BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

BNG PHN CNG NHIM V

Tn

MSSV

Nhim V
- Bo co bi 1.

Mai Hu Tr

10038361

- Vit phn tng quan.

- Tp hp bi.

Nguyn Th Trinh

10041181

Bo co bi 2.

L Phng Thy

10046671

Bo co bi 3.

Nguyn c Uyn Th

10058331

Bo co bi 4.

L Tng Vi

10035231

Nguyn Th Nh Trang

10041611

Bo co bi 5.

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

MC LC
1

TNG QUAN ....................................................................................................................................7

1.1

Gii thiu v thit b c l instron..............................................................................................7

1.2

Tm hiu cu trc thc phm:...................................................................................................10

NI DUNG BO CO ...................................................................................................................14
2.1

PHNG PHP M XUYN.............................................................................................14

Gii thiu th nghim: .......................................................................................................14

2.1.1

2.1.1.1

Mc ch th nghim: .................................................................................................14

2.1.1.2

L do chn mu: ........................................................................................................15

2.1.1.3

Yu t nh hng n kt qu th nghim: ................................................................15

2.1.2

C s l thuyt v phng php [1] [2] ...............................................................................15

2.1.2.1
2.1.3

C s ca php o m xuyn: .........................................................................................16

2.1.3.1

Nguyn l chung: .......................................................................................................16

2.1.3.2

C s ca php o cu trc: .......................................................................................17

2.1.3.3

Mi lin h gia phng php o bng thit b v phng php cm quan: [3] ........19

2.1.3.4

u Nhc im ca phng php m xuyn: ......................................................20

2.1.4

Cch thc tin hnh: .........................................................................................................21

2.1.4.1

Chun b mu: ............................................................................................................21

2.1.4.2

Dng c o:................................................................................................................21

2.1.4.3

Cch thc vn hnh: ..................................................................................................22

2.1.5

Kt qu v tho lun: ........................................................................................................22

2.1.5.1

Kt qu th nghim: ...................................................................................................22

2.1.5.2

Nhn xt v kt qu th nghim: ................................................................................22

2.1.6
2.2

Gii thiu v phng php m xuyn ......................................................................15

Ti liu tham kho: ...........................................................................................................26

PHNG PHP CT .............................................................................................................27

2.2.1

Mc ch th nghim .........................................................................................................27

2.2.1.1

L do chn phng php ct: ....................................................................................27

2.2.1.2

Mu ............................................................................................................................27

2.2.1.3

c im chung ca cc mu: ...................................................................................28

2.2.1.4

Cc yu t nh hng n kt qu .............................................................................29

2.2.2

C s l thuyt v phng php o ..................................................................................29

2.2.2.1

Phng php ct ........................................................................................................29

2

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

2.2.2.2

Nguyn l ca php o ..............................................................................................29

2.2.2.3

C s ca phng php o ........................................................................................30

2.2.2.4

Mi lin h vi cc phng php khc ......................................................................30

2.2.2.5

u ,nhc im ca phng php.............................................................................30

Cch thc tin hnh ...........................................................................................................30

2.2.3

2.2.3.1

Chun b mu: ............................................................................................................30

2.2.3.2

Cch thc vn hnh ...................................................................................................30

2.2.3.3

Dng c o .................................................................................................................31

Kt qu v tho lun..........................................................................................................31

2.2.4

2.3

2.2.4.1

Kt qu th nghim.....................................................................................................31

2.2.4.2

Nhn xt v kt qu th nghim .................................................................................32

PHNG PHP CT KRAMER ...........................................................................................34

Mc ch th nghim .........................................................................................................34

2.3.1

2.3.1.1

L do chn mu .........................................................................................................34

C s l thuyt v phng php o ...................................................................................34

2.3.2

2.3.2.1

Nguyn l chung .........................................................................................................34

2.3.2.2

Gii thiu phng php Kramer ................................................................................35

2.3.2.3

Nguyn tc hot ng ................................................................................................35

2.3.2.4

Mi lin h vi phng php khc ............................................................................35

2.3.2.5

u nhc im ca phng php..............................................................................36

Cch thc tin hnh ...........................................................................................................36

2.3.3

2.3.3.1

Chun b mu .............................................................................................................36

2.3.3.2

Cch thc vn hnh ...................................................................................................36

Kt qu v tho lun..........................................................................................................36

2.3.4
2.4

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

PHNG PHP P N.......................................................................................................38

Gii thiu th nghim: .......................................................................................................38

2.4.1

2.4.1.1

Mc ch th nghim: .................................................................................................38

2.4.1.2

L do chn mu: ........................................................................................................38

2.4.1.3

Yu t nh hng n kt qu th nghim: ................................................................39

2.4.2

C s l thuyt v phng php [1] ...................................................................................39

2.4.2.1

Nguyn l chung: .......................................................................................................39

2.4.2.2

C s ca php o: ....................................................................................................40

2.4.2.3

Mi lin h gia phng php o vi phng php cm quan: ................................40

3

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

2.4.2.4
2.4.3

u - nhc im: .......................................................................................................40

Cch thc tin hnh ...........................................................................................................41

2.4.3.1

Chun b mu: ............................................................................................................41

2.4.3.2

Cch thc vn hnh: ..................................................................................................41

2.4.4

Kt qu v tho lun: ........................................................................................................41

2.4.4.1

Kt qu th nghim: ...................................................................................................41

2.4.4.2

Nhn xt v kt qu th nghim: ................................................................................42

2.4.5
2.5

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Ti liu tham kho.............................................................................................................43

PHNG PHP TPA .............................................................................................................44

2.5.1

Mc ch th nghim .........................................................................................................44

2.5.1.1

Mc ch: Phn tch m t cu trc ca thc phm ...................................................44

2.5.1.2

Chn mu th nghim: ...............................................................................................44

2.5.1.3
Tnh cht ca cc sn phm thch rau cu: vi thnh phn nh trn, cc sn phm
thch c dai, do, n hi...,thch hp cho vic s dng phng php TPA xc nh cu
trc ca thc phm. ......................................................................................................................44
2.5.2

C s l thuyt v phng php o: .................................................................................44

2.5.2.1

Gii thiu v phng php TPA:...............................................................................44

2.5.2.2

Cc thng s o lng: ..............................................................................................45

2.5.2.3

Gii thiu v my o cu trc theo phng php TPA .............................................48

2.5.2.4

u Nhc im ca phng php:.........................................................................49

2.5.3

Cch thc tin hnh: .........................................................................................................49

2.5.3.1

Chun b mu: ............................................................................................................49

2.5.3.2

Cch thc vn hnh:mu c p 2 ln lin tip bng u d TPA:.........................50

2.5.4

Kt qu v tho lun..........................................................................................................50

2.5.4.1

Kt qu th nghim: ...................................................................................................50

2.5.4.2

Nhn xt: ....................................................................................................................53

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

LI CM N
--------------Trc ht, tp th nhm chng em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n:
1. Trng i hc Cng Nghip thnh ph H Ch Minh cng vi Vin cng ngh sinh hc thc
phm to ra mt mi trng hc tp c c s vt cht rt tt cho chng em hc hi v
nghin cu.
2. Th vin trng i hc Cng Nghip cung cp cho chng em nhng ti liu tham kho qu
bu cng vi nhng phng hp nhm hin i.
3. Sau cng, Nhm chng em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n thy Ths Dng Vn Trng
tn tnh ch bo chng em trong qu trnh hc tp v gip chng em hon thnh bi bo co
ny.
Mc d c gng rt nhiu, nhng do kh nng, thi gian v khun kh ca trang giy c
hn nn khng th no trnh c nhng sai st. Chng em rt mong nhn c kin ng gp
ca thy bi bo co c hon thin hn v chng em rt kinh nghim cho nhng bi bo
co sau ny. Nhng ch bo ca thy nhm s tip thu vi lng bit n su sc nht!
Nhm sinh vin thc thin

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

LI NI U
Hin nay t nc ngy cng pht trin, nhu cu ca con ngi cng ngy c nng cao.
Trong nhu cu v n ung l c con ngi quan tm nht. Ngy xa mi ngi ch quan tm
l lm sao c n no l , nhng by gi khng ch c nh th m cn phi c n ngon. Chnh
v th m ngnh cng nghip thc phm nc ta ngy mt pht trin.
Hin nay trn th trng Vit Nam xut hin rt nhiu sn phm, a dng t mu m cho n
cht lng. Nhng trong quan trng nht l v mt cht lng. V vy m vn ny c kim
tra nghim ngt ngay sau khi sn phm c sn xut ra. Cc sn phm ny c kim tra v mt
hng v, cu trc v hnh thc bn ngoi ca sn phm v y l ba yu t chnh quyt nh sn
phm c c chp nhn trn th trng hay khng. Nhng trong quan trng nht vn l mt cu
trc v:

Cu trc nh hng n s cm nhn mi v cng nh n hnh thc bn ngoi ca sn

phm

L y l mt thuc tnh quan trng c khch hng quan tm hng u.

xc nh cu trc ca thc phm, ngi ta dng 6 phng php sau:

-

Phng php m xuyn

Phng php nn TPA (texture profile analylis)

Phng php ct Kramer (nhiu dao)

Phng php ct Warner-Bratzler (mt dao)

Phng php Back Extrusion (p n)

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

1
1.1

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

TNG QUAN
Gii thiu v thit b c l instron

Hnh 1. Ton cnh my phn tch c l INSTRON

Instron, nh cung cp cc loi my o c l vt liu hng u th gii cung cp hng lot cc gii php
cho php phn tch cu trc cho ngnh cng nghip thc phm. Instron bao gm php phn tch cu
trc thc phm, t nm 1968 khi Malcolm Bourne ln u tin s dng v instron lm php phn tch
m phng s b v thc phm. Instron seri 5500, c th mua c cc b my phn tch cu trc vi
loi kch c v cng sut min l php o chnh xc c th chy mt php kim tra bloom ca
cc loi gel mm hay nn p tri cy. Trong seri 5500 tt c cc b my u kt hp vi quy trnh
cng ngh hiu lnh bng tay mi nht vi phn mm merlin ca instron. Merlin l b chng trnh
phn mm my tnh bt u cuc kim nghim thc phm, kim sot v tp hp d liu v to ra
kt qu, chun b bo co. Tnh d dng s dng ca phn mm ny mang li s hot ng n gin,
chnh xc ng tin cy v tnh linh ng. Thng thng cc phng php th nghim nh TPA, o
gy, bin dng, m xuyn, ct, nn, u d dng chy bng phn mm merlin. S dng gn lin
vi c kim sot v tnh ton th nghim bn s d dng tro ra nhng php kim tra cho ring mnh.
Gii thiu s lc v phn cng ca my c l INSTRON

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Phn cng (thn my): B phn thn

my gm mt ct v gi l ni kt
ni vi my tnh v cc b kt thc
hin cc php o.

Phn cng ca my c l INSTRON

-

Mt s nt c bn trn thn my:

start test: Tn hiu ny sng n khi chun b qu trnh th mu.

stop test: Php th kt thc.

reset gl: Nt ny cn bng khi bt u th mu (cc trng thi v lc, dn tr v 0, nt

ny c th thay th bng nt RESET trong mn hnh ca phn mm vn hnh chng trnh.

jog up/down: iu chnh trc gn cc u d LN/XUNG.

fine position: V tr chnh tinh.

return: Bo hiu trc iu chnh tr v v tr ban u (trc khi th mu).

power: n bo hiu ngun in ca thit b.

frame ready: Khi my tnh v thit b kt ni thnh cng, trong qu trnh lm vic, n
lun sng.

frame standby: Khi my tnh v thit b kt ni khng thnh cng

CHT AN TON: L hai cht mu vng nm trn thc o, cht ny c iu chnh

m bo an ton cho qu trnh vn hnh, hn ch cng lc ln v iu chnh sai thng
s cho my tnh khi vn hnh.

NT MU thn my: nt dng khn cp khi c s c.

Gii thiu s lc v phn mm ca my c l INSTRON

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Phn mm BLUEHILL cung cp mt chng trnh kim

tra nguyn liu linh hot v y sc mnh, d dng s
dng i vi c nhng ngi ch mi bt u hc hay cc
chuyn gia. Phn mm BLUEHILL chia thnh cc bng
m mu gip thao tc d dng. Mn hnh p ng nhu cu
i vi cc k thut ng dng cho tng phng php kim
tra. Cc thng s nh l c nh c cu, thut ng kim
tra, la chn n v v tnh ton c nh hnh t ng,
cho php phng th nghim hot ng nhanh chng v
chnh xc.
Nhng thit k v kh nng ca BLUEHILL phn nh
nn tng ng dng mnh m ca Instron, tp on pht
trin 60 nm qua nh l ngi dn u trong vic kim
tra vt liu. BLUEHILL tng thch trc tip vi nhiu
h thng ca Instron nh 3300, 4200, 5500, 5800
Phn mm BLUEHILL giao din c thit k dng bng

Phn mm ca my c l INSTRON

nn s dng kh n gin. N bao gm vic kim tra,

phng php kim tra, bo co kt qu v h thng qun
l. Bm vo bng m bn thy, ri chn mc bn mun
kim tra. Rt n gin. iu khin cc mc theo bng
dng ct cho ra kt qu theo s trnh by nh trn
mn hnh xc nh cng xut d liu v th mc lu tr.
-

Mt s nt c bn trn mn hnh:

Chuyn i gia cc mn hnh: Bng iu khin nm gc trn ca mn hnh v giao din

phn mm Bluehill nm bn di.

Ty theo nt m ta chn mn hnh chnh, ta s thy cc thanh chc nng khc nhau l test,
method, report, admin.

Test tab: Nu ta chn nt Test, c 4 mc l test, method, report, admin s xut hin v ta
chuyn i qua li gia cc mc bng cch nhn vo tn ca mc .

Method tab: Trong mc ny c 1 thanh iu hng bn tri mn hnh. Nhn vo cc mc m

ta cn sa i trong thanh iu hng ny.

Mn hnh chnh: y l mn hnh xut hin u tin khi ta khi ng phn mm v l mn

hnh ta chn phng php th nghim.
9

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

- Tm hiu v chc nng ca cc nt trong mn hnh chnh:

Test Button: Nhn nt ny khi ta mun tin hnh th nghim vi mu. Phn mm s trnh din
mt lot cc mn hnh khc ta chn phng php kim tra, t tn cho mu v bt u th
nghim.

Mc continue sample gip ta m li mt file mu lm trc xem li cc thng s hoc

tin hnh th vi mt mu khc.

Method Button: Nhn nt ny khi ta mun chnh sa v lu li cc file phng php th

nghim. Phn mm s chuyn n 1 mn hnh khc ta chn hoc thay i cc thng s th
nghim ri lu li trn file gc hoc mt file mi.

Report Button: Nhn nt ny khi ta mun chnh sa v lu li cc file phng php th

nghim mu. Ta cng c th s dng cc bo co mu to ra mt bo co mi da trn cc
d liu thu thp c trong khi th nghim.

Admin Button: Nhn nt ny khi ta mun thay i cu hnh ca h thng th nghim.

User Button: Nhn nt ny thot ra khi ngi dng hin thi.

Help Button: Nt ny d m h thng tr gip.

Exit Button: Nhn nt ny thot ra khi chng trnh.

Tm hiu cu trc thc phm:
Sn phm thc phm t khi cha mt hp phn, thng l t hp nhiu hp cht khc nhau. S

1.2

lng cc hp phn ha hc to nn 1 thc phm thng n nh, gm ch yu cc hp cht c g tr

dinh dng. S khc nhau l hm lng tng hp phn.
Sn phm thc phm c cu trc tc l c hnh dng, trng thi, kt cu, mu sc v hng
thm.
Kt cu ca sn phm l biu hin cm gic v chc nng ca cu trc, tnh cht c hc v tnh
cht b mt ca thc phm, c pht hin thng qua cc quan ca thnh gic, th gic v xc gic.
Cc qu trnh to cu trc bao gm nhiu giai on lin tip ng vi cc trng thi hnh th
khc nhau. Trc tin phi p dng mt s phng php x l nh: x l nhit v c hc, s dng cc
ho chtnhm ph hu mt phn cu trc khng gian nguyn th ban u (ph hu cc lin kt nng
lng yu hay chnh l lm bin tnh thnh phn cu to nn sn phm thc phm). Sau li tin
hnh t chc v nh hng cc phn t tng phn hay ton b gin mch ti t chc li cc lin
hp. Cui cng l kt gn v lm cng cu trc c t chc thu c nh phn b li cc lin kt
trong v gia cc phn t b ph hu trong giai on lm gin mch.
Cc sn phm thc phm c dng rn, lng, da vo kt cu c th chia thnh 8 dng:
-

Dng lng: C nht nhiu hoc t

10

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

-

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Dng gel: Thng c tnh do, i khi n hi, c c v nng chy khi nhit ca

ming (gel protein, gel gelatin, gel pectin, gel tinh bt)
-

Dng si: C mt si xenluloza, si tinh bt, si protein

Dng tp hp cc t bo trng nc, cht lng s gii phng ra khi nhai (qu v rau mng

nc, mt s tht)
-

Dng snh nhn, trn, nhn: M, chocolat, mt s phomat

Dng kh, b c cu trc ht (bch quy) hoc tinh th (ng)

-

Dng trong: Tan chm trong ming

Dng xp: Rut bnh m, kem bt.

Dng 1: Kt cu dng lng

Dng 2: Kt cu dng gel tinh bt

Dng 2: Kt cu dng gel

protein

Dng 4: Kt cu tp hp cc t
Dng 3: Kt cu dng

bo trng nc

si protein

11

Dng 5: Kt cu dng snh,

nhn, trn bng

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Dng 7: Kt cu trong, tan chm

Dng 6: Kt cu kh, b, c trong ming (ko ng)
cu trc ht hoc tinh th

Dng 8: Kt cu xp

Hnh 2: Cu trc thc phm

Nguyn liu trong ch bin cc sn phm thc phm thng c cu to t cc cao phn t.
Cc cao phn t ny c nhng tnh cht chc nng c trng ring. Tnh cht chc nng l nhng tnh
cht tng th tiu biu nht lin kt ng thi nhiu tnh cht ho l khc nhau nhng ph thuc ln
nhau. C th ni tnh cht chc nng l tt c mi tnh cht khng phi dinh dng c nh hng n
tnh hu ch ca mt hp phn trong thc phm. Tnh cht chc nng ph thuc cht ch vo cu trc
khng gian ca cc phn t v vo trng thi kt hp ca chng (gia chng hay vi cc phn t khc).
Ngi ta chia tnh cht chc nng ca cc cao phn t ra thnh 3 nhm chnh:
- Tnh hidrat ho: ph thuc vo s tng tc ca cc cao phn t vi nc nh: s ht nc v
gi nc, s thm t, s phng ln, s dnh kt, s ho tan v tnh to nht
- Tnh cht ph thuc vo tng tc gia cc cao phn t vi nhau. Tnh cht ny lin quan n
hin tng kt ta, to gel v s to thnh cc cu trc khc (to si, to bt nho).
- Cc tnh cht b mt: c lin quan n sc cng b mt, s to nh ho v s to bt.
Tnh cht chc nng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh nh hng ca cc pha phn tn khc
nhau (h n phn tn v a phn tn). V kch thc ca cc ht phn tn khc nhau s c s di
chuyn n b mt ca phn d th l khc nhau. T l phn t nm b mt cc lin hp s tng ln
khi ng knh phn t nh hn 1m. iu ny chng t tm quan trng ca cc tnh cht lin pha
trong h vi d th c c trng ca kch thc cc ht.
Chnh qu trnh nghin cu tnh cht chc nng ny ch r cho ta thy nh hng ca tnh
cht chc nng n tnh cht kt cu hay kh nng to cu trc ring cho mi mt loi sn phm thc
phm. Mi dng thc phm c trng bi cc trng thi ca cc ht phn tn trong h phn tn. Nh
vy c th thy tnh cht chc nng c vai tr v cng quan trng cho qu trnh to nn cu trc cho
12

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

sn phm thc phm hay to ra nt c trng ring cho cc sn phm thc phm. Mi mt thnh phn
trong nguyn liu ch bin thc phm c rt nhiu tnh cht khc nhau nh kh nng to bt, kh nng
to gel, kh nng to mng kh nng nh hov nhng kh nng ny li c to nn t tnh cht
chc nng ca chng. Tuy nhin, cc tnh cht ny khng phi hon ton c lp. Chng hn nh s
to gel ca protein khng nhng bao gm nhng tng tc protein protein m cn bao gm cc
tng tc protein nc hoc nht v ho tan ph thuc ln nhau v ph thuc cc tng tc
protein protein v cc tng tc protein nc.

13

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

NI DUNG BO CO

PHNG PHP M XUYN

2.1

Thit b o c l INSTRON 5543

2.1.1

u o dng thc hin th nghim

Gii thiu th nghim:

2.1.1.1 Mc ch th nghim:
Dng o cng ca mu sn phm tc l o kh nng chng bin dng do hoc kh nng ph
hy gin lp b mt di tc dng ca mi m.
Sn phm dng y c th l:
- Rau qu (chui, to, l,...)
- B v magarine
- Pho mat
- Ko cao su
- Ko dng gel.
Trong trng hp thu mua tri cy vn chuyn i tiu th xa hay xut khu, vic nm vng din
bin ca qu trnh chn tri cy thu hoch ng lc, p dng cc bin php h tr k thut cho tri
cy chn ch ng... L iu cn thit gim hao ht v m bo an ton thc phm. Vy nn vic
kim tra tnh cht ca sn phm trong sn xut rt cn thit.

14

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

2.1.1.2 L do chn mu:

Ngoi nhng thuc tnh hng v, kt cu l mt trong nhng thuc tnh cht lng rt quan trng
nh hng n quyt nh mua sn phm tri cy do cng l mt trong nhng thuc tnh khng
th b qua.
Ngi ta nhn thy rng cng ca tri cy ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh hm lng
promopectin, hm lng cht x (cellulose), hm lng tinh bt,... nu nhng yu t ny cng nhiu
th tri cy ca ta cng cng chc. Ngc li vi iu nu cng nhiu hm lng pectin, hm lng
ng, hm lng nc cng nhiu th tri cy c cng chc cng gim.
Trong bi th nghim ny nhm tin hnh kho st cng ca sn phm chui gi chui cau
chui s bng phng php m xuyn. Chn chui do gi thnh kinh t thp, tnh cht vt l v ha
hc th hin c y v r rng nhng yu cu trn. Kch thc ca chui s d ng u hn (v
chng ta c th mua chung 1 ny), iu ny va m bo c cht lng mu va m bo v kch
thc ca bn cha mu.
2.1.1.3 Yu t nh hng n kt qu th nghim:
- Bn cht thc phm (khi o thc phm mm th lc s nh hn thc phm cng, chiu cao ca
cc mu phi bng nhau).
- Kch thc v hnh dng ca u m xuyn.
- S ln m xuyn s dng.
- Tc m xuyn.
- su m xuyn tc ng ln mt phn thc phm, khng phi tan b thc phm.
2.1.2

C s l thuyt v phng php [1] [2]

2.1.2.1 Gii thiu v phng php m xuyn

Phng php m xuyn l t thit b chuyn dng tiu biu cho mt trong nhng phng php n
gin v c s dng ph bin nht. Kim tra m xuyn u tin c thc hin bi Lipowitz (1861),
ng t mt a c ng knh 2 2,5cm trn b mt ca khi gelatin cha trong becker. a c
ni vi phu theo mt trc thng ng. Ngi ta t nhng qu cn vo phu cho n khi nng
a m vo khi gelatin. Tng trng lng ca qu cn, phu, trc, a c dng tnh c,
chc ca khi ng. Nhng php o u tin, tuy cn s khai, nhng c cc phn cn thit ca
mt php o: tn, u m xuyn vo thc phm, nhng phng cch nhm nng ln ca lc ln (
y l qu cn) v s o lng lc. Thit b c bit n nhiu l Bloom Gelometer.
Th nghim th hai c pht trin bi Capri (1884), o c ca m ng khi u o ng knh
2mm m vo 1 cm. Capri nh lng lc cn thit to mt lc trn u m xuyn c ng knh
2mm vo du ng 1cm theo chiu su.
15

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Brulle (1893) dng nguyn tc tng t o cng ca b, v Sohn (1893) gii thch r qu trnh
cn thit t kt qu tip theo vi thit b ca ng. Th nghim ny c pht trin thnh kim
nghim cng ca b Van Doorn. Gio s Morris, bang Washington tin hnh th nghim m
xuyn u tin cho nhng sn phm nng sn nm 1925.
Trong th nghim, thc hin m xuyn theo Magness Taylor, Chatillon, v EFFG-GI gii thiu
phng php m xuyn trn tht. Cc thit b m xuyn l cc thit b s dng lc ti a. Thit b
thuc lai mt u o n l Magness Taylor, Chatillon v EFFG-GI, hay dng a u o nh Thit b
o mm Armour, Thit b o cu trc Christel, v Thit b o chn, thnh trng. Cc thit b o
m xuyn c th c phn lai theo c im lc p dng. Tc o c nh trc cho nhng
thit b o lc.
2.1.3

C s ca php o m xuyn:

2.1.3.1 Nguyn l chung:

ng nht mu trc khi o v to hnh khi theo yu cu ca tng phng php o c th, ci t
cc thng s cn o, thay b u d ph hp, tin hnh o v thng o t nht t 3 4 mu tr ln.
Sau thu thp s liu, x l s liu v gii thch kt qu o.
Lu : d nhin trong qu trnh chun b mu ta phi chn ng knh ca mu phi ln hn ng
knh ca u d, nhng cu hi t ra ni y l ln n bao nhiu so vi u d v nu bng u d
c c khng. u dng nh khng quan trng lm trong phng php m xuyn. Khi mu ln
hn nhiu so vi u d th khng gy nn s khc bit v tr s ca lc. Chng ta cn hiu rng lc s
khc bit v nhng v tr nh cnh, gc hay dy ca mu. Mt kim nghim m xuyn s cho kt
qu sai hon ton nu nh trong qu trnh thc hin m mu b nt gy hay v i. V nu kch thc
mu hnh tr xp x vi ng knh u d th khi thc hin m xuyn th mu s b n ln u d.
Mt thng s rt hp dn c a ra l ng knh ca mu nn ti thiu gp ba ln ng knh ca
u m xuyn v i vi nhng thc phm d v t l ny cn ln hn 3. th hin r iu ny
hnh 1 s m phng iu :

Nhn v hnh ta thy rng, bn tri mu ln hn ba ln ng knh ca u d v t tiu chun. Khi

kch thc ca mu gim i nhng kch thc ca u d vn nh vy th khng t tiu chun v kt
16

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

qu ca php o d nhin khng chnh xc. khc phc vn ny ta c th s dng hnh bn phi,
dng mt u c ng knh bng 1/3 so vi ng knh mu.
2.1.3.2 C s ca php o cu trc:
Trng hp

Hnh minh ha

Khi mu ln, u m xuyn s ch m vo

thc phm mt on nh tng ng vi kch
thc ca thc phm v a bn di.

Khi mu mng, c nguy c khi lc nn ln thc

phm chng li phn lc ca a v kim nghim
s tr thnh s kt hp gia m xuyn v nn
hay hon ton ch l lc nn.
a c mt l trung tm bn di u m
xuyn l cn thit cho cc thc phm dng bn
mng hay nh. iu ny cho php u m
xuyn m vo xuyn qua mu v xuyn l.
ng knh ca l thng nn t 1,5 3 ln
ng knh ca u m xuyn. Nu l a c
ng knh gn bng u m xuyn, kim
nghim thay i t php o m xuyn sang
php o m xuyn v kt thc, mu hnh tr
b ct v b dn qua l.

Sau khi chn mu ph hp vi u d v a ta tin hnh th nghim. Nguyn tc chung ca

kt qu biu th khi u d tip xc v m xuyn qua thc phm, lc ny ta c th thu c 5 loi
ng cong th hin 5 mc khc nhau v mt thuc tnh (trng hp l cng) trn cng mt
biu , hnh 2 th hin iu .

17

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Nhn xt:
u tin xem xt trng hp ca ng A, B, C:
Giai on u: ta thy cc ng loi cong A, B, C u c s tng nhanh tc m xuyn trong
khong thi gian ngn. Trong giai on ny do thc phm vn cha chu tc ng ca u do
nn cu trc ca mu vn cn nguyn vn. Giai on ny kt thc khi u d tip xc thc
phm (mu) v giai on ny c gi l giai on bin dng ban u.
Giai on 2: xut hin khi u d xm nhp vo mu. im quan trng nht ca th nghim ny
l im th hin ngay lp tc trn biu khi u d m xuyn qua thc phm nhng khng
lm ph v hoc nghin nt mu.
Giai on 3: xut hin khi lc tc ng thay i khi m xuyn qua thc phm.
Da vo yu t ny ta c th chia tch cc ng cong m xuyn theo ba loi c bn:
- ng cong A: lc tc ng tip tc tng khi qua im bin dng ban u. ng cong dng
ny l c trng ca qu to va hi.
- ng cong B: lc ny l khong khng i sau khi u d tip xc vi mu. ng cong dng
ny l c trng ca qu to c lu tr trong kho lnh trong mt thi gian v hoa qu
chn mm chng hn nh o v l. Tng qut ln chng c trng cho cc loi qu kh, mm
v kt cu i phn lng lo.
- ng cong C: lc gim tc dng khi u d tip xc vi mu. ng cong dng ny thng
c tm thy vi rau sng.
Cui cng ta xem xt v trng hp ca ng cong C, D:

18

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

- ng cong D thu c khi o mt s tnh cht trn bt nho (dough) v whipped. ng cong
D cng ging nh ng cong A nhng n khng c s thay i t ngt trong dc m thay
vo l s thay i t t v dc. V im bin dng ban u c th c xc nh bng s
ngoi suy hai ng thng t hai phn ca ng cong D. V vy ng cong D c coi nh
l mt trng hp c bit ca ng cong A.
- ng cong E thu c khi o mt s tnh cht trn bt nho. ng cong ny cho ta thy
khng c im bin dng u, c bn ging nh mt cht lng nht v v vy chng khng ph
hp im kim tra bng phng php m xuyn do kt qu khng c ngha.
2.1.3.3 Mi lin h gia phng php o bng thit b v phng php cm quan: [3]
C th con ngi cm nhn cu trc qua cc gic quan nh thnh gic, th gic v xc gic. Vic
cm nhn cu trc thc phm ca con ngi thng qua cc c quan t bo da, cc dy thn kinh t do.
Trong , khi cm nhn bng ming, ng vai tr quan trng l nhng c quan t bo xc gic trong
vm ming cng v mm, li, li v mng bao quanh rng; c cc dy thn kinh v cng quan
trng trong nhng c v khp ming. Nhng tn hiu t nhng dy thn kinh ny cung cp thng tin
v v tr quai hm ming, s cng v chiu di c. Trong khi , cc thit b phn tch da vo b
chuyn i chuyn nhng s o lng vt cht, vt l thnh nhng tn hiu in hoc tn hiu c th
nhn thy; nhng tn hiu ny c th thu c ngay hoc cung cp cho thit b ghi nhn d liu. Thit
b o c ph thuc vo loi phng php kim tra s dng. iu quyt nh loi phng php kim
tra c p dng l tnh cht hnh hc ca mu kim tra v vic mu c gi nh th no. Cc php
kim tra thc hin trn nguyn liu rn hoc dai th thng c lm di lc p, trt, xon v cng.
B chuyn i ny thng cho mt kt qu tuyn tnh c th c trng cho nhng c tnh vt l. Tri
li, s cm nhn ca con ngi li ph thuc vo hin tng tm sinh l m thng c khuynh hng
khng tuyn tnh. Nhng yu t nh nhit thng nh hng ln trng thi lu bin do nhng
thit b o nhng thng s nh vy s c ci t nhit chnh xc v n nh. Trong khi , qu
trnh xy ra trong ming khi n li khc. Thn nhit ca con ngi l 37oC, cc thc phm c a
vo ming him khi cng mt nhit do trong ming thng xy ra s thay i v nhit m
c th dn n thay i tnh cht vt l ca thc phm. V d chocolate iu kin 20oC trng thi
rn nhng khi cho vo ming, vi thn nhit ca c th s lm cho chocolate tan chy. Ngoi ra, s c
mt ca nc bt trong ming lm ha tan nhng nguyn liu tan trong nc. C khong 1,5 lt nc
bt c tit ra mi ngy. Trong nc bt c cha enzyme tiu ha (amylase) cng nh nhng protein
v polypeptide khng ph bin. Nc bt hot ng nh mt cht bi trn hay dung mi lm cho cc
thc phm b ha tan v v ra trong qu trnh nhai. Trong khi , hu ht cc thit b kim tra tnh cht
lu bin khng c iu kin cho cht bi trn ln mu trong qu trnh kim tra. Tc di chuyn
19

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

ca hm v li trong ming l mt yu t gii hn trong vic cm nhn cu trc thc phm ca chng
ta. Ty thuc vo loi thc phm v ngi th m mi ngi c tc nhai khc nhau, thm ch vi
cng mt loi thc phm, mt ngi th th t khi bt u b thc phm vo nhai cho ti khi c th
nut c thc phm tc nhai cng khc nhau. Hot ng nhai kt hp vi vic tit nc bt
lm v thc phm cho n khi c th nut c. R rng y l mt qu trnh ph thuc vo thi gian
v bn cht ca thc phm do cu trc ca thc phm s thay i. Cu trc ca thc phm c th
sinh ra l do s kt hp ca nhng thuc tnh vt l trong khi my khng th o cng mt lc nhiu
thuc tnh.
2.1.3.4 u Nhc im ca phng php m xuyn:
u im:
- Thit b tng i d vn hnh v cho kt qu nhanh chng, chnh xc v tin cy cao;
- Thao tc thc hin n gin (kt hp gia tay v my);
- C th s dng hu ht cc ni;
- Kt hp c vi my vi tnh cho kt qu c th v th hin biu .
- Hn ng lin tc v khng hn ch s lng kim tra mu.
- Phn bit nhanh chng cc mu. D cc mu c cu trc (hnh dng v kch thc) khc nhau
nhng cng bn cht (ging, loi,..) my vn th hin r rng lc tc dng cho tng loi mu.
- S dng trn nhiu loi thc phm khc nhau, cho bt k hnh dng hay kch thc nm trong
gii hn cho php ca thc phm, ch cn la u d thch hp. Trong phng php m xuyn
ta c chn loi u d khc nhau, t u d c ng knh 0,05mm dng o chc ca
vch t bo n u d c ng knh 50mm o chc ca bt.
- Thch hp cho thc phm khng ng nht v mi khu vc trn thc phm c m xuyn
ring l. V d, trong mt thanh socola hnh nhn, nho kh v go xp mi phn c th c
o ring bit. Trong khi hu ht cc php o khc o trn ton b cu trc thc phm d thc
phm khng ng nht.
Nhc im:
- Ch nh gi c 1 thuc tnh nht nh ( chc, cng, rn).
- Khng c kh nng o cng mt lc nhiu thuc tnh ca 1 sn phm cn nh gi nh nh gi
cm quan.
- Khng c kh nng d on c tnh cht cm quan.
- i hi phi c kinh ph u t.

20

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

2.1.4

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Cch thc tin hnh:

2.1.4.1 Chun b mu:

Vic chun b mu kho st l ht sc quan trng, n nh hng trc tip n chnh xc ca
kt qu th nghim.
Chui trn cng mt ny ta chn ra 2 qu vi cu trc (hnh dng, kch thc) ging nhau ti mc
ti a. Sau ct hnh tr vi chiu cao l 5 cm (lu hai mu phi bng nhau v chiu cao) v m
bo tnh ng nht ca cc mu. Sau khi chun b xong phi tin hnh o ngay trnh sai s do s
bin i ca mu khi tip xc vi khng kh bn ngoi. Trng hp ny th ng knh ca mu
khng nh hng ln n kt qu, ta ch cn chn mu c ng knh gp 3 ln so vi ng knh ca
u do.
Mu chui gi

Mu chui s

Mu chui cau

2.1.4.2 Dng c o:
u d loi que m xuyn phng, c ng knh l 0.52cm.

u m xuyn chun (vi 9 ng knh khc nhau)

u d Magness Taylor

Khay

21

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

2.1.4.3 Cch thc vn hnh:

M my vi tnh ci m lin kt vi thit b INSTRON sau ta cho chy chng trnh
BLUEHILL.
Kim tra li my v chn u d thch hp m bo khng gp vn trong qu trnh o,
ng thi chnh li cc thng s thit lp ch kho st.
Chn ch kho st v iu chnh cc thng s sau:

2.1.5

Chiu cao mu c nh ban u = 50 mm.

Tc di chuyn u d = 5mm/s

Khong ng i = 55mm

a mu vo v tr kho st, tin hnh o mi mu 2 ln.

Dng c o s dng u d 0,5cm (o theo quy mc ca thc k)

Kt qu v tho lun:

2.1.5.1 Kt qu th nghim:
ng knh cu u d: d = 50 mm

Din tch u d:

Tnh ng sut ca chui s:

ng sut ca chui s 1:
ng sut ca chui s 2:
Tnh ng sut ca chui gi:
ng sut ca chui gi 1:
ng sut ca chui gi 2:
Tnh ng sut ca chui cau:
ng sut ca chui cau 1:
ng sut ca chui cau 2:
Da vo ng sut ta thy rng chui s c chn cao nht sau l chui cau v nh nht chui gi.
2.1.5.2 Nhn xt v kt qu th nghim:
Biu th hin cng ca chui s:

22

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

Compressive load (N)

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Specimen 1 to 2
6
4

Specimen Name

Chuoi Su1
Chuoi Su2

0
-2
0

Time (sec)

Specimen label

Maximum
Load (N)

Extension at
Maximum Comp.
load (mm)

Time at Maximum
Comp. load (sec)

Chuoi Su1

4,61

-3,92

0,78

Chuoi Su2

4,82

-4,2

0,84

Mean

4,71

-4,06

0,81

Standard Deviation

0,14653

0,19788

0,0396

Minimum

4,61

-4,2

0,78

Maximum

4,82

-3,92

0,84

Median

4,71

-4,06

0,81

Bng thng k:
Mu

ng sut (N/mm2)

Lc trung bnh (N)

Thi gian (s)

Chui s 1

4,61

0,14653

0,78

Chui s 2

4,82 0,14653

0,84

Da vo bng s liu thng k ta bit c gi tr lc m xuyn ln nht ca chui s 2 (4,82N)

cao hn chui s 1 (4,61N) v lc trung bnh ca chng l 4,71N. Cht lng ca trong giai on ny
th thun li cho vic bo qun do kt cu ca qu cng nh hm lng dinh dng cn cao v li
khuyn a ra l thi im ny th tt cho vic s dng chui s. Thi im t lc m xuyn ln
nht l 0,84s. Theo nh l thuyt nu trn th cng ca chui s thuc ng cong B v lc m
xuyn khng thay i khi tip xc vi mu, iu ny chng minh rng chn ca qu chui l ng
u. Bng s liu cho thy rng tuy lc m xuyn gia 2 mu c khc nhau nhng chnh lch
khng cao (cch gi tr trung bnh khng nhiu), qua iu ny ni ln rng tt c cc qu chui trn
23

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

cng mt ny c chn gn nh nhau v ni ln c s chun b mu thnh cng v kt qu c

ngha thng k.

Compressive load (N)

Biu th hin cng ca chui gi:

Specimen 1 to 2
3.0
2.0

Specimen Name

1.0

Chuoi Gia1
Chuoi Gia2

0.0
-1.0
0

Time (sec)

Specimen label

Maximum
Load (N)

Extension at
Maximum Comp.
load (mm)

Time at Maximum
Comp. load (sec)

Chuoi Gia1

2,54

-4,5

0,9

Chuoi Gia2

2,17

-8,5

1,7

Mean

2,35

-6,5

1,3

Standard Deviation

0,25889

2,82787

0,56569

Minimum

2,17

-8,5

0,9

Maximum

2,54

-4,5

1,7

Median

2,35

-6,5

1,3

Bng thng k:
Mu

ng sut (N/mm2)

Lc trung bnh (N)

Thi gian (s)

Chui gi 1

2,51

0,25889

0,9

Chui gi 2

2,17

0,25889

1,7

Da vo bng s liu thng k ta bit c lc m xuyn ln nht ca chui gi 1 (2,54N) ln

hn lc m xuyn ln nht ca chui gi 2 (2,17N) v lc trung bnh ca chng l 2,35N. Ga tr lc
m xuyn trung bnh, thi im t lc m xuyn ln nht l 0,9s. Nhn vo biu ta thy rng
ng cong biu din cng ca chui gi l theo ng cong B v lc m xuyn cao nht khi tip
xc vi mu v khng thay i khi i bn trong cu trc mu, iu ny chng minh rng chn trn
24

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

cng mt qu l ng u. Nu so snh hai mu, th mu chui gi 1 cn cng hn so vi mu chui

gi 2, ta kt lun c iu ny do ngoi da vo gi tr lc tc dng ta cn da vo thi gian ca u
d i trong mu. Chui gi 2 tuy tc dng lc nh hn nhng l i mt qung ng di hi gn nh
gp 2 ln so vi qung ng ca chui gi 1. iu khc bit ny mt phn do nhm ly mu, nhm
ly mt tri cui ny v mt tri gia nn chn ca cc mu khc nhau. Nhng i vi nguyn
liu ny vn rt thun tin trong bo qun v vn chuyn. Tuy nhin chng ta nn cn thn i vi
nguyn liu ny v chng chnh rt nhanh v c trng hp chn cm ng (ngha l s c s chn ng
lot khi c mt qu chn, do khi qu chn chng s sinh ra kh axetylen kch thch chn nhng qu
khc).

Compressive load (N)

Biu th hin cng ca chui cau:

Specimen 1 to 2
3.0
2.0

Specimen Name

1.0

Chuoi cau1
Chuoi cau2

0.0
-1.0
0

Time (sec)

Specimen label

Maximum
Load (N)

Extension at
Maximum Comp.
load (mm)

Time at Maximum
Comp. load (sec)

Chuoi cau1

2,69

-3,75

0,75

Chuoi cau2

2,26

-3,98

0,8

Mean

2,47

-3,87

0,77

Standard Deviation

0,30519

0,16219

0,03253

Minimum

2,26

-3,98

0,75

Maximum

2,69

-3,75

0,8

Median

2,47

-3,87

0,77

Bng thng k:
Mu
Chui cau 1

ng sut (N/mm2)

Lc trung bnh (N)

2,69

0,25889

Thi gian (s)

0,75

25

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

Chui cau 2

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

2,26 0,25889

0,8

Da vo bng s liu thng k ta bit c lc m xuyn ln nht ca chui cau 1 (2,69N) ln

hn lc m xuyn ln nht ca chui cau 2 (2,26N) v lc trung bnh ca chng l 2,47N, thi im
t lc m xuyn ln nht l 0,77s. Nhn vo biu ta thy ng cong biu din cng ca chui
cau l theo ng cong B v lc m xuyn cao nht khi tip xc vi mu v khng thay i khi i bn
trong cu trc mu, iu ny chng minh rng chn ng u trn cng mt qu. Nu so snh hai
mu ta thy chui cau 2 chn hn chui cau 1, ta kt lun c iu ny ta da vo cc yu t sau:
- D tc dng bi lc nh hn nhng chui cau 2 li i mt qung ng di.
- Thi gian i trong mu chui cao 2 th khng ln hn nhiu so vi mu chui cau 1.
Tuy c s khc nhau nhng lc m xuyn ch mc trung bnh nn i vi nguyn liu ny vn
rt thun tin trong bo qun v vn chuyn. Tuy nhin chng ta nn cn thn i vi nguyn liu ny
v chng chnh rt nhanh v c trng hp chn cm ng (ngha l s c s chn ng lot khi c mt
qu chn, do khi qu chn chng s sinh ra kh axetylen kch thch nhn nhng qu khc).
2.1.6 Ti liu tham kho:
[1] TS. Trn Bch Lam, Phm Th Ngc Hnh Nguyn cu khai thc s dng my phn tch cu trc
HBK TPHCM Nm 2009.
[2] Dng Vn Trng Bi ging mn Vt L Thc Phm.
[3] H Duyn T K thut phn tch cm quan thc phm NXB khoa hc v k thut Nm 2006.

26

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

2.2
2.2.1

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

PHNG PHP CT
Mc ch th nghim

Hnh 1: Phng php ct

-Nhm o bn ct, dai ca nguyn liu, y l o bn dai ca cc loi xc xch.
-Cn xc nh c lc ct tc ng ln nguyn liu, ngoi ra cn c ng sut, cng thc hin.
- Chun b mu: ba loi xc xch ca cng ty Vissan vi ba nguyn liu khc nhau l tht b, tht
heo v tm. T da vo c im ca nguyn liu lm xc xch ca cng mt cng ty sn xut, d
dng rt ra nhng nhn xt chung.
2.2.1.1 L do chn phng php ct:
Phng php ct l phung php nhm xc nh bn, dai ca sn phm m cu tr dng gel,
nh tng. Phng php cho kt qu tng i chnh xc v tnh cht ca cc sn phm. X

xch l mt trong sn phm c cu trc deo, dai v bn, do phng php ct l phng php ph
hp xc nh cu trc ca sn phm ny.
2.2.1.2 Mu
Xc xch b:
-Loi xc xch 40g , chiu di khong 20cm, ng knh 20mm.

27

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

-Thnh Phn: Tht m B, Mui, Nitrit, Nc, Protein u nnh v Sa, ng, Hng Liu,
Polyphosphate (E 450), Bt ngt (E 621), Mi Khi, Axit ascorbic (E 300), Mu thc phm.
Xc xch heo
-Loi xc xch 40g , chiu di khong 20cm, ng knh 20mm.
-Thnh Phn: Tht m Heo, Mui, Nitrit, Nc, Protein u nnh v Sa, ng, Hng Liu,
Polyphosphate (E 450), Bt ngt (E 621), Mi Khi, Axit ascorbic (E 300), Mu thc phm.
Xc xch tm:
- Loi xc xch 20g, chiu di 17 cm, ng knh 17mm.
-Thnh Phn: Nc Heo, M Heo, Tm Ti, Tinh Bt Bp, Mui ng, Tiu v cc Gia V Khc.
2.2.1.3

c im chung ca cc mu:

Hnh 2: Cc loi xc xch

- Tnh cht vt l: Ba loi xc xch trn u c chung tnh cht l mm, n hi.
- Tnh cht ha l:
L h nh tng ca protein (tht, u nnh) v tinh bt.
Hm lng protein ca tht v protein u nnh trong sn phm cao, c tnh nng ci thin cu
trc v to cu trc cho sn phm (nh tng), c kh nng gi nc, cht bo. Lng tinh bt
c thm vo sn phm to ra c, dai, dnh, xp, trong cn thit cho sn
phm; ngoi ra, tinh bt s lin kt vi protein lm cho xc xch c n hi c trng.
-Tnh cht ha hc

28

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Tinh bt, protein trong qu trnh ch bin b phn gii thnh cc cht n gin d hp th
cho c th. Cht bo (m heo) c trong nguyn liu trong qu trnh ch bin do nhit s phn hy
thnh glycerine v acid bo, to cho xc xch c mi thm v bng p. Ngoi ra cn c mu b
sung nhm to mu cho sn phm xc xch.
2.2.1.4 Cc yu t nh hng n kt qu
- dy ca li dao, khong rng gia li dao v ci e cng nh hng n lc ct. Lc ct s
tng khi dy li dao tng v gim khi rng tng. Ngoi ra cn c tc thc hin php th
cng nh hng khc nhau n lc ct, lc gy v v cc thng s khc trong php o.
- di ca mu cng nh ng knh mu cng nh hng n kt qu o. Nh l nu mu ct qu
ngn th vic c nh mu s kh khn, lm cho mu b lch v dn n sai s trong qu trnh o.
2.2.2

C s l thuyt v phng php o

2.2.2.1

Phng php ct
Bn cnh phng php phn tch cm quan nh gi cu trc, cu trc cn c th c nh

gi bng bng phng php phn tch bng thit b (phng php cng c). Vi u im gi thnh r,
nng sut cao, mang tnh khch quan v php o cu trc bng thit b ang c pht trin vi mc
ch thay th phng php phn tch cm quan. Mt trong nhng kiu phng php trong phn tch
bng thit b c dng o mm ca tht nh tht b, cu, heo, tht gia cm, tht ch bin, xc
xchc bit n l phng php Warner Brazler Shear. Phng php Warner Brazler Shear l
phng php o, c chun ha tiu chun o mm ca tht, c ng dng rng ri khp ni
trn th gii cho ngnh cng nghip tht ni ring v ngnh cng nghip thc phm ni chung. hiu
r v phng php o ny, nhm chng ti tin hnh tm hiu v p dng phng php o Warner
Brazler Shear o mm ca mt s loi xc xch. Da trn gi tr lc o Warner Brazler trung
bnh v ng dng phn tch thng k ANOVA nh gi s khc nhau v mm ca chng.
2.2.2.2

Nguyn l ca php o
Li ct c gn c nh Warner-Bratzler bng niken c b dy khong 1mm c ct vt

kha hnh ch V ngc. Gc ct 60o c bn knh 0.5mm ti v tr mp ct. Tm thp phi tht phng
hn ch tr lc ct mu khi ct. Vt kha hnh ch V xc nh lc ct Warner-Bratzler c gn cht
vo trc thng qua ng ni bng thp khng g. Cc dao ct c nh c gn cht vo thn dn dao
ct v h thng ny c gn vo mt c cu h tr chuyn ng, c nng bi khy hng gn
vo h thng kim tra. Li dao ct chuyn ng t trn xung vi vn tc khng i (v=const) n
khi tip xc v ct t sn phm. Lc ct mu to ra khi khong cch u o tng ln. Thit k ny

29

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

cung cp v tr ph hp, kim sot my ct v lt ct, cho php thay i nhanh chng v tr ct khc
nhau.
2.2.2.3

C s ca phng php o
Da vo c im v hm lng protein khc nhau trong nguyn liu, kh nng to gel, to cu

trc v cc lin kt trong sn phm xc nh cu trc sn phm.

2.2.2.4

Mi lin h vi cc phng php khc

Cm quan: xc nh dai, bn ca sn phm s nh hng n mc a thch i vi sn
phm. Nu dai, bn cao th sn phm s cng v ngi tiu dng s khng a chung.Nu
dai, bn ca sn phm qu thp th sn phm s b b, khng t yu cu.
Ha l: Nu lc ct nh chng t hm lng protein trong sn phm thp, sn phm c gi tr
dinh dng khng cao. Nu lc ct qu ln cho thy sn phm c hm lng protein cao hoc
do b sung qu nhiu tinh bt, cc thnh phn ph, sn phm c cht lng cng khng tt.

2.2.2.5

u ,nhc im ca phng php

u im: d thc hin, nhanh, thao tc d dng, c th d dng iu chnh vic ct mu trong
khi thc hnh th nghim. Cc qu trnh o trn c gn kt cht ch vi nhau v m bo
tnh n nh, d liu ng tin cy.
Nhc im: yu cu v k nng thc hnh tt, li trc phi iu chnh thng hng vi th tht,
c phm vi ng lc nh (20-100N).

2.2.3

Cch thc tin hnh

2.2.3.1 Chun b mu:

-Khi chun b mu phi lu u tin l ng knh mu phi bng nhau so snh lc nn i vi
cc sn phm.
-Nu ng knh mu khng bng nhau, ta phi xc nh chnh xc ng knh ca cc mu tnh
ton.
-Chiu di mu ln trnh hin tng sai s trong qu trnh ct, khong 4-5cm.
2.2.3.2 Cch thc vn hnh
-Lp li dao vo u o, c nh a. M phn mm o, tin hnh to cc folder lu d liu, iu
chnh cc thng s trong qu trnh o nh vn tc dao, ng knh ca mu
- t cc thng s trong qu trnh ct nh sau:
o Vn tc ca dao: v=5 mm/s
o Khong cch t dao ti mu trc khi ct: h=3cm
o Chiu su ct t sn phm. h=3,5 cm
30

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

o Chiu su ct phi nh hn chiu su ct t sn phm

Lu : qu trnh ct chnh xc , dao lun nm trong khe ca a.
2.2.3.3

Dng c o
Li ct c gn c nh Warner-Bratzler bng niken c b dy khong 1mm c ct vt

kha hnh ch V. Gc ct 60o c bn knh 0.5mm ti v tr mp ct.

1.1. X l s liu

Xc xch heo:

Lc ct F=2.24 N
ng knh: D=20 mm=0.02 m

ng sut:

Xc xch b

Lc ct F=2.03N
ng knh: D=20 mm=0.02 m

ng sut:

Xc xch tm

Lc ct F=1.89 N
ng knh: D=17 mm=0.017 m

ng sut:

2.2.4

Kt qu v tho lun

2.2.4.1 Kt qu th nghim
Bng s liu kt qu o
Extension
Specimen Maximum
Stt

label

Load (N)

at
Maximum
Comp.
load (mm)

Xc xch

2.03

-16

Time at
Maximum
Comp. load
(sec)
3.2
31

Compressive
stress at
Maximum
Comp. load

Energy at
Area

Maximum

(cm2)

Comp.
load (mJ)

(Pa)
6864.75

3.14159

21.41

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

b
Xc xch

heo
Xc xch

tm

2.24

-15.5

3.1

7145.17

3.14159

22.16

1.89

-12.5

2.5

8332.75

2.2698

13.84

Bng thng k
Lc trung bnh (N)

ng sut (N/m2)

Thi gian (s)

Xc xch heo

2.24 0.18

71.4517

3.1 0.38

Xc xch b

2.03 0.18

68.6475

3.2 0.38

Xc xch tm

1.89 0.18

83.3275

2.5 0.38

Compressive load (N)

Mu

Specimen 1 to 3
3.0
2.0

Specimen Name

1.0

xuc xich Heo

xuc xich Bo
xuc xich Tom

0.0
-1.0
0

Time (sec)

th biu din lc ct ca cc sn phm xc xch

2.2.4.2 Nhn xt v kt qu th nghim
Qua th v bng s liu kt qu th nghim, c mt s nhn xt:
-

Xc xch Heo: T lc bt u ct, lc tng dn cho n thi im khong 3 giy , lc ct t

gi tr ln nht sao gim dn v 0. Thi gian tng thc hin qu trnh ct v chuyn ng i
ln ca dao khong gn 7 giy.

Xc xch B: t lc bt u ct , lc tng dn n thi im khong 3,5 giy lc t gi tr cc

i sau gim dn v 0, v thi gian thc hin qu trnh ct v chuyn ng i ln ca dao
khong 7,5 giy,di hn so vi qu trnh ct xc xch heo.

Xc xch tm: t lc bt u ct , lc tng dn n thi im khong 3 giy lc ct t gi tr

cc i sau gim dn v 0 v thi gian thc hin qu trnh ct v chuyn ng i ln ca dao
khong 9 giy, di hn so vi qu trnh ct xc xch heo v xc xch b.
32

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

-

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

i vi ba mu xc xch xch ca cng mt cng ty Vissan nhng nguyn liu s dng khc
nhau, th nn cng nh bn dai ca chng khc nhau. Do ng knh ca cc mu l
khc nhau nn ta da vo ng sut so snh bn, dai ca cc mu.

Da vo th v gi tr ng sut tng ng, nhn thy, ng sut sinh ra khi ct xc xch tm

l cao nht, tip theo l ng sut khi ct xc xch b v cui cng l ng sut khi ct xc xch
heo. C nhiu nguyn nhn dn n s khc nhau ny nh l tnh cht, c im ca tng
nguyn liu, s phi trn, b sung cc nguyn liu ph cng nh ph gia ca tng sn phm,
qu trnh ch bin,bo qun.

Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn l nguyn liu s dng: Tm c hm lng protin cao, c tht
dai, tit n l tht b, tht b c hm lng protein kh cao, tht heo l thp nht. chnh da
vo lng protein, s lin kt peptit trong m to nn cu trc cng chc hay dai cho sn
phm l khc nhau, kh nng to gel, nh tng cng s khc nhau nu hm lng protein
trong nguyn liu l khc nhau. Hm lng protein cng cao, gel cng nh h nh tng cng
tt, sn phm cng dai, bn v ngc li.

hai loi xc xch heo v b, c s b sung ca protein u nnh, protein u nnh c kh

nng ng to gel lm bn nh tng vi protein ca tht trong sn phm, do lm cho cu
trc ca xc xch dai, bn hn.

Ring i vi xc xch tm, cho b sung tinh bt bp, kh nng to do, dai n hi ca tinh
bt bp tng i cao, gip cng c v n nh nh tng trong sn phm. Qua cho thy,
qu trnh b sung nguyn liu ph cng nh hng n tnh cht cu trc ca sn phm.

Da vo th, ta thy xc xch tm c lc ct nh nht, thi gian dai nht cho thy cng
sn phm khng cao nh hai sn phm cn li nhng do dai th cao hn so vi hai sn
phm . Tng t xc xch b c bn cao nht, k n l xc xch heo.

Nhn chung, ty vo nguyn liu hay c th hn l thnh phn trong nguyn liu, tnh cht ca
nguyn liu m sn phm to thnh c tnh cht, c bn dai do hay b tng ng. Cng
nh cc thnh phn ph thm vo sn phm tha mn yu cu.

33

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

2.3
2.3.1

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

PHNG PHP CT KRAMER

Mc ch th nghim
Bi th nghim c tin hnh nhm o cng v gin ca sn phm cn kho st.

2.3.1.1 L do chn mu
Phng php ct Kramer l mt phng php thng c p dng o cng ca sn
phm dng mnh vn, kh hay gin. Tiu biu cho dng thc phm loi ny l snack, ht rang, ng
cc n sng. Trong cc dng trn th snack l loi quen thuc, ph bin v rt nhiu chng loi khc
nhau nn nhm tin hnh kho st nhng mu snack.
i vi snack, gin l mt ch tiu cm quan quan trng thu ht ngi tiu dng. Kho
st c thc hin trn nhng mu snack khoai ty khc nhau.
Mu th nghim: Snack khoai ty ca 2 nh sn xut khc nhau

Snack khoai ty Ostar c c im l nhng ming nh v mng c to t khoai ty

ti sc lt vi ng knh khong 3 4 cm. Tnh cht: gin, d v.

Snack khoai ty Poca cng gm nhng lt khoai ty nhng mu sc ca chng sm

hn, chng cng dy hn so vi Ostar.

2.3.2

C s l thuyt v phng php o

2.3.2.1 Nguyn l chung

Php th nn p gm lc tc dng ln thc phm cho n
khi thc phm chy qua l thot di dng mt hay nhiu khe rnh
hay l hng trong b phn ng mu. Cu trc b gy, h hng v b
y ra qua cc khe h. Thng thng, ngi ta s o lc ln nht
cn thit t ti s p lm thc phm gy v ch s cht lng
cu trc thc phm.

34

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

2.3.2.2 Gii thiu phng php Kramer

B th nghim x Kramer m phng hnh vi nhai thc n v cung cp thng tin vc tnh
nhai, gin v cng. Nc s dng cho cc sn phm t tht v c, tri cy c kch thc nh v
rau c cng nhng cc v thc n vt nh khoai ty chin.
Nm hoc mi li ct truyn ng theo mt tc khng i vo mu th, nn, ct vy
chng qua khe. Th nghim c thc hin vi mt s lng mu th xc nh. Nhiu li dao cung
cp vic o ln nhiu v tr ti cng thi im do chnh lch v cu trc c b tr bng
phng php ny.

2.3.2.3 Nguyn tc hot ng

Khi cc tm thp ca b phn o lc nn ca Kramer chuyn ng
xung vt mu nn sn phm, qu trnh ph hy cu trc tip tc din ra
cho n khi thc phm n ra ngoi gia cc l thp v xung y ca b
phn. Khi cc l thp tin gn n v tr m mu chun b ct, o c lc nn
cc thi im khc nhau ( nn, n, bin dng) cung cp thm thng tin v
cu trc thc phm.
2.3.2.4 Mi lin h vi phng php khc
i vi nh gi cm quan, qu trnh cm nhn cu trc thc phm trong ming gm 3 gian
on. Ban u l cm nhn cng, kh nng ph v thc phm trong ln cn u tin. Tip theo l
s cm nhn nhai (chewiness), dnh nht trong qu trnh nhai, sm t v bo ngy ca thc
phm, cng vi s cm nhn kch thc v thuc tnh hnh hc ca nhng mu thc phm ring l.
Cui cng l s cm nhn tc ph v thc phm trong qu trnh nhai, s gii phng, hp thum hay
bt k s bao ph ca thc phm ln ming hoc li. Ngoi vic cm nhn cu trc bng cch nhai
hay nhn, tip xc vi thc phm th ngheMt thuc tnh vn c ca qu trnh ph v cc thc phm
gin l to ra m thanh.Khi cn cc thc phm khc nhau thm thanh pht ra cng khc nhau. Hai tiu
chun cm quan c bn phn bit nhng m thanh pht ra t thc phm l ln v tnh lin tc hay
gin on ca m thanh. Ngi th c th phn bit c gia gin crispv gincrunch bng vic
nh gim thanh pht ra.
Phng php phn tch phn tch cu trc bng thit b ni chung v phng php phn tch Kramer
ni ring nh gi c mt kha cnh ca sn phm l cng gin. N c m phng li t phng
php nh gi cm quan thc phm.
Tnh cht

Vt l

Cm quan

cng

Lc cn thit lm mu bin Lc cn thit cn t mu

35

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

dng n mt mc xc nh hon ton khi mu c t

cho trc

gia cc rng hm

2.3.2.5 u nhc im ca phng php

u im

n gin, cho kt qu nhanh chng

Chnh xc, tinh cy cao

C th kt hp vi cc thit b nh my vi tnh x l s liu v v th

Nhc im

Thit b ny khng c khnng lin quan hay don tnh cht cm quan.

Cc thit b khng c kh nng o cng mt lc nhiu thuc tnh ca mt sn phm

nhnh gicm quan.

2.3.3

Cch thc tin hnh

2.3.3.1 Chun b mu
Vic chun b mu phi c thc hin nhanh chng v chun xc trnh aanhr hng n
kt qu th nghim. i vi snack, ta chun b mu da trn nhng yu cu sau:

Mu khng c qu nh v khi mu qu nh s lt qua cc khe ca thit b.

Sau khi m bch, thao tc phi nhanh do mu snack c tnh

ht m, nu lu ngoi khng kh s lm gim gin
ca sn phm.

2.3.3.2 Cch thc vn hnh

Chn b thit b cho phng php ct Kramer v gn vo my
M chng trnh Bluehill v ci t cc thng s:

Chiu su nn 5,5 cm.

Vn tc h dao 5mm/s

Tin hnh o v thu s liu trn 2 mu.

2.3.4

Kt qu v tho lun
th

36

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Kt qu th nghim
Extension
Specimen

Maximum Maximum

label

Load (N)

Comp.

at Time
Maximum
load Comp.

(mm)

(sec)

snack Star

230.72

-47.75

9.55

snack Poca

251.51

-42.99

8.6

241.11

-45.37

9.07

14.70016

3.36517

0.67317

Minimum

230.72

-47.75

8.6

Maximum

251.51

-42.99

9.55

Median

241.11

-45.37

9.07

Mean
Standard
Deviation

at

load

Da vo s liu thc nghim ta thy, lc tc dng ln bnh Poca l 251,51N t thi im l

8,6s chiu su l 4,299 cm. Cn lc tc dng ln bnh Ostar l 230,72N t thi im l 9,55s
chiu su l 4,775 cm . Qua ta nhn xt c rng bnh Poca c cng cao hn so vi bnh Ostar
vi chnh lch l 20,79N l kh cao. iu ny c th c gii thch l do b dy ca ming snack
Ostar rt mng, vi Poca th b dy ny ln hn dn n kt qu nh trn.

37

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

PHNG PHP P N

2.4

Thit b o c l INSTRON 5543 v u o

2.4.1

Gii thiu th nghim:

2.4.1.1

Mc ch th nghim:
Xc nh ng c ca sn phm. o kh nng chng li ca sn phm i vi lc p.
Cc sn phm c th dng l cc phm st, nho nh l:

Sa chua.

Mt nhuyn.

Kem.

Mousse.

2.4.1.2 L do chn mu:

Cu trc l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng quyt nh cht lng ca sn phm. Sa chua th
kh ph bin v c gi tr dinh dng cao. Do nhng yu cu v cht lng ca sn phm ngy
cng c nng cao. V mt trong nhng yu t quan trng l c ca sa chua.
Sa chua c cc thnh phn casein, bt whey, ngoi ra cn c cc cht n nh trnh hin tng
tch nc, to snh, ng u nh: gelatin,pectin, carageena, Trong , hm lng casein v
protein huyt thanh sa cng tng th sn phm cng c v pectin, carageena tham gia vi vai tr to
b khung cho sa chua, lm sa chua ng c hn.

38

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Trong bi ny nhm tin hnh thc nghim trn 3 loi sn phm sa chua khc nhau, v sn phm
ny chng ta d dng kim c th trng Vit Nam, cng nh tha mn c cc thnh phn
quyt nh c.

Hnh 2: Cc mu dng lm th nghim

2.4.1.3

2.4.2

Yu t nh hng n kt qu th nghim:
Nhit : cc sn phm cha cng mt nhit .

Tc nn p.

Lng sa chua cho vo cc dng c

Chiu su nn

Lc tc dng vo cht lng

C s l thuyt v phng php [1]

2.4.2.1 Nguyn l chung:

Php th nn p gm hai lc tc dng ln thc phm cho n khi
thc phm chy qua khe thot. Thc phm s b nn cho n khi cu
trc b gy, h hng v y ra khe thot. Chng ta s o lc ln nht
cn thit t ti s p v s dng lm ch s cht lng cu trc
thc phm.
Thc phm s c t trong cc kim loi chc chn v khng c
np, Pittong c ng knh nh hn xylanh s c y xung ci
hp cho n khi thc phm chu qua khong trng gia pittong v
thnh hp.

39

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

2.4.2.2 C s ca php o:
Php o ny o lc ln nht cn thit hon thnh qu tnh p n. Do sn phm c tnh chy
c trong qu trnh nn nn php o ny thch hp cho cc loi cht lng nht, gel, cht bo, khng
thch hp o cc sn phm bnh m, bnh quy, ng cc, ko.

Hnh 3. c tnh ng cong thng gp t

phng php p n

Nhn xt:
-

on AB, thc phm chu p ngy cng cht.

on BC, thc phm chu nn cht thnh dng rn v lc o tng mnh, khng cn khong
trng p thm ngoi tr nhng ti kh nh, do lc chng li lc tc dng tng t ngt.

Ti im C, sn phm bt u chy ra cc khe thot. Qu trnh ny ko dai cho n khi lc o

tr v 0. Lc ti im C cho bit lc i cn thit p n sn phm v on CD cho bit lc
cn thit ko di qu trnh p n.

Hnh dng ng cong trong php o p n ty thuc vo c ca sn phm, kch c, tc

bin dng, nhit vt mu va mc ng nht ca thc phm cn o.

2.4.2.3 Mi lin h gia phng php o vi phng php cm quan:

Cu trc ng vai tr quan trng i vi cht lng thc phm. Chnh v vy, nh gi, phn tch
sn phm ngy cng c quan tm.
2.4.2.4 u - nhc im:
u im:
-

D dng tin hnh kho st, nhanh chng

Lc cn p lc u khng ph thuc vo khi lng ca mu.

40

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

V sinh dng c sau mi ln s dng cng n gin.

Nhc im:
-

Ngn cha mu mc lc ln c th vt qua kh nng chu lc ca my phn tch thng

thng.

Xylanh i xung phi v tr chnh gia b phn cha mu p b rng khe h quanh chu
vi c nh.

2.4.3

Cch thc tin hnh

2.4.3.1 Chun b mu:

Chun b 3 mu sa chua khc nhau, lng mu cn chun b phi ph hp vi c tnh yu cu.
Cho mu vo cc cha, lng mu cho vo khng c vt qu chm en trong cc ca thit b.

2.4.3.2 Cch thc vn hnh:

M my vi tnh lin kt vi thit b INSTRON sau chy chng trnh BLUEHILL.

Kim tra my, chn u d ph hp vi phng php o.

Chnh cc thng s thit lp ch kho st.

Chn ch kho st v iu chnh cc thng s sau:

2.4.4
2.4.4.1

Tc di chuyn u do = 2mm/s (2 rama ging nhau).

Chiu su nn = 2cm.

ng knh u d = 41mm.

Chiu cao cc = 40mm.

a u d va chm b mt mu.

Kt qu v tho lun:
Kt qu th nghim:

ng knh u d: D= 41mm Din tch u d A=

41

= 1,32025 (m2)

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

-

Tnh ng sut ca sa chua love in farm:

Tnh ng sut ca sa chua wel:

Tnh ng sut ca sa chua vinamilk:

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

2.4.4.2 Nhn xt v kt qu th nghim:

Biu th hin c ca 3 loi sn phm sa chua

Compressive

Specimen
label

Max. Force
1st Cycle
(F1) (mN)

Adhesiveness
(A3) (J)

Energy to Max
Load 1st Cycle
(A1) (mJ)

stress at
Area

Maximum

(cm^2)

Comp. load
CYCLE 1 LOADING (Pa)

Sua chua
loveinfarm
Sua chua
wel
Sua chua
vinamilk

Mean
Standard Deviation
Median

433.23

-0.00215

6.17

13.2

328.14

241.35

-0.00039

3.67

13.2

182.8

323.54

-0.00074

5.25

13.2

245.06

332.71

-0.00109

5.03

13.2

252

96.27045

0.00093

1.26617

72.91811

323.54

-0.00074

5.25

13.2

245.06

Nhn xt:

42

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

-

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Sn phm c t cht bo th mm hn sn phm c nhiu cht bo v mu c t cht bo s

chy qua pittong nhiu hn. Mu t bo th lc, cng v dc ng biu din thp hn.

Theo kt qu ta thy sa chua Love in farm c c cao nht, tip theo l Vinamilk v
thp nht l Wel, qua ta thy c ca sn phm quyt nh bi hm lng cht bo c
trong sn phm (sa chua Love in farm c 3 0,3g cht bo, Vitamin c 3g cht bo, Wel
c 2,2g cht bo).

Sn phm c c cao th kh nng dnh kt cao v tnh dnh kt th hin qua gi tr

Adhesvieness, tnh dnh kt gim khi c gim, c th trong bi ny Love in farm c
tnh dnh kt cao nht v thp nht l Wel.

2.4.5 Ti liu tham kho

[1] TS. Trn Bch Lam, Phm Th Ngc Hnh Nguyn cu khai thc s dng my phn tch cu trc
HBK TPHCM Nm 2009.

43

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

2.5

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

PHNG PHP TPA

2.5.1

Mc ch th nghim

2.5.1.1

Mc ch: Phn tch m t cu trc ca thc phm

Thng s cn o:

cng ( Hardness, N )

gin ( Fracturability, N )

c kt (Cohesivement)

dnh b mt (Adhesivement, J )

do ( Gumminess, N )

dai ( Chewiness, J )

phc hi ( Resilience, J )

2.5.1.2 Chn mu th nghim:

Thch rau cu Long Hi

-

Thnh phn: Nc, ng, Carrageenan, Hng hoa qu t nhin, Acid Citric,
Mu thc phm, Cht bo qun (Benzoat).

Thch rau cu New Choice

-

Thnh phn : Nc, ng, Carrageenan, Hng hoa qu t nhin, Acid Citric,
Mu thc phm, Cht bo qun (Benzoat).

Thch rau cu Bidrico

-

Thnh phn : Nc, ng, Carrageenan, Hng hoa qu t nhin, Acid Citric,
Mu thc phm, Cht bo qun (Benzoat).

2.5.1.3 Tnh cht ca cc sn phm thch rau cu: vi thnh phn nh trn, cc sn phm thch c
dai, do, n hi...,thch hp cho vic s dng phng php TPA xc nh cu trc ca
thc phm.
2.5.2

C s l thuyt v phng php o:

2.5.2.1 Gii thiu v phng php TPA:

TPA (texture profile analysis) l mt phng php dng cng c xc nh cu trc ca thc
phm bng lc nn c hc. y l phng php nh gi c nhiu thuc tnh cu trc ca sn phm
trong 1 ln th, thit b k thut s dng ng cong ca lc, ng cong ca s bin dng phn
loi cc c tnh cu trc then cht ca mu, l cu ni vi cm quan. Phng php ny ch dung lc
nn. Mu c tin hnh nn hai ln lin tip.Vic lp li thao tc nhiu ln gip ta c th tnh ton
c cc c tnh cu trc. Kt qu thu c mt ng cong th hin quan h gia lc v thi gian.

44

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Mt vi thuc tnh cu trc nh cng, c kt, nht, n hi c th c nh gi t ng

cong ny. a chc nng, c nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip.

2.5.2.2 Cc thng s o lng:

cng (hardness)
-

Theo c tnh vt l: cng l lc cn thit lm mu bin dng n mt mc

xcnh cho trc.

Theo c tnh cm quan: cng l lc cn thit cn t mu hon ton khi

muc t gia cc rng hm.
f =

45

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

c kt (cohesiveness)
-

Theo c tnh vt l: c kt l mc vt liu b bin dng trc khi xy ra

nt v

Theo c tnh cm quan: c kt l mc bin dng ca mu trc khi v

ra, khi xuyn qua mu hon ton bng rng hm.

n hi (resilience)
-

Theo c tnh vt l: n hi l mc vt liu phc hi li trng thi ban

u sau khi b lm bin dng v lc c ct i.

Theo c tnh cm quan: n hi l mc mu c th hi phc tr li hnh

dng, kch thc ban u sau khi c nn mt phn gia li v vm ming.

dnh (adhesiveness)
-

Theo c tnh vt l: dnh l cng cn thit ct t cc lin kt gia b mt

mu thc phm v b mt tip xc vi mu .
46

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

-

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Theo c tnh cm quan: dnh l lc cn thit g thc phm dnh vo

ming (thng l vm ming) khi n.

gin (fracturability)
-

Theo c tnh vt l: gin l lc cn thit lm nt vt liu, bng tch

cng c kt. (thng l khi cng ln, c kt thp).

Theo c tnh cm quan: gin l lc cn thit lm thc phm nt hoc v

vn ra.

dai thc phm rn (chewiness)

-

Theo c tnh vt l: dai (thc phm rn) l tng nng lng cn thit nhai
thc phm rn n kch thc nh nut c, bng tch cng c
kt n hi.

47

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

-

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Theo c tnh cm quan: dai (thc phm rn) l thi gian (giy) cn thit
nghin mu,khi c mt lc khng i tc dng, n khi thc phm nh c
th nut.

dai thc phm bn rn (gumminess)

-

Theo c tnh vt l: dai (thc phm bn rn) l nng lng cn thit

nghin vn thc phm bn rn n kch thc nh nut c,bng
cng c kt. Trong thc phm phi c cng thp, c kt cao.

Theo c tnh cm quan: dai (thc phm bn rn) l mc cc tiu phn

dnh li vi nhau trong sut qu trnh nhai, nng lng cn thit nghin vn
thc phm bn rn nh c th nut.

2.5.2.3 Gii thiu v my o cu trc theo phng php TPA

Thng s k thut

Tc : 2-30 in/pht hoc 0 - 75 cm/pht.

Hnh trnh chuyn ng : 3.5 in / 8.9 cm.

Lc ti ti a : 1.363 kg (3000 pound) (nu dng FTA-3000 force transducer).

Ngun : 220 VAC, 50/60 Hz. - Kch thc my chnh ( W x D x H ) : 48 x 51 x

86 cm.

Trng lng my chnh : 56 kg

Cc yu cu trong phng php TPA

-

Kch thc mu thc phm: 1cm3 , hnh lp phng.

Tin hnh vi 2 ln nn p

u d TPA
48

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Qua tip xc ca u d, ta thu c mt biu xc nh cc thng s o lng v cc thng s

tnh ton cn xc nh i vi tng mu thc phm, c th hin qua nhng ng cong ln xung
biu th 2 ln nn p. V 2 ng cong ny gi l cn ln 1( first bite), v cn ln 2 (second bite).
2.5.2.4 u Nhc im ca phng php:
u im:
- Thao tc d thc hin v dng hu ht cc ni
- Tn t thi gian v cho kt qu nhanh chng
- Hot ng lin tc (khng hn ch s lng mu kim tra)
- Cho kt qu chnh xc c tin cy cao
- Biu din c nhiu c tnh cu trc mu trong mt ln o
- Kt hp c vi cc thit b khc nh my vi tnh thu c cc biu thun li cho vic
phn tch kt qu.
Nhc im:
Kh ng nht kt qu thu c vi thc t nh gi khi thc hin trn hi ng v y cng chnh
l c im chung ca phng php phn tch cng c.
2.5.3

Cch thc tin hnh:

2.5.3.1 Chun b mu:

Thch rau cu Long Hi: chiu cao 2cm
Thch rau cu Bidrico: chiu cao 2.5cm
Thch rau cu New Choice: chiu cao 2.5cm
D d (D: ng knh mu, d: ng knh u d TPA)

49

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

2.5.3.2 Cch thc vn hnh:mu c p 2 ln lin tip bng u d TPA:

- Thng s k thut:
-

Vn tc u d 2mm/s

Chiu su nn ln 1 v 2: 7.5mm ( thch New Choice, thch Bidrico).

Chiu su nn ln 1 v 2: 6mm (thch Long Hi)

Chiu su i ln: 0cm

2.5.4

Dng c o: s dng u d TPA

Kt qu v tho lun

2.5.4.1 Kt qu th nghim:
Thch rau cu Long Hi

Max. Force 1st Cycle (F1) (N)

Mean

13.31

12.4

12.850.6425

50

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Max Force 2nd Cycle (F2) (N)

11.71

11.41

11.560.20598

Chewiness S*F2*A2/A1 (N*mm)

16.3

18.65

17.471.66074

0.88

0.92

0.90.02

Adhesiveness (A3) (J)

-0,00004

-0.000020.00002

Gumminess (F2*A2/A1) (N)

4.5

4.8

4.650.2107

Springiness SFb/SFa (mm)

3.62

3.89

3.760.1871

Energy to Max Load 1st Cycle (A1) (mJ)

28.85

27.95

28.40.63873

11.09

11.74

11.410.46423

0.38

0.42

0.40.02539

Mean

Max. Force 1st Cycle (F1) (N)

9.38

18.9

14.146.73004

Max Force 2nd Cycle (F2) (N)

8.39

15.42

11.914.96583

Chewiness S*F2*A2/A1 (N*mm)

14.72

23.05

18.895.89154

Adhesiveness (A3) (J)

-0,00003

-0.00015

-0.000090.00008

Gumminess (F2*A2/A1) (N)

3.63

5.94

4.791.6381

Springiness SFb/SFa (mm)

4.06

3.88

3.970.12703

Cohesion Force (Resilience) (F2/F1)

(ratio)

Energy at Maximum Comp. load CYCLE

2, LOADING (S) (mJ)
Cohesion Energy (Resilience) (A2/A1)
(ratio)

Thch rau cu Bidrico

51

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

25.2

46.17

35.6914.83244

10.89

17.8

14.354.88872

0.43

0.39

0.410.03296

Energy to Max Load 1st Cycle (A1) (mJ)

Energy at Maximum Comp. load CYCLE
2, LOADING (S) (mJ)
Cohesion Energy (Resilience) (A2/A1)
(ratio)

Thch rau cu New Choice

Mean

Max. Force 1st Cycle (F1) (N)

2.03

2.88

2.460.062

Max Force 2nd Cycle (F2) (N)

1.86

2.72

2.290.61082

Chewiness S*F2*A2/A1 (N*mm)

2.79

4.23

3.511.01723

Adhesiveness (A3) (J)

-0,00003

-0.00001

-0.000020.00001

Gumminess (F2*A2/A1) (N)

1.14

1.59

1.370.31816

Springiness SFb/SFa (mm)

2.44

2.65

2.550.15125

Energy to Max Load 1st Cycle (A1) (mJ)

4.27

6.44

5.351.5348

2.63

3.77

3,20.80739

0.43

0.39

0.410.03296

Energy at Maximum Comp. load CYCLE

2, LOADING (S) (mJ)
Cohesion Energy (Resilience) (A2/A1)
(ratio)

T bng s liu trn ta rt ra bng vi cc thng s quan trng sau

52

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

Thch Long Hi

Thch Bidrico

Thch New Choice

Lc nn ln nht ln 1

12.850.6425

14.146.73004

2.460.062

Lc nn ln nht ln 2

11.560.20598

11.914.96583

2.290.61082

c kt

0.40.02539

0.410.03296

0.410.03296

dnh b mt

-0.000020.00002

-0.000090.00008

-0.000020.00001

Gum

4.650.2107

4.791.6381

1.370.31816

co gin

3.760.1871

3.970.12703

2.550.15125

Chewiness

17.471.66074

18.895.89154

3.511.01723

2.5.4.2 Nhn xt:

- T trn ta c th nhn thy: cc thng s v lc nn ln nht ln 1, lc nn ln nht ln 2,
dnh b mt, Gum, co gin, Chewiness m ta o ca thch rau cu Bidrico u ln
hn thch rau cu Long Hi v New Choice.
-

Trong 3 sn phm th thch rau cu New Choice c cc thng s l thp nht, da vo th

ta thy sn phmc gin nhng tng i nh do tnh cht b mt th hin qua im t
gy u tin.

3 sn phm u c kt cu tng ng nhau,sn phm ca New Choice th mm hn do

Gum ca n nh nht trong 3sp.

Carrageenan l thnh phn chnh trong c 3 sn phm,tuy nhin hm lng l khc nhau
cng vi mt vi ph gia c s dng to nn do dai ca thch. Carageenan tham
gia nh mt cht to ng,c th thay i kt cu ca sn phm vi tnh cht ha l, c hc
mong mun,to ra cc sn phm ng c c bn dai. Nhn vo bng kt qu so snh c 3
sn phm th thch rau cau bidrico c dai v s vng chc tt hn. iu ny l do mt
phn s phi trn nguyn liu,hng v ca tngni sn xut.Sn phm thch ca Long Hi
v Bidico c c ,dai v do,cn thch ca New Choice cng do nhng mm hn.

53

BO CO TH NGHIM

GVHD: Dng Vn Trng

MN: VT L THC PHM

SVHT: Nhm 4. T 5. DHTP6A

KT LUN
Sau khi thc hin cc phng php phn tch trn h thng c l INSTRON ta thy c rt nhiu yu
t nh hng n cht lng thi gian bo qun ca sn phm. Khi xem xt mt vn ta cn chn
nhng thng s chun v c nh chng xem xt cc yu t m ta cn quan tm. Vic nguyn cu
cu trc nhm gip ta c th bo qun mt cch c hiu qu i vi sn phm nng sn v phi trn
thnh phn nguyn liu i vi cc sn phm bn thnh phm v thnh phm y l nhim v ca
mt k s thc phm phi hiu r v sng to trong phi trn thnh phn. Tm hiu v cu trc v tnh
cht ca thc phm gip ta c ci nhn tng quan v nhn nh ph hp trong phng hng sn xut .
Mc ch nhm n l cht lng c trng cho tng loi sn phm. Bng vic kt hp gi cng thc
sn xut v my o thit b c l gip ta hon thin hn v sn phm v p ng c nhu cu ca th
trng v m mt hng mi i vi cc sn phm.

54