2I
q
Chuki
= .
+ in lng qua dy dn theo 1 chiu trong thi gian t (
2

=
i
):
Chuki
q
T
t
q
2 / 1
.
= .
+ Khi lng cht: q
n
A
F
m . .
1
= (gam).
+ Th tch khi thu c:
RT
PV
n
mol
= Vi n
mol
=m/M, R= 0,082, (P) = (atm), (V) = (lit), (T) = (K).

.
39
MCH XOAY CHIU RLC NI TIP
1. Mch in ch cha in tr thun R
- Cho dng 1 chiu v xoay chiu chy qua, gy ra tc dng nhit v khng ph thuc vo chiu dng in.
- in p v dng in lun cng pha: 0 =
i u

- nh lut m cc i (hiu dng ):
R
U
I
R 0
0
= =>
R
U
I
R
=
- nh lut m tc thi:
R
u
i
R
= (ch R mi c).
2. Mch in xoay chiu ch cha cun dy thun cm L
- Cho dng 1 chiu chy qua hon ton, cho dng xoay chiu chy qua v gy ra tc dng cn tr gi l cm khng:
L f L Z
L
. 2 = = Trong : [ ] H L =
- in p u
L
lun nhanh pha
2
so vi cng dng in i trong mch

2
=
i u
.
- nh lut m:
L
L
Z
U
I
0
0
= ,
L
L
Z
U
I = .
- Cng thc c lp: 1
2
2
2
2
= +
oL oL
I
i
U
u

3. Mch in xoay chiu ch cha t in C
- Khng cho dng 1 chiu v cho dng xoay chiu chy qua gy ra tc dng cn tr gi l cm khng:

C f C
Z
C
. 2
1
.
1

= = Trong : [ ] [ ] F C =
- Dng xoay chiu qua t gi l dng in dch gy ra bi s bin thin in trng gia hai bn t.
- in p
C
u

lun tr pha
2
so vi cng dng in i trong mch

2

=
i u
.
- nh lut m:
C
C
Z
U
I
0
0
= ,
C
C
Z
U
I = .
- Cng thc c lp: 1
2
2
2
2
= +
oC oC
I
i
U
u
.
4. Mch RLC ni tip
- Tng tr:
2 2
) (
C L
Z Z R Z + = hoc
2 2
) ( ) (
C L
Z Z r R Z + + =
- in p:
0 0 0 0
2 2
0 0 0
2 2
:
:
: ( )
: ( )
R L C
R L C
O R L C
R L C
Tucthoi u u u u
Vecto U U U U
Cucdai U U U U
Hieudung U U U U
= + +
= + +
= +
= +

- Cng dng in:
= => = <=> =
= = = =
= = = =
LC
Z Z
R
U
I
Z
U
Z
U
R
U
Z
U
I
Z
U
Z
U
R
U
Z
U
I
C L
C
C
L
L R
O
C
C
L
L R
1
.
.
max
0 0 0 0

Lu : + Mch cho in p 1 chiu chy qua => Mch khng cha t in v khi :
=
=
Z
U
I
R
U
I
xoaychieu
xoaychieu
chieu
chieu
_ 1
_ 1

L
R
C
L
A B
C
B A

.
40
+ Mch ghp t C:
=> + =
=> + =
C
C C C
ntC C
C C C C C C
2 1 1
2 1
2 1 2 1
1 1 1
:
: //

+ Mch ghp t L:
=> + =
=> + =
L L L L ntL L
L
L L L
L L
2 1 2 1
2 1 1
2 1
:
1 1 1
: //

- lch pha ca in p so vi dng in:
R
C L C L
U
U U
R
Z Z
=
= tan
- Nu
C L
Z Z > : Mch c tnh cm khng, 0 tan > : u nhanh pha hn i
- Nu
C L
Z Z < : Mch c tnh dung khng, 0 tan < : u tr pha hn i
- Nu
C L
Z Z = : 0 tan = : u, i cng pha , mch c cng hng: Z = R,
LC
R
U
I I
1
,
max
= = =
5. Vit biu thc in p, dng in
- lch pha in p so vi dng in:
i u
R
C L C L
U
U U
R
Z Z
Tan = =>
= .
- Dng in: ) cos( .
0 i
t I i + = Trong :
Z
U
I
u i i u
0
0
, = = => = .
- in p 2 u mch: ) cos( .
0 u
t U u + = Trong : Z I U
i u i u
. ,
0 0
= + = => = .
- Biu thc in p 2 im AM bt k:
+ lch pha AM so vi dng trong mch:

i AM AM u i AM u AM AM
Tan + = => = => =
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
.........
+ in p 2 u AM: ) cos( .
) ( ) ( 0 AM u AM AM
t U u + = .
Trong :
i AM u AM AM AM
Z I U = =
) ( ) ( 0 ) ( 0
, .
6.Thay i L, C, tn s I
max
, U
Rmax
, U
LCmin
, U
rLCmin
:
max max (min) 0
1
, ,
L C
R LC
Z Z
LC
U
I U U U
R
= <=> =
= =

7. in p khng ph thuc vo R:
= <=> =
= <=> =
C L RL RL
L C RC RC
Z Z U U R U
Z Z U U R U
2
1
:
2
1
:

8. Bi ton lch pha in p, dng in: in p AN lch pha so vi in p hai u mch AB
+ Nu in p AN nhanh pha hn in p AB:
AB AN
AB AN
AB AN
Tan Tan
Tan Tan
Tan

+
= => =
1

T cng thc lch pha:
R
C L C L
U
U U
R
Z Z
Tan

=
= xc nh
AB AN
Tan Tan , thay vo trn
+ Nu in p AN tr pha hn in p AB:
AN AB
AN AB
AN AB
Tan Tan
Tan Tan
Tan

+
= => =
1

T cng thc lch pha:
R
C L C L
U
U U
R
Z Z
Tan

=
= xc nh
AB AN
Tan Tan , thay vo trn
Lu :
* on mch cha L lm in p nhanh pha thm, on mch cha C lm in p tr pha hn.
* Nu in p vung pha 1 . :
2 1 2 1
= Tan Tan u u .
* Nu
1 2 1 2
tan . tan 1
2
+ = =

.
41
* Nu
1 2 1 2
tan . tan 1
2
+ = =
* Khi: U
AB
= U
AM
+ U
MB
u
AB
; u
AM
v u
MB
cng pha tanu
AB
= tanu
AM
= tanu
MB.
* Khi: C = C
1
v C = C
2
th cng dng trong mch i
1 ,
i
2
lch pha nhau
Nu
2
2 1 2 1

= = = I I

(nu C
1
>C
2
)

2

=

(nu C
1
< C
2
)

Nu

=
+
tan
tan . tan 1
tan tan
2 1
2 1
2 1
I I (nu C
1
>C
2
)

= tan (nu C
1
< C
2
)
9. on mch RLC c L thay i:
- L thay i U
L(max)
:
2 2
( ax) L m C
U
U R Z
R
= + <=>
2 2
C
L
C
R Z
Z
Z
+
= =>
C
C R
L
U
U U
U
2 2
+
= .
- L thay i khi L = L
1
hoc L = L
2
th U
L
c cng gi tr, tm L U
L(max)
:
1 2
1 1 1 1
( )
2
L L L
Z Z Z
= + .
- L thay i U
RL(max)
:
( ax)
2 2
2 R
4
RL m
C C
U
U
R Z Z
=
+
<=>
2 2
4
2
C C
L
Z R Z
Z
+ +
= .
Ch : Khi U
Lmax
th in p hai u mch U nhanh pha 2 / U
RC

2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
LM R C LM C LM
U U U U U UU U = + + =

10. on mch RLC c C thay i:
- C thay i U
C(max)
:
2 2
( ax) C m L
U
U R Z
R
= + <=>
2 2
L
C
L
R Z
Z
Z
+
= =>
L
L R
C
U
U U
U
2 2
+
= .
- C thay i khi C = C
1
hoc C = C
2
th U
C
c cng gi tr, tm C U
Cmax
:
1 2
1 1 1 1
( )
2
C C C
Z Z Z
= +
- C thay i U
RC(max)
:
( ax)
2 2
2 R
4
RC m
L L
U
U
R Z Z
=
+
<=>
2 2
4
2
L L
C
Z R Z
Z
+ +
=

H qu: Khi U
Cmax
th in p hai u mch U tr pha 2 / U
RL

2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
CM R L CM L CM
U U U U U U U U = + + =
11. Mch RLC c tn s gc thay i:
- Tn s gc thay i khi =
1
hoc =
2
th I hoc P hoc U
R
c cng mt gi tr. Tm s gc I
Max

hoc P
Max
hoc U
RMax
:
1 2
= tn s
1 2
f f f =
- Tn s gc thay i U
Lmax
:
( ax)
2 2
2 .
4
L m
U L
U
R LC R C
=
<=>
2
1 1
2
L
C
L R
C
=

- Tn s gc thay i U
Cmax
:
( ax)
2 2
2 .
4
C m
U L
U
R LC R C
=
<=>
2
1
2
L R
L C
=
- Khi
L
= th U
(Lmax)
, khi
C
= th U
(Cmax)
, khi
R
= th U
(Rmax)
:
C L R
. =
- Khi =
1
hoc =
2
th U
C
nh nhau, U
C(max)
:
2
2
2
2
1 2

+
=
- Khi =
1
hoc =
2
th U
L
nh nhau, U
L
(
max
): )
1 1
(
2
1 1
2
2
2
1
2

+ = .
- Mch R
1
L
1
C
1
c tn s cng hng l
1
v mch in R
2
L
2
C
2
c tn s cng hng l
2

vi
1
=
2
=> Tn s cng hng khi hai mch ghp ni tip l =
1
=
2
.
- Khi =
1
hoc =
2
th dng in hiu dng bng nhau v u nh hn cng hiu dng cc i n

.
42
ln (n > 1). Biu thc tnh R l
1 2
2
( )
1
L
R
n

=
.

12. Phng php gin vc t

.
43
CNG SUT IN XOAY CHIU
1. Cng sut tc thi: P =u.i = UIcos + UIcos(2t + ) , bin thin tun hon chu k T/2, tn s 2f,.....
2. Cng sut (Cng sut trung bnh):
- H s cng sut:
U
U
Z
R
R
= = cos
- Cng sut : P = UIcos =I
2
R=
2
( . os ) U c
R
.
- in nng tiu th: W= P.t (J)
Lu : + Khi mch cha thm in tr thun r
- H s cng sut:
U
U U
Z
r R
r R
+
=
+
= cos .
- Cng sut:
2
. os ( ) P UI c I R r = = + .
+ T in, cun dy thun cm: Khng tiu th in => H s cng sut = 0, cng sut tiu
th = 0.
+ ngha h s cng sut: H s cng sut cng ln => cng hai ph trn dy cng b v ngc li.
3. Cng thc gii nhanh cc trng hp c bit
- Khi
1
C C = V
2
C C = th cng sut nh nhau, gi tr L:
2
) 2 ( ) 1 ( C C
L
Z Z
Z
+
=
- Khi
1
L L = V
2
L L = th cng sut nh nhau, gi tr C:
2
) 2 ( ) 1 ( L L
C
Z Z
Z
+
=
- Khi L, C (hoc f) bin thin P
max
:
R
U
P
LC
hay Z Z
C L
2
max
)
1
( = = = ; u,i cng pha.
- R bin thin P
max
:
2
max
1
2, cos
2
2
L C
U
R Z Z P Z R
R
= = => = = .

- Khi R = R
1
v R = R
2
th P nh nhau:
=
= = <=> =
+
=
1 .
2
2 1
2 1
2
max
2 1
2
Tan Tan
Z Z R R R
R
U
P
R R
U
P
C L

- Mach RLrC ni tip (cun dy c in tr thun):
- R thay i P mch max:
C L
Z Z r R
r R
U
P = + <=>
+
=
) ( 2
2
max
.
- R thay i P trn R max:
2 2
2
max
) (
) ( 2
C L R
Z Z r R
r R
U
P + = <=>
+
= .
Ch : Khi thay i R cng sut mch cc i:
C L
Z Z r R = + m 0 = => > R Z Z r
C L

.
44
MY BIN P V TRUYN TI IN NNG
1. My bin p: My bin p l thit b dng bin i in p xoay chiu (My bin p khng c kh nng
bin i tn s, khng hot ng trc tip dng in khng i)
2. Cu to my bin p : Cun s cp N
1
(dng a in p vo), cun th cp N
2
(dng ly in p ra) v li
bin p: Tc dng tng t v dn t, cu to gm cc l thp k thut mng, sn cch in, ghp st nhau to thnh
khi.
3. Nguyn tc hot ng: da vo hin tng cm ng in t
4. Cng thc my bin p
- in p:
1
2
1
2
N
N
U
U
= Trong :
1
U l in p t vo cun s cp,
2
U l in p ly ra cun th cp, k =N
1
/N
2

l h s my bin p
+ Nu
1 2 1 2
U U N N > > : My tng p
+ Nu
1 2 1 2
U U N N < < : My h p
- Cng dng:
+ B qua hao ph:
1 1 2 2 1 2
I U I U P P = =
+ My c hiu sut H (H i ra h s):
1 1 2 2 1 2
. . I U H I U P H P = =
Trong :
1 1 1
I U P = l cng sut in cun s cp,
2 2 2
I U P = l cng sut in cun th cp.
Ngoi ra: + Th cp mc mch RLC:
2 2 2 2
. . os P U I c = .
+ My bin p qun ngc mt s vng (B qua hao ph ca my):
1 1
2 2
1
2
2
2
n N
n N
U
U
=
Trong : n
1
l s vng qun ngc cun s cp, n
2
l s vng qun ngc cun th cp.
+ My bin p c in tr thun ( tnh in p):
+ =
+ =
2
_
2
2
2
_
2
1
thucap R thucap
socap R socap
U U U
U U U
vi
1
2
1
2
N
N
U
U
= .
+ My bin p c in tr thun ( Tnh cng ):
1
2
1 . 1 1
2 . 2 2
N
N
r I U
r I U
=
+
Vi
2 2 1 1
1
2
2
1
. . N I N I
N
N
I
I
= => =
- Bi ton tng qut: Bin p vi cun s cp v th cp u c in tr (Hay v kh)

.
45
5. Truyn ti in nng.
- in nng hao ph trn dy: R
U
P
R I P
hp
2 2
2
2
cos
= =
Trong : + P : Cng sut in truyn i, n v: W
+ U: in p truyn ti trn dy
+ R: in tr dy truyn ti,
S
l
R =
+ cos : H s cng sut trn dy truyn ti (thng cos = 1)
Lu : - Cch gim in nng hao ph = tng in p trn dy truyn ti, in p tng k ln th cng sut hao ph
gim k
2
ln.
- Dy dn gm hai dy, chiu di dy l = 2 ln khong cch truyn ti.
- Hiu sut truyn ti:
P
P P
P
P
H
hp

=
= Vi
hp
P P P = cng sut nhn c ni tiu th.
- st p: R I U U U . = = Vi U l in p ni ngun bt u truyn i, U l in p ni tiu th.
- Khi in p U
1
th hiu sut truyn ti H
1
, khi in p U
2
th hiu sut H
2
:
+ Nu cng sut truyn i khng i:
) 1 (
) 1 (
2
1
1
2
H
H
U
U
=
+ Nu cng sut nhn c ni tiu th khng i:
2 2
1 1
1
2
). 1 (
). 1 (
H H
H H
U
U
=

- st p = n ln in p ni tiu th, cng sut hao ph gim k ln nhng cng sut tiu th khng i, in
p lc ny:
2
1
1
.
1
U n k
U n
k
+
=
+
.
- st p = n ln in p ngun, cng sut hao ph gim k ln nhng cng sut tiu th khng i, in p lc
ny:
k
k n n
U
U ) 1 (
1
2
+
=
- Nu ti ngun v ni tiu th t my bin p:

.
46
MY PHT V NG C KHNG NG B
1. Nguyn tc hot ng: Da vo hin tng cm ng in t: T thng qua khung dy bin thin, sinh ra
trong khung dy mt sut in ng bin thin cng tn s
2. Cu to v cch to ra sut in ng xoay chiu:
- Cu to: gm hai phn chnh
- Phn cm: l phn to ra t trng (thng l cc nam chm)
- Phn ng: l phn to ra sut in ng (thng l khung dy)
- Cch 1: T trng c nh, khung dy quay
- Cch 2: Khung dy c nh, t trng quay
Nhn xt: + T trng vung gc vi trc quay khung dy.
+ Phn quay: Roto, phn ng yn: Stato.
3. My pht in xoay chiu mt pha
- Sut in ng: ) ( )
2
cos( ) sin( .
0 0 0
V t E t NBS
dt
d
e

+ = + = =
- Tn s dng in:
t
N
p n p f . . = =
Trong : p l s cp cc nam chm,
t
N
n = : Tc quay ca roto, n v: vng/s.
Lu : - My pht cng sut b: phn quay (roto) l khung dy quay, phn ng yn l nam chm.
- My pht cng sut ln: phn quay (roto) l nam chm in, phn ng yn l khung dy.
- My pht khung dy quay c thm b gp: my xoay chiu l 2 vng khuyn, my 1 chiu l 2 bn vng
khuyn.
- Mch chnh lu chu k: dng 1 diot, dng in 1 chiu nhp nhy, ch c in trong 1/2 chu k.
- Mch chnh lu 2 na chu k: dung 4 iot, dng in 1 chiu nhp nhy, c in trong c 2 na c.k.
4. My pht in xoay chiu ba pha, dng in ba pha
- Phn cm: 1 nam chm quay quanh mt trc c nh (phn cm l roto)
- Phn ng: gm ba cun dy hon ton ging nhau, t lch nhau mt gc
3
2

- Dng in ba pha: l h thng ba dng in xoay chiu gy ra bi ba sut in ng xoay chiu cng bin , cng
tn s nhng lch pha nhau mt gc
3
2

1 0
2 0
3 0
os( )
2
os( )
3
2
os( )
3
e E c t
e E c t
e E c t
= +
Nu ti i xng th
1 0
2 0
3 0
os( )
2
os( )
3
2
os( )
3
i I c t
i I c t
i I c t
= +

- Cch mc dng in xoay chiu ba pha:
- My pht mc hnh sao: S dng 4 dy, cng thc: U
d
= 3 U
p
, I
d
= I
p
, I
t.hoa
= 0
- My pht mc hnh tam gic: S dng 3 dy, cng thc: U
d
= U
p
, I
d
= 3 I
p
.
5. ng c khng ng b ba pha.
- Nguyn tc hot ng: da vo hin tng cm ng in t v m men lc t tc dng ln roto
- Stato: gm ba cun dy hon ton ging nhau, t lch nhau mt gc
3
2

- Roto: l khi tr lng xc quay quanh trc c nh, roto quay tc < tc quay ca t trng.
- Cng sut tiu th in:
p p p P
I U P P cos 3 3 = =
- Hiu sut ng c: % 100 .
.
cos .
_
2
_
p
P P
H
R I P
I UI P
phi hao
phi hao
= =>
=
=> =

Trong : +
i
P =
phi hao
P P
_
: Cng sut c ch
+ P: Cng sut tiu th in

.
47
Lu : + Bin t trng ti tm my:
0
1, 5 B B = Vi
0
B l bin t trng tm do 1 cun dy to ra
+ Tc quay t trng ti tm: .
N
f p
t
= Vi c 3 cun dy l 1 cp cc t.
+ Khi s trn 1 cun dy
1 0
e E = th s trn 2 cun dy cn li:
0
2 3
2
E
e e = =
+ Khi s trn 1 cun dy
1
0 e = th s trn 2 cun dy cn li:
0
2 3
3
2
E
e e = =
(Tng t cho cng , t trng,)
+ Cng dng in y trung ha (hnh sao):

. 1 2 3 01 ( 1) 02 ( 2) 03 ( 3) t hoa pha pha pha i pha i pha i pha
i i i i I I I = + + = + +
- My pht in l tng mc vo mch RLC: Khi tc quay ca rto l n
1
v n
2
th cng dng in hiu
dng trong mch c cng gi tr. Khi tc quay l n
0
th cng dng in hiu dng trong mch t cc i. Mi
lin h gia n
1
, n
2
v n
0
l:
2 2 2
0 1 2
2 1 1
n n n
= +

.
48
DAO NG V SNG IN T
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DAO NG IN T
1. Cu to mch dao ng in t LC: Mch kn gm t in C v cun cm thun L.
2. Hot ng: Tch in cho t C (kch thch cho mch dao ng), sau chuyn kho K ni cun dy L to thnh
mch kn cho mch dao ng.
3. Nguyn nhn gy ra dao ng: do hin tng t cm cun dy ( Trng hp ring ca hin tng cm
ng in t).
4. Chu k, tn s:
0 0
1 2
2
2
. ,.....
T LC
LC
I q T
= => = =
= => => =

Lu : Chu k khi mch ghp thm C hoc L
- Mch ghp thm C:

2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
: 2 : ;
1 1 1
/ / : 2 : ;
C ntC C T LC f f f
C C C T T T
C C C C C C T LC T T T
f f f
= + => => = = + = +
= + => => = = + = +

- Mch ghp thm L:

2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2
1 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 1
: 2 : ;
1 1 1 1 1 1
/ / : 2 : ;
L ntL L L L L T LC T T T
f f f
L L L T LC f f f
L L L T T T
= + => => = = + = +
= + => => = = + = +

5. PT dao ng mch LC:
- Biu thc in tch trn t: q = q
0
cos(t + )
- Biu thc hiu in th (in p) tc thi:
0
0
os( ) os( )
q q
u c t U c t
C C
= = + = +
- Biu thc dng in tc thi: i = q = -q
0
sin(t + ) = I
0
cos(t + +
2
)
Lu : - in p, in tch trn t lun bin thin cung tn s, cng pha.
- Dng in bin thin cng tn s nhng nhanh pha
2
so vi in p, in tch.
- in trng bin thin trong khong gia hai bn t:
0
. os( )
U u
E c t
d d
= = + => Bin thin cng tn s
f , cng pha vi in p, in tch t.
- T trng (cm ng t) cun dy:
7
0
4 .10 . . os( )
2
B i N B c t

= = + + => Bin thin cng tn s f ,

cng pha vi dng in.
6. Cng thc c lp thi gian:
2
2
0 0 2
2 2
2 2
0 0
2 2
2 2
0 0
( , , )
1
1
i
q q q x q A i v
q i
q I
u i
U I
= +
+ =
+ =

7. Nng lng in t:

.
49
- Nng lng in trng ( ca t in):
2
2 2 2
ien 0
2
2 0
ien(max) 0
1 1 1
W . . os ( )
2 2 2 2
1
W
2 2
q
Cu qu CU c t
C
q
CU
C

= = = = +
= =

- Nng lng t trng (ca cun cm):
2 2 2 2 2
0 0
2
( ax) 0
1 1 1
W . . os ( ) sin ( )
2 2 2 2
1
W .
2
tu
tu m
Li L I c t CU t
L I
= = + + = +

- Nng lng in t:
2 2
0 0
1 1
W W W
2 2
t
CU LI = + = =
Lu : + Nng lng in t mch LC l tng bo ton.
+ Nng lng W
ien
v W
tu
bin thin vi tn s gc 2, tn s 2f v chu k T/2.
+ Thi gian gia hai ln lin tip dng in trit tiu, cc i,l T/2.
+ Thi gian ngn nht in tch trit tiu sau khi tch in y l T/4.
+ i > 0 ng vi dng in chy n bn t m ta xt.
+ Khi W .W
tu dien
n = :
0 0
0
,
1 1
.
1
q u
q u
n n
n
i I
n
= =
+ +
+

+ Bi ton ng ngt mch LC:
- ng ( hoc ngt ) mch vo thi im dng in qua cun dy cc i: Nng lng hon ton
tp chung cun dy => NL trc v sau khi ng ngt mch bng nhau

2 2
0 0 0
1 1
W W . .
2 2
b b
C U C U U = => = => .
- ng ( hoc ngt ) mch vo thi im nng lng tn ti c cun dy v t in: Xc nh
nng lng trn cc t thnh phn.

( )
2
0 0
W W-W
1
W .
2
dien tudien khongcontacdung
b
C U U
= =>
.
8. Thi gian ngn nht in tch t q
1
n q
2
(Ch xt trn 1 bn hai bn lun nhim in
tri du)
2 1
t

= = vi
1 1 1
1
0 0 max
2 2 2
2
0 0 max
s
s
q u i
co
q U I
q u i
co
q U I
= = =
= = =
v (
1 2
0 , )
Ngoi ra:
- Mt s trng hp c bit v thi gian ngn nht : Thi gian trit tiu in tch t khi tch y: T/4, Thi gian
hai ln lin tip in tch c ln cc i l: T/2, Thi gian gia hai ln lin tip in tch trit tiu l: T/2. Tng t
cho in p, dng in.
- Thi gian trong 1 chu k in khng vt qu gi tr
x
q (tng t cho u, i):

1 0 2
2 1
0
4. 4
x
q q q
t t

= > =
= =

- Thi gian trong 1 chu k li khng nh hn gi tr
x
q (tng t cho u, i):

1 2 0
2 1
4. 4
x
q q q q
t t

= > =
= =

9. Cc dng dao ng khc

.
50
- Dao ng in t tt dn: hao ph do to nhit trn in tr ca dy dn, cun cm.
- Dao ng duy tr:
- S dng tranzito b li nng lng t ngun in cho mch dao ng ng bng nng lng hao ph trong
mt chu k.
- Dao ng tun hon; chu k, tn s dao ng duy tr = chu k, tn s dao ng ring ca mch.
- Cng sut in cn cung cp duy tr dao ng:
2 2 0 0
0 0
2
1 1
_ : .
2 2
2 2
_ _ _ :
_ _ : .
CC hp
CC CC
I U C
Cuongdo hieudung LI CU I
L
C ng suat can cungcap P P I R
Diennang can cungcap A P t
= => = =
= =

- Dao ng cng bc:
- Dao ng ca mch LC chu tc dng ca in p ngoi bin thin iu ho theo thi gian.
- c im:
+ Dao ng c tnh tun hon (dao ng din t).
+ Chu k, tn s dao ng cng bc = chu k, tn s ca in p cng bc.
+ Bin dao ng t l vi bin in p cng bc v chnh lch tn s dao ng ring v tn s
in p cng bc
- Cng hng in: (V hnh tng t cng hng c c nh hng lc ma st)
+ Bin dao ng t gi tr cc i khi tn s ring = tn s cng bc.
+ nh hng ca in tr R: R ln bin cng bc khi c cng hng b v ngc li.
10. S tng t gia dao ng in v dao ng c

i lng c i lng in Dao ng c Dao ng in
x q x +
2
x = 0 q +
2
q = 0
v i
k
m
=
1
LC
=
m L x = Acos(t + ) q = q
0
cos(t + )
k
1
C
v = x = -Asin(t + ) i = q = -q
0
sin(t + )
F u
2 2 2
( )
v
A x
= +
2 2 2
0
( )
i
q q
= +
R F = -kx = -m
2
x
2
q
u L q
C
= =
W
W
t
(W
C
) W
=
1
2
mv
2
W
t
=
1
2
Li
2
W
t
W
(W
L
) W
t
=
1
2
kx
2
W
=
2
2
q
C

.
51
IN T TRNG. SNG IN T
1. in t trng
- in trng xoy: cc ng sc in l nhng ng cong kn.
- T trng xoy: cc ng sc t l nhng ng cong kn.
- in trng v t trng c mi lin h mt thit vi nhau, l hai thnh phn ca mt trng thng nht gi l
in t trng. Mi bin thin ca in trng theo thi gian sinh ra xung quanh n mt t trng xoy bin thin
theo thi gian v ngc li.
2. Thuyt in t Mac xoen (Gm 3 ni dung chnh)
- in tch, in trng; dng in, t trng.
- Bin thin ca t trng v in trng xoy.
- Bin thin ca in trng v t trng xoy.
3. Sng in t:
- Sng in t l qu trnh lan truyn ca in t trng.
- c im sng in t:
- L sng ngang.
- Trong qu trnh truyn sng, vec t E B , lun vung gc vi
nhau v vung gc vi phng truyn sng. Ba vcto , , v E B

tun theo quy tc tam din thun (hng t E sang B).
- in trng v t trng bin thin tun hon theo thi gian, khng gian v lun cng pha.
- Sng in t truyn c c trong 4 mi trng: rn , lng, kh v chn khng. Trong chn khng sng
in t lan truyn vi tc nh sng: v = c = 3.10
8
m/s, trong MT chit sut n:
c
n
v
= .
- Sng in t mang theo nng lng v tun theo cc quy lut phn x, khc x, .... Nng lng sng t l
vi ly tha bc 4 ca tn s.
- Bc sng: . 2 . . V T v LC = =
Lu : - Mch ghp t C:
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 2 2 2
1 2
/ / :
1 1 1
:
C C C
C ntC C

=> => = +
=> => = +
.
- Mch ghp cun cm L:
1 2 2 2 2
1 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 1
/ / :
:
L L L
L ntL L
=> => = +
=> => = +
.
- T xoay:
( )
ax min
ax min
min
max
.
_ _ _ _/ / : 1 .
4 . .
_ ux : .
.
m
c
m
C
C
S
Tuxoay n ban kimloai C n
k d
C C C
k
Congthuc t oay C C k
C C k
= =

= +

- ng dng sng in t:
+ o khong cch:
2
vt
d = Trong t l thi gian t khi pht n khi thu c sng.
+ o tc :
2 1
2 1
2 2
tbinh
vt vt
d d
v
t t
= =

Vi t l thi gian gia hai ln o, t
1
l thi gian pht sng -
thu sng ln o 1, t
2
l thi gian pht sng - thu sng ln o 2.
4. Phn loi sng in t:
- Sng di: >1000m, ng dng trong thng tin lin lc di nc.
- Sng trung: 100m -> 1000m, ban ngy b tng in li hp th mnh truyn i xa km, ban m t b hp
thu nn truyn i xa tt.
- Sng ngn: 10m -> 100m, phn x tt trn tng in li, c 1 s vng tng i nh khng b kh quyn

.
52
hp th nn dng trong pht thanh v tuyn.
- Sng cc ngn: 0,01m -> 10m, nng lng ln, c kh nng xuyn qua tng in li, ng dng trong pht
thanh, truyn hnh v tuyn v lin lc v tinh.
5. S pht v thu sng in t:
- Anten: L thit b thu hoc pht sng in t, c cu to l mch LC h.
- Mch thu v pht sng in t: Gm mch dao ng LC ghp vi anten. (V hnh minh ha)
- Nguyn tc chung: - Phi dng sng in t cao tn.
- Ti ni pht thc hin bin iu sng: gi sng m tn vo sng cao tn => To
thnh sng mang (bin ca sng in t cao tn (gi l sng mang) bin thin theo thi
gian vi tn s bng tn s ca dao ng m tn).
- ni thu phi thc hin tch sng m tn ra khi sng cao tn.
- S khi ca my pht thanh v tuyn in n gin:
My pht My thu

(1): Micr.
(2): Mch pht sng in t cao tn.
(3): Mch bin iu.
(4): Mch khuych i.
(5): Anten pht.

(1): Anten thu.
(2): Mch khuych i dao ng in t cao tn.
(3): Mch tch sng.
(4): Mch khuych i dao ng in t m tn.
(5): Loa.

- Nguyn tc thu sng in t: Da vo nguyn tc cng hng in t trong mch LC (f = f
0
)

2
1
3 4 5
1 2 3 4
5

.
53
SNG NH SNG
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
TN SC NH SNG. QUANG PH
1.Tn sc nh sng: l s phn tch nh sng phc tp thnh nhiu nh sng n sc thnh phn. Vi nh sang
trng ta thu c di mu bin thin lin tc t: , da cam, vng, lc, lam, chm, tm. Trong : tia lch t nht, tia
tm lch nhiu nht; by mu nu trn gi l 7 mu c bn .
2. nh sng n sc:
- Khng b tn sc khi qua lng knh, c c trng bi tn s f.
- Chit sut ca mi trng c tr khc nhau i vi nhng nh sng n sc khc nhau: Chit sut nh nht vi tia
, ln nht vi tia tm, bc sng ln nht vi tia ( 0, 76 m ) nh nht vi tia tm ( 0, 38 m ).
3. nh sng trng: L tp hp ca v s nh sng n sc bin thin t n tm, bc sng t
) ( 76 , 0 ) ( 38 , 0
o Tim
m m .
4. Bc sng v mu sc nh sng
- nh sng n sc l nh sng c mt bc sng xc nh. Khi truyn t mi trng ny sang mi trng
khc th tc truyn sng, bc sng,.... c th thay i nhng tn s khng i. Tn s ln nht l tia
tm, nh nht l tia (Xt trong vng nhn thy).
- Mi nh sng n sc m ta nhn thy u c bc sng trong chn khng (hoc khng kh) trong khong
t 0,38m (nh sng tm) n 0,76m (nh sng ).
Bng mu v bc sng ca nh sng trong chn khng:
Mu Cam Vng Lc Lam Chm Tm
(m) 0,640
0,760
0,590
0,650
0,570
0,600
0,500
0,575
0,450
0,510
0,430
0,460
0,380
0,440
- Ngoi cc mu n sc cn c cc mu khng n sc l hn hp ca nhiu mu n sc vi nhng t l
khc nhau.
5. Cng thc gii nhanh bi tp
- Bc sng khi truyn trong mi trng chit sut n:
n
= , l bc sng trong chn khng.

- Cng thc chit sut:
[ ] [ ]
2
:
C
n
v
b
n a Trongdo m
= + =
.
- Tn sc nh sng = lng knh (xt A b):
+ Gc lch tia sng: D = A (n-1).
+ Gc lch gia hai tia v tm:
tim do
D D D = .
+ B rng quang ph trn mn cch LK 1 on h: ( )
tim do
MN h TanD TanD =
Lu : + Cng thc lng knh:
( )
+ =
+ =
=
=
A i i D
r r A
r sin . n i sin
r sin . n i sin
2 1
2 1
2 2
1 1

+ Gc lch cc tiu:
2
2 1 2 1
A
r r i i = = =
2 2
A
sin n
A D
sin
min
=
+
.

- Tn sc nh sng = LCP (b nc c su h):
sin .sinr
sin .sinr
( )
do do
tim tim
tim do
i n
i n
MN h Tanr Tanr
=

.
54
- Tn sc nh sng = TK mng:
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
( 1)( )
1 1 1
( 1)( ) _ :
( 1)
( 1)
do
do
tim tim do
tim
tim do
do tim
n
f R R
n Be rong f f f
f R R
f n
f n
= +
= + => =

6. My quang ph: L dng c dng phn tch chm nh sng phc tp to thnh nhng thnh phn n sc.
My quang ph gm c 3 b phn chnh:
- ng chun trc: to ra chm tia song song
- H tn sc: Gm 1 nhiu LK, to ra chm tia n sc song song.
- Bung ti (bung nh): L chm tia n sc hi t => to ra nh ca vch quang ph.

7. Cc loi quang ph
Quang ph lin tc Quang ph vch pht x Quang ph vch hp th
nh ngha
L mt di mu bin thin
lin tct n tm
L h thng cc vch mu ring
r ngn cch nhau bng nhng
khong ti.
L quang cc vch ti trn nn
quang ph lin tc.
Ngun pht
Cc cht rn, cht lng v
cht kh p sut ln b
nung nng.
Cc cht kh hay hi p sut
thp b kch thch nng sng.
m kh hay hi kim loi c
nhit thp hn nhit
ngun sng pht ra quang ph
lin tc
Tnh cht
- Khng ph thuc bn cht
ca vt, ch ph thuc nhit
ca vt.
- mi nhit , vt u
bc x.
- Khi nhit tng dn th
cng bc x cng
mnh v min quang ph
lan dn t bc x c bc
sng di sang bc x c
bc sng ngn.
- Ph thuc vo bn cht vt
pht x, cc nguyn t khc
nhau th quang ph khc nhau
v vch, s vch, v tr, sng.
- Nguyn t khc nhau c
quang ph vch ring khc nhau
v s lng vch, mu sc vch,
v tr vch v cng sng ca
vch quang ph vch c
trng ring cho nguyn t
- mt nhit xc nh, vt
ch hp th nhng bc x m
n c kh nng pht x, v
ngc li.
- Cc nguyn t khc nhau c
quang vch hp th ring c
trng cho nguyn t .
ng dng o nhit ca vt
Xc nh thnh phn (nguyn t), hm lng cc thnh phn trong
vt. (Quang ph vch hp th: nh tnh; Quang ph vch pht
x: gm c nh tnh v nh lng )

8. Hin tng o vch quang ph: Nguyn t c kh nng hp th bc x no th cng c kh nng pht x
bc x

.
55
NHIU X V GIAO THOA NH SNG
1. Nhiu x nh sng: Nhiu x l hin tng nh sng khng tun theo quy lut truyn thng khi qua l nh, khe
hp.
2. Giao thoa nh sng
- Giao thoa: l s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu nh sng kt hp trong khng gian, trong c nhng v tr cng
sng tng cng to thnh vch sng, xen k v tr cng sng trit tiu to thnh vch ti. (bong bng x phng
mu sc s => giao thoa)
- iu kin giao thoa: hai chm sng l hai chm kt hp, do cc ngun kt hp sinh ra.
Nhn xt: Nhiu x, giao thoa chng t nh sng c tnh cht sng.
3. Cng thc giao thoa.
- Hiu quang trnh:
D
ax
d d = =
1 2
.
- Khong vn: L khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti lin tip

a
D
i

=
Lu : - Khong cch gia n vn sng hoc vn ti lin tip: (n-1).i
- Khong cch 1 vn sng v 1 vn ti lin k: i/ 2.
- Nu thc hin giao thao trong mi trng chit sut n:
n
i
i =
- ngha ca khong vn: Xc nh bc sng nh sng.
- Vn sng: k d d =
1 2
=> V tr vn sng: i k
a
D
k x . = =

Trong : k = 0 l vn sng trung tm, 1 = k l vn sng bc 1, ..
- Vn ti: ) 2 / 1 (
1 2
+ = k d d => V tr i k
a
D
k x ).
2
1
( )
2
1
( + = + =

Trong : k = 0, -1 l vn sng th nht, k = 1, -2 l vn sng th 2,..

4. Ti M c ta x
M
l vn sng hay ti:
- Nu k
i
x
M
= (s nguyn) th l vn sng bc k
- Nu
2
1
+ = k
i
x
M
(s bn nguyn) th l vn ti bc k + 1
5. Giao thoa bng 1 nh sng n sc
- S vn sng, ti trn trng giao thoa:

_ _ _ _ _ .
2 2
1
( ) _ _ _ _ _ .
2 2 2
L L
ki Sovan sang so nghiem k nghuyen thoaman
L L
k i Sovan toi so nghiem k nghuyen thoaman
=> =
+ => =

- S vn sng, ti gia hai im MN cch trung tm ln lt , ( )
M N M N
x x x x < :

_ _ _ _ _ .
1
( ) _ _ _ _ _ .
2
M N
M N
x ki x Sovan sang so nghiem k nghuyen thoaman
x k i x Sovan toi so nghiem k nghuyen thoaman
=> =
+ => =

Lu : + M, N nm cng pha: 0, 0
M N
x x > > ; M, N khc pha : 0, 0
M N
x x < > .
+ Nu 2 u MN l hai vn sng: S vn sng trn MN l 1
MN
i
+
+ Nu 2 u MN l hai vn ti: S vn sng trn MN l
MN
i

+ Nu u M vn sng, N l vn ti: S vn sng trn MN l 0, 5
MN
i
+
6. Giao thoa bng nh sng trng
- Trung tm l vn sng trng, xen k hai bn l cc di mu cu vng, ngn cch nhau = 1 khong ti.
Ti th 1, k= 0
Ti th 3, k=2
Ti th 4,k=3
Ti th 5, k=4
Ti th 2, k= 1
Ti th 2,k=1
Ti th 3, k= 2
Ti th 4, k= 3
i

i

Vn sng TT, k= 0
Sng th 1, k= 1,
Sng th 2, k=-2,
Sng th 3, k=-3,
Sng th 4, k=-4,
Sng th 2, k= 2,
Sng th 1, k=-1,
Sng th 3, k= 3,
Sng th 4, k= 4,
Ti th 1,k=0
Ti th 5, k= 4

.
56
- B rng quang ph bc k:
. .
do tim
do tim
D D
x x x k k
a a

= = .
- S bc x c vn sng, vn ti trng nhau ti v tr x:

. .
ans :
.
1 . .
: ( )
2 ( 1/ 2).
0, 38 ( ) 0, 76 ( ) _ _ _ _ _ _
D x a
V ang x k
a k D
D x a
Vantoi x k
a k D
m tim m do So buc xa so nghiem k nguyen thoaman
= => =
= + => =
=> =

7. S dch chuyn h vn giao thoa do ngun, 2 khe chuyn ng:
- Nguyn tc chung: Lun dch chuyn v pha ngun tr pha, khng lm khong vn thay i.
- Dch chuyn vn do bn mng: Vn trung tm dch chuyn v pha khe t bn mng 1 khong

0
.
( 1)
e D
x n
a
=
- Dch chuyn vn do ngun S chuyn ng // mt phng cha 2 khe : Vn trung tm dch chuyn ngc chiu chuyn
ng ngun 1 khong
0
.
D
x SS
d
= .
- Dch chuyn vn do ngun hai khe chuyn ng // mt phng cha 2 khe : Vn trung tm dch chuyn cng chiu
chuyn ng 2 khe 1 khong
0
.
D d
x II
d
+
= .
8. Giao thao bng nhiu nh sng n sc
- Vn sng trng nhau:
1 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 1 1
. . .
. .
.
D D k i A An
x x k k
a a k i B B n

= => = => = = = = =>

1
k =A.n
- V tr vn sng trng nhau:
1 1
1 1
.
D D
x x k An
a a

= = =
- S vn trng nhau: 2 2
M N
L L
x
i i
x x x

- Khong cch nhn nht gia hai vn trng mu vn trung tm:
1
min
D
x A
a
= (n=1)
Ngoi ra: - S vn sng quan st c:
1 2 quansat trungnhau
N N N N = + .
- S vn sng n sc gia hai vn lin tip trng mu vn trung tm:
1 2
( 1) ( 1) A B

+ .
- Chiu 3 bc x:
1 2
2 1
3 2
3 2
3 1
3 1
k
k
k
k
k
k
= =>
Biu din ln lt k
1
, k
2
, k
3

- Vn ti trng nhau:
1 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 1 1
. . 2 1 .(2 1)
(2 1). (2 1).
2 2 2 1 .(2 1)
D D k i A A n
x x k k
a a k i B B n

+ +
= => + = + => = = = =
+ +

=>
1
2 1 k + =A.(2n+1) => V tr vn ti trng nhau:
1 1
1 1
(2 1) .(2 1)
2 2
D D
x x k A n
a a

= = + = + .
+ Vn sng 1 trng ti 2:
1 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 1 1
. . .(2 1)
. (2 1).
2 2 1 2 2 .(2 1)
D D k i A A n
x x k k
a a k i B B n

+
= => = + => = = = =
+ +

=>
1
k = A.(2n+1) => V tr vn ti trng nhau:
1 1
1 1
.(2 1)
D D
x x k A n
a a

= = = + .

.
57
TIA HNG NGOI, T NGOI, RON- GHEN V THANG SNG
IN T

1. Cc c im
Tia hng ngoi Tia t ngoi Tia X
nh
ngha
- L sng in t c bc
sng di hn 0,76 m ()
- L bc x khng nhn thy
nm ngoi vng
- L sng in t c bc sng
ngn hn 0,38 m (tm)
- L bc x khng nhn thy nm
ngoi vng tm
L sng in t c bc sng t
10
-8
m 10
-11
m (ngn hn bc
sng tia t ngoi)
- L bc x khng nhn thy nm
ngoi vng tm
Ngun
pht
- Mi vt nhit >0
0
K
- iu kin pht vo mi
trng: Nhit vt > nhit
mi trng.

- Cc vt nhit >2000
0
C.
- H quang in, n hi thy
ngn, cc vt c nhit ln hn
3000
0
C l nhng ngun pht tia t
ngoi mnh. Mt tri l ngun
pht ra tia t ngoi rt mnh (9%
nng lng nh sng mt tri)
- ng rnghen, ng cu-lt-gi
- Khi cho chm tia e c vn tc
ln p vo mt i m cc bng
kim loi kh nng chy nh
vonfam hoc platin
Tnh
cht
- Tc dng nhit mnh (Tnh
cht ni bt c trng).
- B hi nc, kh CO
2
hp
th mnh.
- Gy ra phn ng ho hc.
- Tc dng ln phim v knh
nh hng ngai. (k tc dng
ln phim, knh nh thng)
- Gy ra hin tng quang
in. (quang in trong)
- C th bin iu nh sng
in t.
- B nc, thu tinh, hp th
mnh.
- Tc dng rt mnh ln knh nh.
- C th lm mt s cht pht
quang.
- C tc dng ion ho khng kh.
- C tc dng gy ra mt s phn
ng quang ho, quang hp.
- C mt s tc dng sinh l: dit
khun, hu dit t bo.

- C kh nng m xuyn mnh
nhng b lp ch (kim loi nng)
vi mm cn li.
- Tc dng rt mnh ln knh nh.
- Lm pht quang nhiu cht.
- C kh nng in ha cc cht
kh.
- C tc dng sinh l mnh.

ng
dng
- Sy kh, si m
- Quay phim v chp nh hng
ngoi
- iu khin t xa
- Chp nh b mt Tri t t
v tinh
- Qun s (tn la t ng tm
mc tiu, camera hng ngoi,
ng nhm hng ngoi)
- Kh trng nc ung, thc
phm
- Cha bnh ci xng
- Xc nh vt nc trn b mt
kim loi

- Chiu in, chp in dng
trong y t chn on bnh.
- Cha bnh ung th.
- Kim tra vt c, d bt kh, vt
nt trong kim loi.
- Kim tra hnh l hnh khch i
my bay.
Dng c
pht hin
h tn sc v cp nhit in

Lu : + Bc sng nh nht ca ph tia Ronghen (tia X)
ax
min
. .
AK m AK
hc
eU hf eU
= => =
+ Tia X cng: Bc sng ngn, m xuyn tt.
+ Tia X mm: Bc sng di, m xuyn yu.
2. Thang sng in t.
- Sng v tuyn, tia hng ngoi, nh sng nhn thy, tia t ngoi, tia Rnghen, tia gamma u c cng bn
cht l sng in t, ch khc nhau v tn s (hay bc sng). Cc sng ny to thnh mt ph lin tc gi l
thang sng in t.
int
int
votuyendien hongngoai nh hay tungoai Ronghen gama
votuyendien hongngoai nh hay tungoai Ronghen gama
f f f f f f
> > > > >
< < < < <

.
58

- Cc tia c bc sng cng ngn th c tnh m xuyn cng mnh, d tc dng ln knh nh, d lm pht
quang cc cht v d in ha cht kh. Cc tia c bc sng cng di, ta cng d quan st hin tng giao
thoa nhiu x.
- Mi lin h tnh cht in t v tnh cht quang
- Chit sut: = =
V
c
n
- in mi ph thuc tn s: ) ( f F =
Ngoi ra: Cc tia c bn cht khc vi cc bc x in t nu trn
- Tia m cc Tia catot: l dng cc electron chuyn ng tc ln, mang in tch m.
- Tia : l dng cc ht nhn heli (ht anpha -
4
2
He ) mang in tch (+).

.
59
LNG T NH SNG
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
HIN TNG QUANG IN NGOI. THUYT LNG T
NH SNG
1. Hin tng quang in ngoi
- Th nghim Hez: Dng ngun sng h quang in giu tia t ngoi chiu vo tm km tch in m.
- Quang in ngoi: l hin tng chiu bc x (nh sng) c bc sng thch hp lm cc e bt ra khi b mt kim
loi. Cc e bt ra gi l cc quang electron.
2. Cc nh lut quang in.
- nh lut gii hn quang in:
0

- nh lut dng quang in bo ho: Cng dng quang in bo ho t l thun vi cng chm sng.
- nh lut ng nng ban u cc i: ng nng ph thuc vo bc sng, bn cht kim loi v khng ph thuc
vo cng chm sng.
3. Lng t nng lng (Gi thuyt plng): Lng nng lng m mi ln nguyn t, phn t,.... pht x
hay hp th c gi tr xc nh gi l lng t nng lng:
hc
hf = = .
Trong : h = 6,625.10
-34
J.s hng s Plng
Lu : S pht x hay hp th ca nguyn t, phn t,..... c tnh gin on, khng lin tc.
4. Lung t nh sng
- Chm sng l mt chm cc ht ph tn lng t nh sng.
- Mi pho tn c nng lng:
hc
hf = =
- Cng chm sng t l vi s phton pht ra trong 1s.
- Nguyn t, phn t,.... pht x hay hp th nh sng cng l pht x hay hp th phton.
- Cc ph tn ch tn ti trong trng thi chuyn ng, chng bay dc theo tia sng, trong chn khng chuyn ng
vn tc: v = c = 3.10
8
m/s.
Nhn xt: - Hin tng quang in chng t nh sng c tnh cht ht.
- nh sng va c tnh sng va c tnh cht ht => Gi l lng tnh sng ht. Trong mi
hin tng nh sng th hin r nt 1 trong hai tnh cht trn.
+ nhs sng bc sng cng ln: tnh sng r nt, th hin kh nng giao thoa, nhiu x,
khc x,
+ nh sng bc sng cng ngn: tnh ht cng r nt, th hin kh nng m xuyn, ion
ha,
5. Cng thc bi tp
- Cng thot:
0
hc
A
= (J),
19
1 1, 6.10 eV J
= .
- Hiu in th hm: L hiu in th ngc (m) t vo hai cc A- K sao cho trit tiu hon ton dng
quang in (mi e bt ra u quay tr li catot):
2
0(max)
1
.
2
h
mv eU = trong :
h AK
U U =
- Cng thc Anh xtanh:
2
0(max)
1
2
h
hc hc
A mv A eU

= + <=> = + .
Lu : Nu chiu ng thi nhiu bc x th ch cn xt cho bc c bc sng nh nht ( hoc tn s ln
nht).
- Dng quang in bo ha: Cng ln nht, mi e bt ra u i n c anot.
- Hiu sut quang in:
ons
.
:
.
W
e
e
e
ngu ang
N e
q
I N
N
t t
H Trongdo
N N
P N
t t

= = =>
= = =>

6. Chuyn ng ca quang e trong t trng.
- Chuyn ng dc ng sc: quang e chuyn ng thng u theo phng, vn tc ban u.
- Chuyn ng vung gc ng sc: quang e chuyn ng trn u vi bn knh
mv
R
e B
=

.
60
- Chuyn ng xin gc : quang e chuyn ng theo ng inh c vi
. .sin
2 .
.sin
. os .
mv
R
e B
R
T
v
h v c T

7. Chuyn ng quang e trong in trng
- ng nng, vn tc khi n anot:
2
0( ax) 0( ax)
1
W W . W . .
2
d d m AK d AK m
e U e U mv = => = +
- Gia tc, thi gian, qung ng:
0
2 2
0
. .
.
.
2. . ( _ ) _ _ : 0)
AK
AK
U
F e E e
d
e U
F
a
m md
v v a t
v v a s quangduong di den khi dung v
= =
= =
= +
= =

Lu : - iu kin quang e chuyn ng thng trong in t trng:
or
. . .
dien l enxo
F f e E e v B = => =
- Bn knh ln nht trn b mt atot :
2
0
2. .
. 2
.
h
AK AK
U md
R v d
qU U
= =
Chng minh: Bn knh ln nht khi e by l l mt catot

.
61
QUANG IN TRONG. QUANG PHT QUANG V LAZE
1. Quang in trong.
- L hin tng gii phng cc e v l trng nm trong khi bn dn khi c chiu sng thch hp.
- iu kin xy ra quang in trong:
0
(
0
c th nm trong vng hng ngoi).
2. Quang dn
- Quang dn: L hin tng gim mnh in tr (tng dn in) khi c chiu sng thch hp.
Ch : in tr ca quang in tr c th thay i t vi megam khi khng c chiu sng xung n vi chc
m khi c chiu sng
- Quang in tr:
- Nguyn tc hot ng: da vo quang in trong - quang dn.
- Cu tao: Lp bn dn trn gn cc in cc.
- Hot ng: Khi cha chiu sng in tr ln khng cho dng chy qua, khi chiu sng in tr gim
mnh cho dng chy qua => Tc dng nh 1 kha in iu khin bng as .
- ng dng: trong cc thit b khuch i v iu khin = nh sng.
- Pin quang quang:
- L thit b dng bin i trc tip quang nng (bc x in t) thnh in nng.
- Nguyn tc hot ng: da vo quang in trong - quang dn.
- Cu to: L lp chuyn tip p-n trn gn in cc.Mt tm bn dn loi n, bn trn c ph lp mng bn
dn loi p. Mt trn cng l 1 lp kim loi mng, trong sut vi nh sng v di cng l 1 kim loi. Gia n, p hnh
thnh lp tip xc p-n, lp ny ngn khng cho e khuch tn t n sang p v l trng khuch tn t p sang n (lp chn)
- Sut in ng: 0,5 0,8V.
- Hiu sut: di 10%.
- ng dng: cung cp in sinh hot, cc thit b vin thng, v tinh, tu thm d,..
3. Quang pht quang
- Quang pht quang: L hin tng cc cht hp th bc x ny pht ra bc x khc. Bc sng pht quang >
bc sng kch thch (nh l stc). Mi cht pht quang c mt ph c trng.
- Hunh quang: hin tng pht quang gn nh tt ngay sau khi ngng chiu nh sng kch thch (di
) ( 10
8
s
). Hunh quang thng l cht kh hoc lng.

- Ln quang: Hin tng pht quang cn c th ko di sau khi ngng chiu nh sng kch thch. Ln
quang thng l cht rn.
- ng dng: n ng pht sng, sn pht quang,....
4. S lc v laze
- Laze l mt ngun sng c cng ln, hot ng da trn vic ng dng hin tng pht x cm ng .
- Cch to laze: bng vic to ra s o mt (to mi trng hot ha) v da vo tc dng hp cng hng quang
hc.
- Phn loi: Laze rn, laze kh, laze bn dn.
- c im Laze:
- Tnh n sc rt cao, sai lch tng i:
15
10
f
f
.
- L mt chm sng kt hp.
- L chm tia song song, tnh nh hng rt cao.
- C cng rt ln.
- Mt vi ng dng ca laze
+ Trong y t: dao m, cha bnh ngoi da
+ Trong thng tin lin lc: s dng trong v tuyn nh v, lin lc v tinh, truyn tin bng cp quang
+ Trong cng nghip: khoan, ct.. kim loi.
+ Trong trc a: o khong cch, ngm ng thng
+ Trong gii tr: Cng ngh biu din nh sng laze, trong cc u c CD, bt ch bng
5. Hin tng pht x cm ng
- Nu mt nguyn t ang trng thi kch thch sn sng pht ra photon c nng lng hf = bt gp 1 photon c
nng lng = bay lt qua th lp tc nguyn t pht ra photon c cng nng lng, bay cng phng
- Hai sng in t hon ton ng pha, dao ng trong 2 mt phng song song.
6. Hin tng hp th nh sng(Chng trnh NC)
- Hp th nh sng: L hin tng mi trng vt cht lm gim cng sng truyn qua n.
- nh lut v s hp th nh sng: Cng I ca chm sng n sc khi truyn qua mi trng hp th, gim
theo inh lut hm m ca di d ca ng i tia sng
0
d
I I e

=

.
62
Trong : I
0
l cng ca chm sng ti mi trng, l h s hp th ca mi trng.
- Hp th nh sng ca mi trng c tnh chn lc la, h s hp th ca mi trng ph thuc vo bc sng ca
nh sng.
- Chm sng chiu vo mt vt, gy ra phn x, tn x lc la nh sng. Mu sc cc vt l kt qu ca s hp th v
v phn x, tn x lc la nh sng chiu vo vt.

.
63
MU NGUYN T BOR
1. Mu hnh tinh nguyn t Ro do pho
- Tm nguyn t: l ht nhn mang in tch dng, kch thc b nhng chim phn ln khi lng nguyn t.
- V nguyn t: Gm cc electron chuyn ng trn cc qu o trn quanh ht nhn (Ging nh cc hnh tinh
chuyn ng quanh mt tri).
- Tng in tch ht nhn c ln = ln in tch lp v => nguyn t trung ha in.
Hn ch: Khng gii thch c tnh bn vng ca nguyn t v s to thnh quang ph vch nguyn t.
2. Mu nguyn t ca Bo
- Tin v trng thi dng: Nguyn t ch tn ti trong mt s trng thi c nng lng xc nh E
n
, gi l cc
trng thi dng. Khi trng thi dng nguyn t khng bc x, electron chuyn ng quanh ht nhn trn nhng qu
o c bn knh hon ton xc nh gi l qu o dng.
H qu: - Bn knh dng ca nguyn t Hir: r
n
= n
2
r
0
vi n l s nguyn v r
0
= 5,3.10
-11
m,
gi l bn knh Bo.
- Quy c tn gi qu:

- Bnh thng nguyn t tn ti trng thi c bn n=1 (nng lng thp nht, chuyn ng gn ht
nhn nht), trng thi kch thch 1: n=2, kch thch th 2: n=3,
- Nng lng trng thi dng: Gm ng nng ca e v th nng tng tc ca e v ht nhn

2
13, 6
( )
n
E eV
n
= .
- Ion ha nguyn t hidro: lm mt e (a e ra xa v cng), nng lng ion ha

2
13, 6
W W ( )
n
W eV
n
= =
- Tin v s bc x v hp th nng lng ca nguyn t:
+ Khi nguyn t chuyn t trng thi dng c nng lng E
n
sang trng thi dng c nng lng E
m
nh
hn th nguyn t pht ra mt phtn c nng lng: e = hf
nm
= E
n
- E
m
.
+ Ngc li, nu nguyn t ang trng thi dng c nng lng E
m
m hp th c mt phtn c nng
lng hf ng bng hiu E
n
- E
m
th n chuyn sang trng thi dng c nng lng E
n
ln hn.
Lu : + Nguyn t c kh nng hp th bc x no th c kh nng pht x ng bc x (Hin tng
o vch quang ph).
+ So snh mu Rdpho (Rutherford) v mu Bo: Ging nhau v m hnh (c ht nhn, kiu hnh
Tinh), khc nhau c bn v trng thi dng (tnh lng t).
+ Mu nguyn t Bor ch gii thch chnh xc cho nguyn t Hidro v cc ion tng t, khng ng
cho mi nguyn t.
3. Quang ph vch ca nguyn t hidr
- Quang ph vch pht x ca nguyn t hidr sp xp thnh cc dy khc nhau (Gm nhiu dy nhng
chng trnh ph thng ch xt ba dy)
+ Dy Lai man ng vi s chuyn lectron t qu o xa v qu o K ( n = 1), cc vch quang ph trong dy
ny thuc vng t ngoi.
+ Dy Ban me ng vi s chuyn lectron t qu o xa v qu o L (n = 2), cc vch quang ph trong dy ny
thuc vng t ngoi v 4 vch nm trong vng nh sng nhn thy l: vch
H , vch lam
H , vch chm
H ,
vch tm
H .
+ Pa sen ng vi s chuyn lectron t qu o xa ht nhn hn v qu o M (n = 3), cc vch quang ph trong
dy ny thuc vng hng ngoi.
- S chuyn mc nng lng ca nguyn t hidro to thnh cc dy quang ph.

N 1 2 3 4 5 6
Tn gi K L M N O P

.
64
- Bc sng bc x:

- Cng thc Ribet:
|
\
|
=
2 2
1 1
.
1
n m
R
nm
Trong : m < n v
7
10 . 097 , 1 = R
Lu : - Bc sng nh nht: Nhy xa nht v =>
min 1
min 2
min 3
:
:
as :
n n
n n
n n
Laiman
Banme
P en

= =
= =
= =
=

- Bc sng ln nht: Nhy gn nht v =>
max 2 1
max 3 2
max 4 3
:
:
as :
n n
n n
n n
Laiman
Banme
P en

= =
= =
= =
=

- S bc x ti a to ra khi trng thi kch thch n:
2
n
N C = (T hp chp 2 ca n).
- ng nng, vn tc chuyn ng e trn qu o:

2
0
2 2
2
2
2
2
. 2
1
2
1
2
1
n r
e
K
r
e
K mv
r
mv
r
e
K F F
ht dien
= = => = => = .
=> Th nng:
t t
W W W W => + = Trong : ) (
6 , 13
2
eV
n
W

= .

.
65
HT NHN NGUYN T
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
CU TO HT NHN. NNG LNG LIN KT
1. Cu to ht nhn:
- Cu to: c kch thc rt nh (khong 10
-14
m n 10
-15
m) c cu to t cc ht nh hn gi l nuclon. C 2
loi nuclon:
+ Proton: k hiu p mang in tch nguyn t +e, m
p
= 1,0073u.
+ Ntron: k hiu n, khng mang in tch, m
n
= 1,0087u.
+ S proton = Nguyn t s Z , Tng s proton v notron = S khi A ca nguyn t=> S notron = A Z
- K hiu ht nhn :
+ Ht nhn ca nguyn t X c k hiu:
A
Z
X
+ K hiu ny vn c dng cho cc ht s cp: Proton :
1
1
p , Notron :
1
0
n , Electron :
0
1
, e

- Kch thc ht nhn: R = 1,2.10
-15
A
1/ 3
(m) = 1,2. A
1/ 3
(fm) (1fm = 10
-15
m)

Trong : R: Bn knh ht nhn, n v: m; A: S khi
Lu : - Xc nh s ht nhn nguyn t:
+ S ht nhn nguyn t:
A A mol
N
M
m
N n N . . = = Vi: N
A
= 6,023.10
23

+ S proton: N.Z, S Notron: N.(A- Z).
- Xc nh mt khi lng ht nhn:
V
u A
V
m .
= = .
- Xc nh mt in tch ht nhn:
V
e Z
V
q
q
.
= = .
2. ng v
- ng v l cc nguyn t m ht nhn c cng s proton Z nhng c s ntron N khc nhau
- Phn loi: ng v bn, ng v khng bn.
- Cc ng v c cng s electron lp v nn chng c cng tnh cht ha hc.
VD: Hidro c ba ng v:
+ Hidro thng
1
1
H chim 99,99% hidro thin nhin
+ Hidro nng
2
1
H cn gi l tri
2
1
Dchim 0,015% hidro thin nhin
+ Hidro siu nng
3
1
H cn gi l triti
3
1
T
Lu : Xc nh thnh phn ng v nguyn t: Gi a l % ca ng v X
1
c khi lng m
1
, b l % ca ng v
X
2
c khi lng m
2
, m l khi lng trung bnh nguyn t . Khi :
b a
m m b m a
b a
,
. .
1 % 100
2 1
= +
= = +

3. n v khi lng nguyn t.
- n v khi lng nguyn t bng 1/12 khi lng nguyn t ca ng v cc bon 12.
K hiu u, 1u = 1,66055.10
27
(kg)
- H thc Anh- xtanh v Khi lng v nng lng ht nhn: E = mc
2

Trong : + c : vn tc nh sng trong chn khng (c = 3.10
8
m/s).
+ m : Khi lng ngh ca vt, n v: Kg
Lu : + Khi lng ht nhn: u A m .
+ Nng lng ngh ca 1 n v khi lng nguyn t: 1uc
2
= 931,5MeV => 1u = 931,5MeV/c
2

=> MeV/c
2
, eV/c
2
l 1 n v khi lng. Vi 1eV = 1,6.10
-19
J; 1MeV = 1,6.10
-13
J.
+ Khi lng tng i tnh, ng nng.
- Nng lng ngh: E
0
= m
0
c
2
.
- Khi lng ca vt chuyn ng vi tc v (khi lng tng i tnh) l:

2
2
0
c
v
1
m
m
= m
0
, vi m
0
l khi lng ngh (khi lng khi v = 0).
- Nng lng ton phn (nng lng ngh + ng nng ca ht):

.
66

2
2 0
2
2
1
m c
E mc
v
c
= =
= m
0
c
2
+ W

= E
0
+ W

=> ng nng :

W
= E E
0
4. Lc ht nhn: l lc tng tc gia cc nuclon trong ht nhn, l lc ht v c tc dng lin kt cc nuclon.
- Khng ph thuc in tch, khng phi l lc tnh in.
- C bn knh tc dng ngn c 10
-15
m
- C tnh bo ho: 1 nuclon ch lin kt vi nhng nuclon lin k.
- Lc ht nhn l lc trao i: Cc nuclon lin kt vi nhau thng qua trao i ht mezn
5. Nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn
- ht khi : Khi lng ca mt ht nhn lun lun nh hn tng khi lng ca cc nucln to thnh ht nhn
. ht khi ca ht nhn: m = Zm
p
+ (A Z)m
n
m(
A
Z
X )
- Nng lng lin kt: W
LK
=
2
.C m (MeV) (Thay u=931,5MeV/c2)
- Nng lng lin kt ring: L NL lin kt tnh cho 1 nuclon.
- Cng thc: W
R
=
A
W
LK
(MeV/nuclon).
- Nng lng lin kt ring c trng cho mc bn vng ca ht nhn, nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th
ht nhn nguyn t cng bn vng.
- Nhng ht c khi lng trung bnh, nm trong khong gia bng tun hon (t 50 -70) l bn nht.

.
67
PHN NG HT NHN. PHN NG PHN HCH V NHIT
HCH
1. Phn ng ht nhn
- Khi nim: Phn ng ht nhn l mi qu trnh dn n s bin i ht nhn.
- Phn loi: - Phn ng ht nhn t pht: qu trnh t phn r ca mt ht nhn khng bn vng thnh cc
ht nhn khc (phng x)
- Phn ng ht nhn kch thch: qu trnh cc ht nhn tng tc vi nhau to ra cc ht nhn #.
Lu : S phng x l trng hp ring ca phn ng ht nhn l qu trnh bin i ht nhn nguyn t ny thnh
ht nhn nguyn t khc.
2. Cc nh lut bo ton trong phn ng ht nhn: Xt phn ng ht nhn
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
A B C D + +
- nh lut bo ton s Nuclon (s khi A):

=
Sau Truoc
A A <=> A
1
+ A
2
= A
3
+ A
4

- nh lut bo ton in tch :

=
Sau Truoc
Z Z <=> Z
1
+ Z
2
= Z
3
+ Z
4

- nh lut bo ton nng lng:

=
Sau Truoc
W W
- nh lut bo ton vc t ng lng:

= Sau Truoc P P <=> D
C B A
P P P P + = +
Lu : + Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng, bo ton proton, bo ton notron, bo ton electron.
+ Nng lng ton phn trong phn ng ht nhn:
- Nu phn ng khng c bc x in t gama:
2
W W
toanphan d
mc = +
- Nu phn ng c bc x in t gama:
2
W W
toanphan d
mc hf = + +
3. Nng lng phn ng ht nhn:
- Nng lng 1 phn ng: W = (m
trc
- m
sau
)c
2
(thay u= 931,5MeV/c
2
)
+ Nu W > 0 phn ng to nng lng
+ Nu W < 0 phn ng thu nng lng
Ngoi ra: - Qua trnh phng x, P nhit hch, phn hch: L cc p to nng lng.
- Tnh nng lng phn ng theo NL lin kt, NL lin kt ring, ht khi:
+ Nng lng phn ng theo nng lng lin kt:
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( B LK A LK D LK C LK
W W W W W + + =
+ Nng lng phn ng theo nng lng lin kt ring:
) . ( ) . , (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( B B R A A R D D R C C R
A W A W A W A W W + + =
+ Nng lng phn ng theo ht khi:

2
)) ( ) (( c m m m m W
B A D C
+ + =
Trong : cc ht e, proton, notron c ht khi =0, NL lin kt =0, NL lin kt ring =0.
- Nng lng do m (gam) phn ng:
+ S ht nhn tham gia phn ng:
23
.
. . : 6, 023.10
H nhan mol A A A
m
N n N N Trongdo N
M
= = =

+ Nng lng:
1. _
.
hatnhan Phan ung
W N W =
.
- ng nng, vn tc:
+ L bo ton NL ton phn:
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. W . W ( ). W W
T d Truoc s d sau T s d Truoc d sau
m c m c m m c + = + => + = .
+ L bo ton ng lng: Biu din vc t ng lng , p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh.

1 2
p p p = +

bit
1 2
, p p =

2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 p p p p p cos = + +

hay
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 mv mv m v mm v v cos = + +
hay
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 mK m K m K mm K K cos = + +
Tng t khi bit
1 1
, p p =

hoc
2 2
, p p =

Trng hp c bit:
1 2
p p

2 2 2
1 2
p p p = +
Tng t khi
1
p p

hoc
2
p p

p
1
p
2
p

.
68
v = 0 (p = 0) p
1
= p
2

1 1 2 2
2 2 1 1
K v m A
K v m A
= =
Lu : +
2
2 W
d
P m = .
+ Khi tnh vn tc: i ng nng ra n v J, khi lng ra Kg.
+ Ht notrino (v phn notrino): Khng mang in, khi lng rt nh (gn bng 0), momen t = 0, spin
=1/2, chuyn ng tc gn = tc nh sng.
4. Phn ng phn hch
- Phn hch l hin tng mt ht nhn nng hp th mt ntrn chm ri v thnh hai ht nhn nh hn.
- Phn loi: + Phn ng phn hch t pht (xc sut b t xy ra).
+ Phn ng phn hch kch thch.
- Phn ng phn hch kch thch:
+ Nng lng kch hot: Nng lng ti thiu cn cung cp cho ht nhn c th xy ra phn ng phn hch, c
gi tr khong vi MeV.
+ Phng php: Dng notron chn(notron nhit) bn vo ht nhn
1n + X -> X
*
-> Y + Z + Kn Vi K = 2, 3, 4, ........
- c im ca s phn hch: mi phn ng phn hch sinh ra t 2 n 3 ntrn v to ra mt nng lng khong
vi trm MeV gi l nng lng ht nhn.
- Phn ng dy chuyn
+ Sau mi phn hch to ra k notron, sau n phn ng to ra K
n
notron v kch thch K
n
phn ng phn hch.
+ Nu K < 1 : K
n
-> 0 Phn ng dy truyn tt nhanh, khng t duy tr.
+ Nu K = 1 : K
n
= 1 Phn ng dy truyn t duy tr, kim sot c. Nng lng pht ra khng thay i theo thi
gian.
+ Nu K > 1 : K
n
-> Phn ng dy truyn t duy tr, khng sot c. Nng lng pht ra tng nhanh v c th
gy ra bng n.
Lu : + Khi lng ti hn l khi lng cn thit b nht phn ng dy truyn c th xy ra.
+ Nh my in nguyn t: Nhin liu ca nh my in nguyn t l cc thanh Urani lm giu
, hot ng ch k= 1, ngi ta t vo l cc thanh cha Bo, Cadimi,....hp th bt cc ntrn . Nng lng do
phn hch ta ra di dng ng nng ca cc ht c chuyn thnh nhit nng ca l v truyn n ni sinh hi
cha nc. Hi nc c a vo lm quay tua bin my pht in.
- Cng sut l phn ng ht nhn:
t
W H
t
W
P
i
.
= =
Trong : + W l nng lng do m (gam) cht phn ng sinh ra:

ung phan A toa
W N
M
m
W N W
_ _ 1
. . = = (i ra J vi J MeV
19 6
10 . 6 , 1 . 10 1

= )
+ H: Hiu sut l phn ng (i ra h s)
+
i
W : Nng lng c ch
5. Phn ng nhit hnh
- Phn ng nhit hch l phn ng kt hp hai hay nhiu ht nhn nh thnh mt ht nhn nng hn.
- iu kin xy ra phn ng:
+ iu kin nhit : nhit hn hp 10
7
K -> 10
8
K

+ iu kin lo sn:
3 16 14
/ 10 10 . cm s t n
Trong : + n : Mt ht nhn.
+ t : Thi gian duy tr nhit cao.
- Nng lng phn ng:
+ L phn ng to nng lng khong vi dn vi chc MeV.
+ Xt trn khi lng so snh, phn ng nhit hch ta nng lng gp 10 ln phn ng phn hch.
- Trong v tr: phn ng nhit hch xy ra trn cc ngi sao.V d: trong lng Mt Tri,
- Trn tri t: + Con ngi thc hin c phn ng nhit hch di dng khng
kim sot c, v d s n ca bom khinh kh (bom H).
+ Con ngi cha thc hin c phn ng nhit hch kim sot.

.
69
PHNG X. CC DNG PHNG X
1. Hin tng phng x.
- Phng x l hin tng phn hy t pht (t xy ra) ca ht nhn khng bn to ra cc tia phng x v bin i
thnh ht nhn khc
- Cc tia phng x khng nhn thy c nhng c th pht hin ra chng do c kh nng lm en knh nh, ion ha
cc cht, b lch trong in trng v t trng
- c im ca hin tng phng x:
+ C bn cht l qu trnh bin i ht nhn.
+ C tnh t pht, khng th iu khin c.
+ Khng chu tc ng ca cc yu t bn ngoi: p sut, nhit , ...
+ L mt qu trnh ngu nhin.
2. Cc dng phng x.
- Tia alpha : + Bn cht l ht nhn
4
2
He , mang in tch +2e .
+ B lch v bn m ca in trng .
+ C kh nng gy ra s ion ha cht kh.
+ Vn tc chm tia: 2.10
7
m/s, trong khng kh i c vi cm.
+ So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con v tr li 2 trong bng tun hon v c s khi nh
hn 4 n v
- Tia bta
-
: + Chm electron mang in tch m.
+ B lch v bn dng ca t in .
+ C kh nng ion ha cht kh yu hn tia nhng kh nng m xuyn mnh hn tia
+ Vn tc chm tia c vn tc nh sng, trong khng kh i c vi met, trong kim loi vi
mm
+ So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con v tr tin 1 v c cng s khi.
Lu : Trong phng x

cn sinh ra ht phn ht ntrin: l ht khng mang in, s khi A = 0, chuyn ng vi
vn tc nh sng, sinh ra khi 1 ntron (n) - -> 1 prton (p) + 1 electron (e-) v phn ntrin.

0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
+ +

e p n

- Tia bta
+
: + L chm ht positron c khi lng nh electron nhng in tch +e .
+ B lch v bn m ca t in.
+ C kh nng ion ha cht kh yu hn tia nhng kh nng m xuyn mnh hn tia
+ Vn tc chm tia c vn tc nh sng, trong khng kh i c vi met, trong kim loi vi
milimet.
+ So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con v tr li 1 v c cng s khi.
Lu : Trong phng x

cn sinh ra ht ntrin: l ht khng mang in, s khi A = 0, chuyn ng vi vn tc
nh sng, sinh ra khi 1 prton (p) thnh neutron (n) + vi 1 poriton (e
+
) v 1 ntrin.

0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
+ +
+
e n p

- Tia gamma: + Bn cht l sng in t c bc sng rt ngn (di 0,01nm)
+ Khng b lch trong in trng v t trng .
+ y l chm photon c nng lng cao, c kh nng m xuyn ln v nguy him cho ngi .
+ Tia gama bn cht l sng in t (photon) c A = 0, Z = 0 nn khi phng x khng c bin i ht
nhn ca nguyn t ny thnh ht nhn ca nguyn t kia m ch c gim nng lng ca ht nhn mt lng bng
hf.
3. nh lut phng x
- Chu k bn r: Mi cht phng x c c trng bi mt thi gian T gi l chu k bn r. C sau mi chu k th
1/2 s nguyn t ca cht y bin i thnh cht khc.
=
T
2 ln
Trong : T l chu k bn r , l hng s phng x
Lu : v T khng ph thuc vo cc tc ng bn ngoi m ch ph thuc bn cht bn trong ca cht phng x
- S nguyn t cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t:
T
t
t
T
N
e N N
2
.
0
2 ln
0
= =

- Khi lng cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t:
T
t
t
T
m
e m m
2
0
2 ln
0
= =

.
70
Trong : N
0
, m
0
l s nguyn t, khi lng cht phng x ban u
Lu : + S ht sn phm = s ht phn r:
0 SP
N N N N = =
+ Khi lng sn phm: m
Sanpham
= .
Sanpham
me
me
A
m
A

+ % cn li theo khi lng:
0
100% ?
m
m
=
+ % phn r theo s ht nhn:
0
100% ?
m
m
=

- phng x: L i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht phng x, o bng s
phn r trong 1 giy:
+
t
T
O
e H N H
2 ln
= =
+ H
0
= N
0
l phng x ban u, n v : phn r/s = Bq (Becren)
Lu : + n v khc 1 Ci = 3,7.10
10
Bq (Xp x phng x ca 1 gam Rai).
+ phng x ph thuc vo bn cht v lng cht phng x.
+ Cn bng phng x:
2
2
1
1
2 1
T
N
T
N
H H = => =
4. Bng quy lut phn r

t = T 2T 3T 4T 5T
S ht cn li N
0
/2 N
0
/4 N
0
/8 N
0
/16 N
0
/32
S ht phn r N
0
/2 3N
0
/4 7N
0
/8 15N
0
/16 31N
0
/32
T l % r 50% 75% 87.5% 93.75% 96.875%
T l r &cn li 1 3 7 15 31

5. Trong s phng x , xc nh th tch (khi lng) kh Heli to thnh sau thi gian t phng x.
' N
He
=N = N
0
N = N
0
(1-
t
e
.
) = N
0
(1-
T
t
2 )
- Khi lng kh Heli to thnh sau thi gian t phng x:m
He
= 4
A
He
N
N

- Th tch kh Heli c to thnh (ktc) sau thi gian t:V = 22,4
A
He
N
N

6. Xc nh tui mu vt.
- L phng x:
2 ln
) ln(
.
2 ln
) ln(
.
2 ln
) ln(
.
0 0 0
H
H
T
m
m
T
N
N
T t = = =
- Theo t l lng cht phng x:
2 1
01
02
2
1
2 ln 2 ln
) . ln(
T T
N
N
N
N
t
+
=
Trong : + N
01,
N
1
: S ht nhn(nguyn t) ban u v sau thi gian t ca cht phng x 1
+ N
02,
N
2
: S ht nhn(nguyn t) ban u v sau thi gian t ca cht phng x 2

.
71
7. ng nng ht con : A -> B + C
= = +
=
=
toa sau truoc C B
B
C
B
C
C
B
C
B
W c m m W W
W
m
m
W
W
m
m
W
2
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) (
.
.

- ng nng cc ht B, C:
C
B
C B
m
K E
m m
=
+

C
K = E
m m
m
C B
B
+

- Thnh phn % nng lng to ra chuyn thnh ng nng ca cc ht B, C
%K
C
= .100%
C
K
E
=
C B
B
m m
m
+
100%
%K
B
= 100% - %K
C

8. Mn hunh quang, my m xung
- S chm sng trn din tch S ca bnh cu bn knh R :
do may so he K Trongdo e N K S
R
e N
S
R
N
n
t
T
t
T
_ _ _ : : ) 1 ( .
4
) 1 (
4
2 ln
0
2
2 ln
0
2
=

- Chu k bn r : m
X
X
m
=
1
1
=> Gii PT tm X, => Chu k bn r T
Trong : +
t
T
e X
2 ln
= , K : X > 0.
+
1
2
t
t
m = vi t
1
thi gian ln o th nht, t
2
thi gian ln o th hai.
+
1
2
n
n
m = vi n
1
s xung m c ln o th nht, n
2
s xung m c ln o th hai.

.
72
BI C THM (NC): T VI M N V M
I. Ht s cp
1.Ht s cp: Ht s cp l nhng ht c kch thc v khi lng c ht nhn nguyn t tr xung. v d:
lectron, prtn, ntron, mzn, muyn, pin
2. Cc c trng ca ht s cp
a) Khi lng ngh m
0

Hu ht cc ht s cp c khi lng ngh khc khng. Phtn c khi lng ngh bng khng.
Ngoi phtn, trong t nhin cn c mt s cc ht khc c khi lng ngh bng 0, nh ht ntrin v, ht
gravitn. Thay cho m
0
ngi ta cn thng dng i lng c trng l nng lng ngh E
0
tnh theo h
thc Anh-xtanh E
0
= m
0
c
2
. Chng hn, lectron c m
0
= 9,1.10
-31
kg v E
0
= 0,511 MeV ; prtn c m
0
=
1,6726.10
-27
kg v E
0
= 938,3MeV.
b) in tch
Ht s cp c th c in tch Q = +1 ( tnh theo n v o in tch nguyn t e). Hoc Q = -1, hoc Q = 0
(ht trung ho). Q c gi l lng t in tch, biu th tnh gin on ca ln in tch cc ht.
c) Spin
Mi ht s cp c momen ng lng ring v momen t ring c trng cho chuyn ng ni ti v bn
cht ca ht. Momen ny c c trng bng s lng t spin, k hiu l s. Momen ng lng ring ca
ht bng s
2
h
( h l hng s plng). Chng hn, prtn v ntron c spin s =

1
2
, nhng ptn c spin bng1,
pin c spin bng 0.
d) Thi gian sng trung bnh
Trong cc ht s cp, ch c bn ht khng phn r thnh cc ht khc, gi l cc ht bn (prtn, lectron ,
phtn, ntrin). Tt c cc ht cn li l cc ht khng bn v phn r thnh cc ht khc. Tr ntron c
thi gian sng di, khong 932s, cn cc ht khng bn u c thi gian sng rt ngn, c t 10
-24
s n 10
-
6
s.
3. Phn ht
- Cc ht s cp u c phn ht tng ng
+ Ht s cp c in tch: phn ht c cng khi lng, cng ln in tch nhng tri du
+ Ht s cp khng c in tch: phn ht c cng khi lng, cng ln mmen t ring(spin) nhng
ngc chiu
- Trong qu trnh tng tc ca cc ht s cp, c th xy ra hin tng hu mt cp ht + phn ht c
khi lng ngh khc 0 thnh cc phtn, hoc cng mt lc sinh ra mt cp ht + phn ht t nhng
phtn. V d nh qu trnh hu cp hoc sinh cp lectron + pzitron e e
+
+ +
e e
+
+ +
4. Phn loi ht s cp Ngi ta thng sp xp cc ht s cp bit thnh cc ht sau, theo khi lng
ngh m
0
tng dn.
a) Phtn (lng t nh sng ) c m
0
= 0.
b)Leptn, gm cc ht nh nh lectron, muyn ( ,
+
), cc ht tau (
+
+ ),
c)Mzn, gm cc ht c khi lng trung bnh trong khong ( 200 900)m
e
, gm hai nhm: Mzn v
mezn K.
d) Barion, gm cc ht nng c khi lng bng hoc ln hn khi lng prtn. C hai nhm barion l
nucln v hipron, cng cc phn ht ca chng. Nm 1964, ngi ta tm ra mt hipron mi l ht
mga tr (
). Tp hp cc mzn v cc barion c tn chung l cc harn.

5. Tng tc ca cc ht s cp
a) Tng tc hp dn. l tng tc gia cc ht vt cht c khi lng. Bn knh tc dng ca lc hp
dn ln v cng, nhng so vi cc tng tc khc th cng ca tng tc hp dn l rt nh.
b) Tng tc in t. l tng tc gia cc ht mang in, gia cc vt tip xc gy nn ma st C
ch tng tc in t l s trao i phtn gia cc ht mang in. Bn knh tc dng ca tng tc in t
xem nh ln v hn. Tng tc in t mnh hn tng tc hp dn khong 10
37
ln.
c) Tng tc yu. l tng tc gia cc ht trong phn r .Chng hn, phn r
l do tng tc yu
ca bn ht ntron, prn, lectron v phn ntrin theo phng trnh: n p e v
+ +

. Tng tc yu c
bn knh tc dng c 10
-18
m v c cng nh hn tng tc in t khong 10
12
ln.
d) Tng tc mnh. l tng tc gia cc harn, nh tng tc gia cc nucln trong ht nhn, to ln

.
73
lc ht nhn, cng nh tng tc dn s sinh ht har trong cc qu trnh va chm ca cc harn,
tng tc gia cc ht quac. Tng tc mnh ln hn tng tc in t khong 100 ln v c bn knh tc
dng c 10
-15
m (bng bn knh ht nhn).
6. Ht quac (quark)
a) Liu cc ht s cp c c cu to bi cc ht nh hn khng ? Nm 1964, nh vt l Ghen- Man nu
ra gi thuyt : Tt c cc harn u cu to t cc ht nh hn , gi l quac ( ting Anh : quark).
b) C su ht quac k hiu u, d, s, c, b v t. cng vi cc quac, c su phn quac vi in tch c du ngc
li. iu k l l in tch cc ht quac v phn quac bng
3
e
,
2
3
e
tri ngc vi quan nim trc y cho
rng in tch nguyn t e l in tch nh nht. Cc ht quac c quan st thy trong th nghim, nhng
u trng thi lin kt ; cha quan st c ht quac t do.
c) Cc barion l tng hp ca ba quac. Chng hn prtn c to nn t ba quac (u,u,d), ntron c to
nn t ba quac (u,d,d) (Hnh58.2).

Hnh 58.2. Cau tao cua proton (a) va ntron (b)
b)
a)

d) Mt trong cc thnh cng ca gi thuyt v ht quac l d on c s tn ti ca ht mga tr
(

) (s,s,s), m sau tm ra c bng thc nghim vi y c trng nh d on.
Cho n nay, nhiu nh vt l tha nhn s tn ti ca ht quac v nh vy, cc ht thc s l s cp
(hiu theo ngha l ht khng th tch c thnh cc phn nh hn ) ch gm cc quac, cc leptn v cc
ht truyn tng tc.
II. H mt tri, sao v cc thin h
1. Cu to v chuyn ng ca h mt tri
a. H mt tri bao gm
- Mt Tri trung tm H (v l thin th duy nht nng sng) ;
- Tm hnh tinh ln: xung quanh a s hnh tinh ny cn c cc v tinh chuyn ng (Tri t c mt v
tinh l mt trng) ;
- Cc hnh tinh t hon gi l tiu hnh tinh, cc sao chi, thin thch gia qu o ho tinh v mc tinh
ngi ta pht hin c hng ngn tiu hnh tinh.
- Nu k t mt tri ra xa, th tm hnh tinh ln ln lt c tn gi l: Thu tinh (cn gi l sao thu), kim
tinh (sao kim sao hm sao mai), Tri t, Ho tinh (sao Ho), Mc tinh (sao mc hnh tinh ln nht),
Th tinh (sao th), Thin vng tinh (hay thin tinh), v Hi vng tinh (hay hi tinh).
- o khong cch t cc hnh tinh n Mt tri, ngi ta dng n v thin vn (k hiu vtv). 1vtv
bng khong cc t Tri t n Mt tri, xp x bng150 triu kilmt.
b) iu ng ch l tt c cc hnh tinh u chuyn ng quang Mt tri theo cng mt chiu (chiu
thun), v gn nh trong cng mt mt phng. Mt tri v cc hnh tinh u quay quanh mnh n v u
quay theo chiu thun (tr kim tinh). Ton b h Mt tri quay quanh trung tm thin h ca chng ta .
c) Bit chu k v bn trc ln ca qu o ca cc hnh tinh ( xc nh c bng phng php thin vn o
lng) t nh lut III K-ple ngi ta tm thy rng khi lng ca Mt tri ln hn khi lng ca Tri
t 333 000 ln, tc l bng 1,99.10
30
kg (!).
2. Mt tri
a) Cu trc ca mt tri: Nhn tnh qut, Mt tri c cu to gm hai phn l quang cu v kh cu.
* Quang cu. Nhn t Tri t ta thy Mt tri c dng mt a sng trn v bn knh gc 16 pht ( Hnh
59.5). khi cu nng sng nhn thy ny c gi l quang cu ( cn gi l quang quyn, c bn knh
khong 7.10
5
km)
Khi lng ring trung bnh ca vt cht trong quang cu l1400kg/m
3
. Cn c vo nh lut bc x
nhit ngi ta tnh c nhit hiu dng ca quang cu vo khong 6000 K, cn nhit trong lng Mt
tri vo c trn chc triu .
* Kh quyn Mt tri. Bao quanh quang cu c kh quyn Mt tri. Kh quyn Mt tri c cu to ch
yu bi hir, heli v c nhit rt cao nn kh quyn c c tnh rt phc tp. Kh quyn c phn ra
hai lp c tnh cht vt l khc nhau l sc cu v nht hoa.

.
74
Sc cu l lp kh nm st mt quang cu c dy trn 10 000 km v c nhit khong 4500k
Pha ngoi sc cu l nht hoa (Hnh 59.6). Vt cht cu to nht hoa trng thi ion ho mnh (gi l trng
thi plaxma). Nhit khong 1 triu . Nht hoa c hnh dng thay i theo thi gian.
b) Nng lng ca Mt tri
Mt tri lin tc bc x nng lng ra xung quanh. Lng nng lng bc x ca Mt tri truyn vung gc
ti mt n v in tch cc n mt n v thin vn trong mt n v thi gian c gi l hng s Mt tri
H. Kt qu o H cc i vt l a cu trn th gii v trn cc trm v tr ngoi kh quyn cho thy H c
tr s nh nhau v H = 1360W/m
2
. T suy ra c cng sut bc x nng lng ca Mt tri l P=
3,9.10
26
W !
Kt qu o hng s Mt tri t nhiu nm nay cho thy tr s ca H khng thay i theo thi gian. S d Mt
tri duy tr c nng lng bc x ca mnh l do trong lng Mt tri ang din ra phn ng nhit hch.
c) S hot ng ca mt tri
* Qua cc nh chp mt tri trong nhiu nm, ngi ta thy quang cu sng khng u, c cu to dng ht,
gm nhng ht sng bin i trn nn ti, do s i lu t trong lng Mt tri i ln m thnh ( Hnh 59.5).
tu theo tng thi k cn xut hin nhiu du vt khc : vt en, bng sng, tai la.
Vt en c mu sm ti, nhit vt en vo khong 4000k (Hnh 59.7 a). Thng th t khu vc xut hin
vt en c ko theo nhng bng sng. T cc bng sng ny phng mnh ra tia X v dng ht tch in
(c gi l gi Mt tri). Ngoi ra cn c nhng tai la, l nhng li la phun cao trn sc cu
(Hnh 59.7b).
* Nm Mt tri c nhiu vt en nht xut hin c gi l nm Mt tri hot ng. Nm Mt tri c t vt
en xut hin nht gi l nm Mt tri tnh.
Qua theo di t u th k XIX n nay, ngi ta thy s hot ng ca mt tri din ra theo chu k v c lin
quan n s vt en trn Mt tri. Chu k hot ng ca Mt tri c tr s trung bnh l 11 nm.
3. Tri t
Tri t chuyn ng quanh Mt tri theo mt qu o gn trn. Trc quay ca Tri t quanh mnh n
nghing trn mt phng qu o mt gc 23
0
27
.
a) Cu to ca Tri t
Tri t c dng phng cu ( hi dp hai cc ), bn knh ca xch o bng 6378 km, bn knh hai cc
bng 6357 km. Khi lng ring trung bnh l 5520 kg/m
3
(Hnh 59.8). Da vo cc nghin cu tnh cht
truyn sng a chn, ngi ta cho rng Tri t c mt ci li bn knh vo khong 300 km, c cu to ch
yu l st, niken (nhit phn ny vo khong 3000 4000
0
C ). Bao quanh li l lp trung gian, v
ngoi cng l lp v dy khong 35 km c cu to ch yu bi granit.Vt cht trong v c khi
lng ring 3300 kg/m
3
.
b) Mt Trng- v tinh ca Tri t
Mt trng cch Tri t 384 000 km c bn knh 1738 km, c khi lng 7, 35.10
22
kg (Hnh 59.9). Gia tc
trng trng ca Mt trng l 1,63 m/s
2
. Mt trng chuyn ng quanh Tri t vi chu k 27,32 ngy.
Trong khi chuyn ng caTri t, Mt Trng cn quay quanh trc ca n vi chu k ng bng chu k
chuyn ng quanh Tri t. Hn na, do chiu t quay cng chiu vi chiu quay quanh Tri t, nn Mt
Trng lun hng mt na nht nh ca n v pha Tri t.
Do lc hp dn b nn Mt Trng khng gi c kh quyn. Ni cc khc, Mt Trng khng c kh quyn.
B mt Mt trng c ph mt lp vt cht xp. Trn b mt Mt Trng c cc dy ni cao, c cc vng
bng phng c gi l bin (bin , khng phi l bin nc), c bit l c rt nhiu l trn trn cc
nh ni (c th l ming ni la tt, hoc vt tch va chm ca cc thin thch).
Nhit trong mt ngy m trn Mt Trng chnh lch nhau rt ln ; vng xch o ca mt Mt Trng,
nhit lc gia tra l trn 100
0
C nhng lc na m li l-150
0
C . Mt Trng c nhiu nh hng n
Tri t, m r rt nht l gy ra hin tng thu triu. Cn lu rng kh quyn Tri t cng b tc dng
ca lc triu (triu), dng ln v h xung vi bin ln hn bin ca thu triu rt nhiu ln.
4. Cc hnh tinh khc. Sao chi. Thin thch.
- Sao chi: l loi ( hnh tinh) chuyn ng quanh Mt tri theo nhng qu o elip rt dp ( vin im c
th vt ra ngoi qy o ca hnh tinh xa nht ). Hnh 59.10 l nh chp ca sao chi Ha- ly (Halley). c
im ca cc sao chi l c kch thc v khi lng nh (thng c bn knh vi kilmt)
c cu to bi cc cht d bc hi nh tinh th bng, amniac, mtan. Chu k chuyn ng ca sao
chi quanh Mt Tri khong t vi nm n trn 150 nm.
Khi sao chi tin gn n Mt Tri, do sao chi c khi lng b, cc phn t hi chu tc ng ca p sut
nh sng Mt Tri ln hn lc hp dn nn b thi ra to thnh cc ui (Hnh 59.11). C nhng sao chi

.
75
thuc loi thin th khng bn vng.
- Thin thch: Thin thch l nhng khi chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri vi vn tc trn hnh chc
kilmt trn giy theo nhng qu o rt khc nhau. Khi mt thin thch bay gn mt hnh tinh no th
n s b ht v c th xy ra s va chm ca thin thch vi hnh tinh. Ban m ta c th nhn thy nhng
vt sng ko di vt trn nn tri, gi l sao bng. chnh l thin thch bay vo kh quyn Tri t, b ma
st mnh, nng sng v bc chy.
5. Sao v thin h
a. Sao: L thin th nng sng, ging nh Mt Tri, nhng rt xa chng ta. Cc sao c to ra t nhng
m tinh vn khng l.
- Khi lng ca cc sao quyt nh s tin ho ca sao: Sao c khi lng t 0,1 -> 1 ln khi lng mt
tri tin ho thnh sao cht sng, sao c khi lng t 10 -> 100 ln khi lng mt tri tin ho thnh
punxa, l en.
- Nhit cc sao t 3000
0
K (lnh nht - mu ) n 50.000
0
K (nng nht mu xanh lam). Mt tri
nhit 6000
0
K (mu vng)
C mt s loi sao c bit: sao bin quang, sao mi, Punxa, sao ntron,Ngoi ra trong h thng cc thin
th trong v tr cn c l en v tinh vn.
+ L en: l thin th c cu to t notron nhng vi mt ln, kt qu to ra xung quanh trng hp
dn cc mnh: ht mi th v pha n k c nh sng(b cong nh sng)
+ Tinh vn: l nhng m bi kh khng l
b. Thin h: L mt h thng gm rt nhiu loi sao v tinh vn (vi trm t sao).
- Phn loi: C 3 loi thin h chnh
+ thin h xon c: Dng dt nh ci a vi nhng cnh tay cha nhiu kh
+ thin h lp: t kh, khi lng tri rng, pht sng v tuyn mnh
+ thin h khng nh hnh(thin h khng u): hnh dang khng xc nh ging nh nhng m my.
- Thin h ca chng ta ngn h: thuc loi thin h xon c, cha hng vi trm t ngi sao, c ng
knh khong 100.000 nm nh sng, l mt h phng ging nh mt ci a: Tm ngn h phng nht dy
15.000nm nh sng, vng ngoi dy 330 nm nh sng. H Mt Tri ca chng ta cch trung tm thin h
khong 30.000 nm nh sng, quay quanh tm ngn h vi vn tc 250km/s . Thin h gn ngn h chng ta
nht l thin h TIN N.
- Quazar: L cu trc c bit nm ngoi thin h pht x mnh bt thng sng v tuyn v tia X. Cng xa
ngn h mt quazar cng dy.
c. Thuyt v n ln (Big Bang)
- Thuyt Big Bang cho rng v tr c to ra bi mt v n v i cch y khong 14 t nm, hin
nay tip tc ang dn n v long dn. Theo thuyt Big Bang, ti thi im t =10
-43
s (thi im plng) v
tr kch thc 10
-35
m, nhit 10
32
K, mt khi lng: 10
91
kg/cm
3
v tr trn ngp cc ht nng lng
cao: electron, quac,.. Cc nucln c to ra sau v n ln 1 giy; cc ht nhn nguyn t u tin sau 3
pht; cc nguyn t u tin sau 300 nghn nm; cc sao, thin h sau 3 triu nm.
- Cc s kin thin vn:
+ S thin h trong qu kh nhiu hn hin nay: V tr lin tc bin i
+ Cc thin h ang chy xa h mt tri, tc chy xa ca thin h t l vi khong cch d gia thin
h v chng ta ( nh lut Hp -bn): V = H.d
Trong : H l hng s Hp Bn, H = 1,7.10
-2
m/s.nm nh sng .
=> Quang ph do cc thin h pht ra m my thu thu c lch v sng di (pha vch )
+ Bc x nn ca v tr: pht ra ng u t mi pha, tng ng vi nhit 2,7 K (thng ly 3 K),
tng ng bc sng 3cm.

THUYT BIG BANG
M U: S gii thch ngun gc ca v tr lun l ti gy nhiu tranh ci mi
thi i. Bi v n khng ch mang ngha n thun v mt khoa hc m cn c ngha v
mt th gii quan v phng php lun khoa hc. C nhiu gi thuyt v ngun gc ca v
tr nhng trong th k XX thuyt c nhiu ngi chp nhn l thuyt Big Bang. Bi
vit ny s gii thiu mt cch s lc v thuyt ny.
1. THUYT BIG BANG L G?
Da trn l thuyt ca ngnh vt l cc ht c bn, qua nhng phng tin quan st, tnh ton v kt qu
thc nghim trong nhng my gia tc, vt l thin vn hin i cho rng v tr c to ra cch y khong

.
76
14 t nm do mt v n Nguyn Thu v i gi l Big Bang(V N ln). V tr Nguyn thu ch l mt
m sng m m o. Theo nhng nghin cu ca thin vn hc hin i, nhng thin th nh sao, cc
hnh tinh c hnh thnh t nhng m kh khng l b co v ng li v sc ht ca trng hp dn trong
m kh, ri sau n tung ra.
Nm 1985 c mt nh vt l nhn xt ti hi ngh khoa hc: "Vic v tr khi u vi Big Bang
khong 14 t nm trc cng chc chn nh Tri t quay xung quanh Mt Tri". Vy thuyt Big Bang nh
th no m m h tin tng nh vy?.
Khng nn hnh dung rng Big Bang ging nh v n ca mt qu pho khng l, m bn c th ng
lng ra mt bn quan st. y khng c mt bn no ht, v Big Bang l biu hin ra i ca chnh
khng gian, thi gian. By gi chng ta chng ta hy xem ci g xy ra sau V N ln cc khong thi
gian khc nhau.
T im Zero Big Bang n 10
-43
s. Trong khong thi gian cc nh nhng quan trng ny chng ta mi bit
c rt t, bi v cc nh lut vt l, nh chng ta bit, u khng ng y.
10
-43
s. Nhit ca v tr khong 10
23
K v v tr dn n rt nhanh. Khi qu trnh dn n rt nhanh,
nhit gim u cho ti khi t ti gi tr hin nay khong 3 K.
T 10
-43
s n 10
-35
s. trong khong thi gian ny, cc lc mnh, lc yu v lc in t tc dng nh mt lc
duy nht c m t bi l thuyt Thng nht ln, cn lc hp dn tc dng tch ri nh hin nay.
T 10
-35
s n 10
-10
s. Lc mnh tch ra, li lc in t, lc yu v hp dn vn cn tc dng nh mt lc
duy nht.
T 10
-10
s n 10
-5
s. Tt c bn lc u tch bit ra nh hin nay. V tr nh mt "mn sp nng" gm cc
quark, leptn v photon.
T 10
-5
s n 3 pht. Cc quark kt hp to nn cc mezon v barion. Vt cht v phn vt cht hu nhau
qut i phn vt cht v ch li mt lng d nh vt cht, t to nn v tr ca chng ta hin nay.
T 3 pht n 10
5
nm. Cc prton v ntron kt hp to ra cc nucleit nh:
H , He , He
2
1
3
2
4
2
v
Li
7
3
vi
ph cp ng v ng nh hin nay. V tr l mt plasma ca cc ht nhn v electron.
T 10
5
nm n nay. Bt u thi k ny cc nguyn t c to thnh. V tr tr nn trong sut i vi cc
photon v bc x. T y chng bt u mt hnh trnh di dng dc v nay mi n c chng ta nh
bc x nn vi ba. Ri cc cc nguyn t cm li to ra cc thin h, sau l cc sao v cc hnh tinh, ri
hnh thnh chnh bn thn chng ta.
C th ni thuyt Big Bang l tr tu chung ca nhiu nh khoa hc, c hnh thnh qua nhiu giai on
khc nhau, nhng a danh khc nhau, mi giai on c mt cha tng ng. Ta hy ln lt im qua
cc a danh v cha ca n.
2. LCH S HNH THNH THUYT BIG BANG:
a) Ngi cha thin ti Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955) a con v tr dn n m l thuyt tng i tng qut
ca mnh a ra. Theo quan nim lc by gi tt c mi ngi, d l v nhn hay th dn u ngh rng
v tr l dng, l bt bin khng thay i. Chnh trn quan nim m Einstein rt bi ri khi tm ra cc
nghim phng trnh ca chnh mnh, ng ra l hai nghim m t v tr hoc l ang dn n hoc l co li.
ng cha chy bng cch thm vo phng trnh ca mnh mt s hng cha "Hng s v tr" c
mt nghim m t v tr dng. Vi nm sau chnh Einstein phi tha nhn rng: "y l sai lm p nht
trong i (khoa hc) ca ti".
b) Ngi cha b ri vo qun lng Alexxandro Fried Mann (1888 - 1925). Bi chnh ng l mt nh khoa
hc nghin cu cc vn kh ng hc phc v pho binh. Vo nm 1920, ng bt u lm quen vi cc
phng trnh Einstein. Fried Mann loi b ngay "S hng v tr". Bng giy v bt ch ng gii c
cc phng trnh Einstein. Tt c cc nghim c chia lm hai loi, dn n hai m hnh v tr dn n mi
mi hoc v tr dn n n mt thi im no ri co li do lc hp dn ln t xu hng dn n. Nh vy
trong trng hp th hai ton b vt cht s tp trung ti mt im, th tch bng khng, siu c, ri sau
v tr li tham gia vo mt pha dn n mi, ri co li, c nh vy. ng thi ng cng tnh c tui th
ca v tr l 10 t nm. Mt kt qu ng qu vo thi im by gi. Nhng tic thay Fried Mann khng
tip tc m ng li quay tr v cng vic ban u ca mnh.
c) Ngi cha chnh thc Greorges Lemaltre(1894 - 1966) l mt v linh mc ngi B, ng thi l mt nh
khoa hc rt ln, Lemaltre pht hin ra cc cng trnh ca nhiu nh thin vn M, trong c Edwin
Hubble v rt ra kt lun l trong v tr tn ti nhiu thin h v cc thin h ang chy xa nhau vi vn tc
ln, bi v v tr ang dn n. Ngoi ra Lemaltre a thm mt tng thin ti rng: v tr c mt thi
im khi u.
d) Ngi cha l ng George Gamow (1904 - 1968): Vo nhng nm 40 vt l ht nhn ang cn giai
on thiu thi, khng ai c th tin c tng siu nguyn t nguyn thu ca Lemaltre. Ngi ta cho
rng c th lc u ton b vt cht v tr tn ti di dng mt khi ntron lnh gi, mt loi V N ln
lnh. Gamow v phn mnh li tin vo V N ln nng, nng khng khip v gii thch c t l cc
nguyn t ho hc trong thin nhin: 72% Hir, 7% Hli cn tt c nhng nguyn t nng hp li khng
n 1%. Gamow cng cc ng nghip cng cp n tr ct th ba ca thuyt V N ln bng cch
cho rng ngy nay vn phi cn tn ti mt du vt g ca ni xp nguyn thu, l bc x "ho thch"

.
77
soi sng tn cng su thm ca v tr. ng cng tnh c bc x ny c nhit l 5K. ng tic lc by
gi iu tin on ny chng c ai quan tm. Mi n nm 1965 mi c hai thanh nin nhy ln v i v
em li thng li ln cho thuyt V N ln ca Gamow.
Nh vy bng tr tu thin ti, cc nh Thin vn Vt l a ra mt m hnh l thuyt v V N ln Big
Bang c sc thuyt phc nht t trc n nay. Cho n thi im ny th bng nhng quan st, thc
nghim h chng minh c l thuyt a ra l ng n.
3. CC CHNG C THC NGHIM:
Ti sao cc nh Thin vn li khng nh v n ny xy ra cch y 14 t nm m khng phi l khong
thi gian khc? Bi theo trn sau V N ln to ra khng thi gian, vt cht c hnh thnh. Nhng m
my bi kh tch t hp dn to thnh cc sao. Trong qu trnh tch t ny mt phn nng lng hp dn
c to ra xung quanh v mt phn lm nng nhn ca phi sao. Phi sao tip tc co cho n nhit
trong nhn c th ln n chc triu . T cc ht nhn Hir chuyn ng cc nhanh v do hiu ng
ng ngm to thnh tri ri thnh Hli sau nng lng ht nhn c gii phng, p sut bc x
tng mnh lm ngng s co ca phi sao, chuyn sang giai on n nh, nhn ca chng t ti khi lng
vo khong 10 - 12% khi lng ca Mt Tri. Thi gian ny c tnh theo:T =
3
10
10
M
nm. Trong M
tnh theo n v khi lng ca Mt Tri. Nh vy Mt Tri c thi gian n nh vo khong 10 t nm. Cc
sao nh hn th c thi gian n nh di hn. Nhng ta ch quan tm ti cc sao c khi lng 10 - 12% khi
lng ca Mt Tri th thy tr s T u phi nh hn 15.10
9
nm. Bng knh vin vng Hpbn cc nh
Thin vn quan st c cc thin h, cc sao c tui thp hn gi tr 15 t nm.
S pht hin ra bc x tn d m Gamow tin on l mt trong nhng bng chng hng hn cho s
ng n ca thuyt Big Bang. Vo nm 1965, hai chng k s tr tui dng bn chi k c nh nhng
ngten Rai c dng ci phu kch thc 1,2m. Thit b siu nhy ny ca cng ty Bell Telephone c lp
t vo nm 1960 Gawford Hill, tiu bang New Jersay, vi mc ch thu nhn cc tn hiu Rai t v
tinh ECHO(nhng lc khng dng na!). Rbert W. Wilson v Arno Pentias (hai chng k s tr tui: 31
v 34 tui lc by gi) quyt nh dng ngten ny o bc x rai ca mi trng gia cc sao trong
Thin h ca chng ta bc sng 7,35 cm. Pentias v Wilson va tt nghip i hc khng lu, c hai
cha bao gi nghe ni v s tn ti bc x tn d c Gamow tin on. Sau vi tun l o c, hai thanh
nin ny bt u st rut v lun lun thu c mt ting n rai cng khng i, d ngten c quay
i hng no chng na. R rng bc x khng th c pht ra t Thin h ca chng ta, v khi n s
ph thuc nh hng tng i ca ngten so vi mt phng Thin h. H ngh: hay ting n do chnh
ngten gy ra?. Cc b phn c lau chi ri kim tra i, kim tra li; kt qu: bc x thu c vn nh c
khng g thay i. Vy ch cn cch tha nhn rng ting n rai n t ni tn cng ca v tr, rt xa
bn ngoi Thin h ca chng ta. Pentias bn gi in thoi ngay cho Rbert Dicke (ngi trnh by tin
on ca Gamow trong mt Cimina vt l) v ng ny b kch thch cao phng ngay n Crawford Hill.
Khng cn nghi ng g na trong ng nghe ca ngten, Dicke ang nghe c mt giai iu tn ti t
nhiu t nm, chng tch mong i ca nhng thi im u tin ca v tr. Chnh ng cng ang lp t
mt rai trn nc i hc Princeton nhm mc ch thu ly bc x . Pht hin ca Pentias v Wilson
to cng n vic lm cho c ngn nh Vt l trong sut 20 nm. Ngi ta tnh ton o c k lng v i
n kt lun chnh xc l bc x nn v tr, c nhit 2,7
0
K. y l ct th ba ca thuyt V N ln, em
li chin thng cho l thuyt ny.
Cng theo l thuyt qu trnh tng hp cc nguyn t nh nh: teri, Hli v Liti ( Li
7
3
) l c to ra.
Mt hin tng quan st cng c gi thuyt ny l kt qu o giu cc nguyn t nh. Nhng tnh ton
l thuyt tin on c khong 25% Proton v Ntron c tng hp bin thnh Hli (He). Nguyn t
Heli c quan st thy trong Thin h ca chng ta v trong nhiu Thin h khc. Mi khi quan st ta thy
t l Hli khng thay i t thin th ny sang thin th khc v bao gi cng ng u l 25%. Kt qu quan
st ny chng minh l Hli c ch to ra bi V N ln. Tri li, giu ca nhng nguyn t nng hn
Heli nh Cacbon, Silic v St thay i rt nhiu tu theo cc thin th. L do l nhng nguyn t nng ch
c to ra trong nhng ngi sao qua nhng phn ng tng hp nhit hch. Trong nhng v sao n, vt cht
trong sao bn ra mi trng xung quanh gia cc ngi sao, ri ngng t li to thnh nhng ngi sao th h
th hai cha cc nguyn t nng.
Sau V N ln v tr dn n v nhit gim dn. Nhng ht Phtn c nng lng cao c th to thnh
ht v phn ht. Ngc li, mt ht gp mt phn ht th t hu bin thnh nh sng. Nu s to ra ht v
phn ht l mt hin tng i xng th v tr phi c hai loi ht v phn ht. Nhng nu s lng ca ht
bng phn ht v hai loi ht t hu th v tr ch l mt v tr nh sng khng c vt cht, thin h, sao,
hnh tinh, ng vt, thc vt... nh ngy nay. Trn thc t th v tr ch c vt cht (ht) m khng c phn
vt cht (phn ht). L do l nhng nh lut vt l chi phi qa trnh to ra cc ht v phn ht khng hon
ton cn i v to ra nhiu ht hn. Nhng th nghim trong my gia tc cho bit l phn ng t hu gia
cc ht v phn ht d li mt t ht. Sau khi t hu s lng cn li ca vt cht trong v tr nguyn
thu ch cn nhiu hn mt phn t s lng ca phn vt cht l to ra v tr vt cht ngy nay. Cc
nh Vt l a ra mt s ngh c o v v tr nguyn thu da trn l thuyt ca vt l cc ht. H

.
78
ngh vo thi im 10
-36
s, sau khi c to rav tr dn n cc nhanh theo hm s m trong mt thi gian
cc nh. Trong thi gian ny gi l thi i "lm pht", kch thc ca v tr tng ln t nht 30 ln! Sau
v tr tip tc dn n chm gn nh t l vi thi gian trong hng t nm. Gi thuyt v tr tri qua mt thi
i lm pht c th gii quyt c mt s vn . Chng hn nh ta bit bc x nn v tr c nhit
ng u pht ra t cc hng. Nu th nhit v tr nguyn thu cng phi ng u. Ngc li ta c th
hnh dung mt m hnh v tr nguyn thu, trong tuy c nhng iu kin vt l ban u khc nhau v
khng ng u, nhng pht trin ti trng thi ng u ta quan st thy hin nay. Chnh s dn n lm
pht ban u san phng phn no s khng ng u ca v tr. L thuyt lm pht cn gii thch c
ti sao v tr ngy nay li phng, tc l c bn knh rt ln, 3.10
23
km, tc l 30 t nm nh sng. Cng theo
l thuyt ny, nu v tr nguyn thu khng dn n rt nhanh trong thi gian lm pht th v tr hin nay
ch bng mt ht bi.
Nh vy theo quan im hin nay th v tr c "khai sinh", ri dn n v hin nay cng ang dn n. Bng
chng l: vo nm 1929, nh thin vn hc Hpbn ngi M pht hin ra mt hin tng c tm quan
trng ln gii thch hin tng v tr ang dn n. Hpbn nhn thy cc Thin h xa xm ri rc khp bu
tri u li xa ta (bng cch o dch ph Doppler). Ngi ta hnh dung hin tng ny trn mt qu bng
hi c thi phng dn, trn qu bng c nhng m v bng mc. Khi bng c thi phng th khong
cch gia cc m tng ln. Bt c m no cng lnh xa nhng m khc nh trng hp nhng Thin h
trong v tr. Thin h ca chng ta trong c Tri t chng ta cng ch l mt trong nhng m trn
qu bng ang thi phng. Chng ta khng phi ngay trung tm v tr. Theo nh lut Hpbn th Thin
h cng xa bao nhiu th cng li nhanh by nhiu. Tc li (V) ca Thin h t l vi khong cch (d)
gia Thin h v chng ta: V =
H.d. Trong , H l hng s Hpbn. nh lut Hpbn gip ta tnh c khong cch gia cc thin h, v
ta o c tc li ca cc thin h bng my quang ph. S quan st thy cc thin h lnh xa nhau l
mt bng chng ca v tr ang dn n.
Mt bng chng na ca v tr dn n l theo quan im ca thuyt tng i tng qut nu: Ch cn
bit mt i lng vt l l mt trung bnh ca vt cht trong v tr .
Nu <
K
(vi
K
=4,5.10
-30
(H/50)
2
g/cm
3
vi H 70=>
K
= 9.10
-30
g/cm
3
) th v tr s n mi v tn.
Nu >
K
th v tr sau mt thi gian no s ngng n v bt u co li mt cch khng thun
nghch.
Nu =
K
th v tr ln lt lc co lc n.
Theo quan im hin nay th vt cht trong v tr l: =5. 10
-31
g/cm
3
. Vy <
k
: v tr l n mi mi.
Tuy nhin vic xc nh by gi gp phi nhng kh khn khng l. C c s cho rng khng phi
mi ci c tnh ht. C hng lot cc thin th rt kh quan st, chng hn nh cc sao ntron, cc
l en.
Chnh v th qua y ta c th khng nh v tr ang dn n, nhng vn l dn n n bao gi s
ngng? Gi thuyt l v tr s ngng dn n v co nn li thnh mt im, ri tip tc dn n th n c gin
n ging nh by gi khng? Cng c th v tr s co li thnh mt vt - c vt cht m c nh l en
chng hn, v c ngha l n khng tip tc n dn n, cng nh cc sao khng n tr thnh siu sao
mi hoc sao ln trng?
Mt vn na, theo trn, cng c th ta cha quan st c ht ci quan st. Gi s cn mt thin
h khc, ngi sao khc m c thi gian tn ti cch y trn 15 t nm cn phi xem li chng?
4. KT LUN Vn tm hiu ngun gc ca v tr l mt vn tm c thi i phi c cn nhc
mt cch k lng. C th nhng iu chng ta ngy nay cng nhn th ngay mai khng cn ng na. Th
mi hiu v tr bao la v b him chng no!
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Donat G. Wentzel -Lectures on modern astronomy-USA
[2] Nguyn Quang Riu. V tr phng th nghim thin nhin v i. - NXBGD 1996.
[3] Cc trang web: www.aas.org, www.mtwilson edu, www.skypub.com...

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Bin son:Thy L Trng DuyMobile:0978.970.754 Email: leduy0812@yahoo.com.vn - http://hocmaivn.com

= + ta chia c hai v ca (1) cho ( )

= => = + => = + Trong

c hng chuyn ng).

= Trong : N: s dao ng;

) (cm). Tm biu thc ca dao ng th hai.

> => > => =>

> => + > => =>

, k/cch gia mt nt v mt bng lin k

= = = (Sng cu, ng hng)

=> so snh biu thc

so vi cng dng in i trong mch

so vi cng dng in i trong mch

= = + + => Bin thin cng tn s f ,

= , l bc sng trong chn khng.

= => = => = = = = =>

< < < < <

). Hunh quang thng l cht kh hoc lng.

( h l hng s plng). Chng hn, prtn v ntron c spin s =

). Tp hp cc mzn v cc barion c tn chung l cc harn.

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