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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

B MN THIT B IN - IN T
------------------------------

ti liu hng dn

thit k thit b in t cng sut


(Dnh cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh Thit b in - in t)

Bin son: Trn vn thnh

H ni, nm 2000

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Mc ch yu cu:
Trong nhng nm gn y cng vi vic pht trin ngy cng mnh m
ca cc lnh vc khoa hc, ng dng ca chng vo cng nghip ni chung v
cng nghip in t ni ring, cc thit b in t c cng sut ln c ch
to ngy cng nhiu, c bit l ng dng ca n vo cc ngnh kinh t quc
dn v i sng, lm cho yu cu v s hiu bit v thit k cc loi thit b
ny l ht sc cn thit i vi cc k s ngnh in.
gip cho sinh vin mt k nng ng dng nhng kin thc l thuyt
hc v mn hc thit b in t cng sut vo vic thit k nhng b ngun
cng sut hon chnh, thit k thit b in t cng sut (TK), t mc ch
hon thin l thuyt v nng cao k nng ng dng lm mc ch chnh.
Mi sinh vin c nhn mt ti thit k c lp cho mnh, c trch
nhim hon thnh ni dung c ra theo nhim v TK, vi ni dung ny
sinh vin phi thit k thnh nhng thit b hon chnh c th ng dng
trong thc t sn xut.
Ni dung TK
Thuyt minh s qua v cng ngh ca ti m b ngun cp in
Chn s mch ng lc.
Thit k, tnh chn cc thit b c bn ca mch ng lc (bao gm
chn van bn dn, tnh ton cc thng s nh mc c bn, tnh ton
my bin p hay cun khng nu c, tnh chn cc thit b ng ct v
bo v.........).
Thit k tnh chn mch iu khin.
Thit k kt cu (t in).
8.1 Tm tt l thuyt.
cp ngun cho ti mt chiu, chng ta cn thit k cc b chnh lu
vi mc ch bin i nng lng in xoay chiu thnh mt chiu. Cc loi b
bin i ny c th l chnh lu khng iu khin v chnh lu c iu khin.
Vi mc ch gim cng sut v cng, ngi ta thng mc song song ngc
vi ti mt chiu mt it (loi s ny c gi l s c it ngc).
Trong cc s chnh lu c it ngc, khi c v khng c iu khin, nng
lng c truyn t pha li xoay chiu sang mt chiu, ngha l cc loi
chnh lu ch c th lm vic ch chnh lu. Cc b chnh lu c iu
khin, khng it ngc c th trao i nng lng theo c hai chiu. Khi nng
lng truyn t li xoay chiu sang ti mt chiu, b ngun lm vic ch
chnh lu, khi nng lng truyn theo chiu ngc li (ngha l t pha ti mt
chiu v li xoay chiu) th b ngun lm vic ch nghch lu tr nng
lng v li.
Theo dng ngun cp xoay chiu, chng ta c th chia chnh lu thnh
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mt hay ba pha. Cc thng s quan trng ca s chnh lu l: dng in v


in p ti; dng in chy trong cun dy th cp bin p; s ln p mch
trong mt chu k. Dng in chy trong cun dy th cp bin p c th l mt
chiu, hay xoay chiu, c th phn loi thnh s c dng in bin p mt
chiu hay, xoay chiu. S ln p mch trong mt chu k l quan h ca tn s
sng hi thp nht ca in p chnh lu vi tn s in p xoay chiu.
Theo hnh dng cc s chnh lu, vi chuyn mch t nhin chng ta
c th phn loi chnh lu thnh cc loi s sau.
1. Chnh lu mt na chu k.
T
U1

U2
L

Hnh 8.1. S chnh lu mt na chu k.


s chnh lu mt na chu k hnh 8.1 sng in p ra mt chiu s
b gin on trong mt na chu k khi in p anod ca van bn dn m, do
vy khi s dng s chnh lu mt na chu k, chng ta c cht lng in
p xu, tr s in p ti trung bnh ln nht c tnh:
Udo = 0,45.U2

(8 -1)

Vi cht lng in p rt xu v cng cho ta h s s dng bin p xu:


Sba = 3,09.Ud.Id.

(8 -2)

nh gi chung v loi chnh lu ny chng ta c th nhn thy, y l


loi chnh lu c bn, s nguyn l mch n gin. Tuy vy cc cht lng
k thut nh: cht lng in p mt chiu; hiu sut s dng bin p qu xu.
Do loi chnh lu ny t c ng dng trong thc t.
Khi cn cht lng in p kh hn, ngi ta thng s dng s chnh
lu c chu k theo cc phng n sau.
2. Chnh lu c chu k vi bin p c trung tnh.
T1
U2
U1
U2

L
T2

Hnh 8.2. S chnh lu c chu k vi bin p c trung tnh.


Theo hnh dng s , th bin p phi c hai cun dy th cp vi thng
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s ging ht nhau, mi na chu k c mt van dn cho dng in chy qua.


Cho nn c hai na chu k sng in p ti trng vi in p cun dy c van
dn. Trong s ny in p ti p mch trong c hai na chu k, vi tn s
p mch bng hai ln tn s in p xoay chiu. Hnh dng cc ng cong
in p, dng in ti (Ud, Id), dng in cc van bn dn I1, I2 v in p ca
van T1 m t trn hnh 8.3a khi ti thun tr v trn hnh 8.3b khi ti in cm
ln.

Ud

Id

p1 t2
I1

p2 t3

Ud
t

t1

p3

Id
t

t1

I1

t2

t3

t
I2

t
I2

UT1
b

UT1
c.

Hnh 8.3. Cc ng cong in p, dng in ti, dng in cc


van v in p ca Tiristo T1
in p trung bnh trn ti, khi ti thun tr dng in gin on c
tnh:
Ud = Udo.(1+cos)/2.

(8 -3).

vi: - Udo: in p chnh lu khi khng iu khin v bng Udo = 0,9.U2

Gc m ca cc Tiristo.
Khi ti in cm ln dng in, in p ti lin tc, lc ny in p mt
chiu c tnh:
Ud = Udo.cos

(8 -4)

Trong cc s chnh lu th loi s ny c in p ngc ca van


phi chu l ln nht
U nv = 2 2U 2

Mi van dn thng trong mt na chu k, do vy dng in m van bn


dn phi chu ti a bng 1/2 dng in ti , tr hiu dng ca dng in chy
qua van Ihd = 0,71.Id .
So vi chnh lu na chu k, th loi chnh lu ny c cht lng in p
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tt hn. Dng in chy qua van khng qu ln, tng in p ri trn van nh.
i vi chnh lu c iu khin, th s hnh 8.2 ni chung v vic iu
khin cc van bn dn y tng i n gin. Tuy vy vic ch to bin p
c hai cun dy th cp ging nhau, m mi cun ch lm vic c mt na chu
k, lm cho vic ch to bin p phc tp hn v hiu sut s dng bin p xu
hn, mt khc in p ngc ca cc van bn dn phi chu c tr s ln nht.
3. Chnh lu cu mt pha.
T4

U2

T2

T1
T3

Hnh 8.4. S chnh lu cu mt pha iu khin i xng.


Hot ng ca s ny khi qut c th m t nh sau. Trong na bn
k in p anod ca Tiristo T1 dng (+) (lc catod T2 m (-)), nu c xung
iu khin cho c hai van T1,T2 ng thi, th cc van ny s c m thng
t in p li ln ti, in p ti mt chiu cn bng in p xoay chiu
chng no cc Tiristo cn dn (khong dn ca cc Tiristo ph thuc vo tnh
cht ca ti). n na bn k sau, in p i du, anod ca Tiristo T3 dng
(+) (catod T4 m (-)), nu c xung iu khin cho c hai van T3,T4 ng thi,
th cc van ny s c m thng, t in p li ln ti, vi in p mt
chiu trn ti c chiu trng vi na bn k trc.
Chnh lu cu mt pha hnh 8.4 c cht lng in p ra hon ton ging
nh chnh lu c chu k vi bin p c trung tnh, nh s hnh 8.2. Hnh
dng cc ng cong in p, dng in ti, dng in cc van bn dn v in
p ca mt van tiu biu gn tng t nh trn hnh 8.3a.b. Trong s ny
dng in chy qua van ging nh s hnh 8.2, nhng in p ngc van
phi chu nh hn Unv = 2.U2.
Vic iu khin ng thi cc Tiristo T1,T2 v T3,T4 c th thc hin
bng nhiu cch, mt trong nhng cch n gin nht l s dng bin p xung
c hai cun th cp nh hnh 8.5.
iu khin cc Tiristo trong s hnh 8.4, nhiu khi gp kh khn cho
trong khi m cc van iu khin, nht l khi cng sut xung khng ln.
trnh vic m ng thi cc van nh trn, m cht lng in p chng mc
no vn c th p ng c, ngi ta c th s dng chnh lu cu mt pha
iu khin khng i xng.
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T1 (T3)
D

Mach
dieu khien

T2 (T4)
D

Hinh 8.5. Phng n cp xung chnh lu cu mt pha


Chnh lu cu mt pha iu khin khng i xng c th thc hin bng
hai phng n khc nhau nh hnh 8.6. Ging nhau hai s ny l: chng
u c hai Tiristo v hai it; mi ln cp xung iu khin ch cn mt xung;
in p mt chiu trn ti c hnh dng ( xem hnh 8.7a,b) v tr s ging nhau;
ng cong in p ti ch c phn in p dng nn s khng lm vic
vi ti c nghch lu tr nng lng v li. S khc nhau gia hai s trn
c th hin r rt khi lm vic vi ti in cm ln, lc ny dng in chy
qua cc van iu khin v khng iu khin s khac nhau.
D2
D1
R

T1

T2

T1

T2

D1

D2

b
Hnh 8.6. S chnh lu cu mt pha iu khin khng i xng.
Trn s hnh8.6a (vi minh ho bng cc ng cong hnh 8.7a) khi
in p anod T1 dng v catod D1 m c dng in ti chy qua T1, D1 n
khi in p i du (vi anod T2 dng) m cha c xung m T2, nng lng
ca cun dy ti L c x ra qua D2, T1. Nh vy vic chuyn mch ca cc
van khng iu khin D1, D2 xy ra khi in p bt u i du. Tiristo T1 s
b kho khi c xung m T2, kt qu l chuyn mch cc van c iu khin
c thc hin bng vic m van k tip. T nhng gii thch trn chng ta
thy rng, cc van bn dn c dn thng trong mt na chu k (cc it dn
t u n cui bn k in p m catod, cn cc Tiristo c dn thng ti
thi im c xung m v b kho bi vic m Tiristo na chu k k tip). V
tr s, th dng in trung bnh chy qua van bng Itb = (1/2 ) Id, dng in hiu
dng ca van Ihd = O,71. Id.
Theo s hnh 8.6 b (vi minh ho bng cc ng cong hnh 8.7b), khi
in p li t vo anod v catod ca cc van bn dn thun chiu v c xung
iu khin, th vic dn thng cc van hon ton ging nh s hnh 8.6a.
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Khi in p i du nng lng ca cun dy L c x ra qua cc it D1,


D2, cc van ny ng vai tr ca it ngc. Chnh do m cc Tiristo s t
ng kho khi in p i du. T ng cong dng in cc van trn hnh
8.7b c th thy rng, s ny dng in qua Tiristo nh hn dng in qua
cc it.
Ud

Ud
0

t
t1

t2

Id

t3

t
t1

t2

Id

t
IT1

t3
t

IT1
t

IT2

IT2
t

ID1

t
ID1

t
ID2

t
ID2

t
a.

t
b.

Hnh 8.7.
Gin cc ng cong in p, dng in ti
(Ud, Id), dng in cc van bn dn ca cc s a- hnh 8.6a; b- hnh 8.6b.
Nhn chung cc loi chnh lu cu mt pha c cht lng in p tng
ng nh chnh lu c chu k vi bin p c trung tnh, cht lng in mt
chiu nh nhau, dng in lm vic ca van bng nhau, nn vic ng dng
chng cng tng ng nhau. Mc d vy chnh lu cu mt pha c u
im hn ch: in p ngc trn van b hn; bin p d ch to v c hiu
sut cao hn. Th nhng chnh lu cu mt pha c s lng van nhiu gp hai
ln, lm gi thanh cao hn, st p trn van ln gp hai ln, chnh lu cu iu
khin i xng th vic iu khin phc tp hn.
Cc s chnh lu mt pha cho ta in p vi cht lng cha cao, bin
p mch in p qu ln, thnh phn hi bc cao ln iu ny khng p ng
c cho nhiu loi ti. Mun c cht lng in p tt hn chng ta phi s
dng cc s c s pha nhiu hn.

4. Chnh lu tia ba pha.


Khi bin p c ba pha u sao ( ) trn mi pha A,B,C ta ni mt van
nh hnh 8.8a, ba catod u chung cho ta in p dng ca ti, cn trung tnh
bin p s l in p m. Ba pha in p A,B,C dch pha nhau mt gc l 1200
theo cc ng cong in p pha, chng ta c in p ca mt pha dng hn
in p ca hai pha kia trong khong thi gian 1/3 chu k ( 1200 ). T thy
rng, ti mi thi im ch c in p ca mt pha dng hn hai pha kia.
Nguyn tc m thng v iu khin cc van y l khi anod ca van
no dng hn van mi c kch m. Thi im hai in p ca hai pha
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giao nhau c coi l gc thng t nhin ca cc van bn dn. Cc Tiristior ch


c m thng vi gc m nh nht ti thi im gc thng t nhin (nh vy
trong chnh lu ba pha, gc m nh nht = 00 s dch pha so vi in p pha
mt gc l 300).
A

T1

T2

T3

Ud

Ud
Id

Id
t

t
t1

I1

t2

t3

t1

t4
t

t2

t3

I1

t4
t

I2

I2
t

t
I3

I3
t

UT1
c.

b.

Hnh 8.8. Chnh lu tia ba pha


a. S ng lc; b- Gin ng cc cong khi gc m = 300 ti
thun tr; c- Gin cc ng cong khi = 600 cc ng cong gin on.
Theo hnh 8.8b,c ti mi thi im no ch c mt van dn, nh vy
mi van dn thng trong 1/3 chu k nu in p ti lin tc ( ng cong
I1,I1,I3 trn hnh 8.8b), cn nu in p ti gin on th thi gian dn thng
ca cc van nh hn. Tuy nhin trong c hai trng hp dng in trung bnh
ca cc van u bng 1/3.Id. Trong khong thi gian van dn dng in ca
van bng dng in ti, trong khong van kho dng in van bng 0. in p
ca van phi chu bng in dy gia pha c van kho vi pha c van ang dn.
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V d trong khong t2 t3 van T1 kho cn T2 dn do van T1 phi chu


mt in p dy UAB, n khong t3 t4 cc van T1, T2 kho, cn T3 dn lc
ny T1 chu in p dy UAC.
Khi ti thun tr dng in v in p ti lin tc hay gin on ph
thuc gc m ca cc Tiristo. Nu gc m Tiristo nh hn 300, cc ng
cong Ud, Id lin tc, khi gc m ln hn > 300 in p v dng in ti gin
on (ng cong Ud, Id trn hnh 8.8c).
A

a.

b.

Hnh 8.9. ng cong in p ti khi gc m


vi a.- ti thun tr, b.- ti in cm.

= 600

Khi ti in cm (nht l in cm ln) dng in, in p ti l cc


ng cong lin tc, nh nng lng d tr trong cun dy ln duy tr
dng in khi in p i du, nh ng cong nt m trn hnh 8.9b (tng
t nh vy l ng cong Ud trn hnh 8.8b). Trn hnh 8.9 m t mt v d so
snh cc ng cong in p ti khi gc m = 600 ti thun tr hnh 8.9a v
ti in cm hnh 8.9b
Tr s in p trung bnh ca ti s c tnh nh cng thc (1 - 4) nu
in p ti lin tc, khi in p ti gin on (in hnh khi ti thun tr v gc
m ln) in p ti c tnh:
Ud =

Udo

1 + sin 3
3

(1 5 )

Trong ; Udo = 1,17.U2f. in p chnh lu tia ba pha khi van la it.


U2f - in p pha th cp bin p.
So vi chnh lu mt pha, th chnh lu tia ba pha c cht lng in mt
chiu tt hn, bin in p p mch thp hn, thnh phn sng hi bc cao
b hn, vic iu khin cc van bn dn trong trng hp ny cng tng i
n gin. Vi vic dng in mi cun dy th cp l dng mt chiu, nh c
bin p ba pha ba tr m t thng li thp bin p l t thng xoay chiu khng
i xng lm cho cng sut bin p phi ln (xem h s cng sut bng 2), nu
y bin p c ch to t ba bin p mt pha th cng sut cc bin p cn
ln hn nhiu. Khi ch to bin p ng lc cc cun dy th cp phi c
u vi dy trung tnh phi ln hn dy pha v theo s hnh 8.8a th dy
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trung tnh chu dng in ti.

5. Chnh lu tia su pha:


A

T1

*
*

T2

T3

A C* B A* C B*

L
A*

T4

B*

T5

C*

T6

Hnh 8.10. Chnh lu tia su pha.


a.- S ng lc; b.- ng cong in p ti.
S chnh lu tia ba pha trn c cht lng in p ti cha tht tt
lm. Khi cn cht lng in p tt hn chng ta s dng s nhiu pha hn.
Mt trong nhng s l chnh lu tia su pha. S ng lc m t trn
hnh 8.10a.
S chnh lu tia su pha c cu to bi su van bn dn ni ti bin
p ba pha vi su cun dy th cp, trn mi tr bin p c hai cun ging
nhau v ngc pha. in p cc pha dch nhau mt gc l 600 nh m t trn
hnh 8.10b. Dng sng in p ti y l phn dng hn ca cc in p pha
vi p mch bc su. Vi dng sng in p nh trn, ta thy cht lng in
p mt chiu c coi l tt nht.
Theo dng sng in p ra (phn nt m trn gin hnh 8.10b) chng
ta thy rng mi van bn dn dn thng trong khong 1/6 chu k. So vi cc s
khc, th chnh lu tia su pha dng in chy qua van bn dn b nht.
Do s chnh lu tia su pha rt c ngha khi dng ti ln. Trong trng
hp chng ta ch cn c van nh c th ch to b ngun vi dng ti ln.
6. Chnh lu cu ba pha.
Chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin i xng.
S chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin i xng hnh 8.11a c th coi nh
hai s chnh lu tia ba pha mc ngc chiu nhau, ba Tiristo T1,T3,T5 to
thnh mt chnh lu tia ba pha cho in p (+) to thnh nhm anod, cn
T2,T4,T6 l mt chnh lu tia cho ta in p m to thnh nhm catod, hai
chnh lu ny ghp li thnh cu ba pha.
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Theo hot ng ca
T2chnh lu cu
T1 ba pha iu khin i xng, dng in

T4

T3

T6

T5

Uf

Uf

t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

t6

t7

Ud

Ud

I1

X1

I3

X3

Uf

I5

X5
X2

X4

I2

I4
X6

I6

Ud

UT1

Hnh 8.11. Chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin i xng.


a- s ng lc, b- gin cc ng cong c bn,
c, d - in p ti khi gc m = 600 = 600.
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chy qua ti l dng in chy t pha ny v pha kia, do ti mi thi im


cn m Tiristo chng ta cn cp hai xung iu khin ng thi (mt xung
nhm anod (+), mt xung nhm catod (-)). V d ti thi im t1 trn hnh
8.11b cn m Tiristo T1 ca pha A pha anod, chng ta cp xung X1, ng thi
ti chng ta cp thm xung X4 cho Tiristo T4 ca pha B pha catod cc thi
im tip theo cng tng t. Cn ch rng th t cp xung iu khin cng
cn tun th theo ng th t pha.
Khi chng ta cp ng cc xung iu khin, dng in s c chy t
pha c in p dng hn v pha c in p m hn. V d trong khong t1
t2 pha A c in p dng hn, pha B c in p m hn, vi vic m thng
T1, T4 dng in dc chy t A v B.
Khi gc m van nh hoc in cm ln, trong mi khong dn ca mt
van ca nhm ny (anod hay catod) th s c hai van ca nhm kia i ch cho
nhau. iu ny c th thy r trong khong t1 t3 nh trn hnh 8.11b Tiristo
T1 nhm anod dn, nhng trong nhm catod T4 dn trong khong t1 t2 cn
T6 dn tip trong khong t2 t3.
in p ngc cc van phi chu chnh lu cu ba pha s bng 0 khi
van dn v bng in p dy khi van kho. Ta c th ly v d cho van T1
(ng cong cui cng ca hnh 8.11b) trong khong t1 t3 van T1 dn in
p bng 0, trong khong t3 t5 van T3 dn lc ny T1 chu in p ngc UBA,
n khong t5 t7 van T5 dn T1 s chu in p ngc UCA.
Khi in p ti lin tc, nh ng cong Ud trn hnh 8.11b tr s in p
ti c tnh theo cng thc (8 -4).
Khi gc m cc Tiristo ln ln ti gc > 600 v thnh phn in cm
ca ti qu nh, in p ti s b gin on nh cc ng nt m trn hnh
8.11d (khi gc m cc Tiristo =900 vi ti thun tr). Trong cc trng hp
ny dng in chy t pha ny v pha kia, l do cc van bn dn c phn cc
thun theo in p dy t ln chng (cc ng nt mnh trn gin Ud ca
cc hnh v 8.11b, c, d), cho ti khi in p dy i du, cc van bn dn s c
phn cc ngc nn chng t kho.
S phc tp ca chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin i xng nh ni trn
l cn phi m ng thi hai van theo ng th t pha, do gy khng t kh
khn khi ch to vn hnh v sa cha. n gin hn ngi ta c th s
dng iu khin khng i xng.
Chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin khng i xng.
Loi chnh lu ny c cu to t mt nhm (anod hoc catod) iu
khin v mt nhm khng iu khin nh m t trn hnh 8.12a. Trn hnh
8.12b m t gin nguyn l to in p chnh lu (ng cong trn cng),
sng in p ti Ud (ng cong nt m th hai trn hnh8.12b), khong dn
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cc van bn dn T1,T2,T3,D1,D2,D3. Cc Tiristo c dn thng t thi im


c xung m cho n khi m Tiristo ca pha k tip. V d T1 m thng t t1
(thi im pht xung m T1) ti t3 (thi im pht xung m T2). Trong trng
hp in p ti gin on Tiristo c dn t thi im c xung m cho n
khi in p dy i du. Cc it t ng dn thng khi in p t ln chng
thun chiu. V d D1 phn cc thun trong khong t4 t6 v n s m cho
dng in chy t pha B v pha A trong khong t4 t5 v t pha C v pha A
trong khong t5 t6.
A

Uf
0

t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

t6

t7

Ud
D1

T1

D2

T2

D3

T3

T1

X1

T2

X2
T3

X3
D1
D2
D3

Hnh 8.12. Chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin khng i xng


a- s ng lc, b- gin cc ng cong
Chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin khng i xng c dng in v in p
ti lin tc khi gc m cc van bn dn nh hn 600, khi gc m tng ln v
thnh phn in cm ca ti nh, dng in v in p s gin on.
Theo dng sng in p ti trn tr s in p trung bnh trn ti bng 0
khi gc m t ti 1800. Ngi ta c th coi in p trung bnh trn ti l kt
qu ca tng hai in p chnh lu tia ba pha
13
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Vic kch m cc van iu khin trong chnh lu cu ba pha c iu


khin d dng hn, nhng cc iu ho bc cao ca ti v ca ngun ln hn.
Utb =

3 3
3
Uf (max)(1 + cos ) =
Uday (max)(1 + cos )
2
2

(1 6)

So vi chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin i xng, th trong s ny vic


iu khin cc van bn dn c thc hin n gin hn. Ta c th coi mch
iu khin ca b chnh lu ny nh iu khin mt chnh lu tia ba pha.
Chnh lu cu ba pha hin nay l s c cht lng in p tt nht,
hiu sut s dng bin p tt nht. Tuy vy y cng l s phc tp nht.
7. Chnh lu khi c it ngc
Ud

T1
0

U1

U2

t
t1 I1 p1 t2

p2 t3

p3

I2

U2

Id

ID

T2

t
t
t
t

Hnh 8.13. Chnh lu mtpha vi bin p trung tnh


a- s ng lc b- gin cc ng cong.
Nh nu trn, khi chnh lu lm vic vi ti in cm ln, nng
lng ca cun dy tch lu s c x ra khi in p ngun i du. Trong
trng hp ny nh m t trn hnh 8. 13 khi in p ngun i du do it D
t ngc in p ln cc tiristo (trong cc khong 0t1, p1t2, p2t3), nn
cc tiristo b kho in p ti bng 0. Dng in chy qua cc tiristo I1, I2 ch
tn ti trong khong (t1p1, t2p2, t3p3) tiristo c phn cc thun. Khi
in p i du, nng lng ca cun dy tch lu x qua it, tip tc duy
tr dng in ID trong mch ti.

Ch : T y tr i thy son a vo sch nn


cc s hiu hnh v v cng thc theo h thng cng thc
mi
14
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Cc h s c bn ca cc s chnh lu

Bng 8.1

in p ti c tnh Ud
Tn s
chnh lu

S chnh lu

Ti thun tr

dng in
lin tc

Ti in
cm(dng lin
tc)

dng in gin
on

H s in p
chnh lu

so vi in p
ti

so vi in
p xoay
chiu

ku= Udo/U2f

kn1= Un/Udo

kn2= Un/U2f

CL na chu
k

U1

U2
L

Udo.1+cos
2

Udo.cos

1,41

0,45

CL c chu
k vi bin
p c trung
tnh

T1
U2
U1
U2

L
T2

2 2

Udo.1+cos
2

Udo.cos

0,9

3,14

2 2
2,82

15

in p ti c tnh Ud
Tn s
chnh lu

S chnh lu

Ti thun tr

dng in
lin tc
CL cu mt
pha
iukhin
X

T4

T1

T2

T T3

CL cu mt
pha
iukhin
KX

Ti in
cm(dng lin
tc)

dng in gin
on

H s in p
chnh lu

so vi in p
ti

so vi in
p xoay
chiu

ku= Udo/U2f

kn1= Un/Udo

kn2= Un/U2f

2 2

Udo.1+cos
2

Udo.cos

0,9

D2

T1

2 2

D1
A?

T2

0,9

Udo.1+cos
2
T2

T1

D1

D2

2
1,57

2
1,57

1,41

2
1,41

16

in p ti c tnh Ud
Tn s
chnh lu

S chnh lu

T2

T3

CLtia su
pha

A*

*
*

T2

C*

T3

dng in
lin tc

dng in gin
on

Udocos

Ud 0
3

chnh lu

so vi in p
ti

so vi in
p xoay
chiu

ku= Udo/U2f

kn1= Un/Udo

kn2= Un/U2f

khi

1 + sin 3

khi

Udocos

3 6
2
1,17

2
3

2,09

6
2,45

T1

B*

Ti in
cm(dng lin
tc)

T1

CL tia ba
pha

Ti thun tr

H s in p

L
T

A?

A?

A?

Udocos
khi

U d 0 1 + sin
6

khi

Udocos

3 2

2 2
2,82

1,35

17

in p ti c tnh Ud
Tn s
chnh lu

CL cu ba
pha iu
khin X

CL cu ba
pha iu
khin KX

S chnh lu

T2

T1

T4

T3

T6

T5

D1

T1

D2

T2

D3

T3

Ti thun tr

Ti in
cm(dng lin
tc)

dng in
lin tc

dng in gin
on

Udocos

U d 0 1 + sin
6

khi

khi

H s in p

Udo.1+cos
2

Udocos

chnh lu

so vi in p
ti

so vi in
p xoay
chiu

ku= Udo/U2f

kn1= Un/Udo

kn2= Un/U2f

3 6

2,34

1,45

3 6

2,34

1,45

6
2,45

6
2,45

18

Bng cc h s dng in v bin p ca cc s chnh lu

Bng 8.2

H s dng in
Tn s
chnh lu

Van bn dn

HSCS bin p

Th cp bin p

S cp bin p

Hnh dng
dng in

TB
ktb=
Iv/Id

Hiu dng khd=


Ihd/Id

Hnh dng
dng in

k2= I2/Id

Hnh dng
dng in

k1=
I1/kba.Id

1
2

1
2

1
2

0,5

0,71

0,71

1
2

1
2

1,0

0,5

0,71

ks=
Sba/
Pdmax

ks1=
S1ba/
Pdmax

ks2=
S2ba/
Pdmax

10

11

Mt na
chu k

c chu k
vi BA c
trung tnh
Cu mt
pha
KX

1,0

1,48 1,23

1,74

1,23 1,23

1,23

Cu mt
pha
KKX

19

H s dng in
Tn s
chnh lu

Van bn dn
Hnh dng
dng in

Cu mt
pha
KKX

Tia ba pha

Tia su
pha

TB
ktb=
Iv/Id

Th cp bin p

Hiu dng khd=


Ihd/Id

Hnh dng
dng in

S cp bin p

k2= I2/Id

Hnh dng
dng in

k1=
I1/kba.Id

ks=
Sba/
Pdmax

ks1=
S1ba/
Pdmax

ks2=
S2ba/
Pdmax

1,34 1,20
5
9

1,48

+
2

+
2

1
3

1
3

1
3

0,33

2
3

0,58

0,58

0,82

1
6

1
6

1/2
0,71

1,26 1,05

1,48

1,05 1,05

1,05

0,17
Cu ba
pha X

HSCS bin p

2 3

0,29

1
3

1
3

0,33

2
3

2
3

0,58

0,82

0,82

20

H s dng in
Tn s
chnh lu

Cu ba
pha KX

Van bn dn

Th cp bin p

Hnh dng
dng in

TB
ktb=
Iv/Id

Hiu dng khd=


Ihd/Id

</3

1
3

1
3

0,33

0,58

>/3

HSCS bin p

Hnh dng
dng in

S cp bin p

k2= I2/Id

2
3

0,82
khi </3

Hnh dng
dng in

k1=
I1/kba.Id

ks=
Sba/
Pdmax

ks1=
S1ba/
Pdmax

ks2=
S2ba/
Pdmax

2
3

0,82
khi
</3

21

8.2. M t khi qut yu cu ca ti


Sau khi nhn c nhim v v ni dung thit k, ngi thit k cn tm
hiu ti liu v loi ti, trong cc ti liu chuyn su ca loi ti m cn phi thit
k b ngun cp in.
iu cn thit nht ca l phi c mt s hiu bit v loi ti m mnh cp
in, nhng c im c bn, nhng yu cu ca ti i vi ngun in (chng
hn nh tr s hay hnh dng dng in c g c bit, n nh v vng iu
chnh in p trn ti...).
V d: Thit k ngun chnh lu cho ti m in. Ngi thit k cn tm hiu
cc gio trnh chuyn nghnh in ho, chuyn su m in, c hiu bit c
bn cn thit v m in. Nhng kin thc cn bit ti thiu m ngi thit k cn
bit l c nhng phng php m no hin nay ang dng, m in l g? Cu
trc mt b m nh th no? Dng in cn chy qua b m ph thuc nhng yu
t no? in p cn cp cho b m l in mt chiu. Ti m in thuc loi ti
R-C-E. Tuy nhin in tr trong ca b m nh do hng s thi gian np, x t
rt nh. C th coi nh hng ca t l khng ng k. Sc in ng E trong b
m thng nh nn chng ta cng c th b qua.
8.3. La chn s thit k.
Trn c s ca nhng hiu bit thu c phn tm hiu cng ngh, tin
hnh chn s thit k. y l khu quan trng nht c tnh cht quyt nh s
ng n ca ton b TK. c th lm tt c vic ny, trc tin cn xc nh
loi ngun thit k l loi ngun no, trong cc loi ngun c bn: chnh lu; iu
khin in p xoay chiu; bm p mt chiu hay thit b bin tn.
Sau khi xc nh c ngun c bn th tin hnh nghin cu mt cch
tng i chi tit v loi ngun .
V d: Thit k b ngun cho ti m in, th sau khi tm hiu v cng ngh
m, ta bit rng loi ngun c bn cho m in l in mt chiu. Cc loi ngun
mt chiu c th cp in cho b m bao gm my pht in mt chiu, chnh lu.
My pht in mt chiu vi nhc im: c ghp mau hng; thit b cng knh;
lm vic c ting n ln.....hin nay khng c dng trong thc t. Chnh lu vi
cc u im: thit b gn nh; tc ng nhanh; d t ng ho; d iu khin v
n nh dng v p... c dng nhiu lm ngun cp cho ti m in.....
c th chn c s chnh lu no cho ph hp, cn tin hnh phn
loi tt c cc loi s chnh lu hin c, bao gm chnh lu mt na chu k,
chnh lu c chu k vi bin p c trung tnh, chnh lu cu mt pha, chnh lu tia
ba pha, chnh lu tia su pha, chnh lu cu ba pha. Khi tm hiu phn loi cn
22

ch : cc thng s c bn, c im ca s khi c v khng iu khin, hot


ng, u nhc im ca s .
Qua vic phn tch u, nhc im ca cc s chng ta tin hnh chn
mt s hp l cho ti.
Cn c chn s chnh lu thit k l:
Yu cu ca ti v cht lng ngun cp, di iu khin, n nh dng
in v in p ti.
Cc thng s c bn ca ti: cng sut; in p ; dng in; p mch
cho php.
Loi ngun cp- mt chiu hay xoay chiu, mt pha hay ba pha, tr s
in p v tn s.
Kh nng c th c v ngun vt t linh kin, nht l cc van bn dn
ng lc.
Gi thnh, kch thc.
Cc cn c ph khc.
Mt s gi v cch la chn s nh sau:
Chnh lu mt pha thng c chn khi ngun cp l li in mt pha,
hoc cng sut khng qu ln so vi cng sut li (lm mt i xng in p
li) v ti khng c yu cu qu cao v cht lng in p mt chiu.
Trong chnh lu mt pha, nu ti c dng in ln v in p thp, th s
chnh lu mt pha c chu k vi bin p c trung tnh c u im hn. Bi v
trong s ny tn hao trn van bn dn t hn, nn cng sut tn hao trn van so
vi cng sut ti nh hn, hiu sutt thit b cao hn, in p ngc ca van ln
(nu in p cao m chn s ny c th khng chn c van bn dn). Nu ti
c in p cao v dng in nh, th vic chn s cu chnh lu mt pha hp l
hn, bi v h s in p ngc ca van trong s cu nh hn, do chng ta
d chn van hn.
Khi s dng s chnh lu cu mt pha, i vi nhng loi ti khng cn
lm vic ch nghch lu hon tr nng lng v li, nn chn s chnh
lu cu iu khin khng i xng. V trong s ny ti mi thi im pht
xung iu khin chng ta ch cn cp mt xung ( chnh lu cu mt pha iu
khin i xng chng ta phi cp hai xung iu khin cho hai Tiristo ng thi),
s mch iu khin n gin hn.
Chnh lu cu mt pha iu khin i xng c dng nhiu i vi cc loi

23

ti c lm vic ch nghch lu hon tr nng lng v li, nh ng c in


mt chiu chng hn.
i vi cc loi ti c in cm ln (v d nh cun dy kch t ca my
in), li dng nng lng ca cun dy x ra v bo v van khi mt in t
ngt, ngi ta hay chn phng n mc thm mt it ngc song song vi ti.
Cc s chnh lu ba pha thng c chn, khi ngun cp l li ba pha
cng nghip v khi ti c yu cu cao v cht lng in p mt chiu.
Chnh lu tia ba pha thng c la chn, khi cng sut ti khng qu ln
so vi bin p ngun cp ( trnh gy mt i xng cho ngun li), v khi ti
c yu cu khng qu cao v cht lng in p mt chiu. i vi cc loi ti c
in p mt chiu nh mc l 220V, s tia ba pha c u im hn tt c. Bi
v theo s ny, khi chnh lu trc tip t li chng ta c in p mt chiu l
220V.1,17 =257,4V. c in p 220V khng nht thit phi ch to bin p,
m ch cn ch to ba cun khng anod ca van l .
Chnh lu cu ba pha nn chn, khi cn cht lng in p mt chiu tt, v
y l s c cht lng in p ra tt nht, trong cc s chnh lu thng
gp. S chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin khng i xng c mch iu khin
n gin hn, nn trong a s cc trng hp ngi ta hay chn phng n cu ba
pha iu khin khng i xng. V d lm ngun cho my hn mt chiu, iu
khin kch t my pht xoay chiu cng sut nh, cc b ngun cho cc thit b
in ho nh m in, in phn....
S chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin i xng c dng nhiu trong cc
trng hp ti c yu cu v vic hon tr nng lng v li, v d nh iu
khin ng c in mt chiu.
gim tit din dy qun th cp bin p, cc cun dy th cp bin p c
th u tam gic ().
S tia su pha, vi vic ch to bin p phc tp v phi lm thm cun
khng cn bng, nn thng c la chn khi ti c dng in qu ln m theo
s cu ba pha chng ta khng chn c van theo dng in.
Cng mt tr s in p v dng in ti nh nhau, s dng s cng nhiu
pha dng in lm vic ca van bn dn cng nh. Cc s cu bao gi cng c
in p lm vic ca van nh hn so vi s tia cng loi (xem cc h s ny
trong bng 8.1)
8.4. Tnh chn cc thng s c bn ca mch ng lc.
Sau khi la chn xong s th bc tip theo l tin hnh tnh ton cc
24

thng s c bn ca s thit k.
Cc thng s c bn ca mch ng lc cn c tnh chn l: cc van bn
dn ng lc, my bin p ng lc (hoc cun khng trong mch ng lc),
aptomat, cu ch, dy ni......
8.4.1 Tnh chn van ng lc:
Hai thng s cn quan tm nht khi chn van bn dn cho chnh lu l in
p v dng in, cc thng s cn li l nhng thng s tham kho khi la chn.
Khi p ng c hai thng s c bn trn cc thng s cn li c th
tham kho theo gi sau:
- Loi van no c st p U nh hn s c tn hao nhit t hn.
- Dng in r ca loi van no nh hn th cht lng tt hn.
- Nhit cho php ca loi van no cao hn th kh nng chu nhit tt
hn.
- in p v dng in iu khin ca loi van no nh hn, cng sut
iu khin thp hn.
- Loi van no c thi gian chuyn mch b hn s nhy hn. Tuy nhin
trong a s cc van bn dn thi gian chuyn mch thng t l nghch vi tn
hao cng sut.
Cc van ng lc c la chn da vo cc yu t c bn l: dng ti, s
chn, iu kin to nhit, in p lm vic.
Cc thng s c bn ca van ng lc c tnh nh sau:
in p ngc ca van c tnh:
Ulv = knv. U2

(8 -1)

vi U2 = Ud/ku thay vo (8 -1) lc Ulv c th tnh


U lv = k nv .

Ud
kU

(8 -2)

Trong : Ud, U2, Ulv - in p ti, ngun xoay chiu, ngc ca van;
knv, ku - cc h s in p ngc v in p ti. Cc h s ny tra
t bng 8.1.
c th chn van theo in p hp l, th in p ngc ca van cn chn
phi ln hn in p lm vic c tnh t cng thc (8 -2), qua mt h s d tr
kdtU

25

Unv = kdtU.Ulv.

(8 -3)

kdtU thng c chn ln hn 1,6.


Tnh dng in ca van.
Dng in lm vic ca van c chn theo dng in hiu dng chy qua
van theo s chn (Ilv = Ihd). Dng in hiu dng c tnh:
Ihd = khd. Id

(8 - 4)

Trong : Ihd , Id - Dng in hiu dng ca van v dng in ti;


khd - H s xc nh dng in hiu dng (tra bng 8.2).
van bn dn c th lm vic an ton, khng b chc thng v nhit, cn
phi chn v thit k h thng to nhit hp l. Theo iu kin to nhit c
chn tin hnh tnh thng s dng in nh mc ca van cn c.
Dng in nh mc ca van (Imv) c th chn theo gi sau: khi khng
cnh to nhit v tn hao trn van P<20W c chn dng in lm vic ti
10% Imv (Imv>10 Ilv), khi c cnh to nhit vi din tch b mt cho php van
lm vic ti 40%Imv (Imv > 2,5.Ilv), khi c cnh to nhit din tch b mt v
c qut thng gi c th cho php van lm vic ti 60%Imv (Imv > 1,6.Ilv ), khi c
iu kin lm mt bng nc c th cho php lm vic gn ti 100% Imv .
V qu trnh thng gi t nhin khng c tt lm, do khi tn hao trn
van PV = UV.Ilv c khong 100 W/van tr ln, vic i lu khng kh t nhin
xung quanh cnh to nhit xy ra chm, nhit to ra mi trng khng kp. V
vy theo kinh nghim, khi PV > 100 W/van cn c qut lm mt cng bc. Chi
tit v cch chn van tham kho trong phn bo v qu dng van trong ti liu
ny.
V d: Cn chn van ng lc cho mt b chnh lu cu mt pha vi thng
s c bn ca s chnh lu: U = 100 V, I = 100 A.
Van ng lc cn chn c thng s:
in p ngc ca van
Ulv = knv .U2
vi U2 = U/ kU ; cho s chnh lu cu mt pha knv =
vo ta c:

2 ; kU = 0,9 thay

Dng in lm vic ca van cn c


U lv = 2 .

100
= 157 V
0,9

26

Ilv = Ihd = khd .I


thay s vo vi khd tra t bng 2 ta c
I lv =

100
= 71 A
2

Trong : Ulv - in p cc i khi lm vic [V];


Ilv , Ivhd - dng in lm vic v dng in hiu dng ca van [A];
kU - h s in p ca s ;
khd - h s dng in hiu dng;
(cc h s khd ,kU tra trong Bng 8.1, 8.2 ca ti liu ny)
Vi cc thng s lm vic ca van trn, chn iu kin lm vic ca van l
c cnh to nhit vi y din tch to nhit, khng qut i lu khng kh
(iu kin lm vic ca van do ngi thit k t chn).
Thng s cn c ca van ng lc l:
Unv = kdtU . Ulv = 2 . 157 = 314 V (chn kdtU = 1.6 2)
Imv = ki . Ilv = 4 . 70 = 280 A (vi iu kin lm mt chn Ilv = (10 30)
% Imv y chn Ilv = 25% Imv )
c th chn c van cho lm vic vi cc thng s nh mc c bn
trn, chng ta tra bng thng s cc van ( it, tiristo) chn cc van c thng s
in p ngc (Unv), dng in nh mc(Imv) ln hn gn nht vi thng s
tnh c trn.
Theo cch c th chn v d (tra t bng 8.4, 8.5):
it loi HD310/04-6 vi cc thng s nh mc :
- Dng in nh mc ca van Imv = 300 A,
- in p ngc cc i ca van Unv = 400 V,
- st p trn van U = 1,6 V,
- Dng in d Ir =15 mA,
Hoc tiristo loi ST303S04MFK3 c cc thng s nh mc:
- Dng in nh mc ca van Imv=300 A,
- in p ngc cc i ca van Unv = 400 V,
- st p trn van U = 2,2 V,

27

- Dng in d Ir = 50 mA,
- in p iu khin Uk = 3 V,
- Dng in iu khin Ik = 0,2 A.
8.4.2 Tnh ton my bin p:
Cc i lng cn c cho tnh ton mt bin p chnh lu:
1. in p chnh lu khng ti
Udo = Ud + U v + Uba + Udn

(8 - 5)

Trong : Ud - in p chnh lu;

Uv- st p trn cc van (tr s ny c ly t cc thng s ca


cc van chn trn) ;
Uba = U r + Ul - st p bn trong bin p khi c ti, bao gm
st p trn in tr Ur v st p trn in cm Ul nhng i lng ny khi
chn s b vo khong (5 10)% ;
Udn - st p trn dy ni;
Udn = Rdn.Id =(.l/S).Id .

(8 6)

2. Xc nh cng sut ti a ca ti v d vi ti chnh lu xc nh


Pdmax = Udo . Id

(8 - 7)

3. Cng sut bin p ngun cp c tnh


Sba = ks . Pdmax

(8 - 8)

Trong : Sba - cng sut biu kin ca bin p [W];


ks - h s cng sut theo s mch ng lc (c th tra bng
2)
Pdmax - cng sut cc i ca ti [W].
4. Tnh ton s b mch t
Tit din tr QFe ca li thp bin p c tnh t cng sut:
S ba
[cm 2 ]
Q Fe = k Q
(8 9)
m.f
Trong :

28

Sba - cng sut bin p tnh bng [W];


kQ - h s ph thuc phng thc lm mt;
kQ= 4 5 nu l bin p du;
kQ = 5 6 nu l bin p kh;
m - s tr ca my bin p (bin p ba pha c m=3, mt pha c
m-1);
f - tn s ngun in xoay chiu f=50 Hz.

Tit din ca tr gn ng c th tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim


Q

Fe

= 1, 0

S ba
[cm
m

( 8 10 )

5. Tnh ton dy qun bin p.

Thng s cc cun dy cn tnh bao gm s vng v kch thc dy.


Thng s cc cun dy qun s cp v cc cun dy th cp, ni chung cch
tnh dy s cp v th cp nh nhau nn y ch gii thiu cch tnh chung cho
cc cun dy.
S vng dy ca mi cun c tnh
W =

U .104
4,44 . f . QFe . B

(vong )

(8 - 11)

Trong : W - s vng dy ca cun dy cn tnh


U - in p ca cun dy cn tnh [V];
B - t cm (thng chn trong khong (1,0 1,8) Tesla tu thuc
cht lng tn).
QFe - tit din li thp [cm2].

Nu coi f = 50 Hz, chn B = 1Tsla lc gn ng c th tnh


W = 45.

U
(vng)
QFe

(8 - 12)

Thay cc thng s in p s cp U1, th cp U2 vo (8 - 11) hay (8 - 12) ta


tnh c s vng dy s cp W1 v th cp W2 cn tnh.
in p ca cc cun dy.

29

- in p cun dy th cp c tnh:
U2 =

Ud0
kU

(8 -13)

Trong : Ud0 - tnh t (8 -5);


kU - tra t h s in p chnh lu bng 8.1.

- in p cun dy s cp U1 bng in p ngun cp.


Tnh dng in ca cc cun dy.
Cch th nht:
Xc nh dng in cc cun dy bng cch tra dng in s v th cp theo
bng 8.2
Cch th hai:
i vi nhng chnh lu c dng in xoay chiu i xng nh cc chnh
lu cu, dng in c tnh gin tip qua cng sut pha s v th cp.

I1 =

(8 14 )

S 1ba
U1

I 21 =

(8 15)

S 21ba
U2

vi:
S1ba = ks1. Pdmax.

(8 -16)

S2ba = ks2. Pdmax.

(8 -17)

Trong : S1ba , S2ba - cng sut pha s,th cp bin p.


ks1 , ks2 - cc h s cng sut pha s, th cp ca bin p. Cc
h s ny c th tra theo bng 8.2.

Tnh tit din dy dn:


SCu =

I
(mm2)
J

(8 - 18)

Trong : I - dng in chy qua cun dy [A];


J - mt dng in trong bin p thng chn 2
[A/mm

2,75

Nu chn dy qun trn th ng knh dy c tnh:


(8 19)

30

d=

4S Cu

Trong : d - ng kng dy qun.


SCu tit din dy qun.
Nu chn dy qun ch nht, cn tra bng kch thc dy (bng 8.3a)
chn kiu v kch thc dy
6. Tnh kch thc mch t

Chn s b cc kch thc c bn ca mch t


Chn hnh dng ca tr
Nu cng sut nh (di 10 KVA) ngi ta thng chn tr ch nht (hnh
8.1) vi cc kch thc QFe = a . b. Trong a - b rng tr, b - b dy tr
Nu cng sut ln ngi ta chn tr nhiu bc [......]
Chn l thp: thng l thp c cc dy 0,35 mm v 0,5 mm
Din tch ca s cn c:
Qcs = Qcs1 + Qcs2

(8 -20)

vi:
Qcs1 =kl.W1.SCu1
Qcs2 =kl.W2.SCu2
Trong : Qcs,- din tch ca s [mm2];
Qcs1,Qcs2 - phn do cun s cp v th cp chim ch [mm2];
W1, W2 - s vng dy s, th cp;
SCu1, SCu2 - tit din dy qun s, th cp [mm2];
kl - h s lp y thng chn 2,0 3,0

Chn kch thc ca s.


Khi c din tch ca s Qcs, cn chn cc kch thc c bn (chiu cao h
v chiu rng c vi Qcs = c.h) ca ca s mch t. Cc kch thc c bn ny ca
li thp do ngi thit k t chn. Nhng s liu u tin c th tham kho chiu
cao h v chiu rng ca s c c chn da vo cc h s ph m=h/a; n = c/a; l =
b/a. Kinh nghim cho thy i vi li thp hnh E th m = 2,5; n = 0,5; l = 1
1,5; l ti u hn c. Tuy nhin nhng h s ph ny sau khi tnh xong mch t c
th khng hp l cho mt s trng hp, lc ngi thit k cn thay i cc ch
31

s ph cho tnh li.


Chiu rng ton b mch t C = 2c + x.a (x =2 nu l bin p mt pha, x = 3
nu l bin p ba pha), chiu cao mch t H = h + z.a (z=1 nu l bin p mt pha,
z = 2 nu l bin p ba pha)
Hnh dng kt cu mch t th hin nh hnh 8.1
7. Kt cu dy qun:
Dy qun c b tr theo chiu dc tr, mi cun dy c qun thnh
nhiu lp dy. Mi lp dy c qun lin tc, cc vng dy st nhau. Cc lp
dy cch in vi nhau bng cc ba cch in. Cch tnh cc thng s ny nh
sau:

Hnh 8.1 S kt cu
li thp bin p

H h

S vng dy trn mi lp W1l:


Khi dy qun tit din trn c tnh
W1l =

h hg

(8 21)

dn

Trong : h - chiu cao ca s,


dn - ng knh dy qun k c cch in;
hg - khong cch cch in vi gng c th tham kho chn hg =
2.dn.

Khi dy qun tit din hnh ch nht c tnh:


W1l =

h hg

(8 22)

bn

Trong : bn - chu rng ca dy qun ch nht k c cch in.

32

hg- khong cch cch In, khi dy qun ch nht c kch thc
ln, thng chn trong khong (2 - 10)mm.

S lp dy Sld trong ca s c tnh bng t s, s vng dy W ca cun


dy W1 hoc W2 cn tnh, trn s vng dy trn mt lp W1l
Sld =

W
W1l

B dy ca mi cun dy bng tng b dy ca cc lp dy d. sld cng cch


in cc lp dy trong cun dy cn tnh lp cd.sld.
Bdct = d. sld + cd.sld

(8 -23)

Trong :
Bdct - b dy ca cun dy cn tnh,
cd - b dy ca ba cch in.
Ba cch in c cc dy: o,1; 0,3; 0,5;1,0; 2,0; 3,0 mm.
dn - ng knh ngoi ca dy (nu dy qun tit din hnh ch
nht th thay dn bng an.

Tng b dy cc cun dy Bd
Bd = Bd1 + Bd2 + ......+ cdt + cdn

(8 -24)

Trong : Bd1, Bd2 - b dy cun dy s v th cp;


cdt, cdn - b dy cch in trong cng v ngoi cng.

Trc khi tnh kh lng st v ng cn kim tra xem ca s chn


hp l cha. Kch thc ca s c,h ch ng khi b dy cc cun dy phi nh hn
chiu rng ca s (Bd < c i vi bin p mt pha v 2Bd < c nu l bin p ba
pha). Kch thc hp l gia cun dy v tr c = c -Bd vi bin p mt pha v c
= c - 2.Bd vi bin p ba pha trong khong (0,5 - 2) cm. Khong cch ny cn
thit m bo cch in v lm mt. Trong trng hp ngc li, b dy Bd cc
cun dy ln hn chiu rng c ca ca s, chn li cc kch thc ca s c,h.
8. Khi lng st.
Khi lng st bng tch ca th tch VFe tr v gng nhn vi trng lng
ring ca st mFe:
MFe = VFe.mFe (kg)

(8 -25)

Trong :
VFe - th tch khi st [dm3];

33

VFe = 3a.b.h + 2C.a.b = QFe.(3h + 2C)- nu l bin p ba pha;


VFe = 2a.b.h + C.a.b = QFe.(2h + C)- nu l bin p mt pha;
Vi: QFe;a;b;c;h;C - l cc kch thc ca li thp c i thnh dm.
mFe = 7,85 kg/dm3

9. Khi lng ng.


Khi lng ng bng tch ca th tch VCu cun dy ng cn tnh nhn vi
trng lng ring ca ng mCu:
MCu = VCu.mCu (kg)

(8 - 26)

Trong :
VCu - th tch khi ng ca cc cun dy v c tnh [dm3];
VCu = SCu.l
Trong : SCu - tit din dy dn [dm2];
l - chiu di ca cc vng dy [dm];
mCu = 8,9kg/dm3

Chiu di dy qun c tnh bng cch ly chiu di mi vng nhn vi s


vng dy trong cun. Cc vng trong cun dy c chu vi khc nhau cho nn
chng ta hay ly chu vi trung bnh tnh. Chiu di trung bnh ca cc vng dy
c th tnh gn ng . Dtb khi coi Dtb l ng knh trung bnh ca cun dy trn,
l = W.. Dtb

( 8 - 27)

Trong :
Dtb - ng knh trung bnh ca cun dy v c tnh:
Dtb = (Dt + Dn)/2
Trong : Dt,Dn - ng knh trong v ngoi ca cun dy.

ng knh trong ca cun dy trong cng c tnh:


Dt = a 2 + b 2 + 2cdt - nu tr hnh ch nht;

Dt = DFe + 2cdt - nu tr trn;


y: DFe - ng knh tr st;
cdt - cch in trong cng vi li.

ng knh ngoi ca cun dy c tnh gn ng:

34

Dn = Dt + 2.(d + cd).sld
Ch : vi cc cun dy bn ngoi, th Dt ca cun ngoi s bng Dn ca
cun trong.
Nu coi cun dy l khi hp ch nht th atb+ btb l chu vi trung bnh ca
vng dy ch nht. Nh vy chiu di dy ng tnh theo cng thc:
l = W.( atb+ btb ).

( 8 - 28)

Trong :
atb = at + Bd/2 chiu rng trung bnh ca vng dy;
btb = bt + Bd/2 chiu di trung bnh ca vng dy;
at, bt - cc kch thc trong ca cun dy.

10. Tnh tng st p bn trong bin p.


in p ri trn in tr:
2

W2
U r = R2 + R1 I d

W1

(8 - 29)

Trong :
R1, R2 - in tr thun ca cc cun dy s v th cp c tnh:
R = .l/S
Vi: = 0,0000172 mm - in tr sut ca ng;
l, S - chiu di v tit din ca dy dn [mm, mm2];
Id - dng in ti mt chiu [A].

in p ri trn in khng:
Ux = mf. X.Id/

(8 - 30)

Trong :

Bd1 + Bd2
R
X n = 8 2 W22 bk cd +
10 7

(8 31)

mf - s pha bin p
Trong :
W2 - S vng dy th cp bin p.

35

Rbk - Bn knh trong cun dy th cp [m2].


h - Chiu cao ca s li thp [m].
cd - B dy cc cch in cc cun dy vi nhau (nu l bin p dng nh,
gia cc cun dy c lt bng ba cch in dy (0,3 1) mm, cn i vi
nhng bin p dng ln, cn phi cch ly bng cc a php c cc dy ln
hn) [m].
Bd1, Bd2 - B dy cun dy s v th cp [m].

= 314 rad.
11. in tr ngn mch my bin p

rnm

w
= r2 + 2
w1

* r1

(8 32)

12. Tng tr ngn mch my bin p:

z nm = rnm + x nm
2

(8 33)

13. iin p ngn mch phn trm ca my bin p:

U nm

I dm * z nm
* 100
U 2 dm

(8 34)

14. Dng in ngn mch my bin p:

I nm =

U 2 dm
z nm

(8 35)

Nhng php tnh trn y l nhng kch thc rt c bn ca bin p, cho


nhng loi chnh lu cng sut trung bnh v nh. Khi thit k bin p cho nhng
loi chnh lu c cng sut ln, bin p cn tnh ton chi tit hn v d phng
thc lm mt, cch in ... khi bin p cn c tnh theo cc ti liu chuyn
ngnh thit k bin p [...].

36

8.4.3 Tnh chn cc thit b bo v:

1. Bo v qu dng in
Bo v ngn mch v qu ti v dng in: dng aptomat hoc cu ch.
Nguyn tc chn cc thit b ny, l chn theo dng in, vi Ibv = (1,11,3) Ilv.
Dng bo v ngn mch ca aptomat khng vt qu dng ngn mch ca my
bin p.
Khi lm vic van bn dn c st p, do c tn hao cng sut P = U.Ilv.
Tn hao cng sut ny sinh nhit. Mt khc van ch c lm vic ti nhit ti
a cho php Tcp no (cc tr s thng gp vo khong 1250C - xem ct 8 bng
8.4 hay ct 12 bng 8.5). Do chng ta phi tm cch bo v qu nhit cho van
bn dn.
Mun bo v qu nhit cho cc van bn dn l phi chn ng dng in
van theo ch lm mt. Lm mt van hin nay ph bin ngi ta thng dng
cnh to nhit. Din tch b mt to nhit c th c tnh gn ng theo cng
thc:
Stn =

P
ktn

(8 - 36)

Trong : Stn - din tch b mt to nhit [cm2 ];

P - tn hao cng sut [ W ];


- chnh nhit so vi mi trng = Tlv -Tmt
Tlv -Tmt - nhit lm vic v nhit mi trng [oC ];
ktn - h s c xt ti iu kin ta nhit (trong iu kin lm mt
t nhin khng qut cng bc, thng chn ktn =(6 10).10-4 [W/cm2oC ]).

Sau khi tnh xong din tch b mt to nhit, tin hnh thit k (chn) cnh
to nhit, sao cho b mt tnh. Cnh to nhit phi m bo din tch b
mt tip xc vi khng kh, dy cnh, khong cch gia cc cnh.
Nhng loi cnh to nhit hin nay c th bn rn trn th trng, hoc thit k
mi theo hnh dng tng t nh hnh 8.2
Trng hp cnh to nhit qu ln, cn phi thay i phng thc to nhit,
bng cch thm qut lm mt cng bc.
cho van bn dn lm vic an ton, nhit lm vic ca van khng vt
qu tr s cho php, phng thc lm mt van c th theo gi sau:

37

Cc kch thc c bn
nn chn:
a < 200 mm;
b < 200 mm;
h < 180 mm;
ho = 5-15 mm;
c = 3 5 mm;
z = 5 12mm.

ho

h
h1

Hnh 8.2 Hnh dng v kch thc gii hn cho cnh


to nhit mt van bn dn
a. Lm mt ch bng v van bn dn
Nu cng sut to nhit khi van lm vic P = U.Ihd < 20W, cho php van
lm vic vi dng in ti a ti 10% Im m khng cn cnh to nhit. Cch chn
ny c th hiu l v van bn dn khng to nhit khi cho lm vic vi dng
in ln hn 10% Im. V d: c loi van vi Im =100A, U=1V, van ny cho
php lm vic khng cnh to nhit vi dng in ti a ti 10A, nhng loi van
vi Im = 500A, U=1V cho php lm vic ti a ti 20A (P = 20W) mc d tnh
t s phn trm c th l 10%. Im = 50A.
b. Lm mt bng cch gn van bn dn ln cnh to nhit
Khi van bn dn c mc vo cnh to nhit bng ng hay nhm, nhit
ca van c to ra mi trng xung quanh nh b mt ca cnh to nhit. S to
nhit nh th ny l nh vo s chnh nhit gia cnh to nhit vi mi trng
xung quanh. Khi cnh to nhit nng ln, nhit xung quanh cnh to nhit tng
ln lm cho tc dn nhit ra mi trng khng kh b chm li. Vi nhng l
do v s hn ch ca tc dn nhit, khi van bn dn c lm mt bng cnh
to nhit, m ch nn cho van lm vic vi dng in Ilv< 40%.Im v tn hao trn
van khng vt qu 100W. V d: van c Im =100A, U=1Vcho php lm vic
vi cnh to nhit nhm dng in ti a 40A, trong khi loi van vi thng
s Im =500A, U=1V khng c php lm vic ti 200A,v cng sut to nhit
P = U. I = 200W l qu ln cho iu kin to nhit ny.

38

c. Lm mt cng bc bng qut.


Khi c qut i lu khng kh thi dc theo khe ca cnh to nhit, nhit
xung quanh cnh to nhit thp hn tc dn nhit ra mi trng xung quanh tt
hn, hiu sut to nhit cao hn. Do cho php lm vic vi dng in ti a ti
70%Im (Ilv< 70%Im).
d. Lm mt bng nc.
Khi thit k h thng lm mt bng nc hiu sut trao i nhit tt hn,
cho php lm vic vi dng in ti a ti 90% Im. Qu trnh lm mt bng nc
phi m bo x l nc khng dn in. Bng cch kh Ion trong nc, hoc
gim dn in ca nc (tng in tr nc) theo nguyn tc tng chiu di
hay gim tit din ng ng dn nc ta c th coi dn in ca nc khng
ng k.
Thng thng i vi cc loi ngun cng sut, gi an ton cho cc van
bn dn ngi ta thng hay thit k qut lm mt cng bc ngay c trong
trng hp dng ti khng qu ln so vi dng nh mc ca van. Vi cng sut
to nhit c vo khong 100W/ van l cn c qut lm mt cng bc.

I1

I2

D1

D2

D1

D2

D1

D2

D1

D2

Hnh 8.3 Cc s mc song song van bn dn


a- mc song song trc tip; b- mc qua in tr; c- mc qua
cun cm; d- mc qua h cm.
Trong trng hp dng in lm vic qu ln (so vi dng cho php lm
vic khi c xt ti iu kin to nhit), ngi ta phi tin hnh mc song song cc
van bn dn. Cc s mc song song cc van c th chn mt trong cc s
trn hnh 8 - 3.
Khi mc song song cc van bn dn, dng in chay qua cc van c th
c phn b khng u bi v cc c tnh vn-ampe ca cc van khng hon
ton ging nhau. Trong cc van c iu khin cn chu nh hng rt ln ca vic
m khng ng thi ca cc van. Dng in lch nhau ca hai van c th c

= 1 2 =

U
R 2 dg

(8 37)

39

tnh
Trong : U - hiu st p ca cc van khi cng tr s dng in ln I1;
R2dg - in tr ng ca van D2 ti im lm vic I1.

gim s phn b khng u trn, ngi ta c th mc ni tip vi cc van


cc in tr (hnh 8. 3b) vic s dng in tr ch c ngha khi in p ri trn
in tr l khng ng k, nu in p ri trn in tr ln, tn hao cng sut ln,
lm cho hiu sut ca chnh lu thp. khc phc nhc im ny chng ta c
th thay th in tr bng cc cun dy in cm (hnh 8.3c). Thng cc cun
cm ny c ch to c li khng kh.
s hnh 8.3d, cn bng dng in cc van c thc hin tt hn khi
cun khng c ch to c li thp, vi cc cun dy mc ngc u nhau. S
ny cn c bit c ngha, khi s dng cho trng hp cc van iu khin m
khng ng thi.
2. Bo v qu in p cho thit b bn dn:

Linh kin bn dn ni chung v bn dn cng sut ni ring, rt nhy cm


vi s thay i ca in p. Nhng yu t nh hng ln nht ti van bn dn m
chng ta cn c phng thc bo v l:
in p t vo van ln qu thng s ca van.
Xung in p do chuyn mch van.
Xung in p t pha li xoay chiu, nguyn nhn thng gp l do ct
ti c in cm ln trn ng dy.
Xung in p do ct t ngt bin p non ti.
bo v van khi lm vic di hn m khng b qu in p, chng ta cn
chn ng cc van bn dn theo in p ngc.
a. Mc ni tip van bn dn.
Sau khi tnh c tr s in p lm vic ca van theo (8 - 2) v (8 - 3) tin
hnh chn van theo in p, tr s in p van c chn phi ln hn tr s tnh
c t (8 -3).
Trong trng hp khng c van c in p cao hn, chng ta phi tin hnh
mc ni tip cc van. Khi mc ni tip cc van yu cu cn thit phi chn cc
van c c tnh ging nhau, nhm m bo cho s phn b in p nh nhau trn
cc van. Tuy vy, s phn b in p trn cc van khng bng nhau l thng gp.
Do , cn c cc bin php phn b li in p khi cc c tnh ca van khng
ging nhau. Cc bin p y m t trn hnh 8.4.

40

C
R
V1

V1

R
V1

V1

C
D
R
V2

V2

R
R

V2

V2
D

a.

b.

c.

d.

Hnh 8.4 S mc ni tip cc van


Thng gp nht trong thc t, phn b u in p khi mc ni tip
ngi ta hay mc theo s hnh 8.4a. S ny n gin d thc hin. Ngoi s
ny ra, chng ta c th phn b in p bng t nh hnh 8.4b,c. hoc s dng
cc it n p phn b in p.
b. Bo v xung in p khi chuyn mch van bn dn.
D2

D1

D4

D3

D6

D5

R1

C
R

a.

R
C

b.

c.

R2

Hnh 8.5 Bo v thit b in t khi chc thng do xung in p.


Bo v xung in p do qu trnh ng ct cc van c dng bng cc
mch R - C mc song song vi cc van bn dn. S n gin ca loi mch
ny m t trn hnh 8.5a. Khi c s chuyn mch, do phng in t van ra ngoi
to nn xung in p trn b mt tip gip van. Mch R - C mc song song vi
van bn dn to mch vng phng in tch qu trong qu trnh chuyn mch
van. C th tnh c cc thng s ca R v C theo [...] hoc ngi ta c th chn
gn ng R = (5 30) , C = (0,5 4)F [ .. ].
c. Bo v van bn dn khi nh thng do xung in p t li.

41

bo v xung in p t li in, chng ta mc song song vi ti u


vo mt mch R - C, nhm lc xung nh m t trn hnh 8.5b. Khi xut hin xung
in p trn ng dy, nh c mch lc ny m nh xung gn nh nm li hon
ton trn in tr ng dy. Tr s R,C ph thuc nhiu vo ti. Thng s tham
kho theo [..] R = (5 20), C = 4F.
c. Bo v van bn dn khi nh thng do ct bin p non ti.
bo v van do ct t ngt bin p non ti, trong a s cc b bin i
ngi ta thng mc mt mch R-C u ra mt chnh lu cu ba pha ph bng
cc it cng sut b, nh m t trn hnh 8.5c. Tr s t C trong trng hp ny
c th c tnh:

C = 30

I
K Tu 1
2

I2
U2

(8 38)

Trong : I - Dng in t ho bin p %;


I2;U2 - Dng in, in p th cp bin p;
KTU - Kh nng tng in p cho php ca van, thng c
chn KTU = 1,25 1,5.

Thng thng tr s t thng chn trong khong 10 200 F.


Bin in p xung khi ng bin p nh hn nhiu so vi khi ct do
mch trn cho php bo v qu in p trong c hai trng hp ny.
8.5 Tnh ton cun khng lc dng in p mch.

8.5.1 Khi qut v dng in p mch.


S p mch ca in p chnh lu lm cho dng in ti cng p mch
theo, lm xu i cht lng dng in mt chiu, nu ti l ng c in mt
chiu lm xu qu trnh chuyn mch c gp ca ng c, lm tng pht nng ca
ti do cc thnh phn sng hi.
Thng thng chng ta nh gi nh hng ca p mch dng in theo tr
hiu dng ca sng hi bc nht, bi v sng hi bc nht chim mt t l vo
khong (25)% dng in nh mc ca ti. Thnh phn hi bc nht ny ln hay
nh ph thuc nhiu vo cng sut ti Pd, phm vi iu chnh in p chnh lu...
Tr s in cm ca cun khng lc thnh phn dng in p mch c
tnh theo biu thc:
LL =

U dn.. max .100


2 .K .m. .I1* %.I ddm

(8 - 39)
42

Trong :
LL - tr s in cm lc p mch cn thit [Henry];
Id.m - dng in nh mc ca b chnh lu [A];

= 314 - tn s gc [1/s];
K = 1,2,3... - bi s sng hi;
m - s ln p mch trong mt chu k;
Ud.max - bin thnh phn sng hi ca in p chnh lu [V];
I1*% - tr hiu dng ca dng in sng hi c bn ly t s theo dng
in nh mc ca chnh lu. Tr s ny cho php I1*% < 10%.

Bin thnh phn sng hi ca in p chnh lu Udn.max c th c xc


nh theo cng thc [...].
U dn. max
2. cos
= 2 2
1 + K 2 .m 2 .tg 2
Ud0
K .m 1

(8 - 40)

Trong :
Ud0 - in p chnh lu cc i [V];

- gc iu khin van bn dn [rad./s].


0,9 Udnmax
Udo
0,8
0,7
0,6

0,5

0,4
0,3

0,2
0,1
0

4
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Hnh 8 -6 Quan h gia bin sng bc nht


vi gc m van bn dn
43

Trong s chnh lu cu v tia ba pha, thnh phn sng hi bc nht (K=1)


c bin ln nht. Bin sng hi bc cng cao s cng gim, tc dng ca
cun khng lc vi cc thnh phn hi bc cao ny cng c hiu qu hn. V vy
tnh in cm ca cun khng i vi cc s chnh lu ch cn tnh theo thnh
phn songs hi bc nht l .
U dn. max
Ud 0

Quan h gia t l ca bin sng hi theo tr trung bnh in p chnh lu


vi gc m van bn dn ca cc s chnh lu cu v tia ba pha xy

dng theo cng thc (8 - 40) m t trn hnh 8 -6.


Cc ng cong 1,2 trn hnh 8 -6 m t quan h

U dn. max
Ud 0

= f() vi K=1 cho

cc s cu ba pha iu khin i xng v tia ba pha.


i vi s chnh lu iu khin khng i xng, khi gc iu khin
nh, thnh phn sng hi vi K = 2 v K.m = 6 (ng 4 trn hnh 8 -6), cn khi
gc iu khin bt u t = 250 thnh phn hi bc nht K = 1 (ng 3 trn
hnh 8 -6) c bin ln hn.
Khi tnh in cm cun khng lc dng in p mch, cn phi cn c vo
mc cho php ca p mch dng in chnh lu i vi ti tr s in p
nh mc v in p cc tiu.
Cc b chnh lu cu iu khin i xng, ch dng in v in p
nh mc thng c gc iu khin 300. Tr s gc ny cn c p ng kh
nng b st p khi in p ngun li gim v st p do tng ti ca b chnh lu.
V vy gc m ban u ca cc van bn dn c th coi 0 = 300.
C th tnh c mc in p chnh lu nh mc ca s chnh lu iu
khin i xng c ti 0 = 300, trong s chnh lu iu khin khng i xng
gc ny c tr s 0 = 430.
Trong cc s chnh lu c iu khin, khi gc m van bn dn cng tng
bin sng hi cng cao. Do vy khi tnh in cm theo (8 - 39) v xc ng
bin in p sng hi theo (8 - 40) hay theo cc ng cong hnh 8 -6, chng ta
thng tnh cho trng hp gc m van ln nht max.
Mun c gc m van ln nht max chng ta cn xc nh c c in p
cc tiu Ud min theo yu cu v di iu khin in p ca ti. T Ud min theo cc
cng thc tnh in p ti ca chnh lu trong bng 8.1 ct 4 xc nh c gc
max cn thit. T max tra ng cong trn hnh 8 -6 (hay tnh theo cng thc 8 40) ta c c Udn.max. Thay Udn.max vo (8 - 39) ta tnh c tr s in cm lc
44

cn thit LL.
Tr s in cm ca cun khng lc LckL cn mc thm lc thnh phn
dng in p mch c tnh theo cng thc:
LckL = LL - Ld -LBA.

(8 - 41)

Trong :
LckL - in cm cun khng lc cn mc thm;

< 10%;

LL - in cm cn thit lc thnh phn sng hi dng in I1*%


Ld - in cm ca ti;

LBA - in cm ca my bin p.

Chng ta thng gp ti l ng c in mt chiu. Vi ti l ng c in


mt chiu, in cm phn ng ca ng c c tnh gn ng theo cng thc:
Lu = K d .

30.U dm
.I dm .ndm . p

(8 - 42)

Trong :
Kd = 0,5 0,6 - i vi ng c khng c cun b;
Kd = 0,1 0,25 - i vi ng c c cun b;
ndm - tc quay nh mc ca ng c [Vng/pht];
Udm - in p nh mc ca ng c [V];
Idm - dng in nh mc ca dng c [A].

in cm ca my bin p LBA c ly t thng s bin p tnh theo cng


thc (8 - 31a). Trng hp bin p c thng s ca nh ch to in cm c th
tnh gn ng theo cng thc:
u %U 2 f
(8 43)
[H]
L BA 2. n
.I 2 f .100
Trong :
un% - in p ngn mch phn trm ca my bin p;
U2f - in p pha th cp bin p;

= 2f - tn s gc ca li cng nghip;
I2f - dng in pha th cp bin p.

45

8.5.2 Thit k cun khng lc (CKL) dng in p mch.

Cc thng s cn thit cho thit k:


-in cm ca cun khng lc tnh theo (8 - 39) khi ti khng in cm
(thun tr), theo (8 - 41) khi ti c in cm.
-Dng in nh mc chy qua cun khng Im (dng in ny l dng in
chnh lu nh mc).
-Thnh phn dng in xoay chiu cho php ca sng hi bc nht (thng
cho php I~(1) < 10%.Im.
Thng thng dy qun cun khng lai ny c tit din kh ln, do vy
in tr thun ca cun khng nh c th b qua. V vy
ZCKL = XCKL = . LCKL = 2f.m.LCKL.

( 8 - 44).

Trong :
f - tn s in p ngun cp f = 50 Hz;
m - s ln p mch ca s chnh lu.

Cc bc tnh ton.
1. Tnh in p ri trn cun khng:
UCKL = ZCKL . I~(1).

(8 -45)

2. Tnh cng sut cun khng lc:


PCKL = UCKL. I~(1).

(8 -46)

3. Tnh ton li thp cun khng lc.


Tit din li thp cun khng lc:
QFe = k .

PCKL
f'

(8 -47)

Trong :
QFe - tit din li thp [cm2];
PCKL - cng sut cun khng [W];
f` = f.m .
k = 5 6 thng cun khng loi ny hay ch to bng cun khng kh.

Cc kch thc c bn ca li thp c chn nh chn kch thc li thp


46

bin p kh.
4. Tnh ton dy qun cun khng:
Khi c thnh phn dng in xoay chiu bc nht I~(1) chy qua cun khng
lc th trong cun khng xut hin mt sc in ng t cm, tr s sc in ng
ny c tnh:
ECKL = 4,44.kdq.W.f..
= 4,44.kdq.W.f.B.QFe.

(8 -48)

Trong :
kdq - h s dy qun, c th chn kdq = 1,1 1,3;
W - s vng dy cun khng lc;
f` - tn s dng in sau chnh lu f` = 50.m;
B - mt t cm ca li thp, vi B = 1,1 1,8;
Q`Fe - tit din hiu qu li thp.

Vi gi thit, b qua st p trn in tr, sc in ng ECKL xp x st p


trn cun khng UCKL tnh trn (ECKL = UCKL ). T c th tnh c s
vng dy W ca cun khng lc:
W =

U CKL
4,44.kdq . f '.B.Q'Fe

(8 -49)

Dy qun cun khng c tit din:


SCu =

I dm
J

T tit din SCu tra bng kch thc dy qun chn c dy qun cn thit.
Vic tnh ton cc thng s, kch thc cn li ca cun khng tng t nh
tnh ton my bin p [..].
8.6 Tnh ton cun khng hn ch dng in gin on.

8.6.1 Hin tng gin on dng in.


i vi ti mt chiu, dng in gin on lm xu i rt nhiu ch lm
vic bnh thng cng nh ch qu ca ti. Mt trong nhng loi ti chu
nh hng nng n nht ca s gin on dng in l ng c in mt chiu.
ng c in mt chiu lm vic ch dng in gin on c tnh c c
cht lng rt xu. Thit k cun khng nhm hn ch vng lm vic gin on

47

ca dng in ca ng c in mt chiu cng nh cc loi ti khc l cn thit.


Hin tng gin on dng in chnh lu xy ra do nng lng in t tch
lu trong mch khng ln. ch dng in gin on gc dn ca van tr
nn nh hn 2m, do in p xoay chiu i du nn dng in chy qua van bn
dn v 0 trc khi kch m van k tip.
Nu van m ti thi im t0 no tng ng vi gc m van 0 = t0 tnh
t gc to ca ng cong in p hnh sin, hoc l gc m van tnh t thi
im in p bt u dng.
T s thay th ca h thng chnh lu - ng c (CL - C) [ .. ] ta c
phng trnh vi phn:
U 2 m sin (t + 0 ) = Edc + UV + R.iU + L.

diU
dt

(8 -50)

t:
T = L/R - hng s thi gian in t ca mch;

= arctg(T) - gc pha ca mch.


Gii phng trnh (8 -50) ta c nghim ca phng trnh vi phn:
iU = [R.I 0 + Edc U 2 m cos .sin ( 0 )]exp( t. cos ) [Edc E2 m .sin ( .t + 0 )]

(8 51)

Trong :
I0 - gi tr ban u ca dng in trong mi khong van dn A ;
Edc - sc in ng ca ng c V .

Dng in phn ng ng c i c dng p mch, nn ta c th phn tch


thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu. Thnh phn mt chiu ca dng in chnh
lu chnh l thnh phn tc dng v c xc nh bng gi tri trung bnh ca i
trong mt chu k.
iU =

m
m 1
1 1

iU .d .t =
. .U 2 m .sin 0 + .Edc

2 0
2 R
2 2

( 8 - 52)

hn ch dng in gin on, hay ni cch khc l mun cho ti lun


lm vic ch dng in lin tc, vi bt k in p chnh lu no trong c di
iu chnh in p, th in cm ca mch phi ln. Do ta cn c thm cun
48

khng mc ni tip vi ti mt chiu hn ch vng gin on dng in.


ng c in in mt chiu c gin on dng in di nht khi ng c
lm vic tc cui da iu khin (khi m in p ca b chnh lu l thp
nht). Nh vy khi gc m van bn dn ln nht max th dng in ti b gin
on di nht.
in cm cn thit hn ch vng dng in gin onc tnh theo cng
thc [4]:
Lgd =

1 U d 0
.k gh xBA

I dgh

(8 -53)

Trong :
Lg - in cm cn thit hajn ch dng in gin on [H].

` = 2.f.m - tn s gc ca dng in, vi f = 50 Hz;


Udo - in p khng ti ca chnh lu;
Idgh - dng in gii hn nh nht, dng in ny trong tnh ton nn chn
xp x dng in khng ti. C th chn Idgh 0,05Im.
kgh - h s ph thuc gc m van bn dn.
0,45

kgh

0,4
0,35
0,3

m=3

0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1

m=6

0,05
0

m=12
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Hnh 8.7 Quan h gia h s kgh theo gc m van


H s kgh c tnh [...]:

49



k gh = 1 cot g sin
m
m

(8 54)

n gin trong vic tnh biu thc (8 -54), quan h gia kgh v gc m
van bn dn theo (8 -54) c th xy dng thnh th nh biu din trn hnh 8.7.
Tm li, tnh c in cm ca cun khng hn ch dng in gin
on chng ta cn:
T di iu khin in p (hay di iu khin tc ng c) xc nh c
gc m van ln nht max
Thay vo (8 -54) (hoc tra theo hnh 8 -7) ta c h s kgh.
Thay h s kgh vo (8 - 53) ta tnh c tr s in cm cn thit Lg hn
ch vng dng in gin on.
Hiu s gia in cm cn thit Lg v in cm ti Ld s l in cm ca
cun khng mc thm vo mch hn ch dng in gin on.
LCKg = Lg - Ld

(8 - 55)

8.6.2 Thit k cun khng hn ch dng in gin on.

1. Thng s cn c:
in cm ca cun khng tnh theo (8 -55 ).
Dng in nh mc chy qua cum khng. Dng in ny bng dng in
chnh lu Im.
Gi tr dng in gin on gii hn.
Trnh t tnh ton:
1.Tnh tng tr ca cun khng:
ZCKg = RCK + 2.fLCKg.

(8 -56)

V dy qun chu dng ti nn tit din dy ln ta b qua thnh phn in


tr trong biu thc tng tr, lc cun khng c tnh:
ZCKg = 2.fLCKg.

(8 -57)

Trong : f = 2.f.m = 314.m.


2. Tnh cng sut ca cun khng gii hn dng in gin on:
PCKg = UCK.Igh.

(8 -58)
50

Vi : UCK = Igh. ZCKgh.


3. Tnh tit din li thp cun khng.
PCKgd

QFe = k .

(8 -59)

f'

vi: k = 5 6, f = 50.m.
4. Tnh s vng dy cn c ca cun khng.
Dng in gin on c dng l cc xung dng in. Do khi chy trong
cun khng lm xut hin mt sc in ng t cm Eg, sc in ng ny c
xc nh theo cng thc:
Eg = 4,44.kdq.W.f.B.QFe.

(8 -60)

T (8 -60) ta c:
W =

E gd
4,44.kdq . f '.B.QFe

U CK
4,44.kdq . f '.B.QFe

(8 61)

5. Xc inh in cm mch chnh lu nhm gii hn vng dng in gin


on.
S pha S ln p in cm mch chnh lu Ld [Henry]
mch

Tia ba pha

Tia su pha
c khng
cn bng

Ld =

U2 f
1
0,46.
sin x fBA

I dgh

Ld =

U2 f
x fBA
1

0,1089.
sin
I dgh
2

51

Ni dy song song
Hai
tia ba pha
ngc nhau
c khng
cn bng.
Theo s
tng
ng 12
pha

Cu
ba pha iu
khin i
xng

12
Ld =

U2 f
x fBA
1

0,02684.
sin
I dgh
4

Ni dy ni tip
Ld =

Ld =

U2 f
1
0,02684.
sin x fBA

I dgh

1
U
0,126. 2 d sin 2 x fBA

I dgh

Bng 8.3 Thng s mt s dy ng trn

ngha cc ct:
d- ng knh thc ca li ng;
SCu - tit din tnh ton ca li ng;
mCu- trng lng ring mt mt;
R/m- in tr mt mt;
Dn- ng knh ngoi k c cch in trong khong,
d
mm

SCu
mm2

mCu
gam/m

R/m
/m

Dn
mm

0,1

0,00785

0,0698

2,291

0,12 0,13

0,11

0,095

0,0845

1,895

0,13 0,14

52

d
mm

SCu
mm2

mCu
gam/m

R/m
/m

Dn
mm

0,12

0,01131

0,101

1,59

0,14 0,15

0,13

0,01327

0,118

1,256

0,15 0,16

0,14

0,01539

0,137

1,169

0,16 0,17

0,15

0,01767

0,157

1,018

0,17 0,18

0,16

0,02011

0,179

0,895

0,18 0,2

0,17

0,0227

0,202

0,793

0,19 0,21

0,18

0,02545

0,226

0,707

0,2 0,22

0,19

0,02835

0,252

0,635

0,21 0,23

0,2

0,03142

0,279

0,572

0,225

0,235

0,255

0,24
0,21

0,03464

0,308

0,52
0,25

0,23

0,04155

0,369

0,433
0,28

0,25

0,04909

0,436

0,366

0,275 0,3

0,27

0,05726

0,509

0,315

0,31

0,32
0,29

0,06605

0,587

0,296

0,33 0,34

0,31

0,07548

0,671

0,239

0,35 0,36

0,33

0,08553

0,76

0,21

0,35 0,38

0,35

0,09621

0,855

0,187

0,39 0,41

0,38

0,1134

1,01

0,152

0,42 0,44

0,41

0,132

1,11

0,13

0,45 0,47

0,44

0,1521

1,35

0,113

0,49 0,50

0,47

0,1735

1,54

0,0993

0,52 0,53

0,49

0,1886

1,68

0,0914

0,54 0,55
53

d
mm

SCu
mm2

mCu
gam/m

R/m
/m

Dn
mm

0,51

0,2043

1,82

0,084

0,56 0,58

0,53

0,2206

1,96

0,0781

0,58 0,60

0,55

0,2376

2,11

0,0725

0,60 0,62

0,57

0,2552

2,27

0,0675

0,62 0,64

0,59

0,2734

2,43

0,063

0,64 0,66

0,62

0,3019

2,68

0,0571

0,67 0,69

0,64

0,3217

2,86

0,0538

0,69 0,72

0,67

0,3526

3,13

0,0488

0,72 0,75

0,69

0,3729

3,32

0,0461

0,74 0,77

0,72

0,4072

3,6

0,0423

0,78 0,8

0,74

0,4301

3,82

0,04

0,8 0,83

0,77

0,4657

4,14

0,037

0,83 0,86

0,8

0,5027

4,47

0,0342

0,86 0,89

0,86

0,5809

5,16

0,0297

0,92 0,95

0,9

0,6362

5,66

0,027

0,96 0,99

0,93

0,6793

6,04

0,0253

0,99 1,02

0,96

0,7238

6,44

0,0238

1,02 1,05

1,00

0,7854

6,98

0,0219

1,08 1,11

1,04

0,8495

7,55

0,0202

1,12 1,15

1,08

0,9161

8,14

0,0188

1,16 1,19

1,12

0,9852

8,76

0,0175

1,20 1,23

1,16

1,0568

9,40

0,0163

1,24 1,27

1,20

1,131

10,1

0,0152

1,28 1,31

1,25

1,2272

10,9

0,014

1,33 1,36

54

d
mm

SCu
mm2

mCu
gam/m

R/m
/m

Dn
mm

1,30

1,327

11,8

0,0132

1,38 1,41

1,35

1,4314

12,7

0,0123

1,43 1,46

1,40

1,5394

13,7

0,0113

1,48 1,51

1,45

1,6513

14,7

0,0106

1,53 1,56

1,5

1,7672

15,7

0,00993

1,58 1,61

1,56

1,9113

17

0,00917

1,64 1,67

1,62

2,0612

18,3

0,0085

1,71 1,73

1,68

2,217

19,7

0,00791

1,77 1,79

1,74

2,378

21,1

0,00737

1,83 1,85

1,81

2,573

22,9

0,00681

1,90 1,93

1,88

2,776

24,7

0,00631

1,97 2,00

1,95

2,987

26,5

0,00587

2,04 2,07

2,02

3,205

28,5

0,00547

2,12 2,14

2,10

3,464

30,8

0,00506

2,20v2,23

2,26

4,012

35,7

0,00437

2,36 2,39

2,44

4,676

41,6

0,00375

2,54 2,57

2,83

6,29

55,9

0,00278

3,05

7,306

65,

0,0024

3,28

8,45

75,1

0,00207

4,1

13,2

11,7

0,00123

4,5

15,9

14,2

0,0011

4,8

18,1

16,1

0,00096
9

5,2

21,24

18,9

0,00081
1

55

8.7. Thit k mch iu khin


8. Nguyn l thit k mach iu khin.

iu khin Tiristo trong s chnh lu hin nay thng gp l iu khin


theo nguyn tc thng ng tuyn tnh. Ni dung ca nguyn tc ny c th m t
theo gin hnh 8.8 nh sau.
Khi in p xoay chiu hnh sin t vo anod ca Tiristo, c th iu
khin c gc m ca Tiristo trong vng in p + anod, ta cn to mt in
p ta dng tam gic, ta thng gi l in p ta l in p rng ca Urc. Nh
vy in p ta cn c trong vng in p dng anod.
Dng mt in p mt chiu Uk so snh vi in p ta. Ti thi im
(t1,t4) in p ta bng in p iu khin (Urc = Uk), trong vng in p dng
anod, th pht xung iu khin Xk. Tiristo c m t thi im c xung iu
khin (t1,t4) cho ti cui bn k (hoc ti khi dng in bng 0)
Udf

Urc
Udk
Xdk
Ud

t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

Hnh 8.8. Nguyn l iu khin chnh lu.


S khi mch iu khin.

thc hin c nu trong phn nguyn l iu khin trn, mch


iu khin bao gm ba khu c bn trn hnh 8.9.

56

ng pha

So snh

To xung

Hnh 8.9. S khi mch iu khin


Nhim v ca cc khu trong s khi hnh 8.9 nh sau:
Khu ng pha c nhim v to in p ta Urc (thng gp l in p dng
rng ca tuyn tnh) trng pha vi in p anod ca Tiristo
Khu so snh c nhim v so snh gia in p ta vi in p iu khin
Uk, tm thi im hai in p ny bng nhau (Uk = Urc). Ti thi im hai in
p ny bng nhau, th pht xung u ra gi sang tng khuych i.
Khu to xung c nhim v to xung ph hp m Tiristo. Xung m
Tiristor c yu cu: sn trc dc thng ng, m bo yu cu Tiristo m
tc thi khi c xung iu khin (thng gp loi xung ny l xung kim hoc xung
ch nht); rng vi rng xung ln hn thi gian m ca Tiristo; cng
sut; cch ly gia mch iu khin vi mch ng lc (nu in p ng lc qu
ln)
Vi nhim v ca cc khu nh vy tin hnh thit k, tnh chn cc khu
c bn ca ba khi trn. Chi tit v cc mch ny s gii thiu chi tit phn sau.
8.7.1 Thit k s nguyn l

Hin nay mch iu khin chnh lu thng c thit k theo nguyn tc


thng ng tuyn tnh nh gii thiu trn.
Theo nhim v ca cc khu nh gii thiu, tin hnh thit k, tnh chn
cc khu c bn ca ba khi trn, tt nht l nn chn trong cc s c trong
cc gio trnh v ti liu. Trong ti liu ny ch gii thiu mt s s v d cho
ngi thit k lm t liu tham kho la chn.
Trn hnh 8.10; 8.11; 8.12 gii thiu mt s khu ng pha, so snh, to
xung in hnh.
S hnh 8.10a l s n gin, d thc hin, vi s linh kin t nhng
cht lng in p ta khng tt. di ca phn bin thin tuyn tnh ca in
p ta khng ph ht 1800. Do vy, gc m van ln nht b gii hn. Hay ni cch
khc, nu theo s ny in p ti khng iu khin c t 0 ti cc i m t
mt tr s no n cc i.
khc phc nhc im v di iu chnh s hnh 8.10a ngi ta s

57

dng s tao in p ta bng s hnh 8.10b. Theo s ny, in p ta c


phn bin thin tuyn tnh ph ht na chu k in p. Do vy khi cn iu khin
in p t 0 ti cc i l hon ton c th p ng c.
-E

-E
R2

R2
A
U2

U1

R1

D2

Tr

C
A

Ur

U1

R1

U2

Ura

a.

b.
Tr
R2
C1

+E
R1

R2

GHEP QUANG

Uv

U1

D
C

R1

B
A1

D1

R3

Ura

c.

A2

Ur

d.

Hnh 1.10: Mt s khu ng pha in hnh.


a- dng it v t; b- dng tranzitor v t; c- dng b ghp
quang; d- dng khuych i thut ton.
Vi s ra i ca cc linh kin ghp quang, chng ta c th s dng s
to in p ta bng b ghp quang nh hnh 8.10c. Nguyn l v cht lng in
p ta ca hai s hnh 8.10b,c tng i ging nhau. u im ca s hnh
8.10c ch khng cn bin p ng pha , do c th n gin hn trong vic
ch to v lp t.
Cc s trn u c chung nhc im l vic m, kho cc Tranzitor
trong vng in p ln cn 0 l thiu chnh xc lm cho vic np, x t trong vng
in p li gn 0 khng c nh mun.
Ngy nay cc vi mch c ch to ngy cng nhiu, cht lng ngy cng
cao, kch thc ngy cng gn, ng dng cc vi mch vo thit k mch ng pha
c th cho ta cht lng in p ta tt. Trn s hnh 8.10d m t s to
in p ta dng khuych i thut ton (KTT).

58

-E

Urc
Udk

R3

R1
A3

R2

Ura

Tr
Urc

R1

b.

Ura

Urc
Udk

R2

Udk

R1
A3

R2

Ura

a.

c.

Hnh 8.11: S cc khu so snh thng gp


a- bng tranzitor; b- cng mt cng o ca KTT; c- hai
cng KTT.
xc nh c thi im cn m Tiristo chng ta cn so snh hai tn hiu
Uk v Urc. Vic so snh cc tn hiu c th c thc hin bng Tranzitor
(Tr) nh trn hnh 8.11a. Ti thi im Uk = Urc, u vo Tr lt trng thi t
kho sang m (hay ngc li t m sang kho), lm cho in p ra cng b lt
trng thi, ti chng ta nh du c thi im cn m Tiristo.
Vi mc m bo ho ca Tr ph thuc vo hiu Uk Urc = Ub, hiu
ny c mt vng in p nh hng mV, lm cho Tr khng lm vic ch ng
ct nh ta mong mun, do nhiu khi lm thi im m Tiristo b lch kh xa so
vi im cn m ti Uk = Urc.
KTT c h s khuych i v cng ln, ch cn mt tn hiu rt nh (c
V) u vo, u ra c in p ngun nui, nn vic ng dng KTT lm
khu so snh l hp l. Cc s so snh dng KTT trn hnh 8.11b,c rt
thng gp trong cc s mch hin nay. u im hn hn ca cc s ny l
c th pht xung iu khin chnh xc ti Uk = Urc.
Vi nhim v to xung ph hp m Tiristo nh nu trn, tng
khuych i cui cng thng c thit k bng Tranzitor cng sut, nh m t
trn hnh 8.12a. c xung dng kim gi ti Tiristo, ta dng bin p xung
(BAX), c th khuych i cng sut ta dng Tr, it D bo v Tr v cun dy
s cp bin p xung khi Tr kho t ngt. Mc d vi u im n gin, nhng s
ny c dng khng rng ri, bi l h s khuych i ca tranzitor loi ny
nhiu khi khng ln, khuych i c tn hiu t khu so snh a sang.

59

+E

+E
BAX

BAX

D
Tr

Tr1

Tr

Uv

Uv

a.

b.

+E
BAX
D
C

Uv

Tr1

Tr

c.

Hnh 8.12: S cc khu khuych i.


a- bng tranzitor cng sut; b- bng s darlington;
c- s c t ni tng.
Tng khuych i cui cng bng s darlington nh trn hnh 8.12b
thng hay c dng trong thc t. s ny hon ton c th p ng c
yu cu v khuych i cng sut, khi h s khuych i c nhn ln theo
thng s ca cc tranzitor.
Trong thc t xung iu khin ch cn c rng b (c khong (10 200)
s), m thi gian m thng cc tranzitor cng sut di (ti a ti mt na chu k 0.01s), lm cho cng sut to nhit d ca Tr qu ln v kch thc dy qun s
cp bin p d ln. gim nh cng sut to nhit Tr v kch thc dy s cp
BAX chng ta c th thm t ni tng nh hnh 8.12c. Theo s ny, Tr ch m
cho dng in chy qua trong khong thi gian np t, nn dng hiu dng ca
chng b hn nhiu ln.
i vi mt s s mch, gim cng sut cho tng khuych i v tng
s lng xung kch m, nhm m bo Tiristo m mt cch chc chn, ngi ta
hay pht xung chm cho cc Tiristo. Nguyn tc pht xung chm l trc khi vo
tng khuych i, ta a chn thm mt cng v (&) vi tn hiu vo nhn t tng
so snh v t b pht xung chm nh hnh 8.13.

60

T so snh

&
Ti khuych i

T chm xung

Hnh 8.13: S phi hp to xung chm.


Cc s to chm xung c th tham kho trong [ 7 ]. Mt s s khu
to chm xung m t trn hnh 8.14.
Vi mch 555 to xung ng h hnh 8.14a cho ta cht lng xung kh tt v
s cng tng i n gin. S ny thng hay gp trong cc mch to
chm xung.
Trong thit k mch iu khin, thng hay s dng KTT. Do ng
dng v linh kin, khu to chm xung cng c th s dng KTT, nh cc s
trn hnh 8.14b,c. Tuy nhin, y s dao ng a hi hnh 8.14b c u im
hn v mc n gin, do c s dng kh rng ri trong cc mcg to
xung ch nht.
+U

R1

8
7

R2

555
6

C1

Ura

C2

3
2
0
5

a.
R3

R3

A1

R2
C

R1

R4

A2

R2
R1

b.
Hnh 8.14: Mt s s chm xung.
a.S dng vi mch 555; b. a hi bng KTT;
c. To bng mch KTT

61

+15V
D4

Tr1
R2

R3
R4

R1

A1
+

Uv

D3

R4

R5

C
A2
+

- A D
3
+

Uk R6

a.

+A6

CX
+15V
D4

Tr1
R2

R3
R4

A
Uv

R1

R5
-

A1
+

D3

R4

C
A2
+

Uk R6

- A D
3
+

VA

T1

b.

Hnh 8.15 Mch iu khgin Tiristor


a. mch to xung iu khin n, b. mch to chm xung iu khin
62

Sau khi chn xong cc khu c bn, v mch hon chnh .


V d: s ng pha chn hnh 8.10d, so snh chn hnh 8.11b, s
khuych i chn hnh 8.12c, s to chm xung hnh 8.14b, ta c s
nguyn l mch iu khin Tiristo m t trn hnh 8.15
Khi c mch iu khin tin hnh gii thch hot ng ca ton b
mch v hiu chnh nhng ch cha hp l.
UA
t

UB
t
t
Udk

Urc
UD

UE
UF
t
Xdk

t
Ud
t

t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

Hnh 8.16. Gin cc ng cong mch iu khin.

63

Hot ng ca mch iu khin hnh 8.15 c th gii thch theo gin


cc ng cong trn hnh 8.16 nh sau:
in p vo ti im A (UA) c dng hnh sin, trng pha vi in p
anod ca Tiristo T, qua khuych i thut ton (KTT) A1 cho ta chui xung
ch nht i xng UB. Phn p dng ca in p ch nht UB qua it D1 ti
A2 tch phn thnh in p ta Urc. in p m ca in p UB lm m thng
tranzitor Tr1, kt qa l A2 b ngn mch (vi Urc = 0) trong vng UB m.
Trn u ra ca A2 chng ta c chui in p rng ca Urc gin on.
in p Urc c so snh vi in p iu khin Uk ti u vo ca A3.
Tng i s Urc + Uk quyt nh du in p u ra ca KTT A3. Trong
khong 0t1 vi Uk > Urc in p UD c in p m. Trong khong t1t2
in pUk v U rc i ngc li, lm cho UD lt ln dng. Cc khong thi
gian tip theo gii thch in p UD tng t.
Mch a hi to chm xung A4 cho ta chui xung tn s cao, vi in p
UE trn hnh 8.16. Dao ng da hi cn c tn s hng chc kHz y ch m
t nh tnh.
Hai tn hiu UD, UE cng c a ti khu AND hai cng vo. Khi
ng thi c c hai tn hiu dng UD, UE (trong cc khong t1t2, t4t5)
chng ta s c xung ra UF. Cc xung ra UF lm m thng cc tranzitor, kt
qu l chng ta nhn c chui xung nhn Xdk trn bin p xung, a ti
m Tiristo T.
in p Ud s xut hin trn ti t thi im c xung iu khin u tin,
ti cc thi im t2, t4 trong chui xung iu khin, ca mi chu k in p
ngun cp, cho ti cui bn k in p dng anod.
Hin nay c nhiu hng ch to ra cc vi x l chuyn dng iu
khin tiristo, c th tm hiu cc loi vi x l ny trong [8], ni chung cc vi x
l iu khin tiristo rt tin li, tuy nhin nhng linh kin loi ny cha c
ph bin lm trn th trng.
1.8.2 Tnh ton cc thng s ca s mch iu khin.
Vic tnh ton mch iu khin thng c tin hnh t tng khuych
i ngc tr ln. Cng sut cho tng khuych i tnh l thng s ca cc
iu khin Tiristo ( Uk; Ik).
Mch iu khin c tnh xut pht t yu cu v xung m Tiristo. Cc
thng s c bn tnh mch iu khin cn c:
in p iu khin Tiristo Uk;
Dng in iu khin Ik;
Tn s xung fx;
64

rng xung iu khin tx;


Mc st bin xung sx
mt i xng cho php ;
in p ngun nui mch iu khin U.
1.Tnh bin p xung
- Chn vt liu lm li (li bin p y c th bng l thp k thut
in, hoc thng lm bng li pherit)
-.Tnh th tch li thp cn c:
. .t .s .U.I 2
V = Q.l = tb 0 x 2 x
B

(8 62)

Trong : tb - t thm trung bnh

tb =

B
0 .H

(8 63)

o = 4 . 10-6 (H/m);
Q - tit din li st;
l - chiu di trung bnh ng sc t;
T th tch li st, tra bng chn c li c cc kch thc cn thit.
- Tnh thng s dy qun bin p xung:
S vng dy qun s cp

W1 =

U.t x
Q.B

S vng dy qun th cp
W
W2 = 1
k ba

(8 64)

(8 65)

Tit din dy qun c tnh


I
S=
(8 66)
J
i vi cc loi bin p xung iu khin Tiristo, v rng xung in
p hp nn chng ta c th chn mt dng in J kh ln.
ng knh dy:
d=

4S/

(8 - 67 )

2. Tnh tng khuych i cui cng.


65

Sau khi la chn xong cc linh kin ca tng khuych i cui cng
chng ta c cc thng s c bn ca mch ny.
in p ngun nui xung Ux;
Dng in colector Ic;
H s khuych i dng in ca Tranzitor ;
in tr vo ca tng khuych i c chn:
Rb

Uv
Ib

(8 68)

Trong : Uv - in p vo c ly t tng so snh a sang;


Ib - dng in baz ca Tranzitor khuych i
Ib =

I0

(8 69 )

vi Ic l dng in s cp bin p xung Ic = Ik/kbax.


3. Tnh chn tng so snh.
Tng so snh cng c tnh trn c s nhng linh kin trong s
dc chn.
Nu tng so snh c chn l s hnh 8.8a, th cc in tr hn ch
colector R3 v baz R1 c chn:
E
R3
(8 70)
I0
U
R1 = R 2 V
(8 71)
Ib
Nu tng so snh c chn l cc s hnh 8.8b;c, th cc in tr hn
R1 = R 2

UV
IV

(8 72)

ch u vo c tnh:
Uv ,Iv - in p vo ly t khu ng pha (v iu khin), dng in vo
theo thng s ca KTT, thng thng thng s dng in vo ca cc IC rt
kh tra, nn ngi ta thng chn cc in tr ny vo khong (1050) k
4. Tnh cc thng s ca khu ng pha.
Cc thng s c bn ca khu ng pha c tnh, trn c s chn xong

66

cc linh kin bn dn.


Trong i a s cc s ng pha (hnh 8.8a;b;c;d), vic to in p ta
c tin hnh bng cch np t theo mch R - C. Thng s ca cc mch R C c tnh theo
Trc = R2.C

( 8 - 73 )

trong : R2,C - cc thng s in tr v t in trong mch np t (trn


cc s hnh 8.8).

cho cc ng rng ca c nh nhn ti cui cc bn k, th Trc nn


chn c khong Trc = (0,003 0,005) s. T tr s Trc va chn, ta tin hnh tnh
chn R2 v C bng cch chn trc C sau tnh R2.
Cc thng s in p xoay chiu ng pha c chn khong (5 10)V
8.9. Thit k t in.

T in thit k phi m bo cht lng cao v k thut, m thut cng


nghip.
Cht lng k thut ca t in c th hin cc yu cu sau:

Kch thc hp l so vi cc thit b cn lp.


B tr linh kin hp l v khng gian.
Cc linh kin b tr theo nguyn tc trng lng ngha l nhng thit b
nng b tr di thp, nhng thit b nh b tr trn cao.
Cc thit b b tr theo nguyn tc to nhit, ngha l nhng thit b to
nhit t c b tr di thp cn nhng thit b to nhit nhiu c b tr trn
cao.
- C cc l thng gi cn thit: a s cc thit b in t cng sut cn
to nhit nhiu nn thng phi b tr qut lm mt. Thit b cn lm mt nht
trong trng hp ny l cc van bn dn, bi v cc van bn dn to nhit ln
v rt nhy vi nhit .
Mch iu khin cn c bo v tt, trnh nhit cao, ngi ta thng
b tr cch ly vi van v bin p.
B tr theo nguyn tc chc nng, ngha l nhng thit b c chc nng
ging nhau thng c b tr gn nhau.
Cc thit b thao tc, o lng, tn hiu cn c b tr mt trc hoc
nhng v tr thun tin
Cht lng m thut phi m bo cc yu cu:

Hnh dng p.

67

Mu sc hi ho khng qu sc s, khng qu ti, thng gp mu ghi


sng, trng ng, xanh nht.......
Thit b b tr ngay ngn c hng, c ct.
Dy ni phi t trong mng dy hoc c b thnh b gn gh.
8.9_V d tnh ton b ngun chnh lu .
Thit k b ngun chnh lu mt chiu cp in cho ng c in mt
chiu kch t c lp .
Thng s ng c : Um=400 (V) ;nm=980 (vng/pht) ;P=27(Kw);
=0,85 ;s i cc p=2.
8.9.1_La chn s thit k .
Sau khi phn tch nh gi v chnh lu ,t cc u nhc im ca cc s
chnh lu ,vi ti v ng c in mt chiu vi cng sut va phi nh trn
th s chnh lu cu 3 pha iu khin i xng l hp l hn c ,bi l
cng sut ny trnh lch ti bin p ,khng th thit k theo s mt pha
,s tia 3 pha s lm mt i xng in p ngun .Nn s thit k ta chn
l s cu 3 pha c iu khin i xng .
S c biu din trn hnh 8 -17 di y :

T2

T1

T4

T3

T6

T5

Hnh 8 -17 :S nguyn l mch ng lc


68

Cc thng s c bn cn li ca ng c c tnh .
P
=79,41(A) .
Im=
.U dm
U2a ;U2b ;U2c - Sc in ng th cp my bin p ngun .
E
- Sc in ng ca ng c .
R ,L
- in tr v in cm trong mch .
R= 2.Rba+R+Rk+Rdt .
L= 2.Lba+L+Lk .
Rk,Lk l in tr v in khng ca my bin p qui i v th cp :
W
Rba=R2+R1. 2
W1

W
Lba=L2+L1. 2 .
W1
Rk ,Lk l in tr v in khng cun lc .
Rdt in tr mch phn ng ng c c tnh gn ng nh sau :
U
220
R=0,5 .(1-). udm ()=0,5 .(1-0,85) .
=0,31 () .
53,476
I udm

L l in cm mch phn ng ng c c tnh theo cng thc


Umanxki_Lindvit :
U dm .60
220.60
L = .
=0,25 .
=0,00345 (H) =3,45 (mH)
2. .3.950.53,476
2. . p.ndm .I dm
Trong =0,25 l h s ly cho ng c c cun b .
1.10.2_Tnh chn Thyristor :
Tnh chn da vo cc yu t c bn dng ti ,iu kin to nhit ,in p lm
vic ,cc thng s c bn ca van c tnh nh sau :
+)in p ngc ln nht m Thyristor phi chu :
U
Unmax=Knv.U2 =Knv . d = .400 = 418,879 (V).
Ku 3
Trong :

Knv = 6

Ku=

3. 6

in p ngc ca van cn chn :


Unv = KdtU . Un max =1,8 . 418,879 = 753,98 Ly bng 754 (V)

69

Trong :
KdtU - h s d tr in p ,chn KdtU =1,8 .
+) Dng lm vic ca van c tnh theo dng hiu dng :
I
79,41
Ilv = Ihd = Khd .Id = d =
=45,847 (A)
3
3
1
).
(Do trong s cu 3 pha ,h s dng hiu dng :Khd =
3
Chn iu kin lm vic ca van l c cnh to nhit v y din tch
to nhit ; Khng c qut i lu khng kh ,vi iu kin dng nh mc
ca van cn chn :
Im =Ki . Ilv =3,2 . 45,847 = 147 (A)
(Ki l h s d tr dng in v chn Ki =3,2)
t cc thng s Unv ,Imv ta chn 6 Thysistor loi SCI50C80 do M sn xut c
cc thng s sau :
in p ngc cc i ca van : Un = 800 (V)
Dng in nh mc ca van : Im =150 (A)
nh xung dng in
:Ipik =2800 (A)
Dng in ca xung iu khin : Ik =0,1 (A)
in p ca xung iu khin : Uk =3,0 (V)
Dng in r
: Ir =15 (mA)
St p ln nht ca Thyristor trng thi dn l : U = 1,6 (V)
dU
Tc bin thin in p
:
=200 (V/s)
dt
dI
Tc bin thin dng in : =180 (A/s)
dt
Thi gian chuyn mch
: tcm = 80 (s)
Nhit lm vic cc i cho php :Tmax=125 oC
8.9.3_Tnh ton my bin p chnh lu .
+)Chn my bin p 3 pha 3 tr s u dy /Y lm mt bng khng kh t
nhin .
+)Tnh cc thng s c bn :
1-Tnh cng sut biu kin ca My bin p :
27000
p
S = Ks . Pd =Ks . =1,05 .
=33353 (VA)
0,85

2-in p pha s cp my bin p :

70

Up =380 (V)
3-in p pha th cp ca my bin p
Phng trnh cn bng in p khi c ti :
Udo .cos min =Ud +2. Uv +Udn + Uba
Trong :
min =100 l gc d tr khi c s suy gim in li
Uv =1,6 (V) l st p trn Thyristor
Udn 0 l st p trn dy ni
Uba = Ur + Ux l st p trn in tr v in khng my bin p .
Chn s b :
Uba =6% .Ud =6% .400 = 24 (V)
T phng trnh cn bng in p khi c ti ta c :
U + 2.U v + U dn + 2. ba 400 + 2.1,6 + 0 + 24
=
=433,79 (V)
Ud0 = d
o
cos min
cos10
in p pha th cp pha my bin p :
U
433,79
=185,45 (V)
U2= d =
ku
3. 6
4-Dng in hiu dng s cp ca my bin p :
2
2
Id =
79,41 = 64,84 (A)
3
3
5-Dng in hiu dng s cp my bin p :
U
185,45
I1 = KbaI2 = 2 .I2 =
. 64,84 = 34,64 (A)
U1
380
I2 =

*)Tnh s b mch t (Xc nh kch thc bn mch t)


6-Tit din s b tr .
QFe =kQ .

Sba
m. j

Trong :
kQ l h s ph thuc phng thc lm mt ,ly kQ = 6 .
m l s tr ca my bin p
f l tn s xoay chiu , y f = 50 (Hz)
Thay s ta c :

71

33353
3.50
7-ng knh tr :
QFe=6 .

d=

4.QF e

4.89,469

= 10,67 (cm)

Chun on ng knh tr theo tiu chun d = 11 (cm)


8-Chn loi thp 330 cc l thp c dy 0,5 mm
Chn mt t cm trong tr Bt = (T)
h
9-Chn t s m= = 2,3 , suy ra h = 2,3 . d = 2,3.11 = 25,3 (cm)
d
Ta chn chiu cao tr l 25 cm
*)Tnh ton dy qun .
10- S vng dy mi pha s cp my bin p .
U1
380
W1=
=
= 191,3 (vng)
4,44. f .QFe .B T 4,44.50.89,469.10 4.1,0
Ly W1= 191 vng
11- S vng dy mi pha th cp my bin p :
U
185,45
W2 = 2 .W1=
.191 = 93,2 (vng)
U1
380
Ly W2= 93 vng
12- Chn s b mt dng in trong my bin p .
Vi dy dn bng ng ,my bin p kh ,chn J1= J2= 2,75 (A/mm2)
13- Tit din dy dn s cp my bin p .
I
31,64
S1 = 1 =
= 11,5 (mm2)
J1
2,75
Chn dy dn tit din hnh ch nht ,cch in cp B .
Chun ho tit din theo tiu chun : S1 = 12,30 (mm2)
Kch thc dy dn c k cch in
S1c = a1.b1= 1,81.6,9 =(mm x mm)
14- Tnh li mt dng ink trong cun s cp .
I
31,64
J 1= 1 =
= 2,57 (A/mm2)
S1
12,3
15- Tit din dy dn th cp ca my bin p .

72

S2 =

I 2 64,84
=
= 23,58 (mm2)
J2
2,75

Chn dy dn tit din hnh ch nht ,cch in cp B .


Chun ho tit din theo tiu chun : S2= 23,6 (mm2)
Kch thc dy dn c k cch in : S2c = a2.b2 = 3,28.7,4 (mm x mm)
16- Tnh li mt dng in trong cun th cp .
I
J2= 2 = 2,74 (A/mm2)
S2
*)Kt cu dy dn s cp :
Thc hin dy qun kiu ng tm b tr theo chiu dc trc
18- Tnh s b s vng dy tren mt lp ca cun s cp .
h 2.hg
25 2.1,5
W11=
. kc=
.0,95 = 30 (vng)
b1
0,69
Trong :
kc= 0,95 l h s p cht .
h
l chiu cao tr .
l khong cch t gng n cun dy s cp .
hg
Chn s b khong cch cch in gng l 1,5 cm .
19- Tnh s b s lp dy cun s cp :
W
191
n11= 1 =
= 6,3 (lp)
W11
30
20- Chn s lp n11=7 lp .Nh vy c 191 vng chia thnh 7 lp ,Chn 6 lp
u vo c 28 vng ,lp th 7 c 191 6.28 = 23 (vng)
21- Chiu cao thc t ca cun s cp :
W .b
28.0,69
h1= 11 =
= 20,34 (cm)
kc
0,95
22- Chn ng qun dy lm bng vt liu cch in c b dy : S01= 0,1 cm.
23- Khong cch t tr ti cun dy s cp a01= 1,0 cm .
24- ng knh trong ca ng cch in .
Dt= dFe + 2.a01- 2.S01 =11+ 2.1 2.0,1 = 12,8 (cm)
25- ng knh trong ca cun s cp .
Dt1= Dt + 2.S01=12,8 + 2.0,1= 13 (cm)
26- Chn b dy gia hai lp dy cun s cp : cd11= 0,1 mm
27- B dy cun s cp .
Bd1= (a1+cd11).n11= (1,81 + 0,1).7 = 1,337 (cm)
73

28- ng knh ngoi ca cun s cp .


Dn1= Dt1+2.Bd1=13 + 2.1,337= 15,467 (cm)
29- ng knh trung bnh ca cun s cp .
D +D
13 + 15,674
= 14,337 (cm)
Dtb1= t1 n1 =
2
2
30- Chiu di dy qun s cp .
l1 = W1..Dtb= .191.14,337 = 86,02 (m)
31- Chn b dy cch in gia cun s cp v th cp :cd01= 1,0 cm
*) Kt cu dy qun th cp .
32- Chn s b chiu cao cun th cp .
h1= h2 = 20,34 (cm)
33- Tnh s b s vng dy trn mt lp .
h
20,34
0,95 = 26 (vng)
W12= 2 kc =
b2
0,74
34- Tnh s b s lp dy qun th cp .
W
93
= 3,6 (lp)
n12= 2 =
W12
26
35- Chn s lp dy qun th cp n12= 4 lp .Chn 6 lp u c 24 vng ,lp
th 4 c 93 4.24 = 21 (vng)
36- Chiu cao thc t ca cun th cp
W
24
h2= 12 .b =
.0,74 = 18,69 (cm)
kc
0,95
37- ng knh trong ca cun th cp.
Dt2 = Dn1+ 2.a12 = 15,674 + 2.1 = 17,674 (cm)
38- Chn b dy cch in gia cc lp dy cun th cp : cd22= 0,1 (mm)
39- B dy cun s cp .
Bd2 = (a2+cd22).n12 = (0,328 + 0,01).4= 1,352 (cm)
40- ng knh ngoi ca cun th cp .
Dn2= Dt2+ 2.Bd2= 17,674 + 2.1,352 = 20,378 (cm)
41- ng knh trung bnh ca cun th cp .
D + Dn 2 17,674 + 20,378
Dtb2= t 2
=
= 19,026 (cm)
2
2
42- Chiu di dy qun th cp .
l2 = .W2.Dtb2 = .93.19,026 = 55,5597 (m)
43- ng knh trung bnh cc cun dy .

74

Dt1 + Dn 2 13 + 20,378
=
=16,689 (cm)
2
2
D
r12= 12 = 8,344 (cm)
2
44- Chn khong cch gia hai cun th cp :a22= 2 (cm)
*)Tnh kch thc mch t .
45- Vi ng knh tr d= 11 cm ,ta c s bc l 6 trong na tit din tr .

D12=

a01

5
4
3

.hg

2
1
W2

W1

Bd1

a.12
Bd2

Hnh 1.29 Cc bc thang ghp thnh tr

46- Ton b tit din bc thang ca tr .


Qbt= 2.(1,6.10,5+1,1.9,5+0,7.8,5+0,6.7,5+0,4.6,5+0,7.4) = 86,2 (cm2)
47- Tit din hiu qu ca tr .
QT= khq.Qbt = 0,95.86,2 = 81,89 (cm2)
48- Tng chiu dy cc bc thang ca tr .
dt = 2.(1,6+1,1+0,7+0,6+0,4+0,7)= 10,2 (cm)
49- S l thp dng trong cc bc .
16
Bc 1
n1=
.2 = 64 l
0,5
11
.2 = 44 l
Bc 2
n2=
0,5
7
.2 = 28 l
Bc 3
n3=
0,5
6
.2 = 24 l
Bc 4
n4=
0,5
4
.2 = 16 l
Bc 5
n5=
0,5

75

7
.2 = 28 l
0,5
*) n gin trong vic ch to gng t ,ta chn gng c tit din hnh ch
nht c cc kch thc sau .
Chiu dy ca gng bng chiu dy ca tr : b = dt = 10,2 cm
Chiu cao ca gng bng chiu rng tp l thp th nht ca tr : a = 10,5 cm
Tit din gng
Qbg= a x b = 107,1 (cm2)
50- Tit din hiu qu ca gng .
Qg= khq.Qbg = 0,95 .107,1 = 101,7 (cm2)
51- S l thp dng trong mt gng .
b
102
hg =
= 204 (l)
=
0,5 0,5
52- Tnh chnh xc mt t cm trong tr .
U1
380
BT =
=
= 1,094 (T)
4,44. f .W1 .QT
4,44.50.191.81,89.10 4
Bc 6

n6=

53- Mt t cm trong gng .


Q
81,89
Bg = BT. T = 1,094.
= 0,88 (T)
101,7
Qg
54- Chiu rng ca s .
c= 2.(a01+Bd1+a12+Bd2) + a22 = 2.(1+1,337+1+1,352) + 2 = 11,378 (cm)
55- Tnh khong cch gia hai tm trc .
c = c+d = 11,378 + 11 = 22,378 (cm)
56- Chiu rng mch t .
L= 2.c +3.d = 2.11,378 + 3.11 = 55,756 (cm)
57- Chiu cao mch t .
H = h + 2.a = 25 + 2.10,5 = 46 (cm)
*) Tnh khi lng ca st v ng .
58- Th tch ca tr .
VT = 3.QT.h = 3.81,89.25 = 6141,75 (cm3)
59- Th tch ca gng .
Vg = 2.Qg.L = 2.107,1.55,756 = 11942,94 (cm3)
60- Khi lng ca tr .
MT= VT . mFe = 6,412 . 7,85 = 48,21 (Kg)
61- Khi lng ca gng .
Mg = Vg . mFe = 11,94294.7,85 = 93,752 (Kg)

76

77

Hnh 1.30 S k t c u m y bin p

62- Khi lng ca st .


MFe= MT+Mg = 48,21 + 93,752 = 141,962 (Kg)
63- Th tch ng .
VCu = 3.(S1.L1 + S2.L2) = 3.(12,3.10-4.86,02.10+ 23,6.10-4.55,5597.10)
= 7,1077 (dm3)
64- Khi lng ca ng .
MCu = VCu . mCu = 7,1077.8,9 =63,26 (Kg)
*) Tnh cc thng s ca my bin p .
65- in tr ca cun s cp my bin p 75 0 C .
l
86,02
R1= . 1 = 0,02133.
= 0,149 ()
S1
12,3
Trong 75 = 0,02133 ()
66- in tr cun th cp my bin p 750C .
l
55,5597
R2= . 2 = 0,02133.
= 0,0502 ()
S2
23,6
67- in tr ca my bin p qui i v th cp .
2

93
RBA = R2 + R1 W2 = 0,0502 + 1,49
=0,085 ()
W
191

1
68- St p trn in tr my bin p .
Ur = RBA.Id = 0,085 . 79,41 = 6,75 (V)
69- in khng my bin p qui i v th cp .
r
XBA= 8 .2.(W)2.
h
qd

. a12 + Bd1 + Bd 2 ..10-7

8,837
= 8 .2.932.
20,34

. 0,01 + 1,337 + 1.352 .314.10-7

= 0,176 ()
70- in cm my bin p qui i v th cp .

X BA

0,176
= 0,00056 (H) = 0,56 (mH)
314

71- St p trn in khng my bin p .

LBA =

78

Ux =
Rdt =

XBA.Id =

0,176.79,41 = 13,35 (V)

.XBA = 0,168 ()

72- St p trn my bin p .


UBA=

U r + U x =
2

6,75 2 + 12,67 2 = 13,45 (V)

73- in p tr ng c khi c gc m min= 100


U= Ud0.Cosmin - 2.UV - UBA
= 433,79.cos100 2.1,6 19,46 =405 (V)
74- Tng tr ngn mch qui i v th cp .
ZBA =

R BA + X BA =
2

0,085 2 + 0,176 2 = 0,195 ()

75- Tn hao ngn mch trong my bin p .


Pn = 3.RBA .I2 = 3.0,085.64,842 = 1072,1 (W)
Pn
1072,1
P% =
.100 =
.100 = 3,12 %
S
33353
76- Tn hao c ti c k n 15% tn hao ph .
P0 = 1,3.nf . (MT.BT2+Mg.Bg2) = 1,3.1,15.(48,21.1,0942+93,752.0,882)
Po = 194,8 (W)
P
P % = o .100 = 0,58 %
S
77- in p ngn mch tc dng .
R .I
64,84.0,085
.100 = 2,97 %
Unr= BA 2 .100 =
U2
185,45
78- in p ngn mch phn khng .
x .I
64,84.0,176
.100 = 6,15 %
Unx = BA 2 .100 =
U2
185,45
79- in p ngn mch phn trm .
Un= U nr + U nx = 2,97 2 + 6,15 2 = 6,83 (V)
2

80- Dng in ngn mch xc lp .


U
185,45
= 991,7 (A)
I2nm= 2 =
Z BA
0,187
81- Dng in ngn mch tc thi cc i .

79

.u nr
.0, 0297

Imax = 2 .I 2 m 1 + e unx = 2 .991,1. 1 + e 0, 0584 =1686,5 (A)

< Ipik = 2800 (A)


Ipik :nh xung max ca Thyristor .
81- Kim tra my bin p thit k c in khng hn ch tc bin
thin ca dng chuyn mch .
Gi s chuyn t mch T1 sang T3 ta c phng trnh .
di
2.LBA . c = U23 U2a = 6 .U 2 .Sin( )
dt

dic
dt

6 .U 2
2.L BA

6 .185,45

= 428545,2 (A/s)
2.0,53.10 3
dic
dic
max = 0,43 (A/s) <
cp = 100 (A/s)
dt
dt
Vy my bin p thit k s dng tt .
83- Hiu sut thit b chnh lu .
U .I
400.79,41
= 95 %
= d d =
S
33353
8.9.4 Thit k cun khng lc .
1.Xc nh gc m cc tiu v cc i .
Chn gc m cc tiu min= 10o .Vi gc m min l d tr ta c th b
c s gim in p li .
Khi gc m nh nht =min th in p trn ti l ln nht .
Ud max = Udo .Cos min =Ud m v tng ng tc ng c s ln nht nmax=nm.
Khi gc m ln nht = max th in p trn ti l nh nht .
Ud min = Udo.Cos max v tng ng tc ng c s nh nht nmin .
Ta c :
U
U
(4.3)
max = arcos d min = arcos d min
U do
2,34.U 2
max

Trong Ud min c xc nh nh sau .


U
I udm Ru
n
=
D = max = ddm
nmin U d min I udm .Ru
Ud min =

1
.[U d min + (D 1).I udm .Ru ]
D
80

Ud min =
=

1
.[2,34.U 2 . cos min + (D 1).I udm .(Ru + R BA + Rdt )]
D

3
1

.2,34.U 2 . cos min + (20 1).I udm . Ru + R BA + . X BA


20

Thay s
Ud min =
1
3

.2,34.185,45. cos min + (20 1).79,412. 0,378 + 0,085 + .0,176

20

Ud min= 64,8 (V)


Thay s vo (4.3) ta c
U
648
= 80,90
max = arcos d min = arcos
U do
2,34.185,45
2.Xc nh cc thnh phn sng hi .
thun tin cho vic khai trin chui Furier ta chuyn gc to sang im
1(Hnh 1.1 b) ,khi in p tc thi trn ti khi Thyristor T1 v T4 dn
Ud = Uab =

6 .U 2 .Cos +
6

Vi = .t
in p tc thi trn ti in Ud khng sin v tun hon vi chu k
2 2

=
=
=
P
6
3
Trong P =6 : L s xung p mch trong mt chu k in p li .
Khai trin chui Furier ca in p Ud :

a
a
Ud = o + (an . cos 6.k + bn . sin 6.k ) = o + Unm.Sin(6.k + k )
2 k =1
2 k =1
Trong
*) a =
an =

U d . cos 6kd =
0

3. 6

.U 2 .

2
(6 k ) 2 1

6U 2 . cos(

.2. sin

cos =

3. 6

+ ). cos 6 kd

.U 2 .

2
(6 k ) 2 1

. cos

81

*) bn=
=

3. 6

U d . cos 6kd =
0

.U 2 .

6U 2 . cos(

12
(6 k ) 1
2

.2. sin

+ ). cos 6 kd

3
3. 6
12 k
sin =
.U 2 .
. cos
6

(6 k ) 2 1

a o 3. 6
=
.U2 . cos

2
Vy ta c bin ca in p :

Ta c

an + bn
2

Uk.n =

3. 6

Uk.n = 2.
Uk.n =
Ud

3. 6

3. 6

.U2 .

.U do .

1
(6 k ) 1
2

1
(6 k ) 1
2

cos 2 + (6 k ) 2 Sin 2
1 + (6 k ) 2 tg 2

.Cos + U km .Sin(6 1 )
n

3.Xc nh in cm cun khng lc .


T phn tch trn ta thy rng khi gc m cng tng th bin thnh
phn sng hi bc cao cng ln ,c ngha l p mch ca in p ,dng in
cng tng ln. S p mch ny lm xu ch chuyn mch ca vnh gp
,ng thi gy ra tn hao ph di dng nhit trong ng c . hn ch s
p mch ny ta phi mc ni tip vi ng c mt cun khng lc ln
Im 0,1.I m .
Ngoi tc dng hn ch thnh phn sng hi bc cao ,cun khng lc
cn c tc dng hn ch vng dng in gin on .
in khng lc cn c tnh khi gc m =max
Ta c
di
Ud+u~ = E+Ru.Id + Ru .i~ + L ~
dt
Cn bng hai v
di
di
di
v R.i~ << L.
nn U = L.
U = R.i~ +L.
dt
dt
dt
Trong cc thnh phn xoay chiu bc cao ,th thnh phn sng bc k=1
c mc ln nht gn ng ta c :

82

U~ = U1m.Sin(6 +) nn
U1m
1
I = U ~ dt =
Cos(6 + 1 ) = Im.Cos(6+1)
L
.2. . f .L
Vy Im =

U1m
0,1 Im
6.2. . f .L

Suy ra
L

U1m
6.2. . f .0,1.I dm

= 6 l s xung p mch trong mt chu k in p .


Trong
U cos
U1m = 2. do 2 max 1 + 6 2 tg 2 max
6 1
2,34.184,45. cos 80,9 0
U1m = 2.
1 + 36tg 2 80,9 o = 146,95
36 1
Thay s :
147,78
= 0,00986 (H) = 9,8 (mH)
L=
6.2.50. .0,1.79,41
in cm mch phn ng c :
Lc = L+ 2.LBA = 6,1 + 2.0,53 = 7,16 (mH)
in cm cun khng lc .
Lk = L Lc = 9,86 7,16 = 2,70 (mH)
4.Thit k kt cu cun khng lc .
Cc thng s ban u :
in cm yu cu ca cun khng lc
Lk= 2,7 (nH)
Dng in nh mc chy qua cun khng
Im = 79,41 (A)
Bin dng in xoay chiu bc 1
I1m = 10% Im= 7,94 (A)
1- Do dng in cun khng ln v in tr b do ta c th coi tng tr
ca cun khng xp x bng in khng ca cun khng .
Zk = Xk = 2..f.Lk = 2..6.50.2,70.10-3 = 5,09 ()
2- in p xoay chiu ri trn cun khng lc .
I
7,94
U = Z . 1dm = 5,09.
= 28,58 (V)
2
2
3- Cng sut ca cun khng lc .

83

I1dm
7,94
= 28,58 .
= 160,46 (VA)
2
2
4- Tit din cc t chnh ca cun khng lc .

S = U.

Q = kQ .

s
160,46
= 5.
= 3,656 (cm2)
f
6.50

KQ l h s ph thuc phng thc l mt ,khi lm mt bng khng kh t


nhin kQ = 5 .
Chun ho tit din tr theo kch thc c sn :
Chn Q = 4,25 (cm2)
5- Vi tit din tr Q = 4,25 (cm2)
a

a/2

b
L/2
L

Hnh 1.31 Kt cu mch t cun khng

Chn loi thp 330A ,tm thp dy 0,35 mm


a= 20 (mm)
b= 25 (mm)
6- Chn mt t cm trong tr : BT = 0,8 T
7- Khi c thnh phn dng in xoay chiu chy qua cun cm th trong
cun cm s xut hin mt sc in ng Fk :
Fk= 4,44.w.f.BT.Q
Gn ng ta c th vit : Ek = U = 28,58 (V)
28,58
U
W=
=
63,1 (vng)
4,44. f '.B T .Q 4,44.6.50.0,8.4,25.10 4
Ly w = 63 vng
8- Ta c dng in chy qua cun khng .
i(t) = Id + i1mCos(6 + 1)
Dng in hiu dng chy qua cun khng .

84

I1m
7,94
2
Id +
Ik=
= 79,41 +
=79,61 (A)
2
2
9- Chn mt dng in qua cun khng .
I
79,61
= 28,95 (mm2)
S1= k =
J
2,75
Chn dy dn tit din hnh ch nht ,cch in cp B ,chn Sk =29,90 mm2
Vi kch thc dy :
ak x bk =3,80 x 8,00 (mm x mm)
Tnh li mt dng :
I
79,61
= 2,66 (A/mm2)
j= k =
S k 29,9
2

11-Chn t s lp y :
w.S k
= 0,7
Kl =
Qcs
12- Din tch ca s
w.S k 63.29,9
Qcs=
=
= 26,91 (cm2)
kld
0,7
13- Tnh kch thc mch t .
Qcs = c x h
h
Chn m = = 3
a
Suy ra h= 3.a = 3.20 =60 (mm)
Q
26,91
= 4,5 cm = 45 mm
c = cs =
h
6,0
14- Chiu cao mch t .
H = h + a = 60 +20 = 80 (mm)
15- Chiu di mch t .
L = 2.c + 2.a = 2.45 + 2.20 = 130 (mm)
16- Chn khong cch t gng ti cun dy
hg = 2 mm
17- Tnh s vng trn mt lp
h 2.hg
= 7(vng)
w1=
bk
18-Tnh s lp dy qun .
85

n1 =

w 63
=
= 9 (lp)
w1 7

19- Chn khong cch cch in gia dy qun vi tr: a01 = 3mm
Cch in gia cc lp: cd1 = 0,1mm
20- B dy cun dy:
Bd =(ak + cd1 ).n1 =(3,8+ 0,1).9=35,1(mm)
21- Tng b dy cun dy:
Bd =Bd +a01 =35,1+3=38,1(mm)
22- Chiu di ca vng dy trong cng:
l1 = 2(a+b)+2.a01 = 2(20+25)+2..3 = 108,8 (mm)
23- Chiu di ca vng dy ngoi cng:
l2 = 2(a+b) + 2.(a01 + Bd ) = 2.(20+25) + 2(3+35,1)=329,4(mm)
24- Chiu di trung bnh ca mt vng dy
ltb = (l1 + l2 )/2 =(108,8+329,4)/2 =219,1(mm)
25- in tr ca dy qun 75o
R=75 . ltb w/sk =0,02133.219,1.10-3 .63/29,9 = 0,0098()
vi 75 =0,02133 (.mm2 /m) in tr sut ca ng 75o c
ta thy in tr rt b nn gi thit ban u b qua in tr l ng
26- Th tch st
vfe = 2.a.b.h+ 2. a/2.b.l = a.b.(2h+1) = 0,125( dm3 )
27- Th tch st
Mfe = Vfe . mfe = 0,944 (kg)
trong mfe l khi lng ring ca st mfe =7,85 (kg/dm3 )
28- Khi lng ng:
M cu = V cu . m cu = s k ltb.. w. m cu =3,7 (kg).
Trong : mcu =8,9 ( kg/dm3 ).
8.10.5 .Tnh chn cc thit b bo v mch ng lc
1. S mch ng lc c cc thit b bo v .

86

C
CD

Ap

2CC

2CC

3CC

2
1

2
1

2
1

DC

T5 2CC

T62

T3 2CC

T42
2

T1 2CC

T22
2

2
1

2CC

3CC
2

1CC

1CC

1CC

Hnh 8.32 .Mch ng lc c cc thit b bo v .


2. Bo v qu nhit cho cc van bn dn:
Khi lm vic vi dng in c dng in chy qua trn van c st p, do
c tn hao cng sut p , tn hao ny sinh ra nhit t nng van bn dn.
Mt khc van bn dn ch c php lm vic di nhit cho php Tcp no
, nu qu nhit cho php th cc van bn dn s b ph hng. van bn
dn lm vic an ton, khng b chc thng v nhit, ta phi chn v thit k h
thng to nhit hp l.
+Tnh ton cnh tn nhit
+ Tn tht cng sut trn 1 Tiristo:
87

p = U. Ilv =73,4 (w)


+ Din tch b mt to nhit:
Sm =p/km .
Trong :
p - tn hao cng sut (w)
- chnh lch so vi mi trng.
chn nhit mi trng Tmt =400 c. Nhit lm vic cho php ca
Tiristo
Tcp =1250 c. Chn nhit trn cnh to nhit Tlv =800 c
= Tlv - Tmt = 400 c
Km h s to nhit bng i lu v bc x. Chn Km = 8 [ w/m2 . 0 C ]
vy sm = 0,2294 (m2 )
chn loi cnh to nhit c 12 cnh, kch thc mi cnh a x b =10 x 10
(cm x cm).
Tng din tch to nhit ca cnh S = 12.2.10.10=2400(cm2 )
3. Bo v qu dng in cho van:
+Aptomat dng ng ct mch ng lc, t ng ng mch khi qu
ti v ngn mch tiristo, ngn mch u ra bin i, ngn mch th cp my
bin p ngn mch ch nghch lu.
+ Chn 1 apomat c:
Idm = 1,1 Ild = 69,8 ( A ) =70 ( A )
Udm =220 (v )
c 3 tip im chnh, c th ng ct bng tay hoc bng nam chm in.
Chnh nh dng ngn mch
Inm =2,5 Ild = 137 (A)
Dng qu ti
Iqt =1,5 Ild = 82,5 ( A )
Chn cu giao c dng nh mc
Iqt = 1,1. 3 . Idl =1,1. 3 . 31,64 =70 (A)
cu dao dng to khe h an ton khi sa cha h thng truyn ng
+Dng dy chy tc ng nhanh bo v ngn mch cc Tiristo, ngn
mch u ra ca b chnh lu
Nhm 1cc:
dng in nh mc dy chy nhm 1 cc
I1cc =1,1. I2 = 1,1 . 64,83= 73,31 (A)

88

Nhm 2 cc:
dng in nh mc dy chy nhm 2cc
I2cc =1,1. Ihd = 1,1 . 45,847= 50,43 (A)
Nhm 3 cc:
dng in nh mc dy chy nhm 3cc
I3cc =1,1. Id = 1,1 . 79,41= 87,35 (A)
vy chn cu nhy nhm: 1cc loi 80 A
2cc loi 50 A
3cc loi 100 A
4.Bo v qu in p cho van:
Bo v qu in p do qu trnh ng ct Tiristo c thc hin bng
cch mc R- C song song vi Tiristo. Khi c s chuyn mch cc in tch tch
t trong cc lp bn dn phng ra ngoi to ra dng in ngc trong khong
thi gian ngn, s bin thin nhanh chng ca dng in ngc gy ra sc in
ng cm ng rt ln trong cc in cm lm cho qu in p gia Anod v
catod ca Tiristo. Khi c mch R- C mc song song vi Tiristo to ra mch
vng phng in tch trong qu trnh chuyn mch nn Tiristo khng b qu
in p
1

R2

C2

Hnh 8.34 .Mch R_C bo v qu in p do chuyn mch .


Theo kinh nghim R1 = (5 30 ) ; C1 = (0,25 4 ) F
Chn ti liu [4] : R1 = 5,1 ; C1= 0,25 F

R2
R2

2
2

C2

1
2

1CC

1CC

1CC

R2

C2

C2

Hnh 8.35 .Mch RC bo v qu in p t li .

89

+Bo v xung in p t li in ta mc mch R-C nh hnh 8.35 nh


c mch lc ny m nh xung gn nh nm li hon ton trn in tr ng
dy .
Tr s RC c chn theo ti liu [4] :R2= 12,5 ;C2 = 4 F
+ bo v van do ct t bin p non ti ,ngi ta mc mt mch R C
u ra ca mch chnh lu cu 3 pha ph bng cc it cng sut b .
a

D2

D1

D4

D3

D6

D5

R3

C3
2
1

R4

Hnh 8.36 Mch cu ba pha dng it ti RC bo v do ct MBA non ti


Thng thng gi tr t chn trong khong 10 20 0 F
Chn theo ti liu [4] :R3 = 470 ; C3 = 10 F
Chn gi tr in tr R4= 1,4 (K)
8.10.6 .Tnh ton cc thng s ca mch iu khin
S mt knh iu khin chnh lu cu 3 pha c thit k theo s
hnh
Vic tnh ton mch iu khin thng c tin hnh t tng khuch i
ngc tr ln.
Mch iu khin c tnh xut pht t yu cu v xung m Tiristo. Cc
thng s c bn tnh mch iu khin.
+ in p iu khin Tiristo:
Udk =3,0 (v)
+Dng in iu khin Tiristo :
Idk =0,1 (A)
+ Thi gian m Tiristo:
tm =80 (s)
+ rng xung iu khin
tx =167 (s)- tng ng 3oin
+ Tn s xung iu khin:
fx =3 (k Hz).
+ mt i xng cho php
=40
+ in p ngun nui mch iu khin U= 12 (v )
+ Mc st bin xung:
sx = 0,15
1. Tnh bin p xung:

90

+ Chn vt liu lm li l st Ferit HM. Li c dng hnh xuyn, lm vic


trn mt phn ca c tnh t ho c: B = 0,3 (T), H = 30 ( A/m ) [1], khng
c khe h khng kh.
+ T s bin p xung : thng m = 23, chn m= 3
+ in p cun th cp my bin p xung: U2 = Udk =3,0 (v)
+ in p t ln cun s cp my bin p xung:
U1 = m. U2 = 3.3 = 9 (v)
+ Dng in th cp bin p xung:
I2 = Idk =0,1 (A)
+ Dng in s cp bin p xung:
I1 = I2 /m =0,1/3=0,033(A)
+ t thm trung bnh tng i ca li st:
tb =B/0 . H = 8.103
trong :
0=1,25.10-6 (H/ m) l t thm ca khng kh
Th tch ca li thp ca li thp cn c:
V= Q.L = (tb . 0 . tx . sx . Ul . Il )/ B2
Thay s V= 0,834.10-6 (m3 ) = 0,834 ( cm3 ).
Chn mch t c th tch V= 1,4 (cm3 ). Vi th tch ta c kch thc
mch t nh sau: [1]

Hnh 1.37 .Hnh chiu li bin p xung .

a = 4,5 mm
b = 6 mm
Q = 0,27 cm2 = 27 mm2

91

d = 12 mm
D = 21 mm
Chiu di trung bnh mch t ; l = 5,2 (cm)
Bng thng s cc loi li thp xuyn trn
Kch thc (mm)
Loi li thp
d
a
b
D
Q
(cm2)
OA-12/14-3
12
1
3
14
0,03
-14/17-3
14
1,5
3
17
0,045
-16/20-3
16
2
3
20
0,06
-18/23-4
18
2,5
4
23
0,1
-20/25-5
20
2,5
5
25
0,125
-20/25-6,5
20
2,5
6,5 25
0,162
-22/30-5
22
4
5
30
0,2
-22/30-6,5
22
4
6,5 30
0,26
-25/35-5
25
5
5
35
0,25
-25/40-5
25
7,5
5
40
0,375
-25/40-6,5
25
6
8
40
0,49
-28/40-8
28
6
8
40
0,48
-28/40-10
28
6
10
40
0,6
-32/45-8
32
6,5
8
45
0,52
-32/50-8
32
9
8
50
0,72
-36/56-10
36
10
10
56
1
-40/56-16
40
8
16
56
1,28
+ S vng qun dy s cp bin p xung:
Theo nh lut cm ng in t :
U1 =w1 . Q. dB/dt = w1 . Q. B/tx
w1 = U1 tx / B.Q =186 ( vng )
+ S vng dy th cp
W2 = w1 / m = 186/3 = 62 (vng )
+ Tit din dy qun th cp:
S1 = I1 /J1 = 33,3.10-3 /6 = 0,0056 (mm2 ).
Chn mt dng in j1 =6 ( A/mm2 ).
+ ng knh dy qun s cp :
d1 =

4S1

Bng 8.5
S liu cn tra cu
l
Qcs
P
2
(cm) (cm ) (g)
4,1
1,13 0,96
4,86 1,54 1,71
5,56 2
2,65
6,45 2,55 5
7,1
3,14 6,9
7,1
3,14 9,1
8,2
3,82 12,7
8,2
3,82 16,5
9,42 4,9
18,3
10,2 4,9
27,6
10,2 4,9
36
10,7 6,1
40
10,7 6,1
50
12,1 8
58,5
12,9 8
58,5
14,4 10,2 112
15
12,5 150

Q.Qcs
(cm4)
0,034
1,069
0,121
0,25
0,39
0,51
0,75
0,99
1,23
1,84
2,4
2,95
3,7
5,7
5,7
10,2
16

= 0,084 (mm)

Chn d = 0,1 (mm).


+ Tit din dy qun th cp:
S2 = I2 / J2 = 0,1/4 = 0,025 (mm2 ).
92

Chn mt dng in J2 = 4 (A/ mm2 ) ( Theo ti liu I)


+ ng knh dy qun th cp:
4S 2
= 0,178 (mm)

Chn dy c ng knh d2 =0,18 (mm).


+ Kim tra h s lp y:
d1 =

Kld =

S1.W1 + S 2 W2
2

112

.W1 + d2 W2
2

=0,03

( + d )
4
Nh vy, ca s din tch cn thit
2. Tnh tng khuch i cui cng:
Chn Tranzitor cng sut loi Tr3 loi 2SC9111 lm vic ch xung c
cc thng s:
Tranzitor loi npn, vt liu bn dn l Si .
in p gia Colecto v Baz khi h mch Emito: UCBO =40(v)
in p gia Emito v Baz khi h mch Colecto: UEBO =4(v)
Dng in ln nht Colecto c th chu ng : Icmax = 500 (mA).
Cng sut tiu tn colecto
: Pc =1,7 (w)
Nhit ln nht mt tip gip
: T1 =1750 C
H s khuch i
: =50
Dng lm vic ca colecto
: Ic3 = I1 =33,3 (mA).
Dng lm vic ca Baz
: IB3 =Ic3 / =33,3/50 =0,66(A)
Ta thy rng vi loi Tiristo chn c cng sut iu khin kh b Udk =
3,0 (v), Idk = 0,1 (A), Nn dng colecto Baz ca Tranzito Ir3 kh b, trong
trng hp ny ta c th khng cn Tranzito I2 m vn c cng sut iu
khin Tranzito.
Chn ngun cp cho bin p xung: E= + 12 ( V) ta phi mc thm in tr
R10 ni tip vi cc emitor ca Ir3, R1.
R10 =(E-U1)/I1= 90 ()
Tt c cc it trong mch iu khin u dng loi 1N4009 c tham s:
+ Dng in nh mc
: Idm = 10 (A)
+ in p ngc ln nht
: UN = 25 (v),
+ in p cho it m thng
: Um = 1 (v)
3- Chn cng AND:
Ton b mch in phi dng 6 cng AND nn ta chn hai IC 4081 h

93

CMOS. Mi IC 4081 c 4 cng ADN, cc thng s:


Ngun nui IC : Vcc = 39 (V), ta chn: Vcc = 12 (V).
Nhit lm vic : - 40o C 80o C
in p ng vi mc logic 1: 24,5 (V).
Dng in nh hn 1mA
Cng sut tiu th P=2,5 (nW/1 cng).
+Vcc 14
12

13

11

10

&

&

&

&
3

Hnh 1.38 .S chn IC 4081

4- Chn t C3 v R9 :
in tr R9 dng hn ch dng in a vo Baz ca Tranzitor Ir3,
chn R11 tho mn iu kin :
R9 U/Ir3 = 6,757 ( k)
Chn R9 = 6,8( k)
Chn C3. R9= tx = 167 ( s). Suy ra C3 = tx/ R9
C= 167/ 6,8.10-3 = 0,024 ( F). chn C3 = 0,022 ( F).
5-Tnh chn b to xung chm :
Mi knh iu khin phi dng 4 khuch i thut ton, do ta chn 6
IC loi TL 084 do hng texasInstruments ch to, mi IC ny c 4 khuch i
thut ton.
Thng s ca TL084 :
in p ngun nui
: Vcc = 18 (V) chn Vcc = 12 (V)
Hiu in th gia hai u vo
: 30 (V)
Nhit lm vic
: T = -25 850 C
Cng sut tiu th
: P = 680 (mW) = 0,68 (W)
Tng tr u vo
: Rin= 106 ( M)
Dng in u ra
: Ira = 30 ( pA).
94

: du/dt = 13 (V/s)

Tc bin thin in p cho php


14

12

13

11

10

+
-

+
3

4
Ucc

Hnh 1.39 .S chn IC TL084

Mch to chm xung c tn s f= 1/2fx = 3 ( kHz) hay chu k ca xung


chm
T= 1/f = 334 (s)
ta c : T= 2. R8. C2. ln(1+2. R6/ R7)
Chn R6= R7= 33(s) . th T= 2,2 R8. C2 = 334 (s)
vy : R8. C2 = 151,8 (s)
Chn t C2 = o,1s c in p U = 16 (V) ; R8= 1,518 ().
thun tin cho vic iu chnh khi lp mch th ta chn R8 l bin tr 2
K
6- Tnh chn tng so snh:
Khuch i thut ton chn loi TL 084
Chn R4= R5 > Uv/I v = 12/ 1.10-3 = 12 (K)
Trong nu ngun nui Vcc = 12 (V) Th in p vo A3 l Uv12 (v).
Dng in vo c hn ch Ilv < 1 (m A).
Do ta chn R4= R5= 15 (K) khi dng vo A3 :
Ivmax= 12/ (15. 103) = 0,8 ( m A)
7- Tnh chn khu ng pha:
in p t c hnh thnh do s np ca t C1 , mt khc bo m
in p t c trong mt na chu k in p li l tuyn tnh th hng s thi
gian t np c Tr= R3. C1 = 0,005 (s)
Chn t C1 = 0,1 (F) th in tr R3= Tr/ C1= 0,005 / 0,1. 10-6.
Vy : R3= 50. 103 ().=50(k).

95

thun tin cho vic iu chnh khi lp rp mch R3. Thng chn l
bin tr ln hn 50 k chn Tranzito Trl loi A564 c cc thng s:
Tranzito loi pnp lm bng Si
in p gia Colecto v Baz khi h mch Emito: UCBO =25(v)
in p gia Emito v Baz khi h mch Colecto: UEBO =7(v)
Dng in ln nht Colecto c th chu ng : Icmax = 100 (mA).
Nhit ln nht mt tip gip
: Tcp =1500 C
H s khuch i
: =250
Dng cc i ca Baz
: IB3 =Ic / =100/250 =0,4(A)
in tr R2 hn ch dng in i vo baz tranzito Trl c chn nh
sau:
Chn R2 tho mn iu kin :
R2 UN Max/IB 12/0,4. 10-3 = 30 ( k)
Chn R2 = 30 ( k)
Chn in p xoay chiu ng pha : UA =9(v).
in tr R1 hn ch dng in i vo khuch i thut ton A1 , thng
chn R1 sao cho dng vo khuch i thut ton Iv < 1mA. Do
R1 > UA/I v = 9/ 1.10-3 = 9 (K)
Chn R1 = 10 ( k).
1

7812

+12V

. . .

C4

C6

A
220 ~B
0

. . .

a
b

C5

C7

79123

-12V

Hnh 8.40 .S nguyn l to ngun nui 12 V

96

8- To ngun nui:
Ta cn to ra ngun in p 12 (V) cp cho bin p xung, nui IC ,
cc b iu chnh dng in, tc v in p t tc .
Ta dng mch chnh lu cu 3 pha dng it, in p th cp my bin p
ngun nui: U2 =12/2,34 = 5,1(v) ta chn U2 =9(v)
n nh in p ra ca ngun nui ta dng 2 vi mch n p 7812 v
7912, cc thng s chung ca vi mch ny:
in p u vo : UV = 735 (V).
in p u ra : Ura= 12(V) vi IC 7812.
Ura= -12(V) vi IC 7912
Dng in u ra :Ira = 01 (A).
T in C4, C5 dng lc thnh phn sng di bc cao.
Chn C4= C5 =C6 =C7 = 470 (F) ; U= 35 V
9- Tnh ton my bin p ngun nui v ng pha:
1- Ta thit k my bin p dng cho c vic to in p ng pha v to
ngun nui, chn kiu my bin p 3 pha 3 tr, trn mi tr c 3 cun dy, mt
cun s cp v hai cun th cp.
2- in p ly ra th cp my bin p lm in p ng pha ly ra th
cp lm ngun nui: U2= U2dph= UN = 9 (V).
3- Dng in th cp my bin p ng pha:
I2dph= 1( m A)
4- Cng sut ngun nui cp cho bin p xung:
Pdph = 6. U2dph . I2dph = 6.9.1.10-3 = 0,054 (w) .
5- Cng sut tiu th 6 IC TL 084 s dng lm khuch thut ton ta
chn hai IC TL 084 to 6 cng AND.
P81c = 8. PIC = 8.0,68= 5,12 (w)
6- Cng sut BAX cp cho cc iu khin Tiristo.
Px = 6. Udk . Idk = 6.3.0,1= 1,8 (W)
7- Cng sut s dng cho vic to ngun nui.
PN = Pdph +P81c +Px
PN = 0,056 +5,12+ 1,8 = 6,976 ( W) .
7- Cng sut ca my bin p c k n 5% tn tht trong my:
S= 1,05 . (Pdph + PN ) = 1,05. ( 0,054+ 6,976) = 7,38 ( VA).
8- Dng in th cp my bin p:
I2 = S/ 6.U2 = 7,38/ 6,9 = 0,137 (A)
9- Dng in s cp my bin p :
97

I1 = S/ 3.U2 = 7,38/3. 220 = 0,0112(A)


10- Tit din tr ca my bin p c tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim :
S
=1,33( cm2)
m. f

Qt= kQ.

Trong : kQ= 6- h s ph thuc phng thc lm mt.


m= 3- s tr ca bin p .
f = 50- tn s in p li.
chun ho tit din tr theo bng [7]
Qt= 1,63 (cm2).
kch thc mch t l thp dy = 0,5 (mm)
S lng l thp : 68 l
a=12mm
b=16mm
h=30mm
h s p cht kc= 0,85 .

a
H

a
C
L

Hnh 1.41 .Kch thc mch t bin p

11- Chn mt t cm B =1T trong t ta c s vng dy s cp :


w1 =

U1
=6080 ( vng)
4,44. f .B.Qt

12- Chn mt dng in J1= J2= 2,75 (A/mm2)


Tit din dy qun s cp:
S1=

S
3.U 1.J 1

= 0,0043 (mm2)

ng knh dy qun s cp :
d1=

4.S1

= 0,074 (mm)

98

Chn d1= 0,1 mm m bo bn c. ng knh c k cch in:


dlcd = 0,12 (mm).
13- S vng dy qun th cp :
W2= W1. U2/ U1= 249 ( vng)
14- Tit din dy qun th cp :
S2= S/ (6. U2. J2) = 0,053 (mm2)
15- ng knh dy qun th cp :
d2=

4.S 2

= 0,260 (mm)

Chun ho ng knh : d2 = 0,26 (mm)


ng knh c k n cch in : d2cd = 0,31 (mm)
16- Chn h s lp y : kld= 0,7 .

vi kld=

.(d lcd .w1 + d 2cd .w1)

.h
ld

= 8,3 (mm)

chn c= 12mm.
18- chiu di mch t :
L= 2.c+3.a =2.12+3.12=60 (mm).
19- chiu cao mch t:
H= h+2.a = 30+ 2.12=54(mm).
20- Tnh chn it cho b chnh lu ngun nui :
+ Dng in hiu dng qua it :
ID.HD =

= 0,099 (A)

+ in p ngc ln nht m it phi chu : UNmax= 6 . U2 = 22 (v)


+ Chn it c dng nh mc:
Idm Ki . IDMD =10.0,1=1,1 (A)
Chn it c in p ngc ln nht :
Un= ku. UNmax=2.22=44 (V)
Chn it loi KII208A c cc thng s:
+ dng in nh mc: Idm = 1,5 (A)
+ in p ngc cc i ca it: UN=100 (v).

99

Thng s Diod cng sut


ngha cc ct
K hiu ca Diod.
Imax- Dng in chnh lu cc i.
Un - in p ngc ca Diod.
Ipik - nh xung dng in.
U - Tn hao in p trng thi m ca Diod
Ith - Dng in th cc i.
Ir - Dng in r nhit 250C.
Tcp - Nhit cho php.
K hiu
1
KYZ70
MR2000
1N1192A
1N2448R
1N1159
KY740/200
KY718
1N2282
KY719
SKN20/04
1N2284

Imax
A
2
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

Un
V
3
50
50
100
150
200
200
270
300
360
400
500

Bng 8.6

Ipik
A
4
300
400
350
200
300
140
400
140
375
400

U
V
5
1,1
1,1
1,5
1,1
1,2
1,1
1,1
1,5
1,1
1,55
1,5

Ith
A
6
20
63
70
20
20
20
20
50
20
60
50

Ir
A
7
100 A
100 A

1mA
10 A
100 A
5 mA
10 A
300 A
5 mA

Tcp
0
C
8
150
175
200
200
100
155
150
150
180
150
100

K hiu
1n2455r
1N2456R
20ETS08FP
SKN20/08
CR20-100
1N2287
SKR20/12
SKN20/13
SKN20/16
D20PM18C
1N2155
HD25/02-4
1N1195
1N2158
BYY53/500
VTA600/T
BYY54/700
DS17-08A
BYY54/900
ARS257
SR2512
BYY54/1400

Imax
A
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25

Un
V
600
700
800
800
1000
1000
1200
1300
1600
1800
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1200
1400

Ipik
A

250
375
350
400
375
375
375
320
400
300
125
400
425
250
425
300
425
400
425

U
V
1,1
1,1
1,1
1,55
1,1
1,5
1,55
1,55
1,55
1,55
0,6
1,4
1,4
0,6
1,1
1,5
1,1
1,36
1,15
1,0
1,8
1,15

Ith
A
20
20
20
60
20
50
60
60
60
60
25
55
30
25
25
25
25
55
25
25
380
25

Ir
A
5 mA
5mA
100 A
300 A
10 A
5mA
4mA

100A
10A
1,5mA
5A

Tcp
0
C
150
150
150
180
200
150
180
150
180
180
200
180
190
200
200
150
200
180
200
175

1,5mA

200

4mA
4,5mA
2mA
10A
1,5mA

101

K hiu
H25-1600
DA25AF18C
25FXF12
7721
HER3004N
1N3663R
S6460P-G
SW08PCR030
SW12PCR020
GD16N14
RM15TC3H
40HFR10
C40-020R
S30430
NTE5990
40HF50
RP6040
CR40-080
BYX52-900
ECG6003
SR30D24R
40EPS16S

Imax
A
25
25
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

Un
V
1600
1800
3000
100
300
400
500
800
1200
1400
2400
100
200
300
400
500
600
800
900
1000
1200
1600

Ipik
A
300
375
500
200
400
400
400
350
245
282
500
595
800
800
500
500
700
800
800
500
800
400

U
V
0,9
1,5
1,7
1,3
1,0
1,4
1,2
1,64
1,77
1,09
1,2
1,3
1,1
1,2
1,2
1,4
1,5
1,1
1,8
1,2
1,4
1,1

Ith
A
76
75
80
80
15
78
30
130
120
30
40
40
100
40
40
120
40
150
40
120
40

Ir
A

Tcp
0
C

1mA
10A

175
175
175
170
175
175
175
125
190
200
190

100A

100A

100A

100A

180
150
200
175
175
130
150

102

K hiu
H40-1850
D44U08U
S5020PF
HT5006S
R5080PF
1N1691
1N2135
1N2137R
60JC15
CR60-080
60NC15
60EFS16
IRKE61-20
CR80-010
SKKE81/04
D100U06B
CR80-120
SKKE81/16
SKKE81/22
1N2427
MDR100A30
1N3291RA

Imax
A
40
44
50
50
50
50
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
80
80
80
80
80
80
100
100
100

Un
V
1850
800kV
200
500
800
1000
400
500
600
800
1000
1600
2000
100
400
800
1200
1600
2200
100
300
400

Ipik
A
480
850
800
500
800
700
700
700
550
900
850
950
1500
1500
2000
1900
1500
2000
2000
950
1600
2000

U
V
1,3

Ith
A
126

Ir
A

Tcp
0
C

1,0
1,0
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,4
1,5
1,1
1,5
1,07
1,35
1,2
1,55

50

2mA
250A
40A

60
60
150
60
180
60
186
80
200

200
175
200
165
175
175
175
200
175
150

1,2
1,55
1,6
1,1
1,2
1,25

80
300
300
50
310
100

50

10mA
100A
10mA
100A
100A

200
125

100A

200
125
125
175
150
130

103

K hiu
100HF60
H100-100
SKN100/16
100EXD21
G5B3
G5G3
R4280
S42110
SKN100/18
D126A45B
45LF10
1N1476
1N3089
CR150-060
150KSR80
R43100TS
D150N32B
200HFR20M
200HFR40MBV
S200-06
T23
S200-10
SD200R16PSV

Imax
A
100
100
100
100
120
125
125
125
125
126
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
200
200
200
200
200
200

Un
V
600
1000
1600
2500
100
400
800
1100
1800
4500
100
300
500
600
800
1000
3200
200
400
600
800
1000
1600

Ipik
A
1500
1500
1700
200
1800
1800
200
1800
1800
2300
3100
3000
3000
3100
2500
3300
3700
4400
4000
3800
4000
4700

U
V
1,7
1,2
1,55
1,5
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,6

Ith
A
500
314
400
320
200
200
200
200
400

1,33
1,5
1,2
1,1
1,33
1,1
2,2
1,45
1,5
1,1
1,3
1,1
1,4

471
150
150
150
471
200
700
628
628
200
200
200
630

Ir
A

Tcp
0
C
180

1mA

180
150
150
150
150
150
180
160

200A
1mA

60mA
1mA
200A

20mA
20mA

190
200
200
175
200
150
180
180
150
150
150
180
104

K hiu

Imax
A
R6012620XXYA 200
CR250-010
250
1N3976
250
A197D
250
1N2063
250
ST9-60
250
H250-800
250
IRKE250-18
250
D291S45T
290
HD310/04-6
300
300U60A
300
H300-800
300
H300-1000
300
300FXD11
300
400R40
400
A390M
400
R6200840
400
FD400DL200
400
SKN400/30
400
DSF11060SG80
400
SH04C500
500
HD500/07-6
500
500R90
500

Un
V
2600
100
200
400
500
600
800
1800
4500
400
600
800
1000
3000
400
600
800
1000
3000
6000
400
700
900

Ipik
A
5500
5000
4000
5000
4500
5000
3900
6180

U
V
1,7
1,1
0,6
1,6
1,25
1,2
1,2
1,29

Ith
A
800
250
250
740
250
250
785
785

Ir
A

3400
5700
4800
4800
7000
7800
7000
6000
10000
9000
4200
5500
6000
8000

1,6
1,4
1,4
1,4
2,15
1,62
1,4
1,5
1,55
1,45
3,8
0,85
1,5
1,45

945
942
942
942
1500
400
1200
800
1200
1200

15mA

1600
500

2mA

3mA
50mA
25mA

Tcp
0
C
190
200
150
125
135
125
150
150
180
175
190
190
200
200
190
150
160
135
180
180
200
105

K hiu
SH14C500
FD500DV80
A437D
SD600N08PC
FD500E24
FD500E32
SD600N20PTC
SH04C700
SH10C700
SD700C30L
SH04C800
FD900-8
HD75/16-4
800YD26
800FXD25
R720010IXOO
A620CC
R7200809
R7201409
NLA430A
SW04CXC300
DS804SE07
A430P

Imax
A
500
500
600
600
600
600
600
700
700
700
800
800
800
800
800
900
900
900
900
1000
1000
1000
1000

Un
V
1400
4000
400
800
1200
1600
2000
400
1000
3000
400
800
1400
2000
3000
100
400
800
1400
100
400
700
1000

Ipik
A
5500
8000
10000
9400
10000
10000
13000
8000
8000
7500
9000
6000
1000
1300
1300
8500
9500
1500
1500
10000
6000
9000
10000

U
V
0,85
2,0
1,8
1,36
1,85
1,85
1,3
0,85
0,85
1,7
0,8
1,1
1,4
1,55
1,55
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,42
0,95
1,3
1,42

Ith
A
1600
1800
1500
1900
1900
1500

1000
500
2500
2500
1500
1000
1500
1500
3100
1200
3000

Ir
A
50mA
30mA
50mA
35mA
30mA
30mA
35mA
50mA
50mA
50mA
40mA
40mA
30mA
30mA
50mA
50mA
50mA
50mA
15mA
50mA
50mA

Tcp
0
C
160
150
125
180
150
150
180
170
170
150
150
190
180
150
150
150
200
200
200
175
200
106

K hiu

Imax
A
SW16CXC380
1000
FD100FH50(A)
1000
DS2012SF55
1000
R7200112XXOO 1200
A330E
1200
SD1100C08L
1200
R7201012
1200
6RT109TS
1200
SD800C30L
1200
A570B
1500
A570M
1500
A440S
1500
A440PD
1500
A780DB
1500
A621A
2000
A621PB
2000
SKN200/16
2000
RA205420XX
2000
DS2004PD10
2500
RA203825XX
2500
JD4000-2
3000
JD4000-25
3000
SKN4000/01
4000

Un
V
1600
2500
5500
100
500
800
1000
1800
3000
200
600
700
1400
4200
100
1200
1600
5400
1000
3800
200
2500
100

Ipik
A
6000
25000
13500
12500
11000
13000
12500
18000
14000
18000
18000
21000
21000
20000
25000
25000
25000
24000
25000
28000
50000
50000
60000

U
V
1,0
1,9
2,1
1,2
1,7
1,3
1,2
2,7
1,7
0,96
0,96
1,4
1,4
1,15
1,1
1,1
1,3
1,45
1,3
1,25
1,1
1,1
1,35

Ith
A
2500
3400
1500
4000
1500
1500
3000
2000

4000
4000
2000
2000
1800
3000
3400
3000
5000
5000
1400

Ir
A
15mA
80mA
75mA
50mA
50mA
15mA
50mA
50mA
50mA
50mA
75mA
75mA

50mA
200mA
200mA
200mA
200mA
100mA

Tcp
0
C
180
125
150
200
180
200
150
150
200
200
200
200
170
175
175
175
150
175
150
150
150
180
107

K hiu
SKN4000/06
SW02CXC22C
SW14CXC22C
SKN6000/02
AR609LTX6
RBS80270XX
SKWD7000/06
SD8500C02R
SD8500C06R
SW30CX635
FD500GV90

Imax
A
4000
5440
5440
6000
6000
7000
7000
9570
9570
16000
500000

Un
V
600
200
1400
100
600
200
600
200
600
3000
4500

Thng s mt s Tiristor
ngha cc ct
K hiu
Vn - in p ngc cc i
Im - Dng in lm vic cc i.
Ipik - Dng in nh cc i.
Ig - Dng in xung iu khin.
Ug - in p xung iu khin.

Ipik
A
60000
52000
52000
60000
50000
60000
120000
84100
84100

U
V
1,35
1,11
1,1
1,3
0,9
1,75
0,97
0,97
1,87
3,0

Ith
A
1400
6800
6800
1400

45000
10000
10000

Ir
A
100mA
60mA
60mA
100mA

Tcp
0
C
180
190
190
180

100mA

180
180
200
200
160
125

200mA
200mA

Bng 8.7

108

Ih - Dng in t gi.
Ir - Dng in r.
U - St p trn Tiristor trng thi dn.
dU/dt - o hm in p.
tcm - Thi gian chuyn mch (m v kho).
Tmax - Nhit lm vic cc i.
K hiu
1
ED102YG
EQ102AG
SFQR1B42
DRA01C
SFQR1G42
2N5719
2N5721
2N886
2N2681A
2N2688A
GA100
GB200A
GA201

Un
Max
(V)
2
30
100
100
200
400
80
200
60
100
200
30
60
100

Im
Max
(A)
3
1.0m
1,0m
100m
100n
100m
200m
200m
350m
350m
350m
400m
400m
400m

Ipik
Max
(A)
4
10
10
4,4
4,0
4,4
5
5
20
2
2
8
200
200

Ig
Max
(A)
5
200
200
200
20m
200
20
200
020
20
20
3,5m
200
200

Ug
Max
(V)
6
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,75
0,75

Ih
Max
(A)
7
5,0m
5,0m
3m
3m
3m
2m
2m
1n
500
500
10m
5m
5m

Ir
Max
(A)
8
50
50
100
100
100
100
20
100
100
10
10m
10m

U
Max
(V)
9
1,7
1,7
2,5
2,5
2,5
1,4
1,4
1,5
1,2
1,2
1,5
1,5
1,5

dU/dt

tcm

(V/ s)
10
20
20
50

(s)
11
10
10

50
100
100

30
30

200
200
40
40
40

10
10
1,5
300n
300n

Tmax
Max
oC
12
125
125
100
90
100
150
150
100
155
155
150
150
150
109

K hiu
CR04AM8
E0100YD
AA114
PQ109AN
ECG5404
C103Q
EC103Y1
BRY55-100
N203C
EC103D
C206Y
C205A
S1D
TCR22-2
MCR22-4
TCR22-6
TCR22-8
SH2B4
M23C
2P4M

Un
Max
(V)
400
30
60
100
200
15
30
100
300
400
30
100
400
50
200
400
600
100
200
400

Im
Max
(A)
400m
500m
500m
500m
500m
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
2
2
2

Ipik
Max
(A)
10
10
5
8
6
8
20
8
8
20
10
10
20
20
15
160
160
22
20
20

Ig
Max
(A)
100
200
200
1
200
200
50
500
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
1,5m
1m
200

Ug
Max
(V)
0,8
0,8
600m
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8

Ih
Max
(A)
3m
5m
2m
5m
5m
5m
5m
5m
5m
5m
5m
5m
5m
5m
5m
5m
5m
12m
2m
3m

Ir
Max
(A)
500
50
100N
1
50
100
100
50
50
200
200
100
200
200
200
200
200
100
100

U
Max
(V)
1,2
1,7
1,5
1,95
1,7
1,5
1,7
1,7
2,5
1,7
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,7
2,2
2,2
2,2

dU/dt
(V/ s)
20
50
25
30
20
25
20
40
40
20
20
50
75
25
25
30
30
40
10

tcm

Tmax
Max
(s)
oC
125
10 125
20 150
200 125
125
125
60 110
30 125
25 125
60 100
15 100
15
100
110
50 125
40 125
40v
125
50 110
15 110
15 125
30 125
110

K hiu
TL6006
NMB140
C106A
T107B1
TC106C2
TLS106-6
TXN804
NS005
BT258X200R
2N4201
TIC108S
TXN1006(A)
2N4441
TXS807-1(A)
C122D
S6008FS21
2N1843
C127A
10RIA20
BTW42-600RC

Un
Max
(V)
600
60
100
200
300
600
800
50
200
500
700
1000
50
100
400
600
50
100
200
600

Im
Max
(A)
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10

Ipik
Max
(A)
73
20
20
15
20
35
60
50
75
100
20
84
80
80
90
100
125
160
200
150

Ig
Max
(A)
15m
200
200
500
200
200
15m
25m
200v
100m
1m
15m
60m
5m
25m
200
100m
60m
60m
50m

Ug
Max
(V)
3
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
1
1,5
1,5
1,5
2
0,7
1,5
2,5
2
1,5
0,8
3
1,5
2
1,5

Ih
Max
(A)
20m
3m
3m
6m
3m
5m
30m
40m
6m
3m
10m
30m
70m
6m
30m
6m
7m
40m
100m
75m

Ir
Max
(A)
2m
100
100
10
100
300
2m
500
500v
2m
400
2m
2m
2m
500
100
1m
2m
10m
3m

U
Max
(V)
2,2
2,2
2,2
2,5
2,2
1,9
1,6
1,8
1,5
2,6
1,7
1,6
2,0
1,6
1,8
1,6
2,5
1,7
1,6
2

dU/dt

tcm

Tmax
Max
(V/ s) (s)
oC
100
80 110
8
40 110
8
40 110
8
40 110
100 100 125
10
40 110
50
50 110
200
110
50
100 125
250
20 100
80
13 150
200
70 110
50
15v
100
5
50 100
50
50 100
5
50 110
30
100
200
35 125
300
110 125
1000
35 125

111

Un
K hiu
Max
(V)
SKT10/100
1000
S1015L
100
T12N400COE
400
S8015L
800
T15.1N1200UOB 1200
2N682A
50
T15.1N400UOB 400
T15.1N900UOB 900
S0320L
30
MCR3918-3
100
CR20F12
600
C139N20M
800
BTW92-1000R
1000
SC20C120
1200
T40000161800
50
C231A3
100
TYN685(A)
200
HT25/04OG2
400
S7412M
600
T25N900COC
900

Im
Max
(A)
10
15
15
15
15
18
18
18
20
20
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25

Ipik
Max
(A)
250
150
220
150
250
250
270
270
225
240
300
200
400
360
250
250
200
400
180
640

Ig
Max
(A)
100m
20m
40m
30m
50m
40m
40m
40m
25m
40m
50m
180m
10m
50m
40m
9m
25m
50m
180m
120m

Ug
Max
(V)
3
1,5
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
1,5
3
3
3,5
3
3
1,5
1,5
2,5
3
1,4

Ih
Max
(A)
150m
35m
100m
40m
10m
50m
100m
100m
40m
50m
150m
200m
30m
100m
50m
40m
100m
150m
200m

Ir
Max
(A)
4m
1m
5m
4m
5m
1m
5m
5m
1m
5m
4m
4m
5m
5m
6,5m
1m
3m
10m
4m
15m

U
Max
(V)
1,6
1,6
2,8
1,7
1,95
2,1
1,95
1,95
1,6
1,5
1,8
4
2,3
1,8
2,3
1,9
1,4
1,8
2
1,9

dU/dt
(V/ s)
500
100
200
100
60
200
50
50
150
50
50
200
300
200
50
50
50
200
200
400

tcm

Tmax
Max
(s)
oC
80 125
35 110
50 125
35 110
60 125
125
60 125
60 125
35 110
20 100
125
10 125
125
125
75 125
25 125
50 125
130 125
10 125
100 125

112

K hiu
BTW69-1000N
25RIA120M
HT25/14OJ1
H30TL02LOO
HT30/06OJ1
N029RH10
C228B
16RCF30A
TS435
T35N500BOF
C35P
T35N1800BOF
40RIF40W15
S4012MH
HT40/08OJ4
SKT40/14C
ACR44U08LE
ACR44U16LE
HT48/02G4
T46N200COC

Un
Max
(V)
1000
1200
1400
200
600
1000
200
300
400
500
1000
1800
400
600
800
1400
800
800
200
200

Im
Max
(A)
25
25
25
30
30
30
35
35
35
35
35
35
40
40
40
40
44
44
45
46

Ipik
Max
(A)
525
370
400
680
700
500
300
250
250
1100
225
1100
733
415
900
700
550
550
460
1000

Ig
Max
(A)
80m
60m
50m
150m
100m
100m
40m
40m
80m
120m
40m
120m
150m
50m
110m
100m
200m
200m
60m
150m

Ug
Max
(V)
3
2
2,5
2,5
1,2
3
2,5
2
3
1,4
2,5
1,4
2,5
2,5
3
3
3
3
3
2,5

Ih
Max
(A)
150m
100m
100m
150m
160m
75m
20m
20m
200m
10m
200m
200m
75m
200m
200m
25m
25m
100m
200m

Ir
Max
(A)
6m
3m
8m
5m
3m
1m
6m
20m
4m
20m
15m
3m
6m
10m
10m
10m
10m

U
Max
(V)
2
1,8
1,8
1,65
1,93
1,9
2,3
2,2
2
2
2
2,4
1,9
1,65
1,0
2,7
2,7
2,22
1,9

dU/dt

tcm

(V/ s)
500
300
1000
1000
1000
200
50
25
50
1000
25
1000
500
500
1000
200
600
600
200
400

(s)
100
110
60
150
20
12
100
120
30
120
15
50
150
100
6
6
110
60

Tmax
Max
oC
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125

113

K hiu
T46N600COC
50RIA5MS90
S1050J
BTW48-200M
S4050J
50RIF60W20
XT2116-801
SC50C100
TF600M4EJ
T60N600BOC
CS35-08104
T60N1000VOF
36RC2A
050AAGOF
81RM10
50RCS20
C48C300
C45D
36RA50
HTS80/06UG1

Un
Max
(V)
600
50
100
200
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
20
50
100
200
300
400
500
600

Im
Max
(A)
46
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
60
60
60
60
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80

Ipik
Max
(A)
1000
1250
650
500
650
1000
800
900
1100
1400
1200
1400
850
1200
1600
1200
800
800
1200
1300

Ig
Max
(A)
150m
100m
40m
60m
40m
150m
100m
70m
150m
150m
110m
150m
700m
100m
150m
110m
75m
75m
200m
150m

Ug
Max
(V)
2,5
2,5
1,5
3,0
1,5
2,5
3,0
3,0
5
1,4
3,0
1,4
2,5
3,0
2,5
3,0
3,0
3,0
2,5
3,0

Ih
Max
(A)
200m
200m
50m
30m
50m
200m
35m
30m
200m
200m
200m
20m
200m
500m
200m
100m
100m
500m
100m

Ir
Max
(A)
10m
15m
1m
5m
1m
15m
10m
5m
50m
25m
6m
25m
6,5m
5,0m
17m
6,5m
4m
4m
15m
15m

U
Max
(V)
1,9
1,6
1,8
1,8
1,8
2,0
2,0
1,9
3,65
1,8
1,6
1,8
2,2
2,5
2,5
1,8
3,1
3,1
2,5
2,13

dU/dt

tcm

(V/ s)
400
200
425
200
425
500
300
200
500
400
1000
1000

(s)
60
110
35
50
35
15
120

200
200
25
100
100
200
200

100
20

100
180
150
180

80
80
60
20

Tmax
Max
oC
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125

114

K hiu
36REH80
36RC100A
T80F10BEM
91RC5
91RC60
GA300
C152AX8
P027RH02EHO
SH100F21A
P027RH04EMO
FT100DY10
P027RH06CGO
N044RH08JOO
P027RH10CGO
T507018044AB
08002GOD
C149D
T125QU4DU
2N3422
T507088054AB

Un
Max
(V)
800
1000
1000
50
600
60
100
200
300
400
500
600
800
1000
100
200
400
400
600
800

Im
Max
(A)
80
80
80
90
90
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
125
125
125
125
125
125

Ipik
Max
(A)
1000
1000
2500
1800
1800
100
2000
350
2000
350
2000
350
750
350
1400
1800
1000
2500
3000
1400

Ig
Max
(A)
200m
70m
150m
100m
100m
200
150m
100m
150m
100m
100m
100m
100m
100m
150m
100m
150m
150m
300m
150m

Ug
Max
(V)
2,5
2,5
2,0
2,0
2,0
750m
2,5
3,0
2,5
3,0
2,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0

Ih
Max
(A)
500m
20m
250m
500m
500m
5m

Ir
Max
(A)
15m
2m
30m
5m
5m
10m

400m
200m
400m

10m
30m
10m
15m
10m
10m
10m
15m
10m
12m
30m
7,5m
15m

400m
160m
400m
150m
200m
250m
100m
150m

U
Max
(V)
2,4
2,3
2,4
1,5
1,5
1,5
2,2
2,57
1,9
2,57
2,0
2,57
2,22
2,57
3,2
1,4
3,0
1,5
1,8
3,2

dU/dt
(V/ s)
30
500
1000
200
200
15
200
100
200
100
100
100
400
20
200
200
500
200
200

tcm

Tmax
Max
(s)
oC
90 125
30 125
20 125
190 125
190 125
800n 150
125
30 125
15 125
12 125
15 125
12 125
125
35 125
40 125
100 125
10 125
130
25 125
30 125

115

K hiu
T507108074AB
2N2503
151RC10
H150TB02LOO
C180C
151RC40
HTS150/06VG1
SC150C80
151RB100
T6300120
SH200D21A
ST180S04P1V
NLC176M
NLC178S
ST180S08P2V
SH200N21D
2N353
250PA10
C355B
TF225-04Q

Un
Max
(V)
1000
50
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
100
200
400
600
700
800
1000
50
100
200
400

Im
Max
(A)
125
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
250
250
250
250

Ipik
Max
(A)
1400
3500
4000
3000
3500
4000
2450
2800
3300
4000
4000
5000
2500
2500
5000
4000
5000
4200
1800
1600

Ig
Max
(A)
150m
150m
150m
150m
150m
150m
250m
100m
200m
150m
150m
150m
300m
300m
150m
150m
400m
150m
150m
150m

Ug
Max
(V)
3,0
3,0
2,5
1,4
2,5
2,5
1,5
3,0
2,5
3,0
3,0
3,0
2,5
2,5
3,0
3,0
4,0
2,5
3,0
3,0

Ih
Max
(A)
150m
50m
50m

Ir
Max
(A)
15m
10m
22m

U
Max
(V)
3,2
1,4
1,7

500m
50m
250m
100m
500m

10m
8m
25m
15m
15m
25m
30m
30m
12m
12m
30m
20m
15m
20m
17m
15m

2,8
1,7
2,0
1,6
2,2
2,1
1,8
1,8
3,5
3,5
1,8
1,7
2,0
2,3
3,0
2,3

200m
600m
500m
500m
600m
200m
200m
500m
200m
60m

dU/dt

tcm

(V/ s)
200

(s)
15

200
1000
200
200
200
200
200
300
200
500
200
200
500
200

60

250
100
200

60
20
7

80
25
40
100
15
100
150
150
100
80

Tmax
Max
oC
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125

116

K hiu
250PAC50
DK2506FB
SKT250/08C
2N3362
300PAC10
C184C
ST303S04MFK3
304RA60
SKT130/80D
303RB100
ST180C04C1L
N350MH06
HT360/09QH1
SKT351F10DT
T727012524DN
SH400F21A
SF400G26
TF440-06X
HT400/08OJ6
TA449-10W

Un
Max
(V)
500
600
800
900
100
300
400
600
800
1000
400
600
900
1000
100
300
400
600
800
1000

Im
Max
(A)
250
250
250
250
300
300
300
300
300
300
350
350
350
350
400
400
400
400
400
400

Ipik
Max
(A)
4000
5000
7000
5000
5000
3500
8000
8500
3500
8000
5000
11500
9900
6500
6000
7000
7000
4000
7500
4000

Ig
Max
(A)
150m
200m
200m
400m
150m
300m
200m
150m
200m
150m
150m
300m
250m
250m
150m
260m
260m
200m
200m
400m

Ug
Max
(V)
2,5
3,0
3,0
4,0
2,5
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
1,5
4,0
3,0
3,5
3,5
3,0
2,5
5,0

Ih
Max
(A)
500m
100m
250m
200m
500m
500m
600m
500m
250m
500m
600m
1
250m
400m
200m
300m
70m
200m
80m

Ir
Max
(A)
6m
25m
50m
15m
10m
20m
50m
30m
50m
30m
30m
60m
40m
80m
15m
30m
30m
25m
40m
40m

U
Max
(V)
2,1
2,0
1,65
2,0
1,8
2,8
2,2
1,6
2,3
1,6
2,0
1,51
1,72
2,4
1,9
1,8
1,8
2,0
1,55
2,2

dU/dt

tcm

(V/ s)
20
200
200

(s)

200
200
500
200
500
200
1000
200
500
500
200
200
200
200
1000
1000

7
50
10
20
75
120
75
100
200
20
60
15
15
150
10

Tmax
Max
oC
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
130
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125

117

K hiu
T7SH014554DN
DCR654PR44DS
C397E
ECG5386
C398N
HTS450/10PH6
N490CH10
C385A
C392C
ST280CH04C0
CR500AL10
SC500C60
C385N
DCR707SR1010
C501A
N260KH02GOO
P370KH02CL0
540PB30
C501D
NLC510E

Un
Max
(V)
100
400
500
600
800
1000
1000
100
300
400
500
600
800
1000
100
200
200
300
400
500

Im
Max
(A)
450
450
450
450
450
450
495
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
550
550
550
550
550
550

Ipik
Max
(A)
8500
7800
7500
8000
7500
4466
18000
3500
5500
7200
10000
10000
3500
5600
8000
5700
12000
8500
8000
7000

Ig
Max
(A)
150m
150m
300m
150m
300m
250m
300m
300m
300m
150m
100m
100m
300m
200m
150m
300m
300m
150m
150m
150m

Ug
Max
(V)
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
2,5
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
2,5
3,0
3,0
3,5
3,5
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,5
6,5

Ih
Max
(A)

500m
500m
150m
1
500m
1
600m
50m
500m
250m
250m
1,0
1,0
500m
250m
250m

Ir
Max
(A)
35m
35m
45m
45m
40m
100m
20m
45m
75m
30m
25m
20m
50m
60m
75m
30m

U
Max
(V)
3,1
2,0
3,0
2,6
3,0
2,37
1,69
2,8
4,2
1,4
1,3
1,4
2,8
2,0
1,5
2,26
1,51
1,7
1,5
1,5

dU/dt
(V/ s)
200
300
200
300
200
500
200
200
200
500
300
50
200
300
200
300
20
200
200
100

tcm

Tmax
Max
(s)
oC
30 125
50 125
60 125
25 125
40 125
15 125
125
20 125
125
8
100 150
125
125
20 125
125
200 125
15
80
200
200

125
125
125
125

118

K hiu
T727063544DN
NCL501S
SKT551/08E
550PB100
HTS560/04PQ6
DCR604SR0404
T7S7016054DN
N600CH02
HT601/03QG6
TN433-04
C431E1
N600CH06
TN631-08
T600F10TGM
NL1580A
T72H084064DN
P215CH02CL0
ST300C04C0
T7S7056584DN
P215CH06CJ0

Un
Max
(V)
600
700
800
1000
400
400
100
200
300
400
500
600
800
1000
100
800
200
400
500
600

Im
Max
(A)
550
550
550
550
560
580
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
625
625
650
650
650
650

Ipik
Max
(A)
7000
7000
9000
10000
7000
7500
9000
26900
7750
5500
8000
26900
7000
10000
5500
7000
5000
8000
9500
5000

Ig
Max
(A)
150m
150m
250m
150m
250M
150m
150m
300m
250m
200m
150m
300m
200m
250m
150m
150m
200m
200m
150m
200m

Ug
Max
(V)
3,0
6,5
3,0
3,0
2,5
3,0
3,0
3,0
1,5
3,0
5,0
3,0
3,0
2,2
6,5
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0

Ih
Max
(A)
250m
500m
500m
250m
250m
1,0
150m
50m
1,0
70m
250m
250m
600m
600m
600m

Ir
Max
(A)
30m
50m
30m
40m
30m
30m
100m
25m
25m
45m
100m
30m
100m
35m
35m
30m
30m
30m
30m

U
Max
(V)
2,9
1,5
1,65
1,7
2,1
1,62
2,6
1,41
1,82
1,3
2,6
1,41
2,6
2,4
2,0
2,4
1,68
1,66
2,3
1,68

dU/dt

tcm

(V/ s)
300
100
1000
200
200
200
300
200
200
200
200
200
300
1000
100
300
150
200
300
20

(s)
40
200

125
30
200
20

Tmax
Max
oC
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
140
125
125
125
125
125
125
125

10
10
25

125
125
125

120
15
30
250
100
200

119

K hiu
C378S
ST300C08C3L
PSIE600-10
NLF395A
C395B
T72H044534DN
650PBQ50
TA649-08A
Y150103P10D
C430550
FT800DL6
700PK50
T9G0080803DH
C411P
NLF390A
C440D
CA398PA
C435A
R180CH02CK0
DCR804PM0404

Un
Max
(V)
700
800
1000
100
200
400
500
800
1000
100
300
500
800
1000
100
400
1000
100
200
400

Im
Max
(A)
650
650
650
700
700
700
700
700
700
800
800
800
800
800
850
850
850
900
900
900

Ipik
Max
(A)
7000
8000
5500
8000
8000
7500
10000
8000
5000
9000
14000
15000
13000
11000
8000
13000
8000
800
8000
11200

Ig
Max
(A)
250m
200m
150m
200m
300m
150m
200m
400m
250m
100m
250m
150m
200m
300m
150m
300m
400m
200m
300m
200m

Ug
Max
(V)
5,0
3,0
3,0
2,5
3,0
3,0
2,5
5,0
2,4
5,0
2,5
2,5
3,0
5,0
2,5
5,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,5

Ih
Max
(A)
600m
200m
1,0
1,0
500m
100m
70m

500m
500m
500m

40m
1,0
250m

Ir
Max
(A)
45m
50m
20m
20m
45m
35m
45m
60m
50m
50m
30m
60m
60m
35m
20m
35m
60m
45m
70m
50m

U
Max
(V)
2,6
2,2
1,2
2,5
2,5
3,1
2,5
2,3
1,4
1,9
1,5
2,3
3,0
2,0
2,4
1,6
2,5
2,5
2,52
1,62

dU/dt

tcm

(V/ s)
200
1000
100
200
200
300
400
1000
500
100
200
200
300
200
200
200
400
200
20
300

(s)
20
100
200
15
12
50
20
15
150
125
250
400
125
125
125
20
20
15

Tmax
Max
oC
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
155
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125

120

Un
K hiu
Max
(V)
N350MH06GOO 600
C440S
700
TF709-08Z
800
R190CH02CG0
200
C448E
500
R190CH08EJ0
800
DCR1053SD11
1000
P230CH02CG0
200
SKT1000/04OG6 400
P230CH08DG0
800
HT1001/10OG6 1000
TF915-01Z
100
C451E1
500
FT1500EX16
800
C458S
700
N520CH04GOO 400
TBK706300HHE 600
N760FH08JOO
800
N990CH10KOO 1000
N1600DH10LOO 1000

Im
Max
(A)
900
900
900
950
950
950
950
1000
1000
1000
1000
1500
1500
1500
2000
2200
3000
3850
5000
6840

Ipik
Max
(A)
11500
13000
1200
8500
10000
8500
16000
5200
19000
5200
23600
17000
23000
30000
16000
15500
48000
33800
37000
64000

Ig
Max
(A)
300m
150m
200m
300m
300m
300m
350m
200m
250m
200m
300m
200m
200m
350m
200m
300m
250m
300m
300m
300m

Ug
Max
(V)
3,0
5,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,5
3,0
5,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
5,0
3,0
5,0
3,0
4,0
3,0
3,0
3,0

Ih
Max
(A)
1,0
100m
1,0
1,0
600m
500m
600m
250m
100m
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0

Ir
Max
(A)
60m
35m
40m
70m
45m
70m
150m
50m
100m
50m
100m
60m
45m
120m
50m
60m
150m
150m
150m
200m

U
Max
(V)
1,51
1,7
2,0
2,4
2,9
2,4
1,9
2,12
2,0
2,12
1,68
1,7
1,7
2,1
2,6
1,3
1,0
1,43
1,28
1,06

dU/dt

tcm

(V/ s)
300
200
300
20
400
100
1000
20
500
50
200
300
400
200
400
300
300
500
750
1000

(s)

Tmax
Max
oC

125
30
35
25
25
150
35
100
35
150
30
150
30
25

125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
400 125
125
125

121

122

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