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CHNG V

I CNG V KIM LOI


A- MT S VN L THUYT CN NM VNG
1. V tr ca kim loi: nguyn t (Z), chu k (s lp electron), s th t nhm A (s
electron ngoi cng), s th t nhm B (s electron ngoi cng + s electron k ngoi cng
cha bo ho).
2. Cu to ca kim loi: thng c 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng.
3. Cu to ca n cht kim loi: mng tinh th gm c cc ion dng dao ng lin tc
cc nt mng v cc electron t do chuyn ng hn lon gia cc ion dng.
4. Lin kt kim loi: lc ht tnh in gia cc electron t do v cc ion dng kim loi.
5. Tnh cht vt l chung ca kim lo i: tnh do, dn in, dn nhit, nh kim do cc
electron t do gy ra.
6. Tnh cht ho hc chung: tnh kh: M
M n+ + ne
y
- Tc dng vi phi kim: xM +
O2 MxOy
2
n
M+
Cl2 MCln
2
n
- Tc dng vi axit HCl, H2SO4 long: M + n H+ Mn+ +
H2
2
Kim loi sau H khng kh c H+ thnh H2.
- Tc dng vi dd HNO3, H2SO4 c
Dung dch HNO3, H2SO4 c oxi ho kim loi (tr Pt, Au), phi kim, h p ch t kh cha nguyn
t c s oxi ho thp ln cao v n b kh xung m c oxi ho thp h n. Fe, Al, Cr th ng
trong dd HNO3 c ngui, H2SO4 c ngui.
3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
- Tc dng vi H2O
Cc kim loi nhm IA, IIA (tr Be, Mg) kh H2O t0 thng thnh H2.
Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
- Tc dng vi dd mui
Kim loi mnh (tr Ba, K, Ca, Na) kh ion ca kim lo i yu hn trong dd mu i thnh kim
loi t do.
Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu
7. Dy in ha ca kim loi
Dy in ho kim loi cho php d on chiu phn ng gia 2 cp oxi ho kh: cht oxi ho
mnh nht s oxi ho cht kh mnh nht sinh ra cht oxi ho yu hn v cht kh yu hn.
Nh th t cc cp oxi ho kh sau: Cu2+/Cu Fe3+/Fe2+ Ag+/Ag
2 Fe3+ + Cu Cu2+ + 2Fe2+
Fe3+ khng oxi ho Ag.
8. Hp kim: l vt liu kim loi c cha mt kim lo i c bn v mt s kim lo i khc hay
vi mt vi hp kim. Hp kim c t 0 nng chy thp hn, dn in v dn nhit km hn kim
loi nguyn cht, nhng cng hn kim loi nguyn cht.
9. S n mn kim loi: l s oxi ho kim loi do tc dng ca cc cht trong mi tr ng
xung quanh: M Mn+ + ne
- n mn ho hc l qu trnh oxi ho - kh, trong cc electron ca kim lo i c chuyn
trc tip n cc cht trong mi trng.
- n mn in ho l qu trnh oxi ho - kh, trong kim loi b oxi ho do tc d ng c a
dung dch cht in li v to nn dng electron chuyn di t cc m n cc dng.
- 3 iu kin cn v kim loi b n mn in ho: cc i n c c khc ch t, cc i n c c
tip xc vi nhau, cc in cc cng tip xc vi 1 dung dch cht in li.
Ch : vi cp kim loi AB, mun B c bo v th A phi c tnh kh mnh hn B.

10. Nguyn tc iu ch kim loi: l s kh ion kim loi: Mn+ + ne M


Cc phng php iu ch kim loi:
* Phng php thu luyn cn c dung dch mui ca kim loi cn iu ch (sau Al) v
kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn (tr Ba, K, Ca, Na)
* Phng php nhit luyn cn c 1 trong 4 cht kh (H 2, CO, C, Al) v oxit ca kim loi
cn iu ch (sau Al).
* Phng php in phn nng chy iu ch kim loi IA, IIA, Al.
* Phng php in phn dung dch iu ch kim loi sau Al.
11. Cng thc ca nh lut Faraay
A
1
.It
a) m = .
n 96500
Trong I l cng dng in tnh bng Ampe; t l th i gian i n phn tnh b ng giy; A
l nguyn t khi (hoc phn t khi); n l ho tr (ho c s mol electrron trao i tnh cho 1
mol cht thot ra in cc; m l lng cht thot ra in cc theo gam.
b) It = ne.96500
Trong I l cng dng in tnh bng Ampe; t l thi gian i n phn tnh bng giy; n e
l s mol electron trao i trong qu trnh in phn.
B- MT S PHN NG THNG GP
0
t0
1. 2Fe + 3Cl2
2FeCl3
14. H2 + PbO t
H2O + Pb
0
0
t
2. Fe + S
FeS
15. Fe2O3 + 3CO t
2Fe + 3CO2
t0
t0
3. 3Fe + 2O2
Fe3O4
16. 3Fe3O4 + 8Al
4Al2O3 + 9Fe
3
4. Fe + 2HCl
FeCl2 + H2
17. Al2O3 pnc 2Al + O2
2
5. Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
pnc
18. 2NaCl
2 Na + Cl2
>5700 C
6. Fe + H2O
FeO + H2
1
19. 2NaOH pnc 2Na + O2 + H2O
1
2
7. Na + H2O
NaOH + H2
pnc
2
20. MgCl2
Mg + Cl2
8. Ba + 2H2O
Ba(OH)2 + H2
pdd
23. CuCl2
Cu + Cl2
9. Fe + CuSO4
FeSO4 + Cu
1
10. 2FeCl3 + Fe
3FeCl2
24. CuSO4 + H2O Cu + O2 + H2SO4
2
11. Fe2(SO4)3 + Cu CuSO4 + 2FeSO4
1
25.
2AgNO
O2 + 2HNO3
3 + H2O 2Ag +
12. Fe + 2AgNO3
Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag
2
13. Fe + 3AgNO3, d Fe(NO3)3 + 3Ag
26. 2Na + 2H2O + CuSO4 Cu(OH)2 +
Na2SO4 + H2

C - BI TP TRC NGHIM
Cu 5.1 V tr ca nguyn t M (Z = 26) trong bng h thng tun hon l
A. 26, chu k 4, nhm VIIIB.
B. 26, chu k 4, nhm VIIIA.
C. 26, chu k 4, nhm IIB.
D. 26, chu k 4, nhm IIA.
Cu 5.2 Ion M2+ c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p6. V tr M trong bng h thng
tun hon l
A. 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA.
B. 20, chu k 4, nhm IIB.
C. 18, chu k 3, nhm VIIIA.
D. 18, chu k 3, nhm VIIIB.
Cu 5.3 Trong mng tinh th kim loi c
A. cc nguyn t kim loi.
B. cc electron t do.
C. cc ion dng kim loi v cc electron t do.
D. ion m phi kim v ion dng kim loi.
Cu 5.4 Cho cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p63s23p6. Dy gm cc nguyn t v ion c cu hnh
electron trn l
A. Ca2+, Cl, Ar.
B. Ca2+, F, Ar.
C. K+, Cl, Ar.
D. K+, Cl-, Ar.
+
Cu 5.5 Cation M c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2p6. Nguyn t M l
A. K.
B. Cl.
C. F.
D. Na.
Cu 5.6 Ho tan 1,44g mt kim loi ho tr II trong 150ml dung dch H 2SO40,5M. Mun trung
ho axit d trong dung dch thu c phi dng ht 30ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Kim loi l
A. Mg.
B. Ba.
C. Ca.
D. Be.
Cu 5.7 Ho tan hon ton 15,4g hn hp Mg v Zn trong dung d ch HCl d th y c 0,6g kh
H2 bay ra. S g mui to ra l
A. 35,7.
B. 36,7.
C. 63,7.
D. 53,7.
Cu 5.8 Lin kt kim loi l
A. lin kt sinh ra bi lc ht tnh in gia cc ion dng v cc electron t do.
B. lin kt sinh ra bi lc ht tnh in gia ion dng v cc ion m.
C. lin kt gia cc nguyn t bng cc cp electron dng chung.
D. lin kt sinh ra bi lc ht tnh in gi a nguyn t H tch i n d ng v nguyn t O
tch in m.
Cu 5.9 Trong hp kim Al- Ni, c 10 mol Al th c 1 mol Ni. Ph n trm kh i l ng c a Al
trong hp kim l
A. 81%.
B. 82%.
C. 83%.
D. 84%.
Cu 5.10 Ngm 2,33g hp kim Fe- Zn trong dung dch HCl n phn ng hon ton thu c
0,896 lt H2 (ktc). Thnh phn % ca Fe l
A. 75,1%.
B. 74,1%.
C. 73,1%.
D. 72,1%.
Cu 5.11 Ho tan 0,5g hp kim ca Ag vo dung dch HNO 3. Thm dung dch HCl vo dung
dch trn, thu c 0,398g kt ta. Thnh phn %Ag trong hp kim l
A. 60%.
B. 61%.
C. 62%.
D. 63%.
Cu 5.12 Tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi l
A. Tnh do, dn in, dn nhit, nh kim.
B. Tnh mm, dn in, dn nhit, nh kim.
C. Tnh cng, dn in, dn nhit, nh kim.
D. Nhit nng chy cao, dn in, dn nhit, nh kim.
Cu 5.13 Hp kim c

A. tnh cng hn kim loi nguyn cht.


B. tnh dn in, dn nhit cao hn kim loi nguyn cht.
C. tnh do hn kim loi nguyn cht.
D. nhit nng chy cao hn kim loi nguyn cht.
Cu 5.14 Mt hp kim Cu-Al cha 12,3% Al. Cng thc ho hc ca hp kim l
A. Cu3Al.
B. Cu3Al2.
C. CuAl.
D. CuAl3.
Cu 5.15 Mt phng php ho hc lm sch mt loi thu ngn c ln Zn, Sn, Pb l ngm
hn hp trong dung dch X d. X c th l
A. Zn(NO3)2.
B. Sn(NO3)2.
C. Pb(NO3)2.
D. Hg(NO3)2.
Cu 5.16 Ngm mt l km nh trong mt dung dch c cha 2,24g ion M 2+. Phn ng xong,
khi lng l km tng thm 0,94g. M l
A. Fe.
B. Cu.
C. Cd.
D. Ag.
Cu 5.17 bo v v tu i bin phn ngm di nc ngi ta ni n vi
A. Zn.
B. Cu.
C. Ni.
D. Sn.
Cu 5.18 Cho l st vo dung dch HCl long c m t lng nh CuSO 4 thy H2 thot ra cng
lc cng nhanh do
A. L st b n mn kiu ho hc.
B. L st b n mn kiu in ho.
2+
C.Fe kh Cu thnh Cu.
D.Fe tan trong dung dch HCl
to kh H2.
Cu 5.19 Ngm mt l Ni ln lt trong nhng dung dch mui sau : MgSO 4, NaCl, CuSO4,
AlCl3, ZnCl2, Pb(NO3)2, AgNO3. Ni kh c cc ion kim loi
A. Mg2+, Ag+, Cu2+.
B. Na+, Ag+, Cu2+.
2+
+
2+
C. Pb , Ag , Cu .
D. Al3+, Ag+, Cu2+.
Cu 5.20 Cho bt Cu n d vo dung dch hn hp gm Fe(NO 3)3 v AgNO3 thu c cht
rn X v dung dch Y. X, Y ln lt l
A. X ( Ag, Cu); Y ( Cu2+, Fe2+).
B. X ( Ag); Y ( Cu2+, Fe2+).
C. X ( Ag); Y (Cu2+).
D. X (Fe); Y (Cu2+).
Cu 5.21 Chn mt dy cht tnh oxi ho tng
A. Al3+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Ag+. B. Ag+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Al3+.
C. Fe3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Ag+, Al3+.
D. Al3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ag+.
Cu 5.22 Ngm mt l Zn trong 200ml dung dch AgNO 3 0,1M. Khi phn ng kt thc khi
lng l Zn
A. gim 1,51g.
B. tng 1,51g.
C. gim 0,43g.
D. tng 0,43g.
2+
2+
3+
+
Cu 5.23 Cho cc ion : Fe , Cu , Fe , Ag v cc kim loi : Fe, Cu, Ag. Chn m t dy i n
ho gm cc cp oxi ho- kh xp theo chi u tnh oxi ho c a ion kim lo i tng, tnh kh c a
kim loi gim
A. Fe2+/ Fe, Cu2+/Cu, Fe3+/ Fe2+, Ag+/Ag.
B. Fe2+/ Fe, Cu2+/Cu, Ag+/Ag, Fe3+/ Fe2+.
C.Ag+/Ag, Fe3+/ Fe2+, Cu2+/ Cu, Fe2+/ Fe.
D. Ag+/ Ag, Fe2+/ Fe, Fe3+/Fe2+, Cu2+/Cu.
Cu 5.24 C mt hn hp gm: Fe, Ag, Cu. Tch Ag ra khi hn h p v i kh i l ng khng
i ngi ta dng dung dch
A. AgNO3.
B. Cu(NO3)2.
C. FeCl3..
D. FeCl2.
Cu 5.25 Trong mt dung dch A c cha ng thi cc cation sau : K +, Ag+, Fe2+, Ba2+. Trong
dung dch A ch cha mt loi anion l
A. SO42-.
B. NO3-.

C. Cl-.
D. CO32-.
Cu 5.26 Cho cc cp oxi ho- kh : Al 3+/Al, Fe2+/ Fe, Cu2+/ Cu, Fe3+/ Fe2+, Ag+/Ag. Kim loi
kh c ion Fe3+ thnh Fe l
A. Fe.
B. Cu.
C. Cu.
D. Al.
3+
Cu 5.27 Cho cc cp oxi ho- kh : Al /Al, Fe2+/ Fe, Cu2+/ Cu, Fe3+/ Fe2+, Ag+/Ag. Kim loi
Cu kh c cc ion trong cc cp oxi ho trn l
A. Fe3+, Ag+.
B. Fe3+, Fe2+.
C. Fe2+, Ag+.
D. Al3+, Fe2+.
Cu 5.28 Khi nung Fe(OH)2 trong khng kh m n khi lng khng i, ta thu c cht
rn l
A. FeO.
B. Fe2O3.
C. Fe3O4.
D. Fe(OH)3.
Cu 5.29 Th Na vo dung dch CuSO4 quan st thy hin tng
A. c kh thot ra, xut hin kt ta xanh, sau kt ta tan.
B. c kh thot ra, xut hin kt ta xanh, sau kt ta khng tan.
C. dung dch mt mu xanh, xut hin Cu mu .
D. dung dch c mu xanh, xut hin Cu mu .
Cu 5.30 C 2 ng nghim ng dung dch CuSO 4. Cho vo ng nghim (1) mt ming nh
Na, ng nghim (2) mt inh Fe lm sch. Ion Cu2+ b kh thnh Cu trong th nghim
A. (1).
B. (2).
C. (1) v (2).
D. khng b kh.
Cu 5.31 Cho 1,12g bt Fe v 0,24g bt Mg vo m t bnh cha sn 250ml dung d ch CuSO 4.
Sau phn ng khi lng kim loi c trong bnh l 1,88g. N ng mol/lt c a dung d ch
CuSO4 trc phn ng l
A. 0,1M.
B. 0,04M.
C. 0,06M.
D. 0,12M.
Cu 5.32 Nhng mt que st nng 5g vo 50ml dung dch CuSO 4 15% (D = 1,12 g/ml). Khi
que st c m kn th c khi lng l 5,154g. N ng C% c a dung d ch CuSO 4 cn
li l
A. 8,87%.
B. 9,6%.
C. 8,9%.
D. 9,53%.
Cu 5.33 Ngm mt l kim loi c khi lng 50g trong dung d ch HCl. Sau khi thu c
336ml H2 (ktc) th thy khi lng l kim loi gim 1,68%. Kim loi l
A. Fe.
B. Cu.
C. Mg.
D. Ba.
Cu 5.34 kh hon ton 30g hn hp gm CuO, Fe, FeO, Fe 2O3 Fe3O4, MgO cn dng 7g
kh CO. S gam cht rn thu c sau phn ng l
A. 23.
B. 24.
C. 25.
D. 26.
Cu 5.35 Cho s : CaCO3 CaO CaCl2 Ca.
iu kin phn ng v ho cht thch hp cho s trn ln lt l
A. 9000C, dung dch HCl, in phn dung dch CaCl2.
B. 9000C, dung dch H2SO4 long, in phn CaSO4 nng chy.
C. 9000C, dung dch HNO3, in phn Ca(NO3)2 nng chy.
D. 9000C, dung dch HCl, in phn CaCl2 nng chy.
Cu 5.36 T dung dch CuSO4 iu ch Cu, ngi ta dng
A. Na.
B. Ag.
C. Fe.
D. Hg.
Cu 5.37 in phn NaCl nng chy vi in cc tr, c mng ngn 2 i n c c, ngi ta thu
c
A. Na catot, Cl2 anot.
B. Na anot, Cl2 catot.

Cu 5.96 Ho tan mt hp kim Ba Na vi t l mol 1:1 vo n c c dung d ch A v 0,3


1
mol kh. Thm m g NaOH vo
dung dch A ta c dung dch B. Cho dung dch B tc d ng
10
vi 100ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,2M c kt ta C. Gi tr m c kt ta C ln nht,
nh nht ln lt l
A. 2,4g v 4g.
B. 4g v 2,4g.
C. 4,8g v 6,4g.
D. 6,4g v 4,8g.
Cu 5.97 Rt 150ml dung dch NaOH 7M vo 50ml dung dch Al 2(SO4)3 2M. Khi lng cht
d sau th nghim l
A. 10g.
B. 14g.
C. 12g.
D. 16g.
Cu 5.98 Dung dch cha 16,8g NaOH tc dng vi dung dch cha 8g Fe2(SO4)3, thm vo
13,68g Al2(SO4)3 thu c kt ta v dung dch A. un nng kt ta n khi lng khng
i c cht rn B. Khi lng cht rn B l
A. 2,12g.
B. 21,2g.
C. 42,2g.
D. 4,22g.
Cu 5.99 Cho 18,9g mui Na2SO3 tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl thu c kh A (ktc). Dn
kh A vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d. Sau khi hp th, khi lng dung dch s
A. tng 22,95g.
B. gim 22,95g.
C. tng 20,25g.
D. gim 20,25g.
Cu 5.100 t chy hon ton 0,336 lt C3H8 (ktc) bng lng oxi va . Thu c ton b
sn phm chy cho vo 35 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 1M. Sau khi hp th, khi lng dung dch
A. tng 0,56g.
B. gim 0,56g.
C. tng 5,6g.
D. gim 5,6g.
Cu 5.101 m g hn hp Mg, Al tc dng vi 250ml dd X cha h n h p HCl 1M v H 2SO4
0,5M sinh ra 5,32 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch Y (coi Vdung dch khng i). dung dch c pH l
A. 1.
B. 7.
C. 2.
D. 6.
Cu 5.102 Trn 100ml dung dch gm Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M vi 400ml dung dch
gm H2SO4 0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M thu c dung dch X. pH ca dung dch X l
A. 2.
B. 7.
C. 6.
D. 1.

P N V HNG DN GII CHNG V


5.1
5.2
A
A
5.11 5.12
A
A
5.21 5.22
A
B
5.31 5.32
A
D
5.41 5.42
A
B
5.51 5.52
A
A
5.61 5.62
C
A
5.71 5.72
A
A
5.81 5.82
B
A
5.91
5.92
B
C
5.101 5.102
A
A

5.3
C
5.13
A
5.23
A
5.33
A
5.43
B
5.53
B
5.63
B
5.73
C
5.83
C
5.93
A

5.4
D
5.14
A
5.24
C
5.34
D
5.44
B
5.54
C
5.64
A
5.74
A
5.84
D
5.94
A

5.5
D
5.15
D
5.25
B
5.35
D
5.45
A
5.55
B
5.65
C
5.75
D
5.85
A
5.95
A

5.6
A
5.16
C
5.26
D
5.36
C
5.46
A
5.56
A
5.66
A
5.76
C
5.86
A
5.96
A

5.7
B
5.17
A
5.27
A
5.37
A
5.47
B
5.57
A
5.67
C
5.77
B
5.87
C
5.97
A

5.8
A
5.18
B
5.28
B
5.38
A
5.48
D
5.58
D
5.68
B
5.78
B
5.88
D
5.98
D

5.9
B
5.19
C
5.29
B
5.39
B
5.49
C
5.59
C
5.69
A
5.79
D
5.89
A
5.99
B

5.10
D
5.20
A
5.30
B
5.40
A
5.50
D
5.60
B
5.70
B
5.80
A
5.90
A
5.100
A

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