Bai Giang Vat Ly Dai Cuong 2 - Full

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP VIT TR * BI GING VT L I CNG 2
1

PHN TH BA. IN T HC
Chng 13. TRNG TNH IN
13.1. CC KHI NIM M U
13.1.1. Thuyt in t
T xa xa, con ngi bit hin tng mt s vt sau khi c st th
chng c th ht hoc y nhau v chng ht c cc vt nh. Ngi ta gi
chng l cc vt nhim in v phn bit thnh hai loi nhim in dng v m.
u th k 17, ngi ta mi nghin cu lnh vc ny nh mt ngnh khoa hc.
Cc vt nhim in c cha in tch. in tch l mt thuc tnh ca vt
cht. in tch trn mt vt bt k c cu to gin on, ln ca n lun bng
mt s nguyn ln in tch nguyn t. in tch nguyn t l in tch nh nht
tn ti trong t nhin. in tch nguyn t e = 1,6.10
-19
C. C hai loi in tch
nguyn t l electron v proton:
- Electron (in t) l ht mang in tch nguyn t m: - e =-1,6.10
-19
C,
khi lng ca electron: m
e
=9,1.10
-31
kg
- Proton mang in tch nguyn t dng +e, khi lng: m
P
=1,67.10
-27
kg
Vt cht c cu to bi cc nguyn t. Mi nguyn t gm cc proton,
electron mang in v cc neutron trung ha in. Cc proton v neutron xp
cht trong ht nhn nguyn t. Trong mu nguyn t n gin th cc electron
chuyn ng theo cc qu o quanh ht nhn.
trng thi bnh thng nguyn t trung ho v in (s cc in tch
dng bng s cc in tch m). Khi nguyn t mt electron th n tr thnh ion
dng, cn khi nguyn t nhn thm electron th n tr thnh ion m
Thuyt da trn s tn ti v chuyn di ca electron gii thch cc hin
tng in v cc tnh cht in c gi l thuyt electron hay thuyt in t.
Theo thuyt ny, qu trnh nhim in ca thanh thy tinh khi c xt vo
la chnh l qu trnh electron chuyn di t thy tinh sang la: thy tinh mt
electron, do mang in dng; ngc li la nhn thm electron t thy tinh
nn mang in m, ln ca in tch trn hai vt lun bng nhau nn trc
c hai vt u cha mang in.
13.1.2. nh lut bo ton in tch
T nhn xt trn y v cc s kin thc nghim khc, nh lut bo ton
in tch c pht biu nh sau:
2

Cc in tch khng t sinh ra v khng t mt i, chng ch c th truyn
t vt ny sang vt khc hoc dch chuyn bn trong mt vt m thi.
Cng c th pht biu: Tng i s cc in tch trong mt h c lp l
khng i.
13.1.3. Vt dn in, vt cch in
Xt v tnh dn in, ta c th phn loi cc cht nh sau:
Cht dn in l nhng cht trong c cc ht mang in tch c th
chuyn ng t do trong ton b th tch vt. Th d: kim loi, cc dung dch
mui, axit, baz,
Cht cch in, hay cn gi l in mi, l nhng cht trong khng c
cc in tch t do m in tch xut hin u s nh x y. Th d: thy
tinh, bnit, cao su, nc nguyn cht,
Cht bn dn l cc cht c tnh dn in trung gian gia cc cht dn
in v cch in. nhit thp, cc cht bn dn dn in km, nhng nhit
cao, tnh dn in ca n tng dn. Th d: silic, germani,
Cht siu dn l cc cht m cc in tch khi chuyn ng qua chng
khng gp bt c s cn tr no. Nm 1911, nh vt l ngi H Lan,
Kammerlingh Onnes (1853 - 1926) pht hin thy ngn rn mt hon ton
in tr (tc tr thnh cht siu dn) nhit di 4,2K.
13.2. nh lut Coulomb (Cu lng)
13.2.1 nh lut Coulomb trong chn khng
in tch im: l mt vt mang in c kch thc nh khng ng k so
vi khong cch t in tch ti nhng im hoc nhng vt mang in khc
nm trong h m ta kho st.
Khi kho st tng tc gia cc in tch im bng thc nghim, nh vt l
Coulomb thit lp nn nh lut mang tn ng vo nm 1785. Gi s c 2 in
tch im q
1
v q
2
dt trong chn khng v cch nhau mt khong r. nh lut c
pht biu nh sau:
Lc tng tc tnh in gia hai in tch im c phng nm trn
ng thng ni gia hai in tch, c chiu hai in tch cng du th y nhau,
hai in tch tri du th ht nhau, c ln t l thun vi tch s ln ca hai
in tch v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch gia hai in tch .
3

ln:
2
2 1
21 12
.
r
q q
k F F = = (13.1)
Trong k l h s t l ph thuc vo n v o:
Trong h SI:
|
|
.
|
\
|
~ =
2
2
9
0
.
10 . 9
4
1
C
m N
k
tc

v hng s in:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

2
2
12
0
.
10 . 86 , 8
m N
C
c
Biu thc vc t:
r
r
r
q q
F
,
,
. .
4
1
2
2 1
0
tc
= (13.2)
13.2.2. nh lut Coulomb trong mi trng
Thc nghim chng t rng lc tng tc tnh in gia cc in tch im
t trong mi trng gim i ln so vi lc tng tc tnh in ca cc in tch
im t trong chn khng (trong l hng s in mi ca mi trng).
Biu thc:
r
r
r
q q
F
,
,
. .
4
1
2
2 1
0
c tc
= (13.3)
13.3. IN TRNG - VC T CNG IN TRNG
13.3.1. Khi nim v in trng
- in trng l mt dng vt cht c bit tn ti xung quanh cc in
tch, gi vai tr truyn lc tng tc tnh in t in tch ny sang in tch khc
- Tnh cht c bn ca in trng: Tc dng lc in ln cc in tch
khc t trong n.
13.3.2. Vc t cng in trng
a. nh ngha
Gi s ti im M trong in trng ta t mt in tch th q
0
( nh
in trng do n gy ra khng lm nh hng n in trng ban u). Theo
tnh cht ca in trng th q
0
s chu tc dng ca lc in trng: F
,

4

Tng t ta t q
0
, q
0
,... th lc in trng: ' F
,
, ' ' F
,
,...
Nhng t s: const
q
F
q
F
= = = .....
/
0
/
0
, ,
.
Vy t s ny ch ph thuc vo gi tr in tch q v khong cch r t
im t in tch n im gy ra in trng ta ang xt.
- T s
0
q
F
,
c th c trng cho in trng v mt tc dng lc ti im
cn xt, gi l vc t cng in trng:
0
q
F
E
,
,
= (13.4)
- n v: V/m
- Nu ta t mt in tch q ti mt im trong in trng c vc t
cng in trng E
,
th lc in trng tc dng ln in tch l:
E q F
, ,
. =

(13.5)
ln: .E q F = (13.6)
b. Vc t cng in trng gy ra bi mt in tch im
Biu thc ca vc t cng in trng do mt in tch im gy ra
ti mt im cch n mt khong r l:

r
r
r
q
E
,
,
. .
4
1
2
0
tcc
=

(13.7)
- Phng chiu: +Nu q> 0, vc t E hng ra xa in tch
+Nu q < 0 vc t E hng v pha in tch
- ln:
2
0
4 r
q
E
tcc
= (13.8)
c. Vc t cng in trng gy bi h in tch im (Nguyn l chng cht
in trng)
5

* Xt mt h in tch im: q
1
, q
2
,..., q
n
th vc t cng in trng
ti mt im trong in trng:

=
= + + + =
n
i
i n
q
F
q
F
q
F
q
F
E
1 0 0 0
2
0
1
...
, , , ,
,
(13.9)
* H in tch phn b lin tc (vt mang in): Ta chia nh vt thnh v
s cc in tch im dq gy ra ti M vc t cng in trng E d
,

}
=
Q
E d E
, ,
(13.10)
d. V d: Xc nh vc t cng in trng gy bi mt lng cc in ti
mt im nm trn ng trung trc ca lng cc v cch trung im mt
khong R:
- Lng cc in: L h 2 in tch im c ln bng nhau nhng tri
du (- q v +q ) cch nhau mt khong l rt nh so vi R.
- i lng c trng cho tnh cht in ca lng cc: Vc t m men
lng cc in
e
P : l q P
e
, ,
. = (13.11)
trong vc t l hng t in tch (-) sang in tch (+).

- Tnh vc t cng in trng: Theo nguyn l chng cht:
2 1
E E E
M
, , ,
+ =
Phng chiu xc nh nh hnh 13.3.

6

3
0
3
0
1 1
4 4 2
. 2 cos . . 2
r
P
r
l q
r
l
E E E
e
M
tcc tcc
o = = = =

2 / 3
2
2
0
2
4
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
l
R
P
E
e
M
tcc
,
,
(13.12)
ngha: khi bit vc t m men lng cc in ta c th xc nh
c vc t cng in trng do lng cc in gy ra (vc t m men
lng cc in c trng cho tnh cht in ca lng cc).
Tc dng ca in trng ln lng cc in: Gi s c lng cc in
e
P
,
t trong in trng u
0
E
,
v nghing vi ng sc in trng mt gc o .
Lc in trng tc dng ln cc in tch:
0 2
.E q F
, ,
= v
0 1
.E q F
, ,
= to
thnh ngu lc.

M men ngu lc c ln:
=F
2
.d =F
2
.l.sino =q.E
0
.l.sino =P
e
.E
0
.sino (13.13)
Vc t m men ngu lc:
0
E P
e
, ,
,
. = (13.14)
Di tc dng ca m men ngu lc, lng cc in quay trong in
trng n v tr
e
P
,
//
0
E
,

13.4. THNG LNG CM NG IN - NH L OSTROGRADSKI -
GAUSS (O-G)
13.4.1 ng sc in trng
a. nh ngha:
L nhng ng cong v trong in trng m tip tuyn ti mi im
trng vi phng ca vc t cng in trng ti im .
Chiu ca ng sc in trng l chiu ca vc t cng in
trng
7

b. Quy c
V s ng sc in trng qua mt n v din tch t vung gc vi
ng sc in trng bng ln ca vc t cng in trng ti ni t
din tch . Do trong in trng, ti nhng ni m ng sc mau th in
trng mnh, ti nhng ni ng sc tha th in trng yu.
Tp hp cc ng sc in trng to thnh ph cc ng sc in
trng.
c. Tnh cht
- Cc ng sc in trng khng ct nhau v ti mi im ch c mt
gi tr xc nh ca ng sc in trng.
- ng sc in trng l ng cong h ti cc in tch, xut pht t
in tch dng, kt thc trn in tch m
13.4.2. Vc t cm ng in
Thc nghim cho thy, nu in trng trong chn khng c cng E
o
th
trong cht in mi ng nht vng hng, cng in trng gim ln:
0
E
E
c
=

Nh vy, khi i t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc th ng sc
in trng s b gin on ti mt phn cch gia hai mi trng. iu ny i
khi bt li cho cc php tnh v vi phn, tch phn.
Khc phc iu ny, ngi ta xy dng vc t in cm (cn gi l vc t
cm ng in):
Vc t cm ng in:

E D
, ,
0
cc =
(13.15)
Trong gi l h s in mi ca mi trng. Trong chn khng = 1,
trong khng kh 1, cc mi trng khc th > 1
ln vc t cm ng in: E D
0
cc = (13.16)
Vc t cm ng in do mt in tch im gy ra ti mt im cch in
tch mt khong r:

r
r
r
q
D
,
,
.
. 4
2
t
= (13.17)
8

ng cm ng in c nh ngha, quy c, tnh cht ging nh
ng sc in trng; S ng cm ng in qua mt n v din tch t
vung gc vi ng cm ng in:
dN =D.dS
n
(13.19)
13.4.3 Thng lng cm ng in (in thng)
a. nh ngha:
Ta hnh dung chia mt mt hu hn S bt k nm trong in trng ra
thnh nhng din tch nh dS sao cho in trng qua dS c th coi l u c vc
t cm ng in D
,
, v cho dS mt php tuyn n
,
gi o l gc hp bi ( ) S d n
,
,
;

Thng lng cm ng in qua din tch dS:
S d D d
e
, ,
. = | o cos . .dS D =

(13.20)
Thng lng cm ng in qua din tch S:
} }
= =
) ( ) (
.
S S
e e
S d D d
, ,
| | (13.21)
Thng lng cm ng in l i lng i s, du ca n ph thuc vo
gc o (hay ph thuc vo cch chn chiu php tuyn).
b. ngha vt l
Gi dS
n
=dS.cos l hnh chiu ca S d
,
ln phng D
,

. .cos .
e n
d DdS a DdS u = =
m D.dS
n
=dN l s ng cm ng in

dN d
e
= |

(13.22)
Vy: Thng lng cm ng in qua mt din tch nm trong in trng
c ln bng s ng cm ng in qua din tch .
13.4.4. nh l O G
o

S
n

dS
D

Hnh 13-5
9

a. Dng tch phn:
Gi s c in tch +q t ti im O v mt mt kn S bt k nm trong in
trng ca in tch . Tm thng lng cm ng in qua din tch .Quy c
chn chiu php tuyn ti mi im trn mt kn u hng ra ngoi mt kn.

Trng hp mt kn S bao quanh in tch:
Ta hnh dung chia mt kn ra thnh nhng din tch nh dS nm cch q
mt khong r:
- Vc t cm ng in ti dS c ln:
2
. 4 r
q
D
t
=
V php tuyn n
,
vi din tch dS, gi ( ) D n, = o
Thng lng cm ng in qua dS:

O = = = = d
q
dS
r
q
dS D S d D d
e
t
o
t
o |
4
cos .
. 4
cos . . .
2
, ,
(13.23)
Vi:
2
cos .
r
dS
d
o
= O , gi l gc khi nhn dS t O.
< O >
> O < e O
0
2
0
2
d khi
d khi d
t
o
t
o o

+ n v ca gc khi l Sr (Stradian): l gc nhn t tm O mt phn
mt cu c din tch bng bnh phng bn knh.
+Gc nhn ton khng gian bng din tch mt cu chia cho din tch ng
vi 1(Sr), bng:
t
t
4
. 4
2
2
=
r
r

- Thng lng cm ng in qua mt kn S:

n

D

o

q
Hi nh 13-6
10

q
q
d
q
S d D d
S S S
e e
= = O = = =
} } }
t
t t
| | 4 .
4 4
.
, ,
(13.24)
- Nu mt kn S bao quanh in tch q, th
q d d
e
S
= = O < O >
}
| t
t
o 4 0
2

Trng hp mt kn S khng bao quanh in tch:
Ta dng mt nn nh O tip xc vi mt kn S, chia mt kn S ra lm 2
phn S
1
v S
2

- Thng lng cm ng in:
|
|
.
|
\
|
O + O = O = =
} } } }
1 2
4 4
.
S S S S
e
d d
q
d
q
S d D
t t
|
, ,

Trn mt S
1
: O = O > O <
}
1
0
2
S
d d
t
o
Trn mt S
2
: O = O < O >
}
2
0
2
S
d d
t
o , Suy ra: ( ) 0
4
= O O =
t
|
q
e

Trng hp mt kn S bao quanh mt h n in tch q
1
, q
2
, q
3
,, q
n
:
Vc t cm ng in:
=
=
n
i
i
D D
1
, ,

Thng lng cm ng in:

} }
= =
= = =
n
i
i
n
i
S
i
S
e
q S d D S d D
1 1
. .
, , , ,
| (13.25)
nh l: Thng lng cm ng in i qua mt mt kn bt k bng tng
i s cc in tch b bao bi mt kn .
b. Dng vi phn:
in tch b bao bi mt kn l mt vt mang in (hay l mt h in tch
phn b lin tc Q q
n
i
i
=
=1
). Gi V l th tch b bao bi mt kn S, l mt
in khi (in tch c trong mt n v th tch).
11

in tch trong th tch V:
} }
= =
V V
dV dQ Q . (*)
- Theo nh l O - G trong gii tch:
} }
=
V S
dV D div S d D . .
, , ,
(**)
(V l th tch gii hn bi din tch S,
z
Dz
y
D
x
D
D div
y
x
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
,
l i
lng v hng)
Kt hp (*), (**) v (12) ta c:
} } }
= = = =
V V S
e
dV Q dV D div S d D . . . |
, , ,

} }
=
V V
dV dV D div . .
,

V V l th tch bt k nn ta c:

= D div
,
(13.26)
y l dng vi phn ca nh l O - G
Trong trng hp tng qut l hm to (
) , , ( x y x
) khi bit dng tng
minh ca hm th xc nh c D
,
ti tng im trong khng gian.
13.4.5. ng dng
a. Xc nh vc t cng in trng gy bi mt cu bn knh R mang in
tch + Q phn b u ti mt im M cch tm mt cu mt khong r ( R r > ).
Do c tnh cht i xng cu nn in trng cng c tnh cht i xng
cu D
,
c phng chiu nh hnh v, c ln ph thuc vo khong cch r.
Ta hnh dung chn mt mt kn S bao quanh in tch Q l mt mt cu c
tm O bn knh r i qua im M.

Thng lng cm ng in qua mt kn S theo nh l O - G:
12

o = =
} }
, ,

. . .cos
e
S S
DdS DdS
Ti mi im trn mt kn S: 1 cos 0 = = o o n D
,
,
v D =const
Nn: Q r D dS D dS D
S S
e
= = = =
} }
2
. 4 . . . t |
2
. 4 r
Q
D
t
= (13.27)
2
0 0
. 4 r
Q D
E
c tc c c
= = ( R r > ) (13.28)
Cn ( R r < ) th mt kn S khng bao quanh in tch 0 0 = = E
e
|
b. Xc nh vc t cng in trng gy bi mt phng v hn tch in u
c mt in mt o + .
Ph ng sc in trng l nhng ng vung gc vi mt phng v
i xng nhau qua mt phng v c ln bng nhau 2 im i xng.
Chn mt kn S l mt tr, c 2 y song song v cch u mt phng c din
tch S A
Thng lng cm ng in: q S d D S d D S d D
ben m day S
e
A = + = =
} } }
. 2
. . .
, , , , , ,
|
mt bn: n D
,
,
}
= =
S
S d D 0 . 0 cos
,
o
Hai y: 1 cos = o n D
,
,
v D =const
S q S D dS D dS D S d D
day day day
e
A = A = A = = = =
} } }
. . 2 . . . .
2 2 2
o |
, ,

2
o
= D (13.29)
v
0 0
2cc
o
cc
= =
D
E (13.30)
13.5. IN TH - HIU IN TH - MT NG TH
13.5.1 Cng ca lc tnh in Tnh cht th ca trng tnh in
a. Cng ca lc tnh in
Xt in tch +q
0
dch chuyn trong in trng ca in tch +q t v tr
M n v tr N trn mt ng cong (C) bt k, ta c cng ca lc in trng:

13

0
2
0
. . .cos
4
N
M
r N N N
MN
M M M r
qq dr
A dA F dS F dS
r
o
tcc
= = = =
} } } }
, ,

0
0
1 1
-
4
MN
M N
qq
A
r r tcc
| |
=
|
\ .
(13.31)
Nhn xt: Cng ca lc tnh in trong s dch chuyn in tch q
0
trong
in trng ca mt in tch im khng ph thuc vo dng ca ng cong
dch chuyn m ch ph thuc vo v tr im u v im cui ca chuyn di.
- Nu dch chuyn q
0
trong in trng ca h in tch im:
Theo nguyn l chng cht:
1
n
i
i
F F
=
=
, ,

0 0
1 1 1 0 0
. . . -
4 . 4 .
N N N
n n n n
i i
MN i i
i i i i iM iN M M M
q q q q
A F dS F dS F dS
r r tcc tcc
= = =
= = = =

} } }
, , , , , ,
(13.32)
- Nu q
0
dch chuyn trong in trng bt k th ta coi in trng bt k
l in trng gy bi h v s cc in tch im.
b. Tnh cht th ca trng tnh in
Nu dch chuyn q
0
theo mt ng cong kn bt k th cng ca lc in
trng A = 0. Ta bit trong c hc mt trng c tnh cht trn gi l trng th.
Vy trng tnh in l mt trng th.
- Biu thc ton hc phn nh tnh cht th ca trng:

0
. . . 0
C C
A F dS q E dS = = =
} }
, , , ,

. 0
C
E dS =
}
, ,
(13.33)
Lu s ca vc t cng in trng dc theo ng cong kn bt k bng 0.
13.5.2. Th nng ca in tch trong in trng
14

- in trng l mt trng th, in tch nm trong trng th th c th
nng.Gi
M
W v
N
W l th nng ti v tr M v N trong in trng.
- Theo nh l v th nng ta c cng ca lc in trng:

0 0
0 0
4 . 4 .
MN M N
M N
qq qq
A W W
r r tcc tcc
= = (13.34)
* Th nng ca in tch q
0
trong in trng ca in tch q v cch in
tch mt khong r:
0
0
4
qq
W C
r tcc
= + (13.35)
trong C l hng s ph thuc vo cch chn gc th nng.
Nu ta chn gc th nng ti v cng bng 0:

0
0
0 0
4
qq
W C C
tcc
= + = =

0
0
4
qq
W
r tcc
= (13.36)
0
trong in trng ca h in tch (Chn 0 =
W ):

0
1 1 0
4
n n
i
i
i i i
q q
W W
r tcc
= =
= =

(13.37)
0
trong in trng bt k ( 0 =
W ):

0
.
M M
M
A W W q E dS

= =
}
, ,

Chn 0 =
W
0
.
M
M
W q E dS
=
}
, ,
(13.38)
Th nng ca in tch q
0
ti mt im trong in trng bt k l mt i
lng c gi tr bng cng ca lc tnh in trong s dch chuyn in tch t
im ang xt ra xa v cng.
13.5.3 in th Hiu in th
a. nh ngha in th
Nu ln lt t cc in tch q
0
, q
1
, q
2
... ti mt im M th th nng
tng ng W, W
1
, W
2
,...
Nhng t s:
1 2
0 1 2
... ...
i
i
W W W W
q q q q
= = = =
T s
0
q
W
khng ph thuc q
0
m n ph thuc vo q (l in tch gy ra
in trng) v r (v tr ti im ang xt).
15

Do T s
0
q
W
c trng cho in trng v mt d tr nng lng ti
im ang xt gi l in th:

0
q
W
V = (13.39)
+ in th ti mt im trong in trng ca mt in tch im:
r
q
V
0
4tcc
= (13.40)
in th l i lng i s: Khi q > 0 th V > 0 ; cn khi q < 0 th V< 0
+ in th trong in trng ca h in tch im q
1
, q
2.
, q
3
,...:

= =
= =
n
i i
i
n
i
i
r
q
V V
1 0 1
4tcc
(13.41)
* H in tch phn b lin tc:
}
=
Q
dV V (13.42)
+ in th trong in trng bt k:

}
}
= = = =
M
M M M
M
S d E
q
S d E q
q
A
q
W
V
, ,
, ,
0
0
0
.
0
.
(13.43)
b. Hiu in th
- nh ngha: T
0
q
W
V = W = q
0
.V, m cng ca lc in trng:
A
12
=W
1
W
2
=q
0
( V
1
V
2
)
- Hiu in th ti hai im: V
1
V
2
=U =
0
12
q
A
(13.44)
- Trong in trng bt k : V
1
V
2
=U =
}
=
2
1 0
12
. S d E
q
A
, ,
(13.45)
- Nu q
0
= +1 n v in tch th: V
1
V
2
=A
12

Hiu in th gia hai im trong in trng l mt i lng bng
cng ca lc in trng lm dch chuyn mt n v in tch dng t v tr
1 n v tr 2
Ch :
16

+Cng ca lc tnh in khi lm dch chuyn in tch q gia hai im c
hiu in th U:
A =q.U (13.46)
+Nu chn gc th nng ti 0 0
0
= = =

q
W
V W
13.5.4. Mt ng th
a. nh ngha
- Mt ng th l qu tch ca tt c nhng im c cng in th.
- Phng trnh: V =const =C
- Vi nhng in th khc nhau trong in trng ng vi nhng gi tr C
khc nhau ta c h mt ng th.
- V d: in th trong in trng gy bi mt in tch q:
r
q
V
0
4tcc
=
Nhng im cch q mt khong r
1
c in th
1
1 0
1
4
C
r
q
V = =
tcc
l mt
mt ng th, l mt cu c tm l im t q. ng vi nhng gi tr C khc
nhau ta c nhng mt ng th khc nhau, l nhng mt cu ng tm ti q.

Hnh 13-10
b. Tnh cht ca mt ng th:
- Cc mt ng th khng ct nhau: v ti mi im ch c mt gi tr xc
nh ca in th.
- Cng ca lc in trng khi dch chuyn mt in tch trn mt ng
th th bng khng: A
12
=q
0
(V
1
V
2
) =0 (v trn mt ng th V
1
=V
2
)
- Ti mt im bt k trn mt ng th, vc t E
,
mt ng th ti im .
Ta c cng ca lc in trng:
0 .
0
= = S d E q dA
, ,
v q
0
= 0
17

Suy ra: 0 cos . . . = = o dS E S d E
, ,
v E = 0, dS = 0 S d E
, ,
= 0 coso
13.6. LIN H GIA VC T CNG IN TRNG V IN TH
13.6.1. H thc lin h:
- Xt hai im M v N rt gn nhau trong in trng c in th V v
V+dV (dV > 0) V
N
> V
M
.
V hai mt ng th qua hai im M, N. t MN dS =
, ,

Cng ca lc in trng khi dch chuyn q
0
t im M n im N:
S d E q dA
,
.
0
= (*) ( E
,
l vc t cng in trng vung gc vi mt
ng th ti M). Mt khc: ( ) ( ) | | dV q dV V V q V V q dA
N M 0 0 0
= + = = (**)
T (*) v (**) ta c: . . .cos 0 cos 0
2
E dS E dS dV
t
o o o = = < < >
, ,

Trong o l gc hp bi E
,
v S d
,
E
,
hng theo chiu gim ca in th.
Mt khc ta c:
S
E E = o cos . : Hnh chiu ca E
,
trn phng S d
,

.cos .
S
E dS E dS dV o = =
dS
dV
E
S
= (13.47)

Hnh chiu ca vc t cng in trng trn mt phng no v tr
s bng gim in th trn mt n v di ca phng .
Nu chn phng chiu ca h trc to cc v in th l hm ca
to ta c:
x
V
E
x
c
c
= ;
y
V
E
y
c
c
= ;
z
V
E
z
c
c
= =>
x y z
V V V
E E i E j E k i j k
x y z
| | c c c
= + + = + +
|
c c c
\ .
,

E gradV =
, ,
(13.48)
18

Vy: Vc t cng in trng ti mt im bt k trong in trng
bng v ngc du vi gradien ca in th ti im .
13.6.2. ng dng
a. Xc nh hiu in th gia hai mt phng song song v hn mang in u
tri du c mt in mt o + v o :
- in trng gia hai mt phng l in trng u, ng sc l nhng
ng thng song song cch u v vung gc vi hai mt phng.

Gi: + V
1
l in th ca mt phng dng , V
2
l in th ca mt phng
m, d l khong cch gia hai mt phng
T biu thc:
dS
dV
E
S
=
Chn phng Ox vi 2 mt phng c gc bn dng, chiu hng t
bn dng sang bn m.
dx E dV
dx
dV
E E
x
. = = =
Ly tch phn hai v:
} } }
= =
d d V
V
dx E dx E dV
0 0
. .
2
1

0
2 1
.
.
cc
o d
d E V V = = (13.49)
b) Xc nh hiu in th gia hai im trong in trng ca mt mt cu tch
in u:
Gi s mt cu tm O bn knh R mang in tch Q phn b u, xc nh
hiu in th ti hai im cch tm mt cu mt khong R
1
v R
2
(R
2
> R
1
> R).
Chn phng bn knh Or
,
ta c:
dr E dV
dr
dV
E E
r
. = = =
19

Ly tch phn 2 v:
} } }
= =
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
.
4
.
R
R
R
R
V
V
r
dr Q
dr E dV
c tc

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 1 0
2 1
1 1
4 R R
Q
V V
tcc
(13.50)
Hng dn hc v cng c kin thc chng 13
Cu hi n tp
13.1. Trnh by ni dung ca thuyt electon? Vn dng thuyt gii thch cc
hin tng nhim in?
13.2. Th no l in tch im? Pht biu ni dung v vit biu thc nh lut
Cu lng dng vc t trong mi trng bt k? Lc tng tc gia hai vt th bt
k mang in c p dng trc tip nh lut Cu lng tnh cng lc c
hay khng? V sao?
13.3. nh ngha vc t cng in trng? Nu cch xc nh cng in
trng gy bi mt in tch im?
13.4. Th no l mt lng cc in? Vc t cng in trng gy bi mt
lng cc in c xc nh nh th no?
13.5. ng sc in trng l g? Nu cc tnh cht ca ng sc in trng?
M t ng sc trong in trng u?
13.6. Th no l thng lng in cm? Nu ngha ca vic biu din thng
lng in cm trong in trng? Vit biu thc tnh thng lng in cm gi
qua mt mt bt k v nu phng php tnh?
13.7. Pht biu ni dung v vit biu thc ca nh l O-G?
13.8. p dng nh l O-G thit lp cng thc xc nh vc t cng in
trng gy bi mt mt phng rng v hn tch in u?
13.9. Ti sao in trng c tnh cht th? Vit biu thc xc nh in th gy
bi mt in tch im v gy bi mt vt th mang in? Vit biu thc xc
nh hiu in th gia hai im trong in trng?
20

13.10. Thnh lp mi quan h gia hiu in th v in trng trng? Vn
dng trong in trng u?
BI TP
13.11. t c nh ba in tch im c in tch q
1
=4.10
-12
C , q
2
=1,6.10
-11
C,
12
3
8
.10
3
q C
= theo th t ti ba nh ca mt tam gic (hnh 13.18)

) cm 4 BC ;
o
30 B
;
o
90 A
( = = = .
a) Hy xc nh hng v ln ca lc in
tc dng ln tng in tch q
3
, q
2
v q
1
.
b) t mt tm in mi l mt bn phng song song b dy e =2cm, hng
s in mi c =2, sao cho CB vung gc vi bn phng. Hy xc nh lc tng
tc gia hai in tch q
2
v q
3
?
13.12. C hai in tch im q
1
=1,8.10
-11
C v q
2
=-2.10
-12
C, t theo th t ti
hai im A,B cch nhau 4cm trong chn khng.
a) Xc nh vc t cng in trng v in th ti im M nm chnh gia
on AB.
b) Tm v tr ca im N sao cho vc t cng in trng ti im bng 0.
13.13. Mt mt phng rng v hn tch in u, gn ngi ta treo mt qu
cu nh khi lng m =2kg tch in q
2
=5.10
-7
C, khi dy treo qu cu lch
i mt gc o =45
0
.
a) Tnh mt in tch mt ca mt phng tch in .
b) Lm gim in tch ca qu cu cho ti khi gc lch o =30
0
. Hi khi lng
electron trong qu cu thay i th no?
13.14. Mt qu cu bn knh R =10cm tch in u vi mt =1C/m
3
.
a) Xc nh in th ti im M cch tm qu cu mt khong r.
b) p dng xt trng hp ring khi r =0 v khi r =R v khi r =R+a, a =50cm.
H trn t trong khng kh.
13.15. C hai mt phng rng v hn tch in u tri du nhau vi mt
2 12
m / C 10 . 9

= o , hng s in mi c =2, hai mt phng t song song v cch
nhau mt khong d =5mm.
a) Tnh cng in trng gia hai mt .
A;
C;
B;
-
- -
Hnh 13-18
21

b) Tnh hiu in th gia hai mt phng.
13.16. Mt electron chuyn ng gia hai mt phng song song tch in tri du
t bn dng sang bn m vi vn tc ban u v =5.10
6
m/s thu c gia tc a =
10
12
m/s
2
. Hy tnh :
a) Cng in trng gia hai bn phng.
b) Cng ca lc in trng lm dch chuyn electron sau khong thi gian t =10
-6
s.
c) Hiu in th m electron vt qua c trong thi gian .
d) Vn tc m electron t c sau thi gian trn k t lc bt u chuyn ng.
13.21. Cho hai mt phng song song tch in u cch nhau mt
khong d =1cm, mt in tch ln lt l:

2 8
2
2 8
1
cm / C 10 .
3
1
; cm / C 10 .
3
2

= o = o .
a) Tnh cng in trng khong gia hai bn t in
khi mi trng l khng kh.
b) t tm in mi gia hai bn t in (hnh 13.19), hng s
in mi c =2, b dy e =5mm. Tnh cng in trng trong bn in
mi? in trng c u khng?
c) Tnh hiu in th gia hai bn t theo d kin cu b.

+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
(hnh 13.19)
o1 o2
22

Chng 14. VT DN. T IN. NNG LNG IN TRNG
14.1. VT DN
14.1.1. Khi nim vt dn
Vt dn l nhng vt lm bng cht trong c cha nhiu cc in t t
do, in t t do c th dch chuyn trong ton b vt dn.
14.1.2. Vt dn cn bng in v cc tnh cht ca vt dn mang in
iu kin cn bng tnh in ca vt dn mang in: Cc in tch t do
trong vt dn khng dch chuyn c hng, cng in trng bn trong vt
dn bng khng.
Cc tnh cht ca vt dn mang in: Ta c th hon ton chng minh
c cc tnh cht sau:
a. in th
- Xt hai im bt k M, N trn vt dn:
Ta c:
}
=
N
M
N M
l d E V V
, ,
.
bn trong vt dn: E = 0, cn trn b mt vt dn: l d E
, ,
.

Do vy tch . 0 E dl =
, ,

Nn V
M
V
N
=0 hay V
M
=V
N
(14.1)
Mi im bt k trn vt dn u c cng in th
Kt lun: Vt dn cn bng in l vt ng th, mt vt dn l mt mt
ng th
b. S phn b ca cc in tch: Gi s truyn cho vt dn mt in tch q. Khi
in tch phn b nh th no?
Chn mt Gauss bn trong v rt st mt vt dn nh trn hnh (14.2 a):
Theo nh l O G ta c:
}
= =
0
0 .
c
i
S
q
S d E
, ,

Hnh 14-2 a

Hnh 14-2 b
0 E
t
=
,

n
E
,
N
M
Hnh 14.1
23

in tch bn trong vt dn bng 0
Kt lun: Khi truyn in tch cho vt dn, in tch ch c phn b
trn b mt vt dn, bn trong vt dn in tch bng 0
* Trng hp vt dn rng: Chn mt Gauss S nm trong vt dn rng
nh trn hnh (14.2 b): Theo phn trn ta cng c:
}
= =
0
0 .
c
i
S
q
S d E
, ,

Tng i s cc in tch mt bn trong vt dn bng 0 hay khng th c
cc in tch mt bn trong ca vt dn.
Nh vy: Vi vt dn rng tch in trng thi cn bng in, in tch
cng ch c phn b mt bn ngoi vt dn, in trng phn rng v trong
vt dn bng 0.
* ng dng:
- Dng lm cc mn chn in (bo v cc thit b in, in t, chng
nhiu do in trng ngoi gy ra)
- Trong my pht tnh in Vandergraff (to ra in th rt cao)
Nguyn tc lm vic: Khi ta truyn mt in tch q mt trong ca vt
dn rng, in tch ny nhanh chng di chuyn ra mt ngoi, tip tc truyn in
tch cho vt, in tch li c di chuyn ra mt ngoi. Kt qu, mt ngoi vt
dn c in tch rt ln, do to ra c in th rt cao (c hng triu Von)
c. Hin tng in mi nhn
Khi vt dn tch in, cc in tch phn b trn mt ngoi vt dn vi mt
khc nhau, in tch tp trung nhiu ti nhng phn LI v NHN ca vt
dn. Khi c hin tng g c th xy ra?
Gi s vt dn tch in dng. Khi in trng phn li v nhn rt
ln, lm ion ho khng kh quanh . Cc ion m b ht v pha u nhn, ion
dng b y ra xa

24

Kt qu: in tch dng phn nhn ca vt dn gim dn, km theo
dng chuyn di ca cc ion dng khng kh to thnh gi in. Hin tng
ny gi l R IN
* ng dng: Ch to ct thu li chng st, trong kim loi nhn ca phn
ui my bay, trong cc nh my dt
14.2. VT DN TRONG IN TRNG
14.2.1. Hin tng in hng.
Hin tng in hng ca vt dn: l hin tng cc in tch xut hin
trn vt dn (lc u vt dn khng mang in) khi n t trong in trng.
Ngi ta phn ra thnh hai loi in hng:

Hnh 14-5
+ in hng mt phn: l hin tng in hng c ln ca in tch
cm ng nh hn ln in tch trn b mt vt dn.Trn hnh 14.2 biu din
in hng mt phn, ch c mt s ng cm ng xut pht t vt A v kt thc
(B,C), cn mt s ng cm ng khc xut pht t A v li i ra v cng.

A C B
q q q < =
(14.3)

+ in hng ton phn: l hin tng in hng c ln ca in tch cm
ng bng ln in tch trn b mt vt dn. Trn (hnh 14.3) biu din in hng
ton phn, ton b cc ng cm ng xut pht t vt A v kt thc trn vt (B,C).

A C B
q q q = =
(14.4)
14.2.2. T IN
a. H vt dn cn bng tch in
Xt h 3 vt dn tch in trng thi cn bng in, c in tch v in
th ln lt l q
1
, q
2
, q
3
, V
1
, V
2
, V
3
.Ta c:
q
1
=C
11
V
1
+C
12
V
2
+C
13
V
3
(14.5)
25

q
2
=C
21
V
1
+C
22
V
2
+C
23
V
3
(14.6)

q
1
=C
31
V
1
+C
32
V
2
+C
33
V
3
(14.7)

Vi C
11
, C
22
, C
33
l in dung ca cc vt dn 1,2,3. C
ik
(i = k) gi l cc
h s in hng
L thuyt chng t c rng C
ii
>0 ; C
ik
=C
ki
(tnh cht i xng)
b. T in
* nh ngha: T in l h thng gm hai vt dn t cch in vi nhau
v c s hng ng ton phn gia chng

Hnh 14-7
- Hai vt dn gi l hai bn t in
- in tch trn hai bn t bng nhau v tri du nhau, in tch ca t in
l in tch ca bn dng
- Cc loi t in: cn c vo hnh dng, chia t in thnh t phng, t
cu, t tr
c. in dung ca t in
26

Gi q
1
, q
2
, V
1
, V
2
l in tch, hiu in th trn hai bn t A v B
T (12.6) ta c : q
1
=C
11
V
1
+C
12
V
2

q
2
=C
21
V
1
+C
22
V
2
(14.8)
Do tnh i xng nn: C
12
=C
21
(14.9)
Do c s hng ng ton phn nn: q
1
+q
2
=0
Nu ni B vi t th: V
2
=0 q
1
+q
2
=(C
11
+C
21
) V
1
=0
C
11
+C
21
=0 (14.10)
Tng qut: Khi ni t in vi ngun in th
q
1
+q
2
=(C
11
+C
21
) V
1
+(C
12
+C
22
)V
2
=0
Thay (14.10) vo ta c: C
12
+C
22
=0 (14.11)
C
11
=C
22
=C
C
12
=C
21
=-C (14.12)
q
1
=C(V
1
V
2
) =- q
2
=q (q gi l in tch t in)
U
q
V V
q
C =
=
2 1
(14.13)
C ch ph thuc bn cht ca t in (hnh dng, kch thc v mi trng
cch in gia hai bn t), C gi l in dung ca t in.
d. in dung ca mt s t in
T in phng :

Hnh 14-8
C: d d E V V
0
2 1
.
cc
o
= = . Mt khc:
S
Q
= o

d
S
V V
Q
C
0
2 1
cc
=
= (14.14)
Trong : d khong cch gia hai bn t in (m)
hng s in mi ca mi trng gia hai bn t
27

S din tch phn i din hai bn t in (m
2
)
T in cu :
2 1
1 2
0
2 1
4
R R
R R V V
Q
C
=
tcc
(14.15)
Nu R
2
R
1
=d <<R
1
th R
1
~ R
2

d
S
R
d
C
0 2
1
0
4 cc tcc
= = (Vi S = 4t
2
1
R ) (tr v cng thc t in phng)
T in tr:
1
2
0
ln
2
R
R
l
C
tcc
= (14.16)
* Hiu in th gii hn ca t in: T 3 cng thc tnh in dung phn trn,
ta thy rng C t l nghch vi khong cch hai bn t in (d). Khi gim d ( tng
gi tr ca C) lm cho in trng trong t tng mnh (E = U/d). Khi U = U
0
no
th lp in mi gia hai bn t tr nn dn in, ta ni t in b nh thng. U
0
gi
l hiu in th gii hn ca t in. Vi cc t in khc nhau th U
0
l khc nhau
14.4. NNG LNG IN TRNG
14.4.1. Nng lng tng tc ca h in tch im.
a. Nng lng tng tc ca h hai in tch im.
Nu in tch im q
2
t trong in trng ca in tch im q
1
, th th
nng ca in tch q
2
l
t
W c xc nh bng biu thc:

12
2 1
0
t
r
q q
4
1
W
tcc
=
12
r l khong cch gia hai in tch.
t
W cng l th nng ca in tch q
1
trong in trng ca in tch q
2
.
Do vy
t
W cn c gi l th nng ca h hai in tch im
21 12
W W =

12
2 1
o
21 12
r
q q
4
1
W W
tcc
= =
Ta c th vit thnh:
|
|
.
|
\
|
tcc
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
tcc
=
12 o
1
2
21 o
2
1 12
r . 4
q
q
2
1
r . 4
q
q
2
1
W
theo khi nim in th th:

1
21 o
2
V
r . 4
q
=
tcc
l in th ti v tr q
1
do in tch q
2
gy ra
28

2
12 o
1
V
r . 4
q
=
tcc
l in th ti v tr q
2
do in tch q
1
gy ra
Do : ) V . q V . q (
2
1
W W
2 2 1 1 21 12
+ = = (14.19)
b. Nng lng tng tc ca h nhiu in tch im.
- Nu h gm ba in tch im th nng lng tng tc ca h s l:
2 3 3 1 1 2
12 23 31
12 23 31
1 1 1
4 4 4
o o o
q q q q q q
W W W W
r r r tcc tcc tcc
= + + = + + =
h

3 3 2 1 2 1
1 2 3
21 31 12 32 23 13
1 1 1
2 4 . 4 . 2 4 . 4 . 2 4 . 4 .
o o o o o o
q q q q q q
q q q
r r r r r r tcc tcc tcc tcc tcc tcc
| | | | | |
= + + + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

Vy:
E E E
= + +
h
1 1 2 2 3 3
1
( )
2
W qV q V qV (14.20)
Vi V
1E
, V
2E
, V
3E
l in th tng hp do hai in tch kia gy ra ti v tr
ca in tch ny.
- Nu h gm nhiu in tch im th nng lng tng tc ca h l:
) V q ......... V q V q V q (
2
1
W
n n 3 3 2 2 1 1 he
+ + + + =
Tng qut:
=
=
n
1 i
i i he
V q
2
1
W (14.21)
c gi l nng lng tng tc ca h nhiu in tch im (gi tt l
nng lng in ca h), trong V
i
l in th ti im t ca in tch q
i

14.4.2. Nng lng in ca vt dn c lp tch in.
Tng tng vt dn gm v s cc phn t dq, mi mt phn t c
mt v tr xc nh trong vt th v in th ti im l V
i
.
Theo (14.21) ta c:
i
n
1 i
i he
V . dq
2
1
W

=
=
nhng v cc in tch ny lin tc trong vt th nn du tng ca biu
thc c thay bng du tch phn, v biu thc trn c vit thnh:
=
} h
vt th
1
.
2
i i
W dq V
i vi vt dn cn bng in th mi im trn n c in th bng nhau
v khng i V
i
=V, nn: =
} h
vt th
1
2
i
W V dq
29

trong
E
= =
} i
Vtth
dq q q( in tch ca ton b vt dn)
Vy: nng lng in cu vt dn c lp tch in c biu thc l:
=
1
.
2
h
W qV (14.22)
14.4.3. Nng lng in ca t in.
T in l hai vt dn c lp tch in: Bn dng c in tch q
1
v bn
m c in tch q
2
, in th tng ng ca tng bn l V
1
>0 v V
2
<0 . Trong
q q q
2 1
= = v V
1
=V; V
2
=-V.
theo kt qu ca (16.50), th nng lng in ca t in bng tng nng
lng in ca hai bn cc, ta c: ) V q V q (
2
1
V q
2
1
W
2 2 1 1
2
1 i
i i
+ = =

=

kt hp vi nhng lp lun trn, vit li thnh:
qU
2
1
) qV qV (
2
1
W = = (14.23)
14.4.4. Nng lng in trng.
a. Nng lng in trng ca t in.
c biu thc nng lng in trng ca t in ni chung, ta xt mt
t in phng vtnh nng lng in trng trong khong khng gian gia hai
bn t . T (14.23), nng lng in ca t in phng c vit l:

2
CU
2
1
qU
2
1
W = =
C l in dng ca t in phng, c biu thc:
d
S .
C
o
cc
=

Ta c: V . E
2
1
W
2
o
cc = (14.24)
trong V l th tch ca khng gian gia hai bn t in, do vy ta cn
c th hiu rng nng lng in ca t in chnh l nng lng in trng
trong khong khng gian .
Vy: Nng lng in ca t in ch tp trung khong khng gian gia
hai bn t in.
14.4.4.2. Nng lng in trng bt k.
30

T (14.24) l kt qu thu c v nng lng in trng trong khong
khng gian c th tch V gia hai bn t in, ta xc nh c mt nng
lng trong khng gian c in trng l:

2
1
2
o
W
E
V
e cc = = (14.25)
Kt qu ny khng nhng ng trong in trng u gia hai bn t
in, m cn ng vi mt in trng bt k. T ta c th tnh nng lng
in trng trong khng gian c th tch V theo cng thc sau:

2
1
. .
2
o
V V
W dV E dV e cc = =
} }

}
cc =
V
2
o
dV . E
2
1
W (14.26)
T (14.26), dn n kt lun: Nng lng in trng ch nh x trong
khng gian c in trng tn ti

Cu hi n tp
14.1. Vt dn cn bng in v cc tnh cht ca vt dn mang in
14.2. Th no l hin tng in hng? in hng mt phn v in hng
ton phn c cc im g khc nhau?
14.3. Thnh lp biu thc nng lng in trng ca t in? T cng thc
rt ra biu thc nng lng in trng bt k?
BI TP
14.4. Mt t in phng, din tch mi bn l S =1m
2
, khong cch gia chng
l d =1,5mm.
a) Tnh in dung ca t.
b) Tch in cho t n khi hiu in th gia hai bn t bng 6V. Tnh in tch
ca t.
c) Theo d kin ca cu b, cho cht in mi c hng s c =2 ngp mt na din
tch hai bn. Hi mt in tch trn tng bn c u khng? Bng bao nhiu?
Tnh hiu in th gia hai bn t khi ?
14.5. Mch in nh hnh v
Cho: C
1
=2F; C
2
=3F; C
3
=6F, ngun in c E =4V.
31

Hnh 14-9
Ban u cc t cha c in tch. Hy tnh in tch v hiu in th gia
hai bn ca cc t trong hai trng hp sau:
a) Kho in K ng vo v tr 1.
b) Kho in K ang ng v tr 1 th chuyn sang v tr 2.
14.67. C hai t in: T in th nht c in dung C
1
=3F c np in vi
ngun in c hiu in th 6V v t th hai c in dung l C
2
=4F c np
in vi ngun in c hiu in th 9V. Hy tnh hiu in th v in tch ca
tng t in trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Hai t c ni cc cc cng tn vi nhau.
b) Hai t c ni cc cc khc tn vi nhau.

32

Chng 15. BN CHT DNG IN. CC I LNG C TRNG
15.1. NH NGHA V BN CHT DNG IN
15.1.1. nh ngha dng in.
Trong mi trng dn in, cc ht mang in di tc dng ca in
trng ngoi chng s chuyn ng thnh dng c hng, khi ta ni rng
trong mi trng dn in c mt dng in.
Vy: Dng in l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc ht in tch.
15.1.2. iu kin tn ti dng in.
Theo nh ngha trn, ta nhn thy iu kin c mt dng in trong
mt mi trng l:
+ Mi trng phi c ht in.
+ Mi trng phi in trng.
15.1.3. Bn cht dng in.
Trong cc mi trng dn in khc nhau th cc ht in tch c th
chuyn di thnh dng cng khc nhau, hay ni mt cch khc l: mi trng
dn in khc nhau th bn cht dng in cng khc nhau. Sau y l bn cht
ca dng in trong mt s mi trng
Trong mi trng kim loi:
+ Ht in tch l cc electron t do c sn.
+Bn cht dng in trong kim loi l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc
electron t do.
Trong mi trng cht in phn:
+Theo thuyt in li th cc ion dng v cc ion m xut hin trong
dung dch in phn.
+Bn cht dng in trong cht in phn l dng chuyn di c hng ca
cc ion dng cng chiu in trng v cc ion m ngc chiu in trng.
Trong mi trng cht kh:
+Ht in tch l cc electron t do, Ion dng, ion m xut hin trong
cht kh nh tc nhn ion ho.
+Bn cht dng in trong cht kh l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc
electron t do v Ion m ngc chiu in trng, cc Ion dng cng chiu in
trng.
33

Trong t bo quang in:
+ Cc electron quang in xut hin khi c nh sng thch hp chiu kch
thch catt.
+Bn cht dng in trong t bo quang in l dng chuyn di c
hng ca cc electron quang in.
15.1.4. Chiu dng in.
Theo quy c: Chiu dng in l chiu chuyn di ca cc ht in
dng, hay ngc vi chiu chuyn di ca cc ht m.
15.2. NHNG I LNG C TRNG CA DNG IN
15.2.1. Cng dng in.
ngha: c trng cho mnh hay yu ca mt dng in ta phi cn
c vo in lng chuyn di trong vt dn ln hay nh xt trong cng mt thi
gian. i lng l cng dng in, k hiu li.
nh ngha: Cng dng in qua din tch S ca vt dn l mt i
lng c tr s bng in lng chuyn di qua din tch trong mt n v
thi gian.
Biu thc:
dt
dq
i = (15.1)
T , ta c th tnh c in lng chuyn di trong vt dn trong
khong thi gian t l:
}
=
}
=
= =
t
0 t
t
0 t
dt . i dq q (15.2)
Nu hng chuyn di ca cc ht in v i khng i th gi l dng in
khng i, ta c th vit i =I, thay vo biu thc (13.2):
}
=
t
dt I q
0
(15.3)
15.2.2. Mt dng in.
ngha: c trng v hng v mnh hay yu ca mt dng in ti
mt im trong mi trng, ta phi xt in lng chuyn di qua mt din tch
v cng nh. i lng l vc t mt dng in, k hiu l j
,
.
ln ca vc t mt dng:
n
dS
dI
n
S
I
lim j
0 S
=
A
A
=
A
(15.4)
34

nh ngha: Mt dng in j
,
ti mt im M l mt vc t c gc ti
im M, c hng l hng chuyn ng ca ht in dng i qua im , v
c ln bng cng dng in qua mt n v in tch t vung gc vi
hng .
T suy ra cng thc xc nh cng dng in qua din tch S
n
vung gc vi phng ca dng in l:
} }
= =
n
n
n
S S
dS . j dI I (15.5)
tnh cng dng in qua din tch S bt k, ta phi chia din tch
ra thnh nhiu phn t nh dS, gi
n
dS l hnh chiu ca dS trn mt phng
vung gc vi ng dng th cng dng in chy qua din tch dS cng
bng cng dng in chy qua din tch
n
dS v bng:
o = = cos . dS . j dS . j dI
n

o l gc hp bi gia php tuyn n
,
ca din tch dS vi vc t mt dng
j
,
. Gi vc t S d
,
c hng trng vi hngn
,
v c ln bng din tch dS th:
S d . j dI
, ,
= (15.6)
V t tnh c cng dng in qua din tch S bt k theo cng
thc sau:

}
=
}
=
S S
S d . j dI I
, ,
(15.7)
Dng vc t ca mt dng in: Gi mt ht in l n
0
, in lng
ca ht l ev vn tc ca ht l v
,
, th s ht dn qua din tch dS
n
trong mt n
v thi gian chnh bng s ht dn ang nm trong th tch:
dV =v.dS
n
:
n o o
dS . v . n dV . n dn = =

35

Cng dng in qua dS
n
l:
n o
dS . v . e n dn . e dI = =
Mt dng in: v . e n
dS
dI
j
o
n
= =
C v
,

vj
,

cng hng nn vc t mt dng dng vc t l:
v . e n j
o
,
,
= (15.8)
Biu thc (15.8) cho ta thy: Nu e >0 th v
,
vj
,
cng hng, v nu e <0
th ngc li.
15.3. CC NH LUT CA DNG IN KHNG I
15.3.1. nh lut m vi on mch thun tr.
a. nh lut
Xt on dy dn kim loi ng cht, cc ht mang in t do l cc ht
electron , nu hai u on dy dn A,B c hiu in th ln lt l V
1
v V
2
(V
1
>V
2
) th dng in trn on dy dn c chiu t A n B. Mi quan h gia
dng in v hiu in th c tnh quy lut sau:
R
U
R
) V V (
I
2 1
=
=
R c gi l in tr ca on dy dn. Nghch o vi in tr dy dn
l dn in ca cht lm dy dn, k hiu l g. Do vy (8.8) c th vit l:
U . g I = (15.9)
Biu thc (15.8) v (15.9) l biu thc ca nh lut m.
b. Dng vi phn ca nh lut m
Biu thc: Xt trn mt on dy dn chiu di dl gii hn bi hai tit
din dS
n
vung gc vi ng dng, gi V v V-dV l in th tng ng vi
hai mt (hnh v 15.2).

Theo nh lut m ta c:
36

( ) | |
R
dV
R
dV V V
dI =

=
vi in tr
n
dS
dl
R = , thay vo ta c:
dl
dV
.
dS
dI
n
=
Mt dng j l:
= =
E
dl
dV
.
1
dS
dI
j
n

in sut tr l i lng nghch o vi in dn sut o, nn vit biu
thc trn l:
E j o =
Hai vc t E va j
, ,
lun cng hng nhau, do ta c biu thc:
E j
, ,
o = (15.10)
Biu thc (15.10) l biu thc vit cho dng in ti mt im trn on
dy dn. l nh lut m dng vi phn.
Ni dung nh lut: Ti mt im bt k trong mi trng c dng in chy
qua, vc t mt dng in t l thun vi vc t cng in trng ti im .
Cu hi n tp
15.1. nh ngha dng in? Nu bn cht dng in trong cc mi trng?
15.2. Th no l dng in khng i? Biu thc tnh cng dng in khng
i? biu thc tnh cng dng in tc thi?
15.3. Pht biu ni dung v vit biu thc nh lut m

37

Chng 16. IN MI
16.1. CHT IN MI
16.1.1. Khi nim
Cht in mi l nhng cht khng c cc ht mang in t do.
16.1.2. S phn cc trong cht in mi
Hin tng: Thanh in mi khi t trong in trng mch mnh th hai
u thanh in mi xut hin in tch tri du nhau. in tch xut hin u
th ch nh x ch ch khng dch chuyn t do c.
16.1.3. Gii thch s phn cc trong cht in mi
Trng hp cht in mi c cc phn t t phn cc: Mi mt phn t
phn cc lm thnh mt lng cc in.

+ Khi cha c in trng th cc lng cc in sp xp hon ton hn
lon, cc in tch tri du trung ho nhau, v vy trong cht in mi khng
c in (hnh 16.2)
+ Khi c in trng th cc lng cc in chu tc dng ca cc m
men lng cc, chng b nh hng theo mt trt t, cc m men in
e
p
,
theo
hng ca in trng ngoi
o
E
,
, nu in trng ngoi cng mnh th trt t
cng r nt, khi trong lng cht in mi cc in tch vn trung ho ln
nhau, cn trn b mt gii hn xut hin in tch tri du (hnh 16.3)
Trng hp cht in mi c cc phn t khng t phn cc:
+ Khi cha c in trng th cc phn t trong cht in mi cha phi
l mt lng cc in, cht in mi trung ho v in.
38

+ Khi c in trng th cc phn t in mi u tr thnh lng cc
in, ng thi cc lng cc ny sp xp theo mt trt t ging nh cht in
mi c cc phn t t phn cc, trn b mt gii hn ca cht in mi xut hin
cc in tch lin kt tri du.
Nh vy trong c hai trng hp, khi t cht in mi trong in trng
th trn mt ca cht in mi xut hin cc in tch tri du, tc l cht in
mi phn cc.
16.2. VC T PHN CC IN MI
16.2.1. nh ngha
Trong th tch AV ca khi in mi c cha n phn t in mi, gi
ei
p
,
l
vc t m men in ca phn t th i, k hiu vc t phn cc in mi l
e
P
,
th:
Vc t phn cc in mi l i lng bng tng vc t m men in ca cc
phn t c trong mt n v th tch ca khi in mi.
Biu thc:
=
A
=
n
1 i
ei
e
V
p
P
,
,
(16.1)
i vi cht in mi khng t phn cc, ng nht v t trong in
trng u th mi phn t u c vc t m men in
e
p
,
. Ta vit li thnh:

e o
e
e
p n
p n
P
V
,
,
= =
A
.

gi E
,
l vc t cng in trng tng hp ti mt im bt k trong
cht in mi, ngi ta chng minh c: E p
o e
,
,
. .o c =
Do vy:
o o o e o e
E . . . n p . n P c = o c = =
,
,
,
_E
,
(16.2)

Trong _ ( Cap pa) =o.n
o
l h s phn cc ca mt n v th tch in mi.
16.2.2. Lin h gia vc t phn cc in mi vi mt in tch lin kt mt.

39

Tng tng tch ra mt khi in mi hnh tr xin: chiu di L, din
tch y AS, mt in tch ca hai y l-o v +o, vc t php tuyn n
,
ca
mt y hp vi vc t cng in trngE
,
gc o.
Ta c th coi ton b khi in mi nh mt lng cc in gm c hai
in tch tri du -o.AS v+o.AS cch nhau L, m men in ca lng cc c
ln bng o.AS.L . Theo nh ngha ca vc t phn cc in mi, ta c:
V
p
P P
n
1 i
ei
e e
A
= =

=
,

o
o
=
o A
A o
=
cos cos . L . S
L . S .
P
e
(16.3)

en e
P cos . P = o = o (16.4)
Trong
en e
P cos . P = o l hnh chiu ca vc t phn cc in mi trn
phng php tuyn n
,
.
Vy: Mt in tch mt o ca cc in tch lin kt xut hin trn mt
gii hn ca khi in mi c tr s bng hnh chiu ca vc t phn cc in
mi trn php tuyn ca mt gii hn .
16.2.3. in trng tng hp trong cht in mi.
Khi in mi t trong in trng ngoi
o
E
,
lp tc b phn cc lm xut
hin cc in tch lin kt tri du trn b mt gii hn c mt l +o v -o
(hnh v 16.5), in tch lin kt ny sinh ra in trng ph
*
E
,
. Theo nguyn
l chng cht, vc t cng in trng tng hp ti mt im bt k trong
cht in mi l:

E
E
,
=
o
E
,
+
*
E
,

V
o
E
,
,
*
E
,
cng phng v ngc chiu nn:
*
o
E E E =
E

40

ng dng ca nh l O-G, tnh cng in trng gy bi hai mt
phng song song v hn mt l +o v -o , ta c:
o
*
E
c
o
=
Thay vo trn:
o
o
E E
c
o
=
E
(14.5)
Theo cng thc (16.2) v (16.4) th:
E
_ c = = o E P
o en

Vit li biu thc (16.5):
E E
_ = E E E
o

Hay:
_ +
=
E
1
E
E
o
(16.6)
M in trng tng hp trong cht in mi, mt cch tng qut c biu
thc l:

c
=
E
o
E
E
,
,

T suy ra: c = _ + 1 (16.7)
Vy: Cng in trng trong cht in mi gim i c ln so vi
cng in trng trong chn khng
16.2.4. Vc t in cmD
,
trong cht in mi.
Theo nh ngha:
E
cc = E D
o
, ,

E
c _ + = E ) 1 ( D
o
, ,
(16.8)
Mt khc:
e o
P E
, ,
= _ c
E

Suy ra:
E
c + = E P D
o e
, , ,
(16.9)

Cu hi n tp
16.1. Gii thch bn cht ca hin tng phn cc in mi?
16.2. Chng minh in trng trong cht in mi gim i c ln so vi trong
chn khng?

41

Chng 17. T TRNG
17.1. TNG TC T - NH LUT AMPE V TNG TC T
17.1.1. Tng tc t
Th nghim :
+ a hai thanh nam chm li gn nhau, ta thy chng c th ht hoc y
nhau: hai cc cng tn y nhau, hai cc khc tn ht nhau
+Dng in c th ht hoc y nam chm, nu ta t kim nam chm gn
dng in thng hoc t mt ng dy c dng in gn mt nam chm
+Hai dng in cng c th ht hoc y nhau: Hai dng in cng chiu
ht nhau, hai dng in ngc chiu y nhau.
Kt lun:
+ Tng tc gia nam chm vi nam chm, gia nam chm vi dng in
v gia dng in vi dng in c cng mt bn cht gi chung l tng tc t
+ Tng tc t khc tng tc in ch: tng tc t lun gn lin vi
dng in (hay in tch chuyn ng)
17.1.2. nh lut Ampe (Ampre)
Phn t dng in: L mt on rt ngn ca dng in, c k hiu l
vc t l d I
,
. nm ngay trn phn t, c phng chiu l phng chiu ca dng
in, c ln / l d I
,
. /.
a. nh lut Ampe trong chn khng
Cho hai dng in c cng I v I
0
cng t trong chn khng, trn hai
dng in ly hai phn t dng in l Id
,
v
0 0
l d I
,
t ti 0 v im M .

t: r M
,
= 0 ; u =( r l d I
,
,
; . ); v mt phng P cha phn t dng in
l d I
,
. v im M. Ti M v php tuyn n
,
ca mt phng P (sao cho 3 vc t
n r l Id
, ,
,
; ; theo th t to thnh mt tam din thun) v gi
0
u =( n l d I
,
,
;
0 0
).
42

nh lut: T lc do phn t dng in l d I
,
. tc dng ln phn t dng
in
0 0
l d I
,
cng t trong chn khng l mt vc t
0
F d
,
c:
- Phng vung gc vi mt phng cha phn t
0 0
l d I
,
v php tuyn n
,

- Chiu sao cho ba vc t
0 0
, , F d n l d
,
,
,
theo th t tao thnh mt tam din
thun
- ln bng :
2
0 0 0
0
sin . sin . .
.
r
dl I dl I
k dF
u u
= (17.1)
trong k l h s t l ph thuc vo h n v o, trong h SI:
t
4
0
= k

vi:
m
H
7
0
10 . 4

= t
- Biu thc vc t :
( )
3
0 0 0
0
.
4 r
r l Id l d I
F d
,
, ,
,
. .
=
t
(17.2)
b. nh lut Ampe trong mi trng
Nu hai dng in t trong mt mi trng ng cht no th (17.2) c
dng:
( )
3
0 0 0
.
4 r
r l Id l d I
F d
,
, ,
,
. .
=
t

(17.3)
trong gi l t thm t i ca mi trng.
17.2. T trng
17.2.1. Khi nim t trng
T trng l mt dng vt cht tn ti bao quanh mi mt dng (hay in
tch chuyn ng).
Tnh cht ca t trng l: tc dng lc t ln dng in, nam chm khi
chng c t vo trong khng gian c t trng.
T trng ng vai tr l mi trng trung gian truyn lc tng tc t dng
in ny n dng in khc vi vn tc hu hn (trong chn khng v =c =3.10
8
m/s)
17.2.2. Vc t cm ng t
Trong cng thc (17.3), ta thy vct:

( )
3
0
.
4 r
r l Id
B d
,
,
,
.
=
t

(17.4)
43

ch ph thuc vo phn t dng in l d I
,
. sinh ra t trng v v tr t phn t
dng in
0 0
l d I
,
m khng ph thuc vo phn t dng in
0 0
l d I
,
. V vy vc t
B d c gi l vc t cm ng t do phn t dng in l d I
,
. sinh ra ti im M.
Cng thc (17.4) c Biot-Xavart-Laplace tm ra t thc nghim, do
cn c gi l nh lut Biot-Xavart-Laplace, pht biu nh sau:
Vc t cm ng t B d
,
do mt phn t dng in l d I
,
. gy ra ti im M,
cch phn t mt khong r l mt vc t c :
- Gc ti im M
- Phng vung gc vi mt phng cha phn t dng in l d I
,
. v im M
- Chiu sao cho ba vc t B d r l d
,
,
,
, , theo th t to thnh tam din
thun. (Chiu ca B d
,
c th xc nh bng quy tc vn nt chai)
- ln :
2
0
sin .
.
4 r
Idl
dB
u
t

= (17.5)
Trong h SI : Cm ng t c tnh bng n v Tesla ( T )
Khi phn t dng in
0 0
l d I
,
t trong t trng c vc t cm ng t
B d
,
th t lc tc dng ln phn t l:

B d l d I F d
, , ,
. =
0 0
(17.6)
17.2.3. Nguyn l chng cht t trng
- Vc t cm ng t B
,
do mt dng in bt k gy ra ti mt im M
bng tng cc vc t cm ng t B d
,
do tt c cc phn t nh ca dng in gy
ra ti im :

}
=
cadong
B d B
, ,
(17.7)
- Vc t cm ng t do nhiu dng in gy ra ti mt im bng tng cc
vc t cm ng t do tng dng in gy ra ti im :
=
= + + + =
n
i
i n
B B B B B
1
2 1
...
, , , , ,
(17.8)
17.2.4. Vc t cng t trng
Do vc t cm ng t B
,
ph thuc vo mi trng nn khi i t mi
trng ny sang mi trng khc gi tr ca B
,
s bin i t ngt ti mt phn
cch. Do , khi nghin cu t trng, ngoi vc t cm ng t B
,
ngi ta cn
44

nh ngha mt i lng khng ph thuc vo mi trng t dng in gi l
vc t cng t trng H
,

nh ngha : Vc t cng t trng ti mt im M trong t trng l
mt vc t bng t s gia vc t cm ng t B
,
ti im v tch
0

0
B
H
,
,
= (17.9)
Trong h SI n v ca t trng Ampe/mt (A/m).
17.2.5. Mt s v d tnh cm ng t v cng t trng
a. Dng in thng: Xt mt on dy dn thng c dng in khng i cng
I chy qua. Hy xc nh B
,
v H
,
do dng in gy ra ti im M cch dng
in mt khong R.
Xt mt phn t l Id
,
bt k. Theo nh lut Biot - Xavart - Laplace ta c
vc t cm ng t B d
,
do l Id
,
gy ra ti M c:
l
I
R
r
l Id
,

B d
,

2
u

1
u

u
M
H

Hnh 17-2
- Phng vung gc vi mt phng hnh v.
- Chiu t ngoi vo trong (hnh 17-2).
- ln:
2
0
sin . .
.
4 r
dl I
dB
u
t

=
Vc t cm ng t B
,
do on dng in sinh ra l :
}
=
B
A
M
B d B
, ,

Do cc phn t l Id
,
gy ra ti im M cc vc t B d
,
c cng phng
chiu nn
M
B
,
c cng phng chiu vi B d
,

45

ln :
} }
= =
B
A
B
A
M
r
dl I
dB B
2
0
sin .
4
. u
t

Mun tnh tch phn ny ta biu din dl v r theo bin u ta c :

u
u
sin
sin
R
r
r
R
= =
u
u
u u
2
sin
.
cot . cot
d R
dl g R l
R
l
g = = =
Thay vo ta c : ( )
2 1
0 0
cos cos
4
.
. sin .
4
.
2
1
u u
t

u u
t

u
u
= =
}
R
I
d
R
I
B
M
(17.10)
Trong
2 1
;u u l gc hp bi phng chiu dng in v bn knh vc t
k t im u v im cui ca on n im cn xt.
* Dng in thng di v hn: l khi 0
1
= u v t u =
2
. Khi ta c:

R
I
B
t

2
.
0
= (17.11)
tnh H
,
ta da theo biu thc nh ngha
0
B
H
,
,
=
Phng chiu ca H
,
c xc nh nh phng chiu ca B
,

- Vi dng in hu hn: ( )
2 1
0
cos cos
. 4
u u
t
= =
R
I B
H (17.12)
- Vi dng in di v hn:
R
I
H
t 2
= (17.13)
b. Dng in trn : Hy xc nh B
,
v H
,
do dng in cng I chy trong
dy dn un thnh vng trn gy ra ti im M nm trn trc dng in v cch
tm dng in mt khong h.
Dng in trn c tnh cht i xng qua 0 nn ta ly 2 phn t
2 1
; l Id l Id
, ,

i xng qua O. Hai phn t ny gy ra ti M cc vc t cm ng t
2 1
; B d B d
, ,
c
phng, chiu c xc nh theo nh lut Biot-Xavart-Laplace (17.3)
ln :
2
0
2
0
2 1
.
.
4
sin . .
.
4 r
dl I
r
dl I
dB dB
t
u
t

= = = (v
2
t
u = )
46

Hinh 17-3
Theo nguyn l chng cht :
2 1
B d B d B d
M
, , ,
+ =
Phng chiu nh hnh v, ln:
3
0
1
. .
.
4
cos
r
dl R I
dB dB
t

o = =

=
}
, ,
dng in
dB
M
B
- Do tng cp phn t dng in i xng gy ra ti M cc vc t cm ng
t B d
,
c cng phng chiu nn vc t
M
B
,
c cng phng chiu vi B d
,

- ln :
( )
t
t
t t
= = =
} }
2
2 .
0
0
3 3
dng in 0
. .
. .
4 . 2 .
R
M
I R
I R
B dB dl
r r

hay:
2 / 3 2 2
2
0
) ( 2 h R
IR
B
M
+
=

(15.14)
- Ti tm 0 ca dng in trn (h =0):

R
I
B
2
.
0
0

= (17.15)
c trng cho tnh cht t ca dng in kn ngi ta c th vit
(17.13) di dng:
( )
2 / 3
2 2
0
2
. .
h R
S I
B
M
+
=
t

t S I P
m
, ,
. = : l vc t m men t (hay vc t m men lng cc t). Vc
t ny c nhng c im:
+ Phng vung gc vi mt phng cha dng in
+Chiu l chiu tin ca ci vn nt chai khi quay ci vn nt chai theo
chiu dng in .
+ ln P
m
=I.S ( S l din tch gii hn bi dng in )
47

Vy mt dng in trn cn c gi l mt lng cc t, khi
M
B
,

cng hng vi
m
P
,
v ta c th vit:
( )
2 / 3
2 2
0
. 2
.
h R
P
B
m
M
+
=
t

,
,
(17.16)
17.3. T THNG. NH L OSTROGRADSKI - GAUSS (O-G)
17.3.1. ng cm ng t (ng sc t trng)
a. nh ngha
ng cm ng t l nhng ng cong v trong t trng sao cho tip
tuyn vi n ti mi im trng vi vc t cm ng t ti im , chiu ca
ng cm ng t l chiu ca vc t cm ng t.
b. Quy c
V s ng cm ng t qua mt n v din tch t vung gc vi
ng cm ng t bng ln ca vc t cm ng t ti ni t din tch .
Vy, nu xt din tch dS
n
t vung gc vi ng cm ng t ti ni c
cm ng t B th s ng cm ng t qua din tch dS
n
l :
dN =B.dS
n
(17.18)
R rng, nu dS
n
c ln bng n v th dN =B nn ni t trng
mnh ta v ng cm ng mau, ni t trng yu v ng cm ng tha.
Tp hp cc ng cm ng t gi l t ph
c. Tnh cht
- Cc ng sc t trng khng ct nhau. V ti mi im ch c mt gi
tr xc nh ca vc t cm ng t .
- ng sc t trng l nhng ng cong kn nn t trng l mt
trng xoy.
d. V d t ph trong m s trng hp

Hnh 17- 4
48

17.3.2. Thng lng cm ng t (T thng )
a. nh ngha: Xt mt din tch hu hn S nm trong t trng c vc t cm
ng t B
,
. Ta tng tng chia mt S ra thnh nhng din tch nh dS sao cho t
trng qua dS c coi l u.

Hnh 17-5
V cho dS mt php tuyn n
,
v gi = ( S d n, ) .
- nh ngha thng lng cm ng t qua din tch dS :
o | cos . . . dS B S d B d
m
= =
, ,
(17.19)
- Thng lng cm ng t qua din tch S :
} }
= =
S S
m m
S d B d
, ,
. | | (15.20)
- n v ca t thng: Wb (v be) 1Wb =1T.1m
2

T thng c th dng, c th m ph thuc vo gc o c ngha l ph
thuc vo cch chn chiu php tuyn.
Gi tr ca t thng cho ta bit s ng cm ng t gi qua phn din
tch m ta ang xt.
17.3.3. nh l O -G i vi t trng
a. Dng tch phn
- Quy c chn chiu php tuyn ti mi im trn mt kn u hng ra
ngoi mt kn.
- Nhng im ng sc i vo mt kn:
0
2
m
d
t
o > <

- Nhng im ng sc i ra khi mt kn:
0
2
m
d
t
o < >

49

- ng sc l ng cong kn nn s ng sc i vo mt kn bng s
ng sc i ra khi mt kn nhng tri du .
- nh l O-G : T thng ton phn gi qua mt kh bt k bng khng
0 . = =
}
S
m
S d B
, ,
| (17.22)
(17.22) nu ln tnh cht xoy ca t trng
Trong gii tch ngi ta chng minh c : 0 . . = =
} }
V S
dV B div S d B
, , ,

(Trong V l th tch gii hn bi din tch S )
0 = B div
,
(17.23)
(Dng vi phn ca nh l O-G)
17.4. LU S CA VC T CNG T TRNG. NH L V
DNG IN TON PHN
17.4.1. Lu s ca vc t cng t trng
Ta tng tng c mt ng cong kn bt k (C) nm trong t trng bt
k. Gi l d
,
l vc t chuyn di rt nh v H
,
l vc t cng t trng trn
on y. Chn chiu dng ngc chiu kim ng h
- nh ngha: Lu s ca vc t cng t trng dc theo ng cong kn
(C) l i lng c tr s bng tch phn ca l d H
, ,
. dc theo ton b ng cong .
} }
=
C C
dl H l d H o cos . . .
, ,
(17.24)
trong =( l d H, ).
17.4.2. nh l v dng in ton phn
Xt dng in thng di v hn c cng khng i I chy qua v mt
ng cong kn C nm trong mt phng P vung gc vi dng in.
a. ng cong C bao quanh dng in
Chn trn ng cong mt chiu + lm chiu dch chuyn (dl lun lun
dng 0). Du ca tch phn (1) ph thuc vo o cos . H

50

I
H
dl
+

Hnh 17-6
0 cos . ~ o H nu l d H
, ,
- ||
2
t
o
0 cos . - o H nu l d H
, ,
~ |+
2
t
o
Trn on dl ly mt im M cch dng in mt khong r. Vc t cng
t trng H
,
c:
- Phng tip tuyn ti im M ca ng sc t trng l ng trn
tm 0 bn knh r,
- Chiu xc nh bng quy tc vn nt chai.
- ln :
r
I
H
. 2t
=

} } }
= =
C C C
r
dl I
dl H l d H
o
t
o
cos .
2
cos . . .
, ,

m o d r MK dl . cos . ~ ~ trong d l gc ng
vi s dch chuyn dl
I
I
d
I
l d H
C
= = =
} }

t
t
t
t
2
2 2
.
2 0
, ,
(17.25)

Hnh 17-7
I >0 nu dng in nhn chiu (+) lm chiu quay thun
I <0 nu dng in nhn chiu (+) lm chiu quay nghch .
b. ng cong kn C khng bao quanh dng in
51

T 0 v 2 tip tuyn vi ng cong ti 2 im 1 v 2 chia ng cong C
ra lm 2 phn 1a2 v 2b1. Ta c lu s ca vc t cng t trng dc theo
ng cong kn
( ) 0
2 2 2
.
2 1 1 2
= A A =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =
} } } }

t

t
t
I
d d
I
d
I
l d H
a b C C
, ,
(17.26)
c. Trng hp tng qut
+T trng gy bi dng in bt k v ng cong C cng c dng bt
k th cng thc (17.25) v (17.26) vn ng
+T trng gy bi nhiu dng in c cng I
1
, I
2
...I
n
. Theo nguyn
l chng cht t trng th vc t cng t trng :
=
=
n
i
i
H H
1
, ,

} }
}
= = =
= = =
n
i
i
n
i
C
i
C
n
i
i
C
I l d H l d H l d H
1 1 1
. . .
, , , , , ,
(15.27)
d. nh l v dng in ton phn
Lu s ca vc t cng t trng dc theo mt ng cong kn bt k
(mt vng )bng tng i s cng ca cc dng in xuyn qua din tch gii
hn bi ng cong .
}
=
=
n
i
i
C
I l d H
1
.
, ,
(17.28)
I >0 nu dng in th i nhn chiu (+) lm chiu quay thun
I <0 nu dng in th i nhn chiu (+) lm chiu quay nghch .
17.5. TC DNG CA T TRNG LN DNG IN. CNG CA
LC T
17.5.1. Tc dng ca t trng ln mt phn t dng in
Theo tnh cht ca t trng, nu ta t mt phn t dng in l Id
,
trong t
trng c cm ng t Bth phn t s chu mt lc t l: | | B l Id F d . =

Lc t ny gi l lc Ampe c:
52

- Phng: vung gc vi c t dng in l Id
,
v cm ng t B
- Chiu: sao cho ba vc t l Id
,
, B v F d theo th t hp thnh mt tam
din thun. (hoc qui tc bn tay tri: t bn tay tri dui thng sao cho cc
ng cm ng t xuyn vo lng bn tay, chiu t c tay n u cc ngn tay
trng vi chiu dng in, khi ngn tay ci dang ra 90
0
l chiu ca lc t).
- ln: dF = B.Idl sin vi l gc hp bi l Id
,
v B
17.5.2. Lc tng tc gia hai dng in thng song song di v hn
Cho hai dng in thng song song di v hn nm cch nhau mt khong
d v c cng ln lt l I
1
v I
2
. V dng in ny nm trong t trng ca
dng in kia, nn hai dng in tc dng ln nhau nhng lc t.

Hnh 17-8
Lc t do dng in I
1
tc dng ln phn t
2 2
l d I ca dng in I
2
:
] [
2 2
1 12 l d I B F d . =
12 F d c phng, chiu nh hnh v v c ln:
2
2 1 0
1
2 2 2 1 12
2
) , sin( dl
d
I I
B l d dl I B dF
t
= =
Lc t do dng in I
2
tc dng ln phn t
1 1
l d I ca dng in I
1
: ] [
1 1
2 21 l d I B F d . =
1
2 1 0
2
1 1 1 2 21
2
) , sin( dl
d
I I
B l d dl I B dF
t
= =
Gi F l lc tc dng ln mt n v chiu di ca dy dn, ta c:
F =
d
I I
dl
dF
2 1 7
10 . 2

=
17.5.3. Tc dng ca t trng ln dng in kn
a. Tc dng ca t trng u ln dng in kn
53

Xt mt khung dy dn cng hnh ch nht ABCD (AB = a; BC = b) c
dng in cng I chy qua c t trong t trng u B . Gi s cm ng
t Bc phng vung gc vi cc cnh ng AB v CD v ban u mt phng
khung khng vung gc vi cm ng t B(hnh v...).
Ta thy:

Hnh 17-9
- Lc t tc dng ln cnh ngang BC hng xung di, lc t tc dng
ln cnh ngang DA hng ln trn. Hai lc ny c tc dng ko dn khung,
nhng chng b phn lc ca khung trit tiu.
- Lc t F tc dng ln cnh thng ng AB hng v pha trc, cn lc
t ' F tc dng ln cnh thng ng CD hng ra pha sau. Hai lc ny to thnh
mt ngu lc c tc dng lm khung quay xung quanh trc A cho n khi mt
phng khung vung gc vi cm ng t B.
M men ca ngu lc i vi trc quay A: M =F.
Vi d l khong cch gia hai gi ca lc. Ta c: d =b sin
Suy ra: M = F. b. sin = I.B.a.b. sin = I.S.B. sin =P
m
Bsin
vi P
m
=IS . Vy: | | B p M
m
. =
17.5.4. Tc dng ca t trng ln ht in chuyn ng - Lc Loren
(Lorentz
Lc Loren l lc t tc dng ln mt in tch chuyn ng.
Gi s c mt ht mang in tch q chuyn ng vi vn tc v trong t
trng c cm ng t B
,
. Ht in chuyn ng tng ng vi phn t dng
in tha mn iu kin: l d I V q
, ,
. . =
54

T lc tc dng ln phn t dng in : B l d I F d
, , ,
. = .

T lc tc dng ln ht in chuyn ng: B V q F
L
, , ,
. = . (17.29)
T lc ny c c im:
- Phng vung gc mt phng cha ( B V
, ,
; )
- Chiu sao cho 3 vc t
L
F B V q
, , ,
, , Theo th t to thnh tam din thun.
- ln: o sin . . . B V q F
L
= (17.30)
trong : ) , ( v B = o
Chuyn ng ca ht in trong t trng u:
c im ca lc Loren:
+Lun vung gc vi phng chuyn ng ca ht in Lc loren khng
sinh cng, khng lm thay i ng nng ca n do vc t vn tc ch thay i v
phng chiu, khng thay i ln ht in chuyn ng cong u.
+Lc Loren vung gc vi qu o chuyn ng Lc Loren ng vai
tr l lc hng tm.
+Nu ht in chuyn ng vi vn tc: B V
,

Th: B V q B V q F
L
. . 90 sin . . .
0
= =
lc ny ng vai tr l lc hng tm nn:

R
mV
B V q F
L
2
. . = = =>
qB
mV
R = (17.31)
+Chu k quay:
B q
m
B q V
V m
V
R
T
.
. 2
. .
. . 2 2 2 t t t
e
t
= = = = (17.32)
Vy chu k quay khng ph thuc vo vn tc ban u ca ht in.
17.5.5 Cng ca t lc
Khi dng in chuyn ng trong t trng th t lc tc dng ln dng
in s sinh cng. tnh cng ca t lc, ta xt mt thanh kim loi AB c chiu
55

di l c th trt trn hai thanh kim loi ca mt mch in nh hnh v. Gi s
mch in nm trong t trng u v vung gc vi vc t cm ng t B
,
c
phng chiu nh hnh 17-11.
- T lc tc dng ln thanh c ln: F = I.l.B
Khi thanh dch chuyn mt on nh dl th cng ca lc Ampe s l: dA
=F.dl =I.B.l.dl =I.B.dS

Hnh 17-11
trong dS = l.dl l din tch qut bi on dng in AB khi dch chuyn dl.
Mt khc ta c:
m
d dS B | = . l t thng gi qua din tch b qut,
V vy ta c :
m
d I dA | . = .
- Nu thanh AB dch chuyn mt on hu hn t v tr 1 n v tr 2 v
dng in c gi tr khng i th cng ca lc Ampe l:

m m m
I d I d I dA A
m
m
| | |
|
|
A = = = =
} } }
. . .
2
1
2
1
2
1
(17.33)
Trong
1 2 m m m
| | | = A l bin thin ca t thng gi qua din tch
ca mch in.
( )
1 2
.
m m
I A | | = (17.34)
Cng ca t lc trong s dch chuyn mt mch in bt k trong t
trng bng tch gia cng dng in trong mch v bin thin ca t
thng qua din tch ca mch .
Cu hi n tp
17.1. Th no l lc t? Pht biu nh l Ampe v lc t?
17.2. Th no l t trng? nh ngha vc t cm ng t B
,
? Nu cch xc nh
vc t cm ng t B
,
ti mt im trong khng gian?
56

17.3. Th no l ng sc t? ng sc t m t c nhng iu g trong t
trng?
17.4. Nu phng php xc nh t thng gi qua mt mt S bt k?
17.5. Pht biu ni dung v vit biu thc nh l O-G trong t trng? Nu s
tng t v mt hnh thc gia in trng tnh v t trng?
Bi tp
17.6. Mt dng in c cng 6A chy trong dy dn un thnh hnh vung
c cnh a = 10cm. Xc nh vc t cm ng t B v vc t cng t trng H
ti giao im ca hai ng cho hnh vung.
17.7. Mt dy dn ng knh d =1mm qun thnh mt ng dy. Vc t cm
ng t B trong ng c tr s 3.10
-2
T. Cng dng in chy trong ng bng
6A. Hy tnh xem phi qun dy thnh my lp?
17.8. Mt khung dy hnh trn treo trong t trng u, mt phng ca khung
dy vung gc vi cc ng sc. cm ng t B =0,2T, dng in chy trong
khung dy l I =2A, bn knh ca khung dy R =2cm.
a) Tnh t thng gi qua mt phng khung dy?
b) Tnh cng cn thit quay khung dy i mt gc 90
0
quanh trc i qua
ng knh ca khung
17.9. Mt electron (e) chuyn ng trong mt phng vung gc vi cc ng
sc ca t trng u c B =1,5.10
-2
T vn tc ca ht l v =10
8
m/s.
a) Tnh lc Loren tc dng ln ht e?
b) Chng minh qu o ca ht l qu o trn? Tnh bn knh ca qu o ?
17.10. Mt cun dy c 100 vng quay u trong t trng u c B =0,1T vi
tn s 5 vng/giy tit din ngang ca cun dy l 100cm
2
, trc quay vung gc
vi trc ca cun dy v vung gc vi t trng. Tm gi tr cc i ca sut
in ng cm ng xut hin trong cun dy?
17.11. Mt ng dy di 50cm c 800 vng, tit din ca ng l 10cm
2
li l
khng kh.
a) Tnh h s t cm ca ng dy
b) Tnh t thng gi qua ng dy v nng lng t trng ca ng dy, khi c
dng in 2A chy qua?

57

Chng 18. HIN TNG CM NG IN T
18.1. CC NH LUT C BN V HIN TNG CM NG IN T
18.1.1. Th nghim Faraday v hin tng cm ng in t
Th nghim: Ly mt ng dy in mc ni tip vi mt in k G to
thnh mch kn (h.v). Pha trn ng y ta t mt nam chm c hai cc S-N.

Hnh 18-1
Th nghim chng t:
- Nu a thanh nam chm vo lng ng dy th thy kim in k b lch
i, trong ng dy xut hin dng in. Dng in l dng in cm ng.
- Di chuyn thanh nam chm theo chiu ngc li, dng cm ng c chiu
ngc li.
- Di chuyn thanh nam chm cng nhanh th cng ca dng cm ng
cng ln.
- ang di chuyn bng nhin dng dng cm ng mt.
- Nu thay nam chm bng ng dy c dng in chy qua, hoc gi nam
chm ng yn v cho ng dy chuyn ng th kt qu cng tng t trn.
Kt lun:
- S bin i ca t thng gi qua mch kn l nguyn nhn sinh ra dng
cm ng trong mch.
- Chiu ca dng cm ng ph thuc vo t thng qua mch l tng hay gim.
- Cng dng cm ng t l vi tc bin i ca t thng.
- Dng cm ng ch tn ti trong thi gian t thng gi qua mch thay i.
18.1.2. nh lut Lenx (nh lut v chiu dng cm ng)
58

Dng in cm ng phi c chiu sao cho t trng do n sinh ra c tc
dng chng li nguyn nhn sinh ra n
18.1.3. nh lut c bn ca hin tng cm ng in t
S xut hin dng cm ng chng t trong mch c mt sut in ng
cm ng.
tm sut in ng cm ng ta dch chuyn mt vng dy kn C trong
t trng t thng gi qua vng dy thay i.
Gi s trong khong thi gian dt t thng gi qua vng dy bin thin mt
lng
m
d|
V dng cm ng xut hin trong vng dy c cng I
c
.
- Cng ca t lc tc dng ln dng cm ng l:
m c
d I dA | . =
- Theo nh lut Lenx, t lc tc dng ln dng cm ng phi ngn cn s dch
chuyn ca vng dy v s dch chuyn ca vng dy chnh l nguyn nhn sinh ra
dng cm ng. V vy cng ca t lc tc dng ln dng in cm ng l cng cn.
dch chuyn vng dy ta phi tn mt cng dA
/
v gi tr bng cng cn :
m c
d I dA dA | .
/
= =
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng, cng dA
/
c chuyn thnh nng
lng ca dng cm ng. Nn ta c : dt I d I
c c m C
. . . c | =

dt
d
m
c
|
c =
(18.1)
Sut in ng cm ng lun lun bng v tr s, nhng tri du vi tc
bin thin ca t thng gi qua din tch ca mch in.
18.2. Cc hin tng cm ng in t c bit
18.2.1. Th nghim v hin tng t cm: \
* Th nghim: Xt mt mch in nh hnh v.

Hnh 18-2
59

- Khi K ng dng n nh: Kim in k ch v tr a.
- Khi dng thay i:
+Khi mi ngt mch in: KK gim qu v tr 0 sau mi quay v 0.
+Khi mi ng mch: Kim in k vt qu v tr a sau mi quay v a.
* Gii thch:
- Khi ngt mch: Ngun in ngng cung cp duy tr dng in trong
mch do phn dng in qua in k gim ngay v khng , dng qua cun dy
trong qu trnh gim v khng th t thng gi qua cun dy cng gim, kt qu
trong cun dy xut hin dng cm ng cng chiu vi dng ban u chng
li s gim ca dng in, dng cm ng chy qua in k theo chiu t B sang
A. V vy kim in k lch qu v tr khng , khi dng cm ng mt kim in k
mi quay v 0
- Khi ng mch: Dng qua in k v cun dy u tng ln t khng,
nn trong cun dy xut hin dng cm ng ngc chiu vi dng ang tng,
dng cm ng ny mt phn r qua in k theo chiu t A sang B, lm kim in
k lch qu v tr a sau mi quay v a
* Kt lun: Khi lm thay i cng dng in trong mt mch in,
t thng do chnh dng in trong mch gi qua din tch ca mch thay i
th trong mch xut hin mt dng cm ng. Dng in ny l do s cm ng ca
dng trong mch sinh ra nn c gi l dng t cm. hin tng trn gi l hin
tng t cm.
18.2.2. Sut in ng t cm
- Theo nh lut c bn ca hin tng cm ng in t, sut in ng t
cm:
dt
d
m
tc
|
c = (18.2)
trong
m
d| l t thng do chnh dng in trong mch gi qua din tch
ca mch .
T thng I I B
m m
e e e | | . Do ta c: I L
m
. = |

(18.3)
trong L l h s t l ph thuc vo hnh dng v kch thc ca mch
in , ph thuc vo tnh cht ca mi trng t mch in, c gi l h s t
cm ca mch in
T biu thc (18.2) suy ra:
dt
I L d
tc
) . (
= c
60

Bnh thng mch in ng yn khng thay i hnh dng, v vy L =
const, do :

dt
dI
L
tc
. = c
(18.4)
Trong mch in ng yn v khng thay i hnh dng , sut in ng
t cm lun lun t l thun nhng tri du vi tc bin thin ca cng
dng in trong mch.
18.2.3. H s t cm:
* H s t cm: T biu thc (18.3) ta c :

I
L
m
|
= (18.5)
Nu I = 1 th
m
L | = . Vy: H s t cm ca mt mch in l i lng
vt l c tr s bng t thng do chnh dng in trong mch gi qua din tch
ca mch, khi dng in trong mch c cng bng mt n v.
T biu thc (18.3) nu L cng ln th
tc
c cng mnh, tc l mch in c
tc dng chng li s bin i ca dng in trong mch cng nhiu, hay ni
cch khc qun tnh ca mch cng ln.
H s t cm ca mch in l s o mc qun tnh ca mch i vi s
bin i ca dng in chy trong mch .
Trong h SI, n v ca h s t cm l Henry (H): A W
A
W
H
b
b
/ 1
1
1
1 = =
* H s t cm ca ng dy in thng di v hn:
T trng ca ng dy in thng di v hn l t trng u, c cm ng
t ti mi im bn trong lng ng dy l: I
l
n
I n B . . . .
0 0 0
= = . Trong n l
s vng dy, l l chiu di ng dy. Nu gi S l din tch ca mt vng dy, th
t thng gi qua c ng dy gm n vng dy l:
I
l
S n
S B n
m
.
.
. .
2
0
= = u

(18.6)
H s t cm ca ng dy:
2
0
. . .
m
n S
L
I l
u
= =

(18.7)
n v Henry kh ln nn ngi ta thng dng n v bi ca n l :
milihenry 1mH =10
-3
H ; micrhenry H H
6
10 1

=
61

18.3. NNG LNG T TRNG
18.3.1. Nng lng t trng ca ng dy in
* Lc u K ng, dng n nh (I =const): Ton b in nng do
ngun sinh ra u bin thnh nhit.

Hnh 18-3
* Dng thay i:
+ Khi mi ng kha K: dng tng dn t 0 n dng cc i
( I i =
max
0 ): Trong qu trnh trong mch xut hin dng t cm ngc chiu
vi dng in chnh i
0
do ngun sinh ra
0 0
i i i i
tc tp
- =
Kt qu: Ch c mt phn in nng do ngun sinh ra c bin thnh nhit.
+Khi mi m kha K : Dng gim dn t dng cc i v 0 ) 0 (
max
= I i
Trong mch xut hin dng t cm cng chiu vi dng ang gim
0 0
i i i i
tc tp
~ + = ( dng gim chm i). Kt qu: Nhit ta ra trong mch ln hn
nng lng do ngun sinh ra
* Kt lun:
- Khi ng mch mt phn in nng do ngun sinh ra c tim tng
di mt dng nng lng no khi ngt mch phn nng lng ny c
ta ra di dng nhit.
- Khi ng mch dng trong mch tng, lm cho t trng ca ng dy
cng tng theo nn phn nng lng tim tng chnh l nng lng ca ng
dy in .
- Tnh nng lng ca ng dy: p dng nh lut m: i R
tc
. = + c c (R in
tr ton mch)
dt
di
L i R Ri
dt
di
L
dt
di
L
tc
+ = = = . . c c c
Nhn hai v vi idi ta c:

c = +
_
2
NL t trng ng dy NL do ngun sinh ra Tanhit trong mch
. . . . . . i di Ri dt L i di
Nng lng t trng ng dy : di i L dW
m
. . =
62

2
0 0
1
. . .
2
m
W I
m m
W dW L idi L I = = =
} }

(18.8)

18.3.2. Nng lng t trng bt k
L thuyt v thc nghim chng t nng lng t trng c phn b
trong khong khng gian c t trng. Ta bit t trng trong ng dy in
thng di v hn l t trng u nn nng lng c phn b u trong lng
ng dy v tn ti trong th tch ng dy.
Mt nng lng t trng:
2
2
2 2 2 2
0
0
2
0
. .
. .
2. . . 2.
m
m
n
S I
W n I L I B
l
V l S l S l

e

= = = = = (18.9)
(cng thc ny p dng cho mi t trng bt k)
Nng lng t trng bt k: Chia khong khng gian c t trng ra
thnh th tch dV sao cho t trng trong th tch dV l u.
Nng lng t trng trong th tch dV:

2
0
2.
m m
B
dW w dV dV

= =

(18.10)
Nng lng t trng bt k:

2
0
1 1
. . . .
2 2
m m
V V V
B
W dW dV B H dV

= = =
} } }

(18.11)

CU HI N TP
Cu hi 1: M t th nghim v hin tng cm ng in t
Cu hi 2: Pht biu nh lut Lentz, nu mt v d minh ha nh lut
Cu hi 3: Thit lp biu thc c bn ca hin tng cm ng in t
Cu hi 4: Trnh by nguyn tc to ra dng in xoay chiu. Thit lp biu thc
dng in xoay chiu
Cu hi 5: Nu hin tng t cm. Nu mt s mch in minh ha hin tng
ny. Thnh lp biu thc sut in ng t cm.
Cu hi 6: Trnh by hin tng h cm. Thit lp biu thc nng lng t trng:
t trng trong ng dy t trng bt k
63

BI TP
18.1. Khung dy hnh vung bng ng tit din S =1mm
2
, t trong t trng c
cm ng t bin i theo nh lut B = B
0
Cos(t), trong B
0
=0.01 T, T =0.02s,
din tch khung S =25Cm
2
. Mt phng khung dy vung gc vi ng sc t
trng. Tm s ph thuc vo thi gian v gi tr cc i ca cc i lng sau:
a. T thng
b. Sut in ng cm ng trong khung
c. Cng dng in chy trong khung
18.2. Mt ng dy dn thng c N =500 vng dy c t trong mt t trng
c ng sc t song song vi trc ca ng dy. ng knh ng dy d =10cm.
Tm sut in ng cm ng trung bnh xut hin trong ng dy nu thi gian t =
0.1s ngi ta cho cm ng t thay i t 0 n 2T.
18.3. Trong cng mt phng vi dng in thng di v hn cng I =20A
ngi ta t hai thanh trt kim loi song song vi dng in v cch dng in mt
khong x =1 cm. Hai thanh trt cch nhau l =0.5m. trn hai thanh trt ngi ta
lng vo mt si dy kim loi di l. Tm hiu in th xut hin hai u dy dn nu
cho dy dn trt tnh tin trn cc thanh vi vn tc khng i v =3m/s.
18.4. Mt my bay vi vn tc v = 50 km/h. khong cch gia hai u cnh my
bay l =12m. Tm sut in ng cm ng xut hin gia hai u cnh my bay
bit rng thnh phn thng ng ca cm ng t trng tri t cao ca my
bay B =0,5.10
-4
T.

18.5. Mt thanh kim loi di l =1m quay u vi vn tc 20 rad/s trong mt t
trng u c cm ng t B =0.5T. Trc quay i qua mt u thanh, thng gc
vi thanh v song song vi ng sc ca t trng. Tm hiu in th xut hin
gia hai u thanh.
18.6. Tm t cm ca mt ng dy thng gm 400 vng dy, di l =20cm,
din tch thit din ngang S =9 cm
2
trong hai trng hp: ng dy khng c li
st; ng dy c li st. Bit t thm ca st l 400.
18.7. Mt ng dy c ng knh D =4cm, t cm L =0.001H c qun
quanh bi dy dn c ng knh d =0.6 mm. Cc vng dy qun st nhau v ch
qun mt lp. Tnh s vng ca ng dy.

I
v
l
64

Chng 19. VT LIU T
19.1. S t ho, thun t v nghch t
19.1.1. S t ho
a. Hin tng:
+ a mt thi st vo gn thanh nam chm, thi st b nam chm ht.
Chng t thi st b nhim t.
+ Khi a thanh nam chm li gn mt thi nhm treo bng si dy mnh,
th thi nhm b ht nh. Chng t thi nhm cng b nhim t, nhng rt yu.
+Thay thi nhm bng ming bimt (Bi), th ming bimt b y nh. Chng
t bimt cng b nhim t yu nhng tri chiu vi s nhim t ca st v nhm.
b. Kt lun: Mi cht khi t trong t trng u tr thnh cht c t tnh
19.1.2. Cht nghch t v thun t
a. Vc t t
Khi nim: c trng cho mc t ho mnh hay yu ca vt liu t,
ngi ta dng i lng vt l gi l vc t t ( K hiu j
,
). Vc t j
,
biu th
tng vc t m men t cha trong mt n v th tch ca vt liu b t ho.
Biu thc: Gi
AV
mi
p
,
l tng cc vc t m men t trong th tch AV ca
vt liu t b t ho ng u, th theo nh ngha ta c biu thc:

V
p
j
V
mi
A
=
A
,
,
(19.1)
Nu khi vt liu b t ho khng ng u, th:

V
p
lim
j
V
mi
0 V
A
=
A
A
,
,
(19.2)
AV dn ti mt th tch nh c th coi s t ho l ng u trong th
tch , th tch phi ln hn th tch ca mt nguyn t hay phn t ring bit.
Thc nghim chng t rng trong khng gian t trng khc khng
c cha y cht nghch t v thun t ng nht, th vc t t j
,
t l thun vi
vc t cm ng t
o
B
,
. Trong h SI, j
,
l:
o
o
m
B j
, ,
_
= (19.3)
t c th vit thnh: H j
m
, ,
_ = (19.4)
65

_ l h s t l ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt liu t, gi l t ho ca vt liu t.
b. T trng tng hp trong vt liu b t ho
+Vt liu nghch t: Khi b t ho, vt liu ny s sinh ra t trng ph
' B
,
ngc chiu vi t trng ngoi
o
B
,
, do vy t trng tng hp trong vt liu
nghch t s nh hn t trng ngoi.
+Vt liu thun t: Khi b t ho, vt liu ny s sinh ra t trng
ph ' B
,
cng chiu vi t trng ngoi
o
B
,
, do vy t trng tng hp trong vt
liu thun t s ln hn t trng ngoi.
+Vt liu st t: Khi b t ho, vt liu ny s sinh ra t trng ph
' B
,
cng chiu vi t trng ngoi
o
B
,
, v ln gp nhiu ln hn
o
B
,
, do vy t
trng tng hp trong vt liu st t s ln hn t trng ngoi rt nhiu ln
c. Cc tnh cht ca vt liu st t
+T ca st t khng t l thun vi cng t trng H: Lc u H
cn nh th j tng theo H, khi H t gi tr no th j khng tng na( j
bo ho
)
+ t thm t i ca st t ph thuc vo cng t trng ngoi
H mt cch phc tp:
+Mi cht st t u c tnh t d: Khi ct b t trng ngoi i m vt
liu st t vn cn t tnh, d l tnh cht t d.
+Nhit Curi: nhit cao th t d b gim.
+Hin tng t gio: Hin tng hnh dng v kch thc ca vt liu st
t b bin dng khi b t ho.
+Ferit: nhng vt liu t tr, khng b mt mt nng lng do dng Fuc

Th no l cht thun t v cht nghch t? Phn bit gia cc cht ?
Cht st t c xp vo loi no?
66

Chng 20. TRNG IN T
20.1. Cc lun im ca Maxwell - Faraday. Phng trnh Maxwell -
Faraday, Phng trnh Maxwell - Ampe
20.1.1. Lun im th nht
a. Khi nim in trng xoy:

Hnh 20-1
Th nghim ca Faraday: Khi c t thng gi qua mt vng dy khp
kn bin thin tng hoc gim (hnh 20.9) th trong vng dy s xut hin mt
dng in cm ng. Chng t trong dy dn xut hin mt in trng to
ra dng in .
I cn pht hin thm: Sut in ng cm ng c trng cho hin tng
cm ng in t khng ph thuc vo bn cht v nhit ca dy dn . iu
ny chng t dy dn ch l phng tin gip ta pht hin trong dy dn c in
trng cm ng, l mt in trng xoy. Nu khng c dy dn th khng
gian xung quanh t trng bin thin vn xut hin in trng xoy.
S khc bit gia in trng xoy v in trng tnh:
+ in trng tnh c tnh cht th, ng sc ca in trng tnh l
ng cong h. Cng ca in trng tnh lm dch chuyn in tch dc theo
ng cong kn bng 0. in trng tnh khng c kh nng lm cho cc ht in
dch chuyn theo mt vng kn to thnh dng in c:

}
=
c
0 l d . E . q
tinh
, ,
(20.13)
+ in trng xoy c ng sc ca in trng l ng cong kn.
chuyn di ht in tch dc theo ng cong kn to ra dng in cm ng th
phi tn mt cng. Vy cng ca in trng xoy lm dch chuyn in tch dc
theo ng cong kn khc 0.

} =
C
0 l d . E . q
, ,
(20.14)
b. Pht biu lun im th nht ca I: Bt k mt t trng no bin i theo
thi gian cng sinh ra mt in trng xoy.
67

c. Phng trnh Maxwell Faraday:

Xt mt vng dy dn kn (hnh 20.2), khi t trng B ang bin i, trong
vng dy xut hin sut in ng cm ng, theo Faraday th biu thc ca sut
in ng ph thuc vo tc bin thin t thng gi qua vng dy, l:
c
u
| |
= =
} |
\ .
, ,
c
.
m
S
d d
BdS
dt dt
(20.15)
Mt khc theo nh ngha chung ca sut in ng th sut in ng
trong vng dy kn bng cng ca trng lc l (in trng xoy) lm chuyn
di mt n v in tch dc theo vng dy dn kn l:
c
}
= = =
}
, ,
, ,
c
. .
.
x
xoay
C
x
C
qE dl
A
E dl
q q
(20.16)
T (20.15) v (20.16) ta rt ra c biu thc v mi quan h gia t
trng bin thin v in trng xoy nh sau:
|
.
|
\
|
} = }
S C
S d . B
dt
d
l d . E
, , , ,
(20.17)
Phng trnh (20.17) c gi l phng trnh Maxwell - Faraday. Ni
dung ca phng trnh ny l:
Lu s ca vc t cng In trng xoy dc theo mt ng cong
kn bt k bng v tr s, nhng tri du vi tc bin thin theo thi gian ca
t thng gi qua din tch gii hn bi ng cong .
V tri ca phng trnh cn c th vit theo dng khc:

}
=
}
S C
S .d E rot l d . E
, , , ,

t rt ra: } } } = =
|
.
|
\
|
C S S
S d .
dt
B d
- S .d E rot l d . E
,
,
, , , ,

v:
dt
B d
- E rot
,
,
= (20.18)
68

20.1.2. Lun im th hai
a. Pht biu lun im th hai ca Maxwell:
Theo lun im th nht ca Maxwell, t trng bin i theo thi gian
sinh ra in trng xoy. Vy ngc li in trng bin i theo thi gian c
th sinh ra t trng hay khng? m bo tnh i xng trong mi lin h
gia in trng v t trng, Maxwell gii quyt vn bng mt lun
im gi l lun im th hai ca Maxwell:
Bt k mt in trng no bin i theo thi gian cng sinh ra mt t
trng (lun im ny c thc nghim chng minh).
b. Dng in dch:
nh ngha ca Maxwell v dng in dch: Dng in dch l dng in
tng ng vi in trng bin i theo thi gian v phng din sinh ra t
trng.
Phng v chiu ca dng in dch: Xt mch in gm t C v cun
cm khng

Vc t dng in dch:
Gi I
d
l cng dng in dch chy gia hai bn ca t, I l cng
dng in dn chy trong mch in. Theo tnh cht lin tc ca dng in trong
mch kn th I
dch
=I, khi mt dng in dch l:
dt
dq
S
1
S
I
S
I
j
d
d
= = =

dt
d
S
q
dt
d
d
j
o
= = |
.
|
\
|
(20.19)
69

p dng nh l O-G ta tnh c vc t in cm gia hai bn t in
D =o, ng thi tho mn c v chiu ca vc t dng in dch (ngc chiu
vi D
,
khi D gim, cng chiu vi D
,
khi D tng). Vy biu thc trn vit li l:

dt
D d
d
j
,
,
= (20.20)
Biu thc 20.20 chng t: Vc t mt dng in dch bng tc bin
thin ca vc t in cm theo thi gian.
Dng in dch sinh ra gn lin vi s bin i ca in trng theo thi gian.
V vy ni ti s bin i vc t in cm D
,
do s bin i ca vc t cng
in trng, ta dng du o hm ring
t c
c
thay cho o hm ton phn
dt
d
.
Biu thc 18.20 c vit li l:
t
D
d
j
c
c
=
,
,
(20.21)
c. Phng trnh Maxwell - Ampe
M rng lun im th hai ca Maxwell trn c s khi nim v dng
in dch th thy rng: T trng khng phi ch do dng in dn sinh ra, m
cn do in trng bin i theo thi gian (tc l dng in dch) sinh ra na. V
vy ngi ta a ra khi nim dng in ton phn l tng hp ca dng in
dn v dng in dch. Vi khi nim ta ni rng: T trng do dng in
ton phn sinh ra.
Biu thc dng in ton phn:
t
D
j j
TP
c
c
+ =
,
, ,
(20.22)
T ta vit c: S d .
S
t
D
j
S
S d . j I
TP
,
,
, , ,
}
c
c
+ = } =
|
.
|
\
|

Mt khc theo nh l v sc t ng th:
}
=
C
TP
l d . H I
, ,

rt ra biu thc: } }
c
c
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
C S
S d .
t
D
j l d . H

,
, , ,
(20.23)
biu thc(18.22) l phng trnh Maxwell - Ampe di dng tch phn:
Lu s ca vc t cng t trng dc theo mt ng cong kn bt k th
bng cng dng in ton phn chy qua din tch gii hn bi ng cong .
Ta c:
t
D
j H rot
c
c
+ =
,
, ,
(20.24)
70

20.2. TRNG IN T V H THNG CC PHNG TRNH
MAXWELL
20.2.1. Trng in t
a. Khi nim
Theo cc lun im ca Maxwell, t trng bin i theo thi gian sinh ra
in trng xoy, v ngc li in trng bin i theo thi gian li sinh ra t
trng. Nh vy trong khng gian khi c t trng bin thin th chng t c
in trng bin thin, r rng in trng v t trng l hai mt th hin ca
mt trng thng nht bao gm in trng v t trng lin h cht ch khng
tch ri nhau. Trng thng nht c gi l trng in t hay in t trng.
nh ngha: in trng v t trng ng thi tn ti trong khng gian
to thnh mt trng thng nht gi l trng in t.
b. Nng lng trng in t
Mt nng lng: Trng in t c mang nng lng, nng lng
c nh x trong khong khng gian c trng in t. Mt nng lng ca
trng in t bng tng mt nng lng in trng v t trng;

( )
( )
2 2
1 1
2 2
e m o o
E H ED BH e e e cc = + = + = + (20.25)
Nng lng trng in t:
( ) ( )
} + = } } + cc = =
V
dV . BH ED
2
1
dV
V V
. H E
2
1
dV . w W
2
o
2
o

(20.26)
20.2.2. H thng cc phng trnh Maxwell
m t trng in t, Maxwell nu ra h thng cc phng trnh
din t mi quan h gia s bin thin t trng v in trng v ngc li,
ngha ca tng phng trnh c cp trong phn thit lp.
a. Phng trnh Maxwell - Faraday (V s bin i t trng thnh in trng)

} }
c
c
=
S
S d . B
C
t
l d . E
, , , ,
(20.27)
b. Phng trnh Maxwell - mpe (v s bin i in trng thnh t trng):
S d .
C S
t
D
j l d . H
,
,
, , ,
} }
c
c
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
(18.28)
c. Phng trnh O -G i vi in trng
71

} =
= S
q S d . D
n
1 i
i
, ,
(20.29)
d. Phng trnh O -G i vi t trng

} =
S
0 S d . B
, ,
(20.30)
20.4.3. Tnh cht in v t
Cc phng trnh nu ln tnh cht in v t trong mi trng v c bit
l mi lin h gia cc c trng v in trng vi cc c trng v t trng
trong mi trng tn ti trng in:
o =
=
cc =
E . j
H B
E D
o
o
, ,
, ,
, ,
(20.31)
Nh h thng cc phng trnh trn, Maxwell c th tm li tt c cc
nh lut v in v t, ngoi ra cn c kh nng on bit c cc hin tng
quan trng, c th l:
+ on trc c s tn ti ca sng in t, khi c in trng hoc t
trng bin thin th s bin thin lan truyn trong khng gian di dng sng.
+I xy dng nn thuyt in t v nh sng, theo thuyt ny th nh sng
c coi l mt sng in t c bc sng trong gii 0,4m n 0,76m.
Cu hi n tp
20.1. Pht biu ni dung lun im th nht ca Maxwell Phn tch hin tng
cm ng in t minh ha cho lun im ny? Nu nhng im khc nhau
gia in trng tnh v in trng xoy?
20.2. Thnh lp phng trnh Maxwell - Faraday? Phng trnh ny c ngha g?
20.3. Pht biu ni dung lun im th hai ca Maxwell.
20.4. Phn tch ti sao dng in mt chiu khng qua c t in, cn dng
in xoay chiu th li qua c?
20.5. Dng in dch l g? Thnh lp phng trnh Maxwell - Ampe?
20.6. Trng in t l g? Biu din trng in t trong khng gian nh th
no? Vit biu thc tnh nng lng in t.
20.7. H thng cc phng trnh Maxwell v phn tch ngha ca cc phng trnh .
72

PHN TH T. QUANG HC V VT L LNG T
Chng 21. QUANG HC SNG
21.1. NHNG C S CA QUANG HC
21.1.1. Nhng nh lut quang hnh
- nh lut truyn thng nh sng: Trong mi trng trong sut, ng cht
v ng hng ng sng truyn theo ng thng.
- nh lut v tc dng c lp ca chm sng: Tc dng ca cc chm tia
sng khc nhau l c lp vi nhau.
- nh lut phn x nh sng: Tia phn x nm trong mt phng ti v gc
ti bng gc phn x: i = i
- nh lut khc x nh sng: Tia khc x nm trong mt phng ti v t
s gia sin gc ti v sin gc khc x l mt i lng khng i c gi l
chit sut t i ca mi trng th hai. i vi mi trng th nht

21
sin
sin
n
r
i
=
1
2
n
n
=
2
1
v
v
=

(21.1)

n
1
, n
2
ln lt l chit sut tuyt i ca cc mi trng (1) v (2), v
1
, v
2

ln lt l vn tc nh sng trong cc mi trng (1) v (2).
Vn tc nh sng trong cc mi trng ph thuc vo chit sut ca mi
trng : v =
n
c

(21.2)
21.1.2. Quang l v nh l Malus (Malut)
a. Quang l:
- Xt hai im A,B cch nhau khong l trong mt mi trng trong sut,
ng tnh c chit sut n. Thi gian nh sng truyn t A n B l: t =
v
l

nh ngha Quang l: Quang l gia hai im A,B l qung ng nh
sng truyn trong chn khng trong khong thi gian t. Vi t l thi gian nh
sng truyn gia hai im A,B trong mi trng.
L = c.t =c.
v
l
=n.l (21.3)
- Nu tia sng truyn t A n B qua nhiu mi trng c chit sut khc
nhau th quang l l:
L =n
1
l
1
+n
2
l
2
+=
i i
l n

(21.4)
73

- Nu tia sng truyn t A n B thng qua mi trng c chit sut bin
thin lin tc: dL =n.dl L = ndl
}

(21.5)
b. nh l Malut
- nh ngha mt trc giao: Mt trc giao l nhng mt trong khng gian
vung gc vi cc tia sng pht ra t mt ngun sng.
- nh l Malut: Quang l ca cc tia sng gia cng hai mt trc giao
ca mt chm sng th bng nhau.
Chng minh:
Xt mt chm sng song song truyn qua mt phn cch gia hai mi
trng c chit sut ln lt l n
1
v n
2
. (Hnh 21.1).
1

2
l hai mt trc
giao. Gi L
1,
, L
2
ln lt l quang l dc theo hai con ng A
1
I
1
B
1
v A
2
I
2
B
3

Hnh 21-1
L
1
= n
1
A
1
I
1
+n
2
(I
1
H
1
+H
1
B
1
)

; L
2
= n
1
( A
2
H
2
+H
2
I
2
)+n
2
I
2
B
2

M
2
1
sin
sin
i
i
1
2
n
n
= n
1
H
2
I
2
= n
2
I
1
H
1
L
1
= L
2
21.1.3. Thuyt in t nh sng ca Maxwell
+nh sng (thy c) l nhng sng in t c bc sng nm trong
khong t 0,40 m n 0,76 m, truyn trong chn khng vi vn tc c =3.10
8
m/s.
+ Vc t cng in trng E
,

trong sng nh sng c gi l vc t
sng sng, vc t E
,

vung gc vi vn tc truyn sng nn sng nh sng l
sng ngang.
+Mi nh sng tng ng vi mt gi tr xc nh
o
c mu sc ring,
c gi l nh sng n sc.
+ Phng trnh sng nh sng ti im M cch ngun O khong L:
74

2
( ) x acos t
T
t
= + , trong x l gi tr tc thi ca vc t cng in trng E
ti thi im t, a l bin , T l chu k,
L 2
= l pha ban u
nh sng l sng in t m sng in t l sng ngang, trong qu
trnh lan truyn sng nh sng l qu trnh lan truyn ca hai vc t cng
in trng E v vc t cng t trng H. Tuy nhin thc nghim ch ra
rng ch c vc t cng in trng E gy ra cm gic sng trn vng mc,
nh v biu din hnh hc qu trnh lan truyn sng nh sng ch cn biu din
s lan truyn ca vc t E.
Do trong phng trnh sng nh sng trn l biu din s lan truyn
ca vc t E, a =E
max

+ Cng sng I ti mt im c xc nh bng nng lng nh sng
truyn qua mt n v din tch t vung gc vi phng truyn nh sng ti
im trong mt n v thi gian:
I =a
2
=E
max
2
. (21.6)
21.1.4. Cc nguyn l
+ Nguyn l chng cht cc sng
Ti giao im ca hai hay nhiu sng sng, tng sng ring bit khng b
cc sng khc lm nhiu lon, ti im giao vc t sng sng tng bng tng
cc vc t sng sng ca cc sng ti giao nhau.
+ Nguyn l Huyghen - Fresnel
Mi im ca mi trng c sng sng truyn ti u c coi l ngun
sng th cp pht ra nhng sng sng gi v pha trc n.
Ngun sng th cp c bin v pha dao ng l bin v pha ca
dao ng sng thc S gy ra ti v tr ca ngun sng th cp .
21.2. HIN TNG GIAO THOA
21.2.1. Hin tng
Hin tng hai hay nhiu sng nh sng giao nhau to ra trong khng gian
nhng min sng v ti gi l hin tng giao thoa nh sng. Cc min sng v
ti gi l cc vn giao thoa. Khong cch gia hai vn sng hay hai vn ti
lin tip c gi l khong vn i. Hnh 21.2 l th nghim ca I-ng v giao thoa
nh sng, t ngun S chiu qua mn P c hai khe hp, nh sng qua hai khe hp
to thnh hai ngun sng v chng giao thoa vi nhau, t mn Q pha sau
75

hng cc vn giao thoa, im M bt k trn mn Q c th l sng hay ti ph
thuc vo v tr ca n.

21.2.2. iu kin c hin tng giao thoa
L thuyt giao thoa c xy dng trn c s p dng nguyn l chng
cht, l tng hp hai thnh phn dao ng ca sng nh sng giao nhau ti
mt im.
- Xt hai tia sng sut pht t hai ngun S
1
v S
2
ti giao thoa nhau ti M.
Ti O c phng trnh l: x =acos( t . e )
Ti M chng c phng trnh ln lt l:
x
1M
=a
1
cos( )
2
.
1
t
e
L
t =a
1
cos( ) .
1
e + t
x
2M
=a
2
cos(
t
e
2
2
.
L
t ) =a
2
cos( ) .
2
e + t
Vy x
M
=x
1M
+x
2M
=a.cos ( ) e + t

2 2
2 1 2 1 2
1
2 cos( ) a a a a a | | = + + (21.7)
= tan
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
cos cos
sin sin

a a
a a
+
+

(21.8)
- Nu t k 2
2 1
= th a =a
1
+a
2
bin sng ti M l cc i, vy M
l vn sng.
- Nu t ) 1 2 (
2 1
+ = k bin sng ti M l cc tiu, vy M l vn ti.
- Nu
1
-
2
bin thin theo thi gian th
) cos(
2 1
=0 const a a a = + = 2
2
1
2

Vy cng sng nh nhau ti mi im nn khng xy ra giao thoa.
iu kin c hin tng giao thoa:
Hnh 21-2
76

+Hai ngun sng pht ra dao ng c cng tn s
+ Cc dao ng sng sng truyn ti phi cng phng.
+Hiu s pha ca hai dao ng sng sng ti mt im khng thay i
theo thi gian.
Hai ngun sng tho mn cc iu kin trn c gi l hai ngun kt hp.
21.2.3. iu kin c cc i v cc tiu giao thoa
Kho st vi ngun sng n sc: Gi AL l hiu quang l ca hai sng
truyn ti mt im.
- iu kin c cc i giao thoa
t k 2
2 1
= t
t
k
L L
2
2 2
1 2
=

(21.9)
Hay: vi AL =k (keZ), th M l vn sng.
iu kin c cc i giao thoa l hiu quang l ca hai tia sng giao
thoa bng mt s nguyn ln bc sng.
- iu kin c cc tiu giao thoa: AL = (k+1/2) , th N l vn ti (21.10)
iu kin c cc tiu giao thoa l hiu quang l ca hai tia sng giao
thoa bng mt s l ln na bc sng.
21.2.4. Giao thoa qua khe Young
a. Th nghim Young
Mt ngun sng S t trc mn chn M c hai khe hp S
1
, S
2
, pha sau
mn chn M t mn nh P. Khi khong cch gia S
1
,S
2
vo c vi phn nghn
khong cch M v P th trn mn p sut hin cc vch sng ti xen k.

+Khong vn: L khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti lin tip.
b. Hnh dng cc vn giao thoa
Hnh 21-3

77

- T iu kin c giao thoa:
Nu: AL =L
2
L
1
=k hay n( l
2
-l
1
) =k

l
2
- l
1
=
n
k

(21.11)
Nu: AL =L
2
L
1
=(2k+1)
2
hay: n(l
2
-l
1
) =(2k+1)
2

l
2
- l
1
=(2k+1)
n 2
(21.12)
Nh vy trong c hai trng hp th: l
2
- l
1
=const
l phng trnh mt Hypebol trn xoay. Vy cc vn giao thoa c dng cc
mt Hypebol trn xoay.
Qu tch tt c nhng im trong khng gian c hiu s khong cch t n
n hai im c nh cho trc bng mt s khng i l mt h mt hypeboloit
trn xoay nhn hai ngun lm tiu im. Cc mt hypebol cc i giao thoa nm
xen k vi cc mt hypebol cc tiu giao thoa, mt i qua trung im ca hai
ngun l mt phng.

Hnh 21-4
c. V tr cc vn giao thoa
Gi x l khong cch t vn giao thoa ti trc i xng ca my giao thoa:

2 2 2
1
)
2
(
d
x D l + = ;
2 2 2
2
)
2
(
d
x D l + + =

dx D l l dx l l 2 2 ) ( 2
1 2
2
1
2
2
= = V D =l
1
+l
2
Nu l vn sng th: l
2
- l
1
=
n
k

nd
D k
x
s
= (21.13)
Nu l vn ti th: l
2
- l
1
=(2k+1)
n 2

nd
D k
x
t
)
2
1
( +
=

(21.14)
78

* Trong mi trng khng kh: n =1
d
D k
x
s
= ;
d
D k
x
t
)
2
1
( +
=

* Trong cng thc vn sng, vi k =0 l v tr vn sng trung tm, k =- 1
v k = +1 l hai vn sng bc mt nm hai bn vn trung tm.

* Trong cng thc vn ti, k =0 v k =- 1 l v tr hai vn ti bc mt
nm v hai pha vn sng trung tm.

* Khong vn l khong cch gia hai vn sng lin tip hay hai vn ti
lin tip c gi tr l:
D
i
nd
= (n =1 trong khng kh) (21.15)

d. Giao thoa gy bi nh sng trng
+nh sng trng l tp hp ca nhiu thnh phn n sc c bc sng
bin thin lin tc t n tm ( 0.4 0.76 m m s s ).
+Mi mt thnh phn n sc (c bc sng nht nh) cho mt h vn
giao thoa trn mn c lp nhau, cc vn sng c mu sc, khong vn xc nh.
+Vn trung tm ca hin tung giao thoa l tp hp ca cc thnh phn
n sc c bc sng bin thin lin tc t mu n mu tm, nn ti O trn
mn l vn sng trng. Mt im khc bt k trn mn c to x s l tp hp
gia vn sng ca cc thnh phn n sc ny vi vn ti ca cc thnh phn n
sc khc, nn ranh gii gia cc bc quang ph khng r rng nh vn mu bc
mt (trong vin , ngoi vin tm)
21.2.5. Giao thoa do phn x
y l hin tng giao thoa do nh vt l Lloyd tm ra. Th nghim b tr
nh sau:
- Ly mt tm thu tinh bi en mt mt hp th cc tia sng khc x.
Ngun n sc S pht ra hai tia kt hp SM v SIM ti gp nhau ti M
trn mn P t vung gc vi tm thu tinh.

Hnh 21-5
79

- Theo iu kin giao thoa th L
2
L
1
=k th ti M l vn sng. L
2
L
1

=(k +1/2) th ti M l vn ti
- Tuy nhin hin tng xy ra ti M li hon ton ngc li vi tnh ton
l thuyt, tc l ti nhng ni l vn sng th li l vn ti v ngc li.
- Do buc ta phi tha nhn mt kt qu thc nghim l quang l ca
tia SIM di ra thm /2.
- Tuy nhin hin tng ny ch x ra khi khi tia ti gp mi trng c
chit sut ln hn v phn x tr li.
- Hin tng sng dng nh sng c ng dng gii thch hin tng
sng dng nh sng. Do phn x trn b mt cc vt nn sng nh sng gy ra
hin tng cng hng sng dng ging ht trong sng c, v tr cc nt c
xc nh bng cng thc:
2
k
d

= . v tr cc bng
(2 1)
4
k
d
+
=
21.2.6. Giao thoa gy bi bn mng
- Bn mng l mt mi trng trong sut c b dy c micromet, v d
nh mng x phng, hay cc vng du m trn mt nc C hai loi bn
mng: Bn mng c b dy khng i v bn c b dy bin i.

a. Bn mng c b dy khng i
- Chiu mt chm tia sng song song bc sng ln mt bn mng c
b dy e v chit sut n.
- Tia ti SI ti gp bn mng v tch lm hai tia IR v IKIR.
- Theo nh lut phn x th IR song song vi IR y l hai tia kt hp
do xy ra giao thoa ti v cc.
Tuy nhin t mt thu knh h t v mt mn nh P ti tiu din th thu
c h vn giao thoa.

80

Hiu quang l: L
2
L
1
=(SIKIR) (SIR) =( IKI) (IH) - /2 =
=2e. i n
2 2
sin /2 (21.16)
Nh vy cc tia sng song song ti mt bn mng di cng mt gc ti s
giao nhau ti cng mt im trn mt tiu ca thu knh, Gi l vn cng nghing.
l vn sng hay ti ph thuc vo hiu quang l: khi L
2
L
1
=k th ti
M l vn sng. Cn khi L
2
L
1
=(k+1/2) th ti M l vn ti.
b. Bn mng c b dy bin i
* Nm khng kh: l mt lp khng kh mng nm gia hai tm thu tinh
hp vi nhau gc o .
- Tia sng S ti gp mt nm ti I v b tch lm hai tia phn IR v khc
x IKIR y l hai tia kt hp chng giao nhau ti I v to ra h vn giao thoa
ngay trn mt nm, h vn l cc vch song song vi cnh nm.
Hiu quang l: theo khi nim quang l v c s th nghim Lloyd ta tnh
c :
L
2
L
1
=2e + /2. (21.17)
- T biu thc ny ta thy ti nhng im trn cng mt nm c cng
dy e th hiu quang l bng nhau v to ra mt vn giao thoa trn mt nm, gi
l vn c cng dy.
L
2
L
1
=k th ti M l vn sng. Suy ra:

max
1
( )
2 2
e k

=

(21.18)
L
2
L
1
=(k+1/2) th ti M l vn ti. Suy ra
min
2
e k

= (21.19)
Vi k =0,1,2,3.
* Bn cho vn trn Niutn: Bn cho vn trn Niutn l lp khng kh
mng nm gia mt li ca thu knh hi t v mt ca tm thu tinh phng.
- Hin tng giao thoa gy bi vn trn Niutn v bn cht ging nh
giao thoa gy bi nm khng kh, tuy nhin do i xng trn ca thu knh hi t
nn vn giao thoa suy bin thnh vn trn ng tm nh s ngay trn mt thu
knh hi t.
- Bn knh ca vn sng th k xc nh bi cng thc: r
k
=
R

(21.20)

81

Hnh 21-7
ng vi vn ti th k ta c:
L
2
L
1
=(k+1/2)

=2e
k
+ /2. (21.21)
Suy ra: e
k
= k. /2 (21.22)
21.3. HIN TNG NHIU X NH SNG
21.3.1. Hin tng
Hin tng cc tia sng b lch khi phng truyn thng khi chng i
gn cc chng ngi, gy nn cc vn sng v ti trong c vng bng ti hnh
hc c gi l hin tng nhiu x.
21.3.2. Phng php kho st
Phng php i cu Fresnel:
+V mt sng (cc ngun th cp) ca ngun sng S: Mt cu tm S,
bn knh R< SM
+V cc mt cu tm M, bn knh ln lt bng r
o
=MB
o
;r
o
+
o
/2; r
o
+2
o
/2; r
o
+3
o
/2;...
+Cc mt cu tm M ct mt sng cu thnh nhng i cu, theo th t
i gia l nh chm cu ca mt sng cu .

Hnh 21-8

82

Bin dao ng tng hp ti im M:
+Tng hp dao ng sng ca hai sng gm mt i chn v mt i l
k tip bng 0, v chng c hiu quang l bng
o
/2 (ngc pha nhau).
+ Bin tng hp ca sng ti M c vit:
a =a
1
- a
2
+a
3
- a
4
+a
5
........... a
n

hoc vit thnh:
2
a
....... )
2
a
a
a
( )
2
a
a
a
(
a
a
n 5
4
3 3
2
2 2 2
1 1
+ + + + + =
Theo quy c: Ly du (+) nu n l l; ly du (-) nu n chn.
Mt cch gn ng ta c: ;.....
2
a a
a ;
2
a a
a
5 3
4
3 1
2
+
=
+
=
T nhng biu thc trn c th vit tng qut v bin sng ti M l:

1
2 2
n
a a
a=

(21.23)
Quan im ca sng v tnh truyn thng ca nh sng:
+Nu ngun sng S v im M khng c chng ngi (mt sng t do,
khng b che khut) th s i cu trn na mt sng s nhiu v k, a
n
s rt nh
vi a
1
, bin dao ng sng tng hp ti M gn ng bng:
2
a
a
1
~
T suy ra cng sng ti im M do c mt sng gy ra l:

4
I
4
a
2
a
a I
1
2
1
2
1 2
o
= = |
.
|
\
|
= =
Vi
2
1 1
a I =

l cng sng ti im M do ring i cu th nht gy ra.

Hnh 21-9

83

21.3.3. Mt s trng hp v nhiu x
a. Nhiu x ca sng cu qua mt l trn:
+Ngun sng im S.
+ Chng ngi: L mt l trn trn mt mn chn sng.
+Nhng im quan st gn vt chng ngi: M ;M
1
; M
2

+Kho st: p dng phng php i cu Fresnel gii thch hin tng:
- Nu khng c chng ngi hoc l trn kch thc ln:

4
I
4
a
a I
1
2
1 2
o
= = =

(21.24)
- Nu l trn cha s l i cu: Bin sng ti im M c xc nh
theo cng thc:

2
a
2
a
2
a
a
1 n 1
) + =

(21.25)
dn n:
o
1 2 n 1
I
4
I
)
2
a
2
a
( I = ) + =

(21.26)
Tc l cng sng I ti M khi c chng ngi l mn chn c l trn
ln hn cng sng I
o
khi sng nh sng khng c chng ngi. c bit nu
n =1 (l trn ch cha mt i cu), th s c:

o
2
1
2 1 1
I 4 ) a ( )
2
a
2
a
( I = = + =

(21.27)
- Nu l trn cha s chn i cu: Bin sng ti im M c xc
nh theo cng thc

2
a
2
a
2
a
a
1 n 1
( =
dn n:
o
1 2 n 1
I
4
I
)
2
a
2
a
( I = ( =

(21.28)
Tc l cng sng I ti M khi c chng ngi l mn chn c l trn
nh hn cng sng I
o
khi sng nh sng khng c chng ngi. c bit nu
l trn ch cha hai i cu, th cng sng ti M gn nh b trit tiu.
Nh vy ta c th kt lun: i vi mt mn chn c mt l trn nh nht
nh, cng ca nh sng ti im M nm trn trc i xng ph thuc vo s i
cu, tc l ph thuc vo v tr tng i ca mn nh kho st i vi l trn .
84

b. Nhiu x ca sng phng:
+To ra mt chm sng song song.
+ Chng ngi: L mt khe hp trn mt mn chn sng.
+ Quan st im M rt xa chng ngi, l ni gp nhau ca chm tia
nhiu x song song.
+Kho st: p dng phng php i cu Fresnel gii thch hin
tng:

Hnh. 21-10
Hnh v trn m t s nhiu x ca chm tia song song bt k theo hng
hp vi trc i xng mt gc ; cc mt phng
i
cch nhau /2 v chia mt
phng khe thnh cc di. B rng ca di l
sin 2
. V s cc di trn khe l:

=

=
sin b 2
sin 2 /
b
n
Theo nguyn l Huyghen th mi di sng coi nh mt ngun sng th
cp gi sng ti im M.. Hiu quang l ca hai di k tip nhau l/2, do vy
gy ra dao ng sng ti M ngc pha nhau v chng kh ln nhau. Kt qu:
- Nu khe cha s chn di sng
b
k sin k 2
sin b 2
n

= =

=
vi = = = 2 1 k ... ( loi tr gi tr k =0), th ti im M c im ti.
(Vi k =0 tc l 0 = th cc di gi sng ti im M cng pha nn
c cc i gia).
- Nu khe cha s l di sng, tng cp di sng k tip kh sng ln nhau
ti M , cn li di sng th (2k+1)th khng b kh, kt qu ti M c im sng.
Vy iu kin im M sng l:
b
)
2
1
k ( sin 1 k 2
sin b 2
n

+ = + =

=
85

vi ..... 3 2 1 k = = = ...( loi tr gi tr k =0), th ti im M c im sng.
21.4. HIN TNG PHN CC NH SNG
21.4.1. nh sng t nhin v nh sng phn cc
nh sng t nhin: nh sng trong cc vc t cng in trng E
,

(vc t sng sng) dao ng mt cch u n theo tt c mi phng vung
gc vi tia sng( phng truyn sng nh sng)
nh sng phn cc:

Hnh 21-11
+ S phn cc ton phn: Khi cho nh sng t nhin i qua mi trng
bt ng hng v mt quang hc, th trong nhng iu kin nht nh no ,
tc dng ca mi trng ln nh sng c th lm cho cc vc t cng in
trng ch cn dao ng theo mt phng nht nh. nh sng trong vc t
cng in trng E
,

ch dao ng theo mt phng xc nh, nh sng
c gi l nh sng phn cc thng hay nh sng phn cc ton phn.
+ S phn cc mt phn: Tc dng ca mi trng ln nh sng t nhin
c th vn lm cho cc vc t cng in trng E
,
dao ng theo tt c mi
phng, nhng c phng mnh v c phng yu hn. Khi nh sng c
gi l nh sng phn cc mt phn.

Hnh 21-12
Nh vy: nh sng t nhin c th coi l tp hp ca v s nh sng phn cc
ton phn dao ng u n theo tt c mi phng vung gc xung quanh tia sng.
86

21.4.2. nh lut Ma lut (Malus) v s phn cc nh sng
Th nghim:

Hnh 21-13
Nhn xt hin tng:
+Mi tinh th c tc dng phn cc nh sng c mt phng c bit A
gi l quang trc.
+Mi vc t cng in trng E
,
trong nh sng t nhin u c th
tch ra hai thnh phn E
x
vung gc vi quang trc A v thnh phn E
y
theo
phng quang trc.
+Khi nh sng t nhin chiu vo bn tinh th phn cc ton phn
(tuamalin T
1
) th thnh phn E
x
(vung gc vi trc)b tinh th hp th, ch cn
li thnh phn E
y
(song song vi

trc A
1
) l truyn qua c. Nu t sau T
1
mt
bn tinh th tuamalin T
2
c quang trc A
2
hp vi A
1
mt gc o th cng
sng thay i tu thuc vo gc o:
o = = o =
2
1
2
2 2 1 2
cos I a I cos a a , vi
2 1
0 I I o = =
vi 0 I 90
2
o
= = o
(Knh T
1
l knh phn cc v T
2
c gi l knh phn tch)
nh lut: Khi cho nh sng t nhin ri qua hai bn tuamalin c quang
trc hp vi nhau mt gc o th cng nh sng nhn c t l vi cos
2
o.
21.4.3. S phn cc nh sng do lng chit
Hin tng: C mt tia sng t nhin ri vung gc vi mt bn ca tinh
th bng lan th ti im ti I , tia ti SI b tch thnh hai tia:
+ Tia IR tun theo nh lut khc x nh sng, tip tc truyn thng khng
b lch so vi phng ban u c gi l tia thng.
+Mt tia i lch khi phng truyn ban u c gi l tia bt thng.
87

Dng th nghim phn tch th thy rng cc tia thng v bt thng
u l cc tia phn cc ton phn. Vc t cng in trng ca tia thng
vung gc vi mt phng chnh ca tia (mt phng cha tia thng v quang
trc). Cn tia bt thng th vc t cng in trng nm trong mt phng
chnh ca n (mt phng cha tia bt thng v quang trc)
Nu nh sng ri vo tinh th l nh sng t nhin th cng ca c hai tia
u nh nhau, nhng nu ri vo l nh sng phn cc th cng sng ca tng
tia s ph thuc vo gc o gia mt phng chnh ca tng tia vi mt phng ti.
Gi (i) l gc ti; (i
o
),(i
e
) l cc gc khc x tng ng ca tia thng v
bt thng. Th ta c kt qu:
const n
i sin
i sin
; const n
i sin
i sin
e
e
o
o
= = = =
T trn suy ra vn tc v
o
ca tia thng khng b i phng truyn cn
vn tc ca tia bt thng v
e ph
thuc vo phng truyn trong tinh th. Thc
nghim cng chng t vn tc ca tia bt thng trong tinh th theo phng song
song vi quang trc l cc tiu, cn theo phng vung gc vi quang trc th v
e
c gi tr cc i.
Do : v
e
>v
0 ,
suy ra: n
e
s n
0

Nhng tinh th trong n
e
< n
o
gi l tinh th m, cn nhng tinh th c
n
e
> n
o
gi l tinh th dng.
21.4.4. ng dng s phn cc nh sng do lng chit.
Bn tinh th hp th khng u: Mt chm sng t nhin ri vo bn tinh
th tuamalin b tch thnh hai tia th tia thng b hp th hon ton, ch c tia
thng l truyn qua c. Khi ta ni rng bn tinh th tuamalin l bn hp
th khng u.
Lng knh Nicn (Nicol):
+Cu to: Gm hai lng knh bng bng lan dn kht nhau nh lp
nha Canaa c chit sut n =1,5
+Mt tia sng t nhin ri ti nicn b tch thnh hai tia thng v bt
thng. V n
nh
< n
o
do tia thng b khc x nhiu hn tia bt thng. Khi ti
lp nha Canaa, tia thng b phn x ton phn vo lp nha en v b hp th
bi lp nha , tia bt thng c n
e
< n
nh
nn n truyn qua lp nha qua
bng lan v truyn ra ngoi.
88

Vy khi chiu mt chm sng t nhin vo nicn th sau nicn thu c
chm sng phn cc ton phn c vc t cng in trng dao ng trong
mt phng chnh ca tia bt thng.Nu ri n nicn nh sng phn cc ton
phn c vc t cng in trng dao ng vung gc vi mt phng chnh
ca tia bt thng th nh sng s b nicn ngn li hon ton. l nguyn
tc sng ch ra cc loi knh cho ngi iu khin cc phng tin giao thng
khng b chi mt trong m ti.
HNG DN HC V CNG C KIN THC CHNG 21
CU HI N TP
21.1. Trnh by nhng c s ca quang hnh hc.
21.2. Th no l quang l? Nu ngha ca quang l? Pht biu ni dung nh l
Malut.
21.3. Trnh by nhng c s ca quang hc sng.
21.4. Trnh by th nghim giao thoa ca Young v gii thch hin tng? Nu
iu kin ca hin tng giao thoa? Vit cng thc xc nh v tr vn giao thoa,
khong vn v bc sng?
21.5. Trnh by hin tng giao thoa gy bi nm khng kh v ng dng. Trnh
by hin tng giao thoa cho bi h vn trn Niutn v ng dng.
21.6. Nu nh ngha hin tng nhiu x nh sng. Dng nguyn l Huyghen
gii thch nh tnh hin tng nhiu x.
21.7. Trnh by phng php i cu Fresnel.
21.8. Gii thch hin tng nhiu x nh sng qua l trn nh. Xt cc trng
hp l trn cha mt s l i cu, mt s chn i cu, c bit cha mt i
cu v hai i cu.
21.9. M t hin tng nhiu x nh sng qua mt khe hp. Tm iu kin cc
i, cc tiu nhiu x. V nh nhiu x ca sng phng qua mt khe hp.
21.10. Hin tng phn cc chng t bn cht g ca nh sng? nh sng l sng
ngang hay sng dc? Gii thch ti sao?
21.11. Phn bit nh sng t nhin v nh sng phn cc ton phn, nh sng
phn cc mt phn.
21.12. Trnh by s phn cc do phn x, khc x. Trnh by tnh lng chit ca
tinh th. Nu s ging nhau v khc nhau ca hai tia thng v bt thng khi i
qua tinh th bng lan.
89

BI TP
21.13. Mt tia sng i qua mt bn mt song song l thu tinh c dy e =
20mm v chit sut ca thu tinh l n =1,75.
a) Tnh quang l ca nh sng truyn trong bn thu tinh ?
b) Tnh quang l v qung ng ng vi thi gian khi nh sng truyn trong
nc trong sut c chit sut n =4/3
21.14. Hai khe Young cch nhau mt khong a = 1mm, c chiu bng nh
sng n sc, h vn giao thoa quan st c trn mn c khong vn i = 1,5mm.
Khong cch t mn quan st n mt phng cha hai khe D = 3m. Tm:
a. Bc sng ca nh sng chiu ti.
b. V tr ca vn sng th ba v vn ti th t.
21.15. Mt chm nh sng n sc song song c bc sng = 0,5m chiu
vung gc vi mt mt ca nm khng kh. Quan st trong nh sng phn x,
ngi ta o c rng ca mi vn giao thoa bng i = 0,5mm.
a. Xc nh gc nghing ca nm.
b. Chiu ng thi vo mt nm khng kh hai chm tia sng n sc c bc sng
ln lt l
1
= 0,5m ,
2
= m . Tm v tr ti cc vn ti cho bi hai chm sng
ni trn trng nhau. Coi cnh ca bn mng nm khng kh l vn ti bc khng.
21.16. Mt chm sng song song c bc sng = 0,6m chiu vung gc vi
mt nm khng kh. Tm gc nghing ca nm. Cho bit rng ca 10 khong
vn k tip mt trn ca nm bng b = 10mm.
21.17. Mt bn mng nm thu tinh c gc nghing = 2 v chit sut n = 1,52. Chiu
mt chm sng n sc song song vung gc vi mt mt ca bn. Xc nh bc sng
ca chm sng n sc nu khong cch gia hai vn ti k tip bng i = 0,3mm.
21.18. Cho mt chm sng n sc song song chiu vung gc vi mt phng ca bn
mng khng kh nm gia bn thu tinh phng t tip xc vi mt cong ca mt thu
knh phng - li. Bn knh mt li thu knh l R =8,6m. Quan st h vn trn Niutn
qua chm sng phn x v o c bn knh vn ti th t l r
4
= 4,5mm. Xc nh
bc sng ca chm sng n sc. Coi tm ca h vn trn Niutn l vn s 0.
21.19. Cho mt chm sng n sc song song bc sng = 0,6m, chiu vung
gc vi mt phng ca bn mng khng kh nm gia bn thu tinh phng t tip
xc vi mt cong ca mt thu knh phng - li. Tm b dy ca lp khng kh ti v
tr vn ti th t ca chm tia phn x. Coi tm ca h vn trn Niutn l vn s 0.
90

Chng 22. QUANG HC LNG T
22.1. BC X NHIT - NH LUT KIRCHHOFF
22.1.1. i cng
Bnh thng cc nguyn t (phn t) tn ti trng thi c mc nng
lng c bn (E
1
), nu c cung cp mt nng lng s kch thch n chuyn
ln mc nng lng cao hn (E
2
) v tn ti mc nng lng ny trong thi gian
rt ngn (~10
-8
s) n s t tr v mc nng lng c bn v pht ra
bc x sng in t.

Hnh 22-1
C nhiu cch cung cp nng lng kch thch. Nu nng lng cung
cp di dng nhit th bc x in t pht ra gi l bc x nhit. S pht x bao
gi cng km theo s gii phng nng lng do s bin i ni nng ca chnh
bn thn ngun sng hoc l do hp th bn ngoi. Chng hn s pht sng ca
cc n kh phng in xy ra c nh in nng ca dng in cung cp.
Cc cht pht quang hp th nng lng ti n v sau n t pht sng.
Cc vt c nung nng cng c th pht sng. Bc x do cc vt nung nng
pht sng gi l bc x nhit.
c im quan trng ca bc x nhit l bc x cn bng: Nng lng m
vt pht ra di dng bc x ng bng nng lng nhit m vt thu vo bng
hp th bc x.
22.1.2. Cc i lng c trng
Cc ngun sng khc nhau v nhit v thnh phn ha hc th bc x
s c thnh phn quang ph khc nhau v s phn b nng lng theo cc bc
sng khc nhau.
22.1.2.1. trng nng lng R
eT
v nng sut pht x n sc r
T

Cc vt t nng pht ra nng lng di dng bc x in t c bc
sng khc nhau.
91

Xt mt din tch dS mt ngoi pht x. Gi
dE l nng lng bc x
pht ra t dS trong mt n v thi gian v mang i bi bc x c bc sng
trong khong t n d + , ta vit:
=
dE
dSd r
T
(22.1)

T
r
: nng sut pht x n sc.

}
=
0
d r R
T eT
: gi l trng nng lng. (22.2)
22.1.2.2. Nng sut hp th ton phn a
T
v nng sut hp th n sc
T
a

Gi s nng lng ti trn vt l
dE v vt hp th mt phn nng lng

l
,
dE , phn cn li b phn x v tn x, i lng:

dE
dE
a
T
,
= (22.3)
c gi l h s hp th hay nng sut hp th ca vt. Nh vy a
T
<1,
ph thuc vo tn s v nhit .
i vi bc x n sc th a
T
gi

l nng sut hp th n sc.
Vy nng sut hp th ca vt i vi mi bc sng nhit cho trc
s l:
}
=
0
d a a
T T
(22.4)
c bit, nu vt hp th tt c cc bc x ti n mi nhit th gi l
vt en tuyt i (vt en l tng) lc : . 1 =
T
a

22.1.3. nh lut Kirchhoff:
Gia nng sut pht x v nng sut hp th c mi lin h nht nh. Ta
kho st qua th nghim sau:

Hnh 22-2
92

Gi s trong bnh kn c gi nhit T, t 3 vt A, B, C. Bnh c
ht ht khng kh cho cc vt ch c th trao i nng lng vi nhau v vi
bnh bng con ng pht x v hp th sng in t.
Th nghim chng t sau mt thi gian h s t n trng thi cn bng
nhit. Mi vt u c cng nhit v bng nhit T ca bnh. Nh vy r rng
vt no c nng sut pht x ln th cng c nng sut hp th ln. Kirchhoff
a ra nh lut:
T s gia nng sut pht x r
T
v h s hp th a
T
khng ph thuc g
vo bn cht ca vt, i vi mi vt n l mt hm s ca
v T.
) , ( T f
a
r
a
r
a
r
C
T
C
T
B
T
B
T
A
T
A
T
= = = (22.5)
f(
,T) hm Kirchhoff.
Gi s mt trong nhng vt ny l vt en tuyt i v k hiu nng sut
pht x n sc l U
T
v a
T
ca vt en tuyt i bng 1, nn nh lut
Kirchhoff c vit:
) , (
1
T f
U
a
r
T
T
T
= =
Vy hm Kirchhoff l nng sut pht x ca vt en tuyt i , tc l:
= ) , ( T f
T
U
(22.6)
Vy: T s gia nng sut pht x n sc v nng sut hp th ca mt
vt bt k bng nng sut pht x n sc ca vt en tuyt i cng bc sng
v cng nhit .
22.2. NH LUT STEFAN - BOLTZMANN. NH LUT WIEN.
THUYT LNG T CA PLANCK. CNG THC PLANCK.
22.2.1. nh lut Stefan Boltzmann
Nm 1879 Stefan phn tch cc kt qu thc nghim v tm c s lin
h gia trng nng lng ca vt v nhit ca n, tuy nhin nhng php o
chnh xc hn sau chng t rng kt qu Stefan khng hon ng. Nm nm
sau Boltzmann da vo hai nguyn l nhit ng lc hc nghin cu bc x
ca vt en l tng v thit lp nh lut Stefan - Boltzmann:
trng nng lng ca vt en tuyt i t l vi ly tha bc 4 ca
nhit tuyt i ca n.
93

}
= =
0
4
) , ( T d T f R
T
o

(22.7)
o : Hng s Stefan-Boltzmann.
Nng lng do mt din tch S ca vt en tuyt i pht ra trong thi
gian t nhit T s bng:
E =o T
4
St = R
eT
S.t (22.8)
Nu nhit thay i theo thi gian T = T(t), th:

}
=
t
Sdt t T E
0
4
) ( o
(22.9)
nh lut cho thy khi nhit tng, nng sut bc x ca vt en tuyt
i tng rt nhanh. nh lut ny khng p dng c cho vt thc; v rng khi

T
R
ph thuc rt phc tp vo T cng nh hnh dng trng thi b mt vt.

22.2.2. nh lut Wien (Wilheim Wien 1864 -1928)
Nm 1893 Wien bng nghin cu l thuyt tm ra h thc quan trng
gia v tr ca cc cc i nng sut pht x n sc ca vt en tuyt i v
nhit tuyt i ca n.
Bc sng ng vi cc i ca nng sut pht x bin thin t l nghch
vi nhit tuyt i ca vt en.

m
=b/T
Hay
m
T =2,8978.10
-3
mK (22.10)
Nh vy khi tng nhit khng nhng nng lng ton phn m c phn
b nng lng theo bc sng cng thay i.
Chng hn nhit thp vt ch yu pht ra bc x hng ngoi, nhit
cng tng bc x cng chuyn v mu , ri vng, cui cng mu trng.
22.2.3. Cng thc Rayliegh - Jeans
Sau khi thit lp nh lut Kirchhoff vn t ra l tm dng gii tch
hm U
T
=f(
,T) ca vt en tuyt i.
Vn da trn quan im ca vt l c in v tnh cht lin tc ca s pht x
hay hp th bc x in t v nh lut phn b u nng lng theo s bc t do
Rayliegh v Jeans tm ra cng thc i vi nng lng pht x ca vt en tuyt i.
94

kT U
T 2
2
= (22.11)
k: hng s Boltzmann.
Cng thc ny ph hp vi s ph thuc ca U
T
vo bc sng cho bi
thc nghim trong min bc sng ln.
Vi bc sng nh tng ng min t ngoi ca ph cng thc Rayliegh -
J eans khc r rt so vi thc nghim v xc nh s tng U
T
n v cng.

Hnh 22-3
Tht bi ny ca Rayliegh - J eans chng t da vo quan im vt l c
in nghin cu bc x l khng ng. B tc ny tn ti trong mt thi gian
di cui th k XIX c gi l s khng hong min t ngoi.
22.2.4. Thuyt Planck. Cng thc Planck
a. Thuyt lng t ca Planck
Mi c gng tm dng ca hm s U
T
theo quan im lin tc ca nng
lng u tht bi. Planck nu ln gi thuyt v tnh cht lng t ca bc x,
theo :
Nng lng ca bc x in t b hp thu hay pht x bi cc nguyn t
v phn t khng phi c gi tr bt k m bao gi cng l bi s nguyn ca mt
lng nng lng nguyn t W c gi l lng t nng lng.
ln ca W l:
c
h h W = = (22.12)
b. Cng thc Planck
Trn c s l thuyt ca mnh, Planck tm c cng thc biu din hm
s
T
U
ca vt en tuyt i nhit T cho trc.

1
1
2
3
1
=
kT
C
T
e
C
U
(22.13)
95

Vi
2
1
hc C t = v /
2
hc C =
ng cong biu din hm s U
T
c v bng ng lin nt - hnh
3.3, hnh v cho thy ng ny trng vi ng cong thc nghim.
22.3. THUYT PHOTON CA EINSTIEN
Thuyt Planck t nn tng cho thuyt photon. Tuy nhin Planck mi
ch cp n tnh gin on ca nng lng bc x ca vt en tuyt i. Trn
c s ny Einstein (1905) pht trin thuyt Planck a ra mt gi thuyt mi:
nh sng khng ch bc x v hp th m c lan truyn cng thnh tng
lng nng lng gin on, ngha l bc x in t thnh nhng ht ring r -
lng t nh sng - gi l photon. Mi photon c nng lng:
h W = (22.14)
Vi h = 6,625.10
-34
J s: hng s Planck.
Ngoi nng lng photon cn c khi lng v ng lng nh nhng ht
c bn khc.
Theo thuyt tng i W = mc
2
, do phi coi photon c khi lng bng:

2 2
c
h
c
W
m

= = (22.15)
Mt khc khi lng ph thuc vo vn tc, theo h thc:

2
2
0
1
c
v
m
m
= , m
0
: khi lng ngh.
i vi photon v = c v 0 1
2
2
=
c
v
, do = m iu khng c
ngha vt l.
khi lng m khng ln v hn th m
0
phi bng khng. iu ni
ln rng photon khng c khi lng ngh, ngha l photon ch tn ti khi n
chuyn ng, y l iu khc bit gia khi lng photon v khi lng cc ht
c bn khc.
V photon chuyn ng vi vn tc bng c nn ng lng:

h
c
h
mc p = = = (22.16)
22.4. HIN TNG QUANG IN
96

Hin tng cc electron b bc ra khi cc vt di tc dng ca nh
sng c gi l hin tng quang in.
22.4.1. Th nghim
Hin tng quang in do Hertz khm ph nm 1887 v c Alekxandr
Grigorits Stoletov nghin cu chi tit 1888. S th nghim ca Stoletov hnh 22.4.
Cc dng c ni vi mt in k nhy G vo li ng A. Cc m ca
pin th ni vi bn km K t song song vi A cch nhau khong vi mm. Khi
cha ri nh sng vo K in k G ch s khng trong mch khng c dng in.
Khi ri nh sng K trong mch xut hin dng in, kim in k G b lch

Hnh 22-4
Nu i chiu in trng th trong mch cng khng c dng in mc
d ang ri nh sng. Nh vy dng in xut hin trong mch khi ri nh sng
vo bn K tch in m l do mt s electron bc ra khi K v b ht v cc
dng A ng kn mch. Dng in gi l dng quang in, cn cc electron
bc ra khi bn K c gi l quang electron.
Stoletov lm li th nghim ny trong chn khng theo s nh hnh
22.5. Hai cc anod v catod c t trong bnh chn khng c ca s thch anh
F, hiu in th gia hai cc thay i nh bin tr R (con chy c).
22.4.2. ng c trng V-A (Volt-Ampere)
Dng quang in c xc nh bi s quang electron n c anod
trong mt n v thi gian. Gi quang thng u chiu vo catod khng i; thay
i U nh R. o dng quang in tng ng ta dng ng cong biu din i =
f(u). Nu thay i quang thng u nhng tn s nh sng vn gi khng i ta s
c cc ng c trng V -A tng ng u
1
<u
2.

T ng c trng V-A ta thy rng khi hiu in th U = 0 vn c dng
in v n ch bng khng khi U c gi tr m U
h
(U
h
: hiu in th hm ph
thuc vo bn cht kim loi v tn s hay bc sng nh sng ti). S tn ti ca
dng quang in y chng t rng cc quang electron bc khi K c mt ng
nng ban u khc khng. Nh m electron c th thc hin cng chng in
97

trng hm gia hai in cc n c anod: nu gi v
max
l vn tc ban u cc
i ca quang electron ta c:

max
2
max
2
1
eU mv = (22.17)

Hnh 22-5 Hnh 22-6
Khi tng U theo chiu dng, dng quang in tng dn v rng s quang
electron n anod cng tng. Khi U t U
bh
, tt c cc electron bt ra khi catod,
nn d tip tc tng U, dng quang in vn khng i. Gi tr ln nht ca dng
quang in l i
bh
ng vi U
bh
gi l dng quang in bo ha.
i
bh
=ne (22.18)
(n s quang electron bt ra khi catod trong mt giy)
22.4.3. Cc nh lut
a. nh lut v dng bo ha
Khi tn s nh sng ti catod khng i, cng dng quang in bo
ha t l thun vi quang thng u (cng sng) m catod nhn c.
i
bh
=ku (22.19)
k: h s t l ph thuc vo cht lm catod.
nh lut ny cn pht biu cch khc: i
bh
=ne =ku u =
e
k
n
const
e
k
= : u ~ n (22.20)
S quang electron bc ra khi catod trong mt n v thi gian t l vi
quang thng u m catod nhn c.
b. nh lut v ng nng ban u cc i:
Vn tc ban u (ng nng ban u / ng nng cc i) ca quang
electron t l vi tn s nh sng v khng ph thuc vo quang thng nh sng ti.
98

c. nh lut v gii hn (gii hn quang in):
Gi
0
l bc sng ln nht c th gy ra hiu ng quang in, cn gi
l bc sng gii hn, ph thuc vo bn cht kim loi dng lm catod.
Bc x no c bc sng nh hn
0
mi c th gy ra hiu ng quang in.
d. Gii thch.
Cc nh lut quang in c th c gii thch bng thuyt photon:
Khi c mt chm nh sng thch hp ri n catt, cc electron t do
trong kim loi hp th photon. Mi electron hp th mt photon v s nhn c
mt nng lng bng = h . Nng lng ny mt phn chuyn thnh cng thot
A
th
electron ra khi kim loi, phn cn li chuyn thnh ng nng ban u ca
quang electron. ng nng ban u cng ln khi electron cng gn mt ngoi
kim loi, v i vi cc electron su trong kim loi, mt phn nng lng m
n hp th c ca photon s b tiu hao trong qu trnh chuyn ng t trong
ra mt ngoi kim loi. Nhvy ng nng ban u s cc i i vi cc electron
st mt ngoi kim loi. Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng, Einstein a ra
phng trnh cho hiu ng quang in

2
max
1
2
h A mv v = + (22.21)
+Gii thch nh lut gii hn quang in: Trong phng trnh Einstein,
v
2
max
1
0
2
mv > v ta t A
th
= h
0
nn:
h > h
0
suy ra: >
0
hay <
0

Ngha l chm nh sng gy ra hiu ng quang in phi c bc sng
nh hn mt gi tr xc nh
o
=hc/A
th
( <
0
) o chnh l gii hn quang in
v r rng n ch ph thuc vo cng thot A
th
, tc l ph thuc vo bn cht kim
loi lm catt.
+Gii thch nh lut v ng nng ban u cc i:
2 2
max 0 max
1 1
2 2
h A mv h mv v v = + = +
2
max 0
1
( )
2
mv h v v =
Ta thy r ng nng ban u cc i ca quang electron ch ph thuc vo
tn s ca chm bc x in t, m khng ph thuc vo cng ca bc x .
99

+Gii thch nh lut v dng quang in bo ho: Cng dng quang
in t l vi s quang electron thot ra khi catt n ant trong mt n v thi
gian. Dng quang in tr nn bo ho khi s quang electron thot khi catt n
ant trong n v thi gian l khng i. S quang electron thot ra khi catt t
l vi s photon b hp th. S phtn b hp th li t l vi cng ca chm
bc x. Do cng dng quang in bo ho t l thun vi cng chm
bc x ri ti: N
e
~N
ph
, N
ph
~I
ph
suy ra: N
e
~I
ph

M I
ph
~N
e
ruy ra: I
ph
~I
ph

Thuyt phtn gii thch c tt c cc nh lut quang in, n
a ra mt quan nim mi v bn cht nh sng. Theo Einstein, mi phtn c
mt nng lng = h. Tnh cht ht th hin nng lng gin on. Tnh
cht sng th hin tn s (v bc sng ) ca nh sng. Nhvy nh sng
va c tnh sng, va c tnh ht. Ta ni rng nh sng c lng tnh sng-ht.
22.5. HIU NG COMPTON
22.5.1. Hiu ng Compton
Tnh cht lng t nh sng cn c biu hin r rt hin tng m
Compton pht hin vo nm 1923 khi quan st s tn x ca tia X n sc trn
tinh th graphit

Hnh 22-7
S th nghim c biu din hnh 22-7.
Mt chm tia X n sc c bc sng pht ra t ng C pht tia X, i
qua hai khe hp F
1
,F
2
c hai l ch dy t ni tip nhau. Chm tia hp i khi
hai khe c coi l song songri vo cht tn x K (graphit, parafin,) cha
nhng nguyn t nh. Mt phn chm tia X i qua K, phn cn li b tn x bi
K. Phn tia b tn x i vo my quang ph gm mt tinh th D v knh nh P.
My quang ph dng o bc sng tia X tn x.
Th nghim chng t rng, tia X tn x c bc sng
ln hn bc
sng ca tia X ti, hn na dch chuyn ca bc sng.
100

2
sin 2
2
u

o
= ' = A (22.22)
Vi
12
10 . 43 . 2

=
o
m bc sng Compton, o bng thc nghim.
22.5.2. Gii thch
Hin tng Compton khng th gii thch theo thuyt sng nhng c th
c gii thch d dng theo thuyt photon. Ngha l nu coi tia X l dng photon
c nng lng W = h v ng lng
c
h p

= trong trng hp quang in ta
gi thit rng khi photon tng tc vi electron n truyn hon ton nng lng
h cho electron v photon bin mt .
Hiu ng Compton xy ra khi photon tng tc vi electron t do hay lin
kt yu trong nguyn t. Khi tng tc electron ch nhn c mt phn nng
lng ca photon v b bn i, ngi ta gi l electron git li, nh vy nng
lng photon gim i cho nn bc sng tng ln. Phng chuyn ng ca
photon cng thay i do ng thi xy ra hin tng tn x ca photon v
bc sng ca n thay i.
Gi thit mt photon tia X va chm n hi vo mt electron t do ng
yn ti M.

Hnh 22-8
Trc khi va chm, nng lng photon h v ng lng
c
h
nng
lng electron m
o
c
2
v ng lng 0
Sau khi va chm photon b tn x theo phng MP, cn electron theo
phng MQ vi vn tc v. Do electron c nng lng mc
2
, ng lng mv,
cn nng lng photon tn x ' h v ng lng
c
h '
. Theo nh lut bo ton:
Nng lng:
2 2
mc h c m h
o
+ ' = + (22.23)
ng lng: v m
c
h
c
h ,
, ,
+
'
=

(22.24)
101

Bnh phng hai phng trnh, ly phng trnh (22.23) tr phng trnh
(22.24) v ch :
2
2
0
1
c
v
m
m
=
Ta c: ( ) ( ) u cos 1
2
' = ' h c m
o
(22.25)

2
sin
2
2
2
u

c m
h
o
'
= ' (22.26)

2
sin
2
2
u

c m
h
o
= ' (22.27)
> '
Ngha l sau khi tn x bc sng tia X tng.
Nh vy bc sng Compton:
12
10 . 4 , 2

= =
c m
h
o
o
m.
HNG DN HC V CNG C KIN THC CHNG 22
CU HI N TP
1. nh ngha bc x nhit cn bng.
2. Vit biu thc v nu ngha ca cc i lng: nng sut pht x ton
phn, h s pht x n sc, h s hp th n sc ca bc x nhit cn bng
nhit T.
3. nh ngha vt en tuyt i.
4. Pht biu nh lut Kirchhoff. Nu ngha ca hm ph bin. V th
ng c trng ph pht x ca vt en tuyt i.
5. Pht biu cc nh lut pht x ca vt en tuyt i .
6. Nu quan nim c in v bn cht ca bc x. Vit cng thc ca
Rayleigh-J eans. Nu nhng kh khn m cng thc gp phi i vi hin
tng bc x nhit.
7. Pht biu thuyt lng t ca Planck. Vit cng thc Planck. Nu nhng
thnh cng ca thuyt lng t.
8. nh ngha hin tng quang in. Pht biu ba nh lut quang in.
9. Pht biu thuyt phtn ca Einstein. Vn dng thuyt phtn gii thch
ba nh lut quang in.
102

10. Trnh by ni dung hiu ng Compton. Trong hiu ng ny, chm tia X
tn x ln electron t do hay lin kt ?
11. Gii thch hiu ng Compton.
12. Ti sao coi hiu ng Compton l mt bng chng thc nghim xc nhn
trn vn tnh ht ca nh sng.
BI TP
22.1. Xc nh ng nng v ng lng ca electron bn ra vi gc tn x
=180
0
trong hiu ng Comtn. Bit chm tia ti c bc sng 2.10
-9
m.
22.2. Mt chm phtn c bc sng 0.232 m p thng gc vo tm Platin
v lm bn ra theo phng php tuyn cc quang electron chuyn ng vi
vn tc cc i. Hy xc nh tng ng lng truyn cho in cc i vi
mi ph tn p vo lm bn ra mt quang electron. Cho A
pt
=4.09 eV.
22.3. Mt chm bc x song song c bc sng 0.6m c ng lng tng
cng bng ng lng trung bnh ca nguyn t Heli nhit 300K. Tm s
ph tn ca chm bc x .
22.4. Xc nh bc sng ca bc x tia X. Bit rng trong tn x Cm tn
gy bi bc x ng nng cc i ca electron bn ra l 0.19eV.
22.5. Mt electron ang ng yn th b tn x theo gc 120
0
do va chm vi
ph tn c nng lng 250 keV. Xc nh nng lng ca ph tn tn x.
22.6. Mt ph tn sau tn x vi mt electron t do th c bc sng bng
bc sng Cm tn. Ban u ph tn c nng lng 800 keV. Tnh gc tn
x.

103

Chng 23. C HC LNG T
23.1. TNH SNG HT CA PHOTON
Lng tnh sng ht ca nh sng c Einstein nu ln trong thuyt
photon:
nh sng c cu to bi cc ht photon, c nng lng W = h ng
lng
h
p = . T cc h thc ny ta thy c s lin h gia nhng i lng c
trng cho tnh sng ( , ) v i lng c trng cho tnh ht (W, p), trn c s
ny ta biu th hm sng phng nh sng qua nng lng v ng lng ca ht
photon tng ng vi sng : Bi l khi ni n sng chng ta lin tng ngay
n nhng sng nc xut hin trn mt h ao khi c gi nh hoc l nhng sng
rung ng trn cc dy n.
Tuy nhin d bn cht th no i na th s truyn sng trong mi trng
cng theo nhng qui lut hon ton ging nhau.
Tht vy hy xt sng n gin nht l sng phng n sc (cn gi l
sng iu ha).
Nu dao ng ti 0 l: t a X
o
t 2 cos
0
=
th biu thc ti M c dng: |
.
|
\
|
=
c
d
t a X
o M
t 2 cos
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
d
t a
o
2 cos (23.1)

Nu sng lan truyn theo phng n bt k (n vc t n v trn phng y)
th biu thc ca sng mt im r trong khng gian l:
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
n r
t a u
o
,
2 cos (23.2)
Trong hai biu thc trn, ngi ta cng c th dng hm sin thay cho hm cos.
Tng qut v tin li hn ngi ta gp hai biu thc phc cn c vo h
thc Euler:

(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
n r
t i
n r
t a u
o
, ,
2 sin 2 cos
Hay
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
n r
t i a u
o
,
2 exp (23.3)
Ta cng c th vit hm sng ch ly du
104

|
.
|
\
|

=

t
n r
t i
e a
o
, ,
2
(23.4)
(23.4) ph thuc vo cc i lng c trng ca sng nh tn s v bc
sng. Ta c th biu din vi cc i lng c trng ca ht:

h
W
h
W
= =
t
t
2
2 ,
34
10 . 05 , 1
2

= =
t
h
h Js

|
.
|
\
|

=
r p Wt
i
e a
o
, ,
h
(23.5)
Nu dng khi nim vc t sng k
,
l vc t nm theo phng, chiu
truyn sng v c tr s
t 2
= k ; khi k p
,
h
,
= v hm sng phng n sc:

|
|
.
|
\
|

=
r k t i
e a
o
,
,
e
(23.46)
23.2. TNH SNG HT CA VT TH VI M - GI THUYT DE
BROGLIE.
Pht biu: Mt vi ht t do ty c nng lng xc nh, ng lng xc
nh tng ng mt sng phng n sc:
a. Nng lng vi ht lin h tn s dao ng ca sng tng ng theo h thc
h W = (23.7)
b. ng lng p ca vi ht lin h vi bc sng ca sng tng ng
theo h thc:

h
p = hay k p
,
h
,
= (23.8)
Vi
p
h
= : bc sng de Broglie
23.3. H THC BT NH HEISENBERG
23.3.1. H thc Heisenberg.
Chm electron chuyn ng theo phng 0y vi vn tc v, trn mn chn
M c khe rng b t vung gc vi chm tia. Trn mn E quan st thy hin
tng nhiu x, tng t nh nhiu x nh sng qua khe hp. S phn b cng
105

nhiu x l() c biu din hnh 23.1 cc i bc 0 ng vi gc nhiu x =
0, cc tiu th nht ng vi
b
= sin , - bc sng electron.

Hnh 23-1
i b phn cng nhiu x tp trung cc i gia nn ta c th b
qua cc cc i hai bn. Nu quan nim electron di dng cc ht c hc th
ta phi ni cc ht c vn tc v bay theo hng 0y n khe. Lc qua khe ta x
c xc nh trong khong t 0 n b.
b x s s 0
Ni cch khc, v tr ca ht trong khe c xc nh vi bt nh:
b x ~ A (23.9)
Sau khe c nhiu x ngha l vn tc ca ht khng song song vi oy m
c thnh phn theo ox. Do ng lng p
x
=0 khi electron cha qua khe, by
gi c gi tr nm trong khong:

b
p p p
x
= s s sin 0
C th ly khong gi tr y lm bc ln bt nh v p
x
:

b
h
b
h
b
p p
x
= = ~ A

. (23.10)
Do : h x p
x
~ A A .
Tng t: h y p
y
~ A A . (23.11)
h z p
z
~ A A .
23.3.2. ngha ca h thc Heisenberg.
- Cc h thc (23.11) chng t v tr v ng lng ca ht khng xc
nh ng thi. V tr cng xc nh th ng lng ca ht cng bt nh v
ngc li.
106

Th d: Trong nguyn t, electron chuyn ng trong phm vi 10
-10
m
(kch thc nguyn t) nh vy bt nh v v tr A x =10
-10
m
do bt nh v vn tc:
) / ( 10 . 7
10 . 1 , 9 . 10
10 . 22 , 6
.
6
31 10
34
s m
m x
h
m
P
v
x
x
= =
A
~
A
= A

Av
x
kh ln: electron khng c vn tc xc nh ngha l electron khng
chuyn ng theo mt qu o xc nh trong nguyn t. iu ny chng t trong
th gii vi m khi nim qu o cc vi ht khng c ngha
- V nguyn tc h thc bt nh p dng cho mi ht nhng i vi cc
ht v m thng thng gii hn chnh xc m h thc bt nh nu ln vt rt
xa gii hn chnh xc cc dng c o lng ti tn nht c th t c cho nn
trong thc t khng cn ch n h thc bt nh khi xt chuyn ng ca cc
ht v m.
- H thc bt nh i vi nng lng.
Ngoi cc h thc bt nh trn, trong c hc lng t ngi ta cn tm
c h thc bt nh gia nng lng W v thi gian t.
h t W ~ A A . (23.12)
Nu nng lng ca h mt trng thi no cng bt nh th thi gian
tn ti trng thi cng ngn v ngc li. Tm li trng thi c nng
lng bt nh l trng thi khng bn cn trng thi c nng lng xc nh l
trng thi bn.
23.4. HM SNG NGHA XC SUT CA HM SNG
23.4.1. Hm sng.
m t trng thi chuyn ng ca vi ht ta dng khi nim hm sng.
Theo gi thuyt de Broglie, chuyn ng ca ht t do c m t bi
hm sng, tng t nh sng phng nh sng n sc.

( ) r k t i
e
,
,

=
e

0
(23.13)
0
: bin sng c xc nh bi:

*
2
2
0
= =
-
: lin hp phc ca
107

(23.13) gi l sng de Broglie cng ni chung vi cc ht vi m chuyn ng
trong trng th hm sng ca n l mt hm phc tp ca ta r v thi gian
t. ( ) ( ) t z y x t r , , , , =
,

23.4.2. ngha xc sut ca hm sng.
Xt quanh im M (x,y,z) mi yu t th tch dV = dx.dy.dz khi :
( ) ( ) ( )
2
, , . . x y z dV xyz xyz dx dy dz
-
=
Biu din xc sut tm thy trong yu t th tch dV quanh M(x,y,z).
T , i lng ,(xyz),
2
=.
-
biu din mt xc sut tm thy ht
trong yu t th tch n v bao quanh M.
Khi tm trong ton b khng gian, chng ta chc chn s tm thy ht,
ngha l xc sut tm ht trong ton b khng gian s l:

}}}
=
V
dV 1
2
(23.14)
(23.14): iu kin chun ho hm sng.
Tm li trng thi ca mt ht c m t bi hm sng v ||
2
biu
din mt xc sut tm ht ti trng thi .
Hm sng khng m t mt sng thc no trong khng gian m ch yu
cho php ta tnh xc sut tm thy ht ti mt trng thi no .
Ni cch khc hm sng mang tnh thng k
23.5. PHNG TRNH SCHRODINGER VI HT TRONG H TH
MT CHIU - DAO T IU HA HIU NG NG NGM
23.5.1. Phng trnh Schrodinger.
Trong c hc c in cc ht c xc nh bi v tr v vn tc, phng
trnh chuyn ng l phng trnh lin h s bin thin cc i lng , chng
hn F = m.a
Trong c hc lng t ngi ta s dng hm sng , mun tm qui lut
chuyn ng ca ht vi m ta phi tm phng trnh xc nh hm sng .
Hm sng de Broglie

|
.
|
\
|
= ) ( exp ) , (
0
r p Wt
i
t r
, ,
h
,
(23.15)
M t vi ht chuyn ng t do c nng lng W, ng lng p.
108

|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
= Wt
i
z y x Wt
i
r t r
h h
, ,
exp ) , , ( exp ) ( ) , ( (23.16)
Trong :
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
|
.
|
\
|
= ) ( exp exp ) , , (
0 0
z p y p x p
i
r p
i
z y x
z y x
h
, ,
h
(23.17)
Nu ht chuyn ng trong trng lc khng ph thuc thi gian trng
thi c nng lng bo ton (trng thi dng) th phn ph thuc thi gian vn
nh (23.16) nhng phn khng ph thuc ti gian s khng ging (23.17). p
dng ton t laplace A cho hm (x,y,z) (23.17).

2
2
2
2
2
2
z y x c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= A
Ta s c:
( ) ( ) r P
i
z P y P x P
i
P
i
x
x z y x x
,
h h h

= + + =
c
c
exp
0

( ) r P
x
x
,
h

2
2 2
2
1
=
c
c
(23.18)
Tng t cho:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
1 1 1
y z
x
va
y z
r P P P r P r mv

c c
c c
A = + + = =
`
, ,
h h h

i vi ht chuyn ng t do th nng lng W chnh l ng nng

m
p mv
W W
d
2 2
2 2
= = = hay
d
mW p 2
2
=
0 ) (
2
) (
2
= + A r W
m
r
d
,
h
,
(23.19)
l phng trnh Schrodinger i vi ht t do. Trong trng hp ht
chuyn ng trong trng th U(r) th nng lng by gi bng tng ng nng
W
v th nng U(r):
W = W
+U(r)
Ta suy rng phng trnh (23.19) cho trng hp ht khng t do bng
cch thay W

=W - U(r ); phng trnh c dng:
| | 0 ) ( ) (
2
) (
2
= + A r r U W
m
r
, ,
h
,
(23.20)
2 2 22 2 2 z y x cc + cc + cc = A
109

Bit dng c th ca U(r) gii phng trnh trn tm c (r) v W ngha
l xc nh c trng thi v nng lng ca vi ht. Ni cch khc phng trnh
Schrodinger m t chuyn ng ca vi ht.
y l mt phng trnh tuyn tnh.
23.5.2. Vi ht trong h th mt chiu.
Xt chuyn ng ca ht theo phng x, h th c biu din hnh 23.2

Hnh 23-2
U =0, khi 0 <x <a
U =, khi xs 0 v x > 0
H th c thnh cao nh vy cn gi l ging th nng, khi ht b ri vo
ging th n ch c th chuyn ng t do trong ging m khng th vt ra
ngoi ging.
- Theo c hc c in: ht khng th ra ngoi ging th v n ch c th ra
c khi ht phi tn mt cng v hn.
Trong ging th ht chuyn ng t do nu b qua nhng va chm n hi
hai thnh.
- Theo c hc lng t: trng thi ca ht trong ging c xc nh bi
hm sng l nghim ca phng trnh SCHRODINGER (23.19)
0
2
2
= + A W
m
h

V ht chuyn ng theo phng x, nn t:
2
2
2
k
mW
=
h

+K
2
=0 (23.21)
Nghim tng qut ca (23.21) l:
=A.Sin(kx) +B.Cos(kx) (23.22)
110

A, B l hng s xc nh t iu kin bi ton, vi ht chuyn ng trong
ging th nn xc sut tm thy ht ngoi ging x s 0, x > A bng khng, ngha
l hm sng ngoi ging th bng khng.
T iu kin hm sng, ta c: (0) =(A) =0
(0) =B =0
(A) =A.Sin(KA) =0
V B =0 nn khng th gi thit A = 0 (ch c nghim tm thng) do :
Sin(KA) =0 hay:
a
n
k
t
= , N =1, 2, 3,
Hng s A c xc nh t iu kin chun (23.14) v ht nm trong
ging th nn tch phn trong iu kin chun ly cn t 0 n a:

}
=
a
dx x
0
2
1 ) (

}
= =
a
a
A xdx
a
n
A
0
2 2
2
1 sin
t

Nh vy hm sng c xc nh hon ton.
x
a
n
a
x
n
t
sin
2
) ( = (23.23)
T biu thc
2
2
2
k
mW
=
h
V
a
n
k
t
= ; ta suy ra nng lng ca ht:

2
2
2 2
2
n
ma
W
n
h t
= (23.24)
KT LUN:
- Mi trng thi ng vi mt hm sng
N
(x)
- Nng lng ca ht trong ging ph thuc vo s nguyn n, ngha l bin
thin mt cch gin on ta ni nng lng b lng t ho. Khong cch gia
hai mc k tip nhau ng vi cc s nguyn n, n +1 bng:
AW
n
= W
n+1
- W
n
= ) 1 2 (
2
2
2 2
+ n
ma
h t
(23.25)
AW tng khi a v m gim ngha l ht trong phm vi kch thc nh v
ht c khi lng nh.
- Mt xc sut tm ht trong ging.
111

x
a
n
a
x
n
t
2
2
sin
2
) ( = (23.26)
n =1 l xc sut tm thy ht ti im x = a/2 l ln nht.
n =2 l xc sut tm thy ht im x = a/4 v x = 3a/4 l ln nht .v.v....
23.5.3. Hiu ng ng ngm.
Coi trng hp ht mang nng lng W chuyn ng theo phng x t
tri sang phi n p vo hng ro th nng hnh 23.3.

Hnh 23-3
U
0
: chiu cao ca hng ro; U
max
>U
o
a: b rng ca hng ro
- Theo c hc c in nng lng ca ht W < U
max
ht khng th vt
qua hng ro, b phn x hon ton gii hn trc hng ro. Ht c th qua
hng ro khi W >U
max
.
- Theo quan im c hc lng t khi nng lng W < U
max
ht vn c
kh nng xuyn qua hng ro th: Hin tng xuyn qua hng ro th nng gi l
hiu ng ng hm.
Xt trng hp hng ro th nng c dng n gin hnh 23.6. Ht chuyn
ng trn ng thng di tc dng ca lc c th nng U(x)
U(x) =0 khi x s 0 : min I
U(x) =U
0
khi 0 <x <a : min II
U(x) =0 khi x > a : min III
Phng trnh Schrodinger m t trng thi c dng sau:
Khi xs 0, 0
2
2 2
2
= +
I
I
mW
dx
d
h

Khi 0 <x <a, 0
) ( 2
2
0
2
2
=
+
II
II
U W m
dx
d
h
(23.27)
112

Khi x > a 0
2
2 2
2
= +
III
III
mW
dx
d
h

Xt trng hp W < U
0
, t
2
2
1
2
h
mW
k =
;
2
0 2
2
) ( 2
h
W U m
k

=
Nghim ca (23.27) s c dng:

x ik x ik
I
Ae e x
1 1
) (

+ = (23.28)

x k x k
II
Ce Be x
2 2
) (

+ = (23.29)

) (
1
) (
a x ik
III
De x

= (23.30)
III
khng c s hng c dng
x ik
e
1
v khng c sng phn x

x ik
e
1
v
x ik
Ae
1
c trng cho sng ti v phn x ti b x = 0.

D
) (
1
a x ik
e

c trng cho sng truyn qua hng ro. Ta chn h s chun ha
bn cnh s hng
x ik
e
1
l 1.
p dng iu kin bin:

I
(0) =
II
(0), ta c: 1+A =B +C (23.31)
) 0 ( ) 0 (
II I
' = ' , ta c: ik
1
(1 - A) =k
2
(B C) (23.32)

II
(a) =
III
(a), ta c: D Ce Be
x k a k
= +

2 2
(23.33)
) ( ) ( a a
III II
' = ' , ta c: D ik Ce Be k
a k a k
1 2
) (
2 2
= +

(23.34)
Gii h 4 phng trnh (23.31), (23.32), (23.33), (23.34) i vi A, B, C,
D ta thu c gi tr ca cc hng s.
c bit ch ti hng s D v hng s ny xc nh h s truyn qua
hng ro th.

) ( 2
2
2 2
2
2 0
) 1 (
16
W U m
h
a
e
n
n
D T

+
= = (23.35)
W
W U
k
k
n

= =
0
1
2
(23.36)
23.5.4. Dao t iu ha.
Xt mt ht c khi lng m chuyn ng trn trc x, di tc dng ca
lc F = -kx.
Theo c hc c in, vt s dao ng iu ha xung quanh v tr cn bng
x =0. V vy ta gi ht nh trn l dao t iu ha.
113

Phng trnh dao ng t iu ha theo c hc c in:
F x m = ' ' hay
0 = + ' ' x
m
k
x
(23.37)
t
2
e =
m
k
. Nghim c dng: x = Asinet +Bcoset = acos (et +)
ng nng bng: ) ( sin
2
1
2
1
2 2 2 2
e e + = = t ma mx W
d
(23.38)
Th nng bng: ) ( cos
2
1
2
1
2 2 2 2
e e + = = t ma kx U (23.39)
Nng lng ton phn ca ht bng:
2 2
2
1
e ma W = (23.40)
ng vi mi gi tr ca e , nng lng c th c nhng gi tr lin tc, t
l thun vi a
2
.
By gi ta vit phng trnh dao ng theo c hc lng t, tc l phng
trnh Schrodinger i vi dao ng t.
p dng (23.20) v ch ht chuyn ng trn ng thng:
0 ) (
2
2 ) (
2
2
2 2
2
=
(
+
c
c
x x
m
W
m
x
x
n n
n
e
h
(23.41)
Vi th nng
2 2
2
1
) ( e mx x U = ch s n k hiu th t mc nng lng (n l
s nguyn dng)

n
l nghim ng vi mc nng lng W
n
.
y l phng trnh vi phn hng 2 c h s thay i. Gii phng trnh
ny ta c th tm thy nghim
n
(x) di dng chui ly tha, chui ny phi
tha mn mt s iu kin. T cc iu kin c th suy ra rng gi tr nng
lng W
n
c biu thc:
)
2
1
( + = n W
n
e h vi n = 0, 1, 2, (23.42)
Nh vy nng lng ca dao ng t iu ha c gi tr gin on, gi tr
nh nht bng: e h
2
1

Ta c th tm biu thc ca
n
(x) tc l hm sng biu din trng thi ca
dao ng t iu ha ng vi mc nng lng th n:
114

Sau y l mt vi biu thc c th:

2
2
0
) (
x
m
e
m
x
h
h
e
t
e

=
(23.43)

2
2
0
2
2
) (
x
m
e
m m
x
h
h
h
e
e
t
e

=
(23.44)
Nhiu h vt l c phng trnh chuyn ng tng t nh phng trnh
chuyn ng ca h nhiu dao ng t iu ha c tng tc yu vi nhau.
Nu b qua tng tc th c th coi h y nh tp hp nhiu dao ng t
iu hac lp m ta va xt.

Cu hi n tp chng 23
1. Trnh by lng tnh sng ht ca th gii vi m
2. Thit lp h thc bt nh Haidenbec. Nu ngha ca h thc.
3. Hm sng v ngha thng k ca hm sng.
4. Thit lp phng trnh c bn ca c hc lng t. Ti sao ni phng
trnh Strodinge l phng trnh c bn ca c hc lng t.
5. Trnh by cc ng dng ca phng trnh Strodinge.
6. Mt electron ban u ng yn v sau c gia tc bi mt hiu din
th U. Tnh bc sng De Broi ca electron sau khi c gia tc nu U =
5V hoc U =510 V.
7. Bit ban u nguyn t Hydro c ng nng c 10eV. Hy nh gi kch
thc nh nht ca nguyn t bng h thc bt nh Haidenbec.

115

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Lng Duyn Bnh, Ng Ph An, L Bng Sng v Nguyn Hu Tng
(2003), Vt l i cng, tp II, III, Nh xut bn Gio dc, H Ni.
[2] ng Quang Khang v Nguyn Xun Chi (2001), Vt l i cng, tp II,
III, Nh xut bn H Bch Khoa, H Ni.
[3] Trn Ngc Hi, Phm Vn Thiu (2005), Vt l i cng. Cc nguyn
l; v ng dng, Nh xut bn Gio dc, H Ni
[4] Hong Minh Vn (2008), Vt l i cng, Nh xut bn Lao ng - X
hi, H Ni.
[5] Trng Thnh (2006), Gio trnh Vt l 2, i hc S phm Nng,
nng
[6] V Th Thanh H, Hong Th Lan Hng, L Th Minh Thanh (2005),
Vt l i cng A
2
, Hc Vin Cng ngh Bu chnh vin thng, H Ni
[7] Halliday, Resnick, Walker (1998), C s Vt l, Nh xut bn Gio dc, H
Ni.

116

MC LC
PHN TH BA. IN T HC...........................................................................................1
Chng 13. TRNG TNH IN.......................................................................................1
13.1. CC KHI NIM M U.........................................................................................1
13.2. nh lut Cu lng............................................................................................................2
13.3. IN TRNG - VC T CNG IN TRNG.........................................3
13.4. THNG LNG CM NG IN - NH L O-G) ................................................6
13.5. IN TH - HIU IN TH - MT NG TH..................................................12
13.6. LIN H GIA VC T CNG IN TRNG V IN TH.....................17
Hng dn hc v cng c kin thc chng 13 .................................................................19
Chng 14. VT DN. T IN. NNG LNG IN TRNG...............................22
14.1. VT DN ...................................................................................................................22
14.2. VT DN TRONG IN TRNG.............................................................................24
14.4. NNG LNG IN TRNG..............................................................................27
Chng 15. BN CHT DNG IN. CC I LNG C TRNG.......................32
15.1. NH NGHA V BN CHT DNG IN............................................................32
15.2. NHNG I LNG C TRNG CA DNG IN ........................................33
15.3. CC NH LUT CA DNG IN KHNG I................................................35
Chng 16. IN MI........................................................................................................37
16.1. CHT IN MI ........................................................................................................37
16.2. VC T PHN CC IN MI ...............................................................................38
Chng17. T TRNG ....................................................................................................41
17.1. TNG TC T - NH LUT AMPE V TNG TC T...............................41
17.2. T trng ....................................................................................................................42
17.3. T THNG. NH L XTRGRATXKY - GAOX (-G)....................................47
17.4. LU S CA VC T H. NH L V DNG IN TON PHN....................49
17.5. TC DNG CA T TRNG LN DNG IN. CNG CA LC T..........51
Chng 18. HIN TNG CM NG IN T.............................................................57
117

18.1. CC NH LUT C BN V HIN TNG CM NG IN T...................57
18.2. Cc hin tng cm ng in t c bit ....................................................................58
18.3. NNG LNG T TRNG....................................................................................61
Chng 19. VT LIU T..................................................................................................64
Chng 20. TRNG IN T.........................................................................................66
20.1. Cc lun Im ca Maxwell faraday. Cc Phng trnh Maxwell ..........................66
20.2. TRNG IN T V H THNG CC PHNG TRNH MCXOEN..........70
PHN TH T. QUANG HC V VT L LNG T...............................................72
Chng 21. QUANG HC SNG .......................................................................................72
21.1. NHNG C S CA QUANG HC ........................................................................72
21.2. HIN TNG GIAO THOA.....................................................................................74
21.3. HIN TNG NHIU X NH SNG.....................................................................81
21.4. HIN TNG PHN CC NH SNG...................................................................85
HNG DN HC V CNG C KIN THC CHNG 21......................................88
Chng 22. QUANG HC LNG T .............................................................................90
22.1. BC X NHIT - NH LUT KIRCHHOFF.........................................................90
22.2. NH LUT C IN - THUYT LNG T CA PLANCK...........................92
22.3. THUYT PHOTON CA EINSTIEN ........................................................................95
22.4. HIN TNG QUANG IN....................................................................................95
22.5. HIU NG COMPTON..............................................................................................99
HNG DN HC V CNG C KIN THC CHNG 22....................................101
Chng 23. C HC LNG T....................................................................................103
23.1. TNH SNG HT CA PHOTON...........................................................................103
23.2. TNH SNG HT CA VT TH VI M- GI THUYT DE BROGLIE. .........104
23.4. HM SNG NGHA XC SUT CA HM SNG.......................................106
23.5. PHNG TRNH SCHRODINGER NG DNG...............................................107
Cu hi n tp chng 23...................................................................................................114
TI LIU THAM KHO......................................................................................................115

Bai Giang Vat Ly Dai Cuong 2 - Full

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bai Giang Vat Ly Dai Cuong 2 - Full

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP VIT TR * BI GING VT L I CNG 2

= theo th t ti ba nh ca mt tam gic (hnh 13.18)

= (n =1 trong khng kh) (21.15)

: nng sut pht x n sc.

dE v vt hp th mt phn nng lng

dE , phn cn li b phn x v tn x, i lng:

ph thuc rt phc tp vo T cng nh hnh dng trng thi b mt vt.

ca vt en tuyt i nhit T cho trc.

= sin , - bc sng electron.

v khng c sng phn x

c trng cho sng ti v phn x ti b x = 0.

You might also like