Resistivities of common metals and alloys Material (10-8 -m) Aluminum (Al) 2.

2.6 Brass 6 Carbon (C) 350 Constantan 50 (60% Cu and 40% Ni) Copper (Cu) 1.7 an!anin 44 ("4% Cu# 12% n and 4% Ni) Ni$%rome 100 &il'er (A!) 1.5 (un!sten ()) 5.6 Inferred absolute zero temperatures Materials Inferred absolute zero ( C) Aluminum *236 Copper# annealed *234.5 Copper# %ard*dra+n *242 ,ron *1"0 Ni$-el *147 &il'er *243 &teel# so.t *21" (in *21" (un!sten *202 /in$ *250 Common primary cells Cell Name Classificatio n Carbon*0in$ 2rimar3 (1e$lan$%e $ell) /in$ C%loride 2rimar3 an!anese 4io5ide 2rimar3 6 (Al-aline) &e$ondar3 er$uri$ 75ide 2rimar3 &il'er 75ide 2rimar3 olta!e per cell 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.35 1.5

Common secondary cells Cell Name Classificatio n an!anese 4io5ide 2rimar3 6 (Al-aline) &e$ondar3 1ead*a$id &e$ondar3 Ni$-el*Cadmium &e$ondar3 (Ni*Cd) Ni$-el*,ron &e$ondar3 (8dison Cell) Ni$-el*metal %3dride &e$ondar3 (Ni*m%) &il'er*0in$ &e$ondar3 &il'er*$admium &e$ondar3 Color Codin! "able Color 1st di!it #nd di!it

olta!e per cell 1.5 2.1 1.25 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.1 Multiplier "olerance ($%) Reliability (%&1000'r) "emperature coefficient (ppm& C) 0 *33 *75 *150 *220 *330 *470 *750 >30 >500 >100 B3pass *

Bla$0 0 100 20 * Bro+n 1 1 101 1 1 9ed 2 2 102 2 0.1 7ran!e 3 3 103 3 0.01 :ello+ 4 4 104 ; <= 0.001 ;reen 5 5 105 5 * Blue 6 6 106 * * <iolet 7 7 107 * * ;ra3 " " 10" * * )%ite ? ? 10? * * ;old * * 0.1 5 * &il'er * * 0.01 10 * None * * * 20 * =; <@;uaranteed inimum <alueA *0%# >100% ==4ouble*+idt% band indi$ates +ire+ound t3pe NoteA .i.t% band on some $olor*$oded resistors indi$ates t%e resistorBs reliabilit3 in per$ent o. .ailures per 1000%ours o. use

Memory aids for resistor color code (ielectric Material r ()vera!e value)

<a$uum Air

1.0000 1.0006

(e.lon 2aper# para..ined

2.0 2.5

9ubber (rans.ormer oil i$a 2or$elain Ba-elite ;lass 4istilled )ater Barium*strontium titanite ($erami$)

3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.5 "0.0 7500.0

Current !ain (Ai) <olta!e !ain (A') 2o+er !ain (Ap) 2%ase &%i.t

1o+ ( 1) Ci!% oderate None

oderate oderate Ci!% 1"0

Ci!% 1o+ ( 1) 1o+ none

(ielectric stren!t' of some dielectric material (ielectric Material (ielectric *tren!t' ()vera!e alue) in &mil) Air 75 Barium*strontium 75 titanite ($erami$) 2or$elain 200 (rans.ormer oil 400 Ba-elite 400 9ubber 700 2aper# 2ara..ined 1300 (e.lon 1500 ;lass 3000 i$a 5000 "ypical '-parameter values '-parameter C+ C, %i 20 1- %r 3 5 10*4 2.5 5 10*4 %. * 0.?" 50 %o 0.5 & 25 & Comparison bet-een transistor confi!urations .arameter C+ C, ,nput impedan$e 1o+ oderate (/i) 7utput ,mpedan$e Ci!% oderate (/o)

Comparison bet-een transistor models Model Common /sa!e (*eDui'alent $ir$uit Eno+n as t%e transistor p%3si$al representation 8bers* oll model 4C anal3sis C3brid model &mall si!nal anal3sis C3brid*pi model or Ci!% .reDuen$3 anal3sis ;ia$olleto model 43nami$ or re &mall si!nal and lar!e model si!nal anal3sis

CC 1- 1 * 50 25 &

CC Ci!% 1o+