THANH TNG 0947141139 http://www.facebook.

com/giaidaptoancap3

1

10 K THUT HAY DNG KHI GII PHNG TRNH V T
QUA 3 V D MINH HA

V d 1: Gii phng trnh
2 2
1 2 1 2 x x x x x + + = ( R x )
2
( ) t
Cch 1: (1. Bin i tng ng)
Bin i phng trnh tng ng :
2 2
2 1 2 1 x x x x x + + = + +

2 2
2 2 2 2 3 2
( 2 1) 0 (2 1) 0
4 ( 1) ( 2 1) 8 7 2 1 0
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
+ +



+ + = + + + =



[ ]
2
1
; 0;1
2 1
( 1)(2 1) 0
1
1 33
( 1)(8 1) 0
16 1 33
16
x
x
x x x
x
x x x x
x
| (

(
= \

+


=
+

+ = =




=



Vy phng trnh c nghim 1 x = hoc
1 33
16
x
+
=
Cch 2: (2. Dng hng ng thc)
Phng trnh tng ng :
2 2 2 2
2 1 ( 1) 4 x x x x x x x + + + + + =

( )
2
2 2
1 (2 ) x x x x + + =
2 2
2 2
1 2 1 (1)
1 2 1 3 (2)
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x

+ + = + + =


+ + = + + =


2 2
0 0
(1) 1
1 1
x x
x
x x x x

=

= + + =

;
2 2 2
0
3 0 0
1 33
(2)
1 33
16 1 9 8 1 0
16
x
x x
x
x x x x x x


+
=


+ + = = =

Vy phng trnh c nghim 1 x = hoc
1 33
16
x
+
=
Cch 3: (3. a phng trnh v dng ng cp
2 2
0 au buv cv + + = to tch bng vic chia v t n ph)
Bin i phng trnh tng ng :
2 2
2 1 2 1 x x x x x + + = + +
2 2 2
2 1 3 ( 1) x x x x x x + + = + + +
Nhn thy 0 x = khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn
2
1 0 x x x + + , chia c hai v ca phng trnh
cho
2
1 x x x + + , khi phng trnh tng ng:
2 2
2 2
3 1
2
1 1
x x x
x x x x x x
+ +
= +
+ + + +
2
2
3 1
2
1
x x x
x
x x
+ +
= +
+ +

t
2
1
x
t
x x
=
+ +
, phng trnh c dng:
2
1
1
2 3 3 2 1 0
1
3
t
t t t
t t
=

= + + =

2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1 3
3
1
x
x x x
x x
x
x x x
x x

+ + =
+ +

+ + =
=

+ +

tip tc nh Cch 2 ta c nghim : 1 x = hoc

1 33
16
x
+
=
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2

Cch 4: (3. a phng trnh v dng ng cp
2 2
0 au buv cv + + = to tch bng vic t n ph)

(Thc cht y ch l cch trnh by khc ca Cch 3 song cch trnh by ny cc em s thy r hn tnh ng cp xut
hin phng trnh trn)

Bin i phng trnh tng ng :
2 2
2 1 2 1 x x x x x + + = + +

2 2 2
2 1 3 ( 1) x x x x x x + + = + + +
t
2
1 y x x = + + , khi phng trnh c dng:
2 2
2 3 xy x y = +

2 2
3 2 0 ( )(3 ) 0 x xy y x y x y + = + =
3
y x
y x
=

suy ra:
2
2
1
1 3
x x x
x x x

+ + =

+ + =

tip tc nh Cch 2 ta c nghim: 1 x = hoc

1 33
16
x
+
=

Cch 5: (4. t n ph hon ton)
Bin i phng trnh tng ng :
2 2
1 2 2 1 0 x x x x x + + + =
Nhn thy 0 x = khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia c hai v cho
2
x ta c:

2
2
1 1 2 1
2 0
x x
x x x
+ +
+ = (*)
+) Vi 0 x > : (*)
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 1 0
x x x x
+ + + = . t
2
1 1
1 t
x x
= + +
2
2
1 1
1 t
x x
+ = ( 0) t
Khi phng trnh c dng:
2 2
1 2 2 0 2 3 0 3 t t t t t = = = hoc 1 t = (loi)
Suy ra
2
2
1 1 1 33
8 8 1 0
16
x x x
x x

+ = = = , kt hp vi 0 x > ta c nghim:
1 33
16
x
+
=
+) Vi 0 x < : (*)
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 1 0
x x x x
+ + + + = . t
2
1 1
1 t
x x
= + +
2
2
1 1
1 t
x x
+ = ( 0) t
Khi phng trnh c dng:
2 2
1 2 2 0 2 3 0 1 t t t t t + = + = = hoc 3 t = (loi)
Suy ra
2
1 1
0 1 0 1 x x
x x
+ = + = = tha mn 0 x < .
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: 1 x = hoc
1 33
16
x
+
=
Cch 6: (5. Nhn biu thc lin hp)
Bin i phng trnh tng ng :
( )
2
2 1 1 x x x x x + + + = +
*) Nu
2 2
2 2
0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1
x x
x x x x x x x
x x x x

+ + + = + + = =

= + + =


Khi thay 1 x = ta nhn thy n l nghim ca phng trnh.
*) Nu
2
1 0 1 x x x x + + + . Khi phng trnh tng ng:
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3


( )( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1 1 ( 1) 1 x x x x x x x x x x x + + + + + = + + +

( )
2
2 ( 1) ( 1) 1 x x x x x x + = + + +
2
2 1 x x x x = + + (v 1 x )

2
1 3 x x x + + =
1 33
16
x
+
= (cc em xem li cch gii phng trnh ny Cch 2)
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: 1 x = hoc
1 33
16
x
+
=

Ch : cch 6 , khi ta nhn vi mt biu thc cha bin vo c hai v ca phng trnh th c hai cch trnh by:
+) Trc khi nhn, ta xt tnh bng 0 v khc 0 ca biu thc cn nhn trnh tnh hung tha nghim.
+) To ra phng trnh h qu (dng du ) v bc cui cng phi th li nghim
(ch dng khi bi ton c nghim p vic th li nghim khng gp kh khn) .

V d 2: Gii phng trnh
( )
2 2 3
2 15 15 3 15 4 x x x x x x + = ( R x )
2
( ) t
iu kin: 0 15 x
Bin i phng trnh tng ng:
( )
2 2 2
(15 ) 3 . 15 4 2 15 0 x x x x x x + + =
Cch 1: (6. t hai n ph a phng trnh v dng tch v nh gi)
t
2
15 u x
v x

( , 0) u v , khi phng trnh c dng:

2 2
3 4 2( ) 0 u uv v u v + + = (*)
Cch 1.1: Phn tch thnh tch bng k thut nhm, tch ghp
(*)
2 2
2 3 2( 2 ) 0 u v uv u v + + =
( 2 ) ( 2 ) 2( 2 ) 0 u u v v u v u v + =
( 2 )( ) 2( 2 ) 0 u v u v u v + =
( 2 )( 2) 0 u v u v + = 2 u v = hoc 2 u v =
Cch 1.2: S dng phng php hng s bin thin to tch
(*)
2 2
(3 2) 2 4 0 u v u v v + =

2 2 2 2
(3 2) 4(2 4 ) 4 4 ( 2)
u
v v v v v v = = + + = +
Khi
3 2 2
2
2
v v
u v
+ +
= = hoc
3 2 2
2
2
v v
u v

= =
+) Vi 2 u v = , khi :
2 2
15 2 15 4 x x x x = = (do c K)

2
4 15 0 x x + = 2 19 x = + hoc 2 19 x = (loi)
+) Vi 2 u v = , khi :
2
15 2 x x = (2*)
Vi iu kin: 0 15 2 15 2 16 2 0 x x < = nn phng trnh (2*) v nghim
Vy phng trnh c nghim: 2 19 x = +

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4

Cch 2: (7. t n ph a phng trnh v h)
t
2
15 u x
v x

( , 0) u v suy ra
2 4
15 u v + = . Khi phng trnh a v h:

2 2
2 4
3 4 2( ) 0
15
u uv v u v
u v
+ + =

+ =

2 2
2 4
2 3 2( 2 ) 0
15
u v uv u v
u v
+ + =

+ =

2 4 2 4
( 2 )( ) 2( 2 ) 0 ( 2 )( 2) 0
15 15
u v u v u v u v u v
u v u v
+ = + =


+ = + =

2 4
2 4
2
(1)
15
2
(2)
15
u v
u v
u v
u v
=

+ =

+ =


*) T (1), suy ra:
2 4 4 2 2
4 15 4 15 0 2 19 v v v v v + = + = = + hoc
2
2 19 v = (loi) 2 19 x = +

*) T (2), k hp vi iu kin 0 u ta c: 2 0 u v =
2 v hay 2 4 x x khng tha mn iu kin 15 4 x <
Nn h (2) v nghim
Vy phng trnh c nghim: 2 19 x = +

Cch 3: (8. Phn tch thnh tch)

( )
2 2 3
2 15 15 3 15 4 x x x x x x + =

2 2 2 2
15 2 . 15 . 15 2 2 15 4 0 x x x x x x x x + + =

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
15 15 2 15 2 2 15 2 0 x x x x x x x x + =

( )( )
2 2
15 2 15 2 0 x x x x + =
2
2
15 2
15 2
x x
x x

tip tc lm nh Cch 1
ta c nghim ca phng trnh l: 2 19 x = +

Cch 4: (9. t n ph khng hon ton v phng php hng s bin thin)
(Mt cch trnh by khc ca Cch 1.2 )
t
2
15 t x = . Khi phng trnh c dng: ( )
2
3 . 4 2 0 t x t x t x + + =

2
(3 2) 2 4 0 t x t x x + =

2 2
(3 2) 4(2 4 ) 4 4 ( 2)
t
x x x x x x = = + + = +
Suy ra:
3 2 2
2
2
3 2 2
2
2
x x
t x
x x
t x

+ +
= =

= =

hay
2
2
15 2
15 2
x x
x x

tip tc lm nh Cch 1 ta c nghim ca

phng trnh l: 2 19 x = +

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5

V d 3: Gii phng trnh
5 2
( 7 3) 1 3 11 x x x x + + = ( R x )
2
( ) t

(10. S dng tnh n iu ca hm s. )
K:
1
3
x (*) Bin i phng trnh tng ng:
6 3 3
( 6 9) ( 3) 1 3 1 3 x x x x x + + + + = +

( )
2
3 2 3
( 3) ( 3) 1 3 1 3 x x x x + + + = + (2*)
+) Xt hm s c trng:
2
( ) f t t t = + vi 0 t
Ta c: '( ) 2 1 0 f t t = + > vi 0 t , suy ra ( ) f t ng bin vi 0 t
Khi (2*)
( )
3
( 3) 1 3 f x f x + =
3 3
3 1 3 1 3 3 0 x x x x + = + = (3*)
+) Vi
1
3
x = khng l nghim ca phng trnh, nn ta xt hm s
3
( ) 1 3 3 g x x x = + vi
1
3
x <
Ta c
2
3
'( ) 3 0
2 1 3
g x x
x
= + >

vi
1
3
x < , suy ra ( ) g x ng bin vi
1
3
x < .
Khi (3*) ( ) ( 1) 1 g x g x = = tha mn iu kin (*).
Vy phng trnh c nghim 1 x = .


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