Hng dn BTL VT LIU XY DNG

- 1-
Hng dn bi tp ln

I/ Kim tra xm thc XM - Nu bin php ngn nga
1) Kim tra xm thc: S dng bng 1 Ph lc 2 - Ct 5 (Tr262)
TT Loi xm thc Du hiu
XT
GT thc t
( bi)
GT cho php
(Tra bng)
Kt
lun
1 Xm thc kh kim
(Xm thc ha tan)
HCO
3
-
<
2 Xm thc axt pH<
3 Xm thc axit t do CO
2
CO
2
> (a*Ca
+2
+b)
a,b: Bng 5-Tr267

4 Xm thc Magi Mg
+2
>
5 Xm thc sunfat SO4
-2
>

2) Bin php ngn nga: Xem phn l thuyt trang 115
II/ Kim tra cht lng v cp phi ct liu - Bin php x l nu khng
t yu cu
A- Ct liu nh - Ct
- Lp bng tnh ton thnh phn ht ca hai loi ct A, B (2 bng cho hai loi ct)

LSRB LSTL KMS
(mm) (g) (%) (%)
5
2,5
1,25
0,63
0,315
0,14

- V biu TPH ct A, B - Kim tra xem c thuc phm vi cho php khng? Nu
khng thuc th x l bng cch phi hp 2 loi ct theo phng php to ch
nht.
- Sau khi phi hp c phm vi cho php t l phi hp ct A l P
A
-Q
A
, chn ct A
theo iu kin khai thc nguyn vt liu ( tho mn tnh kinh t) v nn ly s chn
tin tnh ton cho phn sau. Sau khi chn t l phi hp ct A l A% t l ct B
l B%=100-A%. Ct A trn vi ct B c ct mi l ct C.
Hng dn BTL VT LIU XY DNG
- 2-
- Tnh li thnh phn ht ct C: C
x
=(A
x
.%A+B
x
.%B). Trong A
x
, B
x
, C
x
l lng st
tch lu ca ct A, B, C trn cc sng 2,5; 1,25; 0,63; 0,315; 0,14mm.
- Tnh M
l
ct C -> Phn loi ct C (ln, trung bnh, nh)
- Lp bng thnh phn ht ct C. T v biu TPH ct C, kim tra xem c t yu
cu khng?
- Tnh li cc ch tiu ct C (theo bng cc ch tiu ct A, B) theo cch tnh nh sau:

a
C
=
a
A
*%A+
a
B
*%B
- Kim tra tp cht ct C: Tra bng (5-3) Tr 143 -> Kt lun v nu bin php x l.
B- Ct liu ln -
- Lp bng tnh ton thnh phn ht ca (Ging bng tnh ton ca ct)
- Xc nh D
max
, D
min

- Kim tra D
max
theo iu kin kt cu BTCT:
+ D
max
<1/3 chiu dy nh nht ca kt cu
+ D
max
<3/4 khong cch b nht gia hai ct thp
- V biu TPH ca . Kim tra xem c t yu cu khng
- Kim tra tp cht trong : Tra bng (5-6) - Tr 150
III/ Chn s hiu XM cho ph hp vi yu cu Kinh t - K thut
- Chn R
x
sb
=Mc XM theo u bi (tu theo t)
- T cng thc Blmy-Skramtaep tnh t l X/N
R
b
28
= A.R
x
(X/N-0,5) (*)
Trong : R
b
28
: Mc b tng thit k (theo t)
R
x
l gi tr R
x
sb

H s A tra bng (5-18)-Tr184 vi ch v cht lng vt liu nh phn cui ca
bi.
- C tr s X/N, t suy ra (N/X) v coi l (N/X)
sb

- Vi b tng lm vic di nc, chu p lc nc v c yu cu chng thm, tra bng
(5-21) Tr198 c tr s N/X ti a cho php k hiu l [N/X]
- So snh (N/X)
sb
vi [N/X]:
+ TH1: Nu (N/X)
sb
<[N/X] th mc XM chn s b l tho mn.
Kt lun: R
x
=R
x
sb
; N/X=(N/X)
sb

+ TH2: Nu (N/X)
sb
>[N/X] th phi ly gi tr [N/X] (nh hn) X/N (ln hn).
Nu vn gi mc XM nh mc chn s b th cng b tng s cao hn so vi mc
thit k yu cu, nh vy s lng ph. Vy cn h mc xi mng xung, gi tr mc XM
cn thit xc nh bng cch ding tr s X/N mi thay vo cng thc (*) tr s cng
xi mng mi k hiu l R
x
tt
(<R
x
sb
).
Kt lun: R
x
=R
x
tt
; N/X=[N/X]
Hng dn BTL VT LIU XY DNG
- 3-
Trong trng hp ny, v R
x
tt
<R
x
sb
m ta ch c 1 loi mc nn s tin hnh pha trn
bt Pu iu chnh mc XM.
Tnh ton t l pha trn bt Puzlan vo XMPo dc xi mng mi c mc thp
hn theo yu cu:
* Cc k hiu:
Pu/Po: Hm lng bt Pu pha trn so vi khi lng XMPo (Tnh)
Tr/Po: Hm lng ph gia tr so vi khi lng XMPo (Tnh)
SiO
2
/Po: Hm lng thnh phn hot tnh SiO
2
so vi XMPo (Tnh)

Tr/Pu: Hm lng phn tr trong bt Puzlan (Cho trc)
SiO
2
/Pu: Hm lng SiO
2
trong bt Puzlan (Cho trc)
Pu/Po-Pu: Hm lng Pu so vi khi lng hn hp XMPo-Pu (Tnh)
Po/Po-Pu: Hm lng Po so vi khi lng hn hp XMPo-Pu (Tnh)










* Cch tnh ton:
- Hm lng ph gia tr cn pha trn l: Tr/P
o
=(R
x
sb
-R
x
tt
)*100%/R
x
tt
.
(%) 100 * /
tt
x
tt
x
sb
x
R
R R
Po Tr

= =15%
Quan h trn rt t cng thc trong phn ph gia tr:
(%) 100 * /
hh
x
hh
x
Po
x
R
R R
Po Tr

=
- Nhn xt: Thc ra Puzlan c xp vo nhm ph gia khong hot tnh nhng y
hm lng hot tnh trong Pu rt thp (Lng SiO
2
/Pu thp), phn cn li l tr c
hm lng ln (Tr/Pu ln) (Tr/Pu+SiO
2
/Pu=100) nn c dng trn vi xi mng Po
nhm tn dng phn tr h mc xi mng. Khi trn Pu vi Po, ta xem nh ch c
phn tr trong Pu c tc dng h mc XM, cn phn hot tnh vn c tc dng trong
qu trnh ng rn. Vy cn kim tra xem XM Po c tit lng vi thnh phn
SiO
2
trong Pu thc hin vai tr hot tnh khng.
- c c lng ph gia tr pha trn =Tr/Po th cn lng bt Pu l:
Tng 100%
Tng 100%
Bt Pu
Pu/Po-Pu

XM Po
Po/Po-Pu
Bt Pu: 100%
SiO
2

SiO
2
/ Pu

Tr
Tr/ Pu

Xi mng Po-Pu: 100%
+
Tr/Po
SiO
2
/Po
+
Hng dn BTL VT LIU XY DNG
- 4-
(%) 100 *
/
/
/
Pu Tr
Po Tr
Po Pu =
- Hm lng SiO
2
so vi khi lng XM Po l:
Po Tr Po Pu Pu SiO
Po Pu
Pu SiO
Pu Tr
Po Tr
Po SiO / / / *
100
/
(%) / *
/
/
/
2 2 2
= = =
- Kim tra t l pha trn bt Pu c hp l khng:
SiO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaO.SiO
2
.H
2
O
60 74
SiO
2
/Po Ca(OH)
2
cn

3CaO.SiO
2
+ mH
2
O 2CaO.SiO
2
.(n-1)H
2
O + Ca(OH)
2

228 74
C
3
S/P
o
Ca(OH)
2
c

Nu Ca(OH)
2
c
> Ca(OH)
2
cn
t l pha trn l hp l
Nu Ca(OH)
2
c
< Ca(OH)
2
cn
SiO
2
khng c Ca(OH)
2
ht v bn thn n s lm
gim cng ca XM ch khng ch thnh phn tr. Trong trng hp ny, t lng
Ca(OH)
2
c
tnh li SiO
2
kt hp va lng SiO
2
d ra l bao nhiu cng thnh phn
tr lm h mc XM. Khi t l pha trn P
u
/P
o
tnh li s h xung thp hn vi Pu/Po nh
tnh ton trn.
- Tnh i t l XMP
o
, bt P
u
so vi khi lng XM hn hp P
o
-P
u
:
Pu Po Pu
Po Pu
Pu Po Po
Po Pu
Po Pu
Pu Po Pu
=
+
=
+
=
/ % 100 (%) 100 *
100 /
100
/
(%) 100 *
100 /
/
/

- Tnh li cc ch tiu ca XM Po-Pu: KLR, KLTT theo cch tnh nh phn ct
IV/ Tnh thnh phn X, N, C, cho 1m
3
b tng (1m
3
b tng ti)






V
ob
ti
V
ob

- Bc 1: Xc nh lng nc (N
LT
)
Tra bng (5-32)-Tr210 hoc biu (5-41);
N
LT
=f(SN
yc
; D
max
; Loi ; M
l
; =Loi xi mng)
- Bc 2: Xc nh lng xi mng (X)
Ly gi tr N/X (cu III)=0,6
N (B1)=180
100%
X
Coi V
ob
ti
=V
ob

Hng dn BTL VT LIU XY DNG
- 5-
Xc nh lng xi mng ti thiu cho 1m
3
b tng X
min
: Bng (5-34)-Tr212 (dng cho BT
thng); Bng (5-35)-Tr213 (Dng cho b tng c yu cu chng thm cao)
So snh hai gi tr X, ly gi tr ln hn.
- Bc 3: Xc nh lng ct, theo nguyn tc th tch tuyt i
* Nguyn tc th tch tuyt i: Tnh cho 1m
3
(1000dm
3
) b tng
- Coi b tng ti khng c l rng ch c N, X, C, , ta c:
V
ob
ti
=V
ab
ti
=V
ax
+V
aN
+V
ac
+V
a
= 1000 dm
3
(1)

(1)
vi V
ax
,V
aN
,V
ac
,V
a
l th tch tuyt i ca cc thnh phn vt liu ch to 1m
3
b tng, tnh
bng dm
3
; X, N
lt
, C
k
,
k
l lng xi mng, nc, ct, trong 1m
3
b tng.
- b tng ti khng c l rng th coi hn hp X, N, C (Va XM-C)
+ Lp y l rng CL ln ()
+ Bao quanh cc ht CL ln () cc ht cch xa nhau bng mt lp m v m
bo hn hp b tng t do.
V
ax
+V
aN
+V
ac
= V
r
* = r * V
o
k
* = r * (
k
/
o
k
) *

(2)
k
od
K
ac
K
n
LT
ax
D r C N X

. .
= + + (2)
: H s tng lng va (>1) - Tra bng (5-36)-Tr214 hoc biu hnh (5-42)-Tr214.
Ta c h 2 phng trnh (1) v (2) vi 2 n s C
k
v D
k
.
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c: 1000
. .
= +
ad
k
k
od
K
D D r

k
od
d
d
a
k
r
D

. 1
1000
+
=
T (1)
c
a
d
a
K
n
LT
X
a
k
D N X
C

* 1000
(
(

|
|

\
|
+ + =
Ch :
ax
: XM Po-Pu;
ac
: Ct C
T l vt liu theo cp phi l thuyt (Vt liu trng thi kh):
X:N
LT
:C
k
:
k
= 1:N
LT
/X:C
k
/X:
k
/X
V/ iu chnh thnh phn b tng cho ph hp vi SN
yc

X
1
=X*1,06; N
1
=N*1,06; C
1
=C;
1
= (Tr s 1,06 l tu theo s liu ca t)
X:N
LT
:C
k
:
k
= 1:N
1
/X
1
:C
1
/X
1
:
1
/X
1

1000 = + + +
ad
K
ac
K
N
LT
ax
D C N X

Hng dn BTL VT LIU XY DNG
- 6-
VI/ Tm lng xi mng hp l ph hp vi cng b tng thit k
- Gi nguyn C
1
,
1
, N
1
, thay i lng X, c mu kim tra cng c kt qu
nh bng sau:
X(%) 95 97,5 100 102,5 105 107,5 110
X(kg) X
1

R
b
TN
(KG/cm
2
)

- T kt qu th nghim v biu quan h gia lng XM thay i vi R
b
TN

- T biu , tm ra X
hl
ng vi R
b
TK

- Ta c thnh phn b tng sau khi iu chnh t c R
b
TK
l:
X
2
=X
hl
; N
2
=N
1
; C
2
=C
1
;
2
=
1

X:N
LT
:C
k
:
k
= 1:N
2
/X
2
:C
2
/X
2
:
2
/X
2

VII/ Tnh li lng vt liu cho 1m
3
b tng sau khi iu chnh phn
thc nghim
- Do thnh phn b tng c tnh ton vi gi nh b tng ti khng c l rng v iu
chnh m bo lu ng v cng v vy lng vt liu theo tnh ton trn s cho
th tch b tng khc vi 1000dm
3
. xc nh th tch thc t ca hn hp vt liu ny ta
tin hnh th nghim xc nh
ob
ti
, t tnh V
tt
theo cng thc sau:
V
tt
=(X
2
+ N
2+
C
2
+
2
)/
ob
ti
1000dm
3

Lng vt liu cho 1m
3
b tng c tnh li l:
TT
V
D
C
N
X
D
C
N
X
1000
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

X:N
LT
:C
K
:
K
= 1:N
3
/X
3
:C
3
/X
3
:
3
/X
3

- Tnh i vt liu v trng thi m t nhin:
X
4
=X
3
;
C
4

=C
3
(1+W
c
) N
c
=C
4
-C
3
= C
3
.W
c
;

=
3
(1+W

); N
d
=D
4
-D
3
= D
3
.W
d
;
N
4
trn
=N
3
-(N
c
+N

)
X:N
TR
:C

:

= 1:N
4
/X
4
:C
4
/X
4
:
4
/X
4

Hng dn BTL VT LIU XY DNG
- 7-
VIII/ Tnh lng vt liu cho mt m trn vi my trn c dung tch V
o

- Gi s ta c mt lng X, N, C, no sn xut b tng:







V
ohhbt
=V
OX
+ V
Oc
+ V
O
=(V
thng
)min > V
ob
ti
= V
ob

Th tch b tng ti (= th tch b tng) thu c nh hn th tch hn hp vt
liu khi mi vo thng - V
hhbt
(Gm X,N,C, nhng nc s vo l rng gia cc ht CL
v X nn khng chim thm th tch trong thng)
H s sn lng:
a
od
a
a
oc
a
ox
tuoi
ob
od
tuoi
ob
ohhbt
ob
thung
ob
ohhbt
ob
D C X
V V
V
V
V
V
V
V

+ +
=
+ +
= =
= =
a a
oc ox
tuoi
tuoi
V V V
<1 (0,55-0,75)
Nu tnh cho 1m
3
b tng ti (tng ng vi 1m
3
b tng) th ta c:
+ V
ob
ti
=1m
3
=1000dm
3

+ Bit lng vt liu cho 1m
3
tnh c th tch t nhin ca vt liu khi mi
vo thng l V
ox
,V

oc
,V

o
(dm
3
), do h s sn lng c th c tnh nh sau:
a
od
a
a
oc
a
ox
a
od
a
oc ox
D C X V V V

+ +
=
+ +
=
1000 1000
<1
Vi X, C
a
, D
a
l khi lng vt liu cho 1m
3
BT
- p dng cho bi tp ln:
a
od
a
oc ox
D C X

4 4 4
1000
+ +
= Trong :
c
c k
oc
a
oc
V
W
+
+
=
1
1
;
d
d k
od
a
od
V
W
+
+
=
1
1


ox
: XM Po-Pu;
oc
: Ct C
V
c
: Tra hnh (5-3)-Tr147 = f(W
c
-ct C; Loi ct); V

ly bng 0.
- Tnh lng b tng thu c t mt m trn: V
b
/m=V
o
* (l)
- Tnh lng vt liu cho mt m trn c dung tch thng trn V
o
(l)
->Vo
C->Voc
X->Vox
N
Hng dn BTL VT LIU XY DNG
- 8-
1000
.
4
4
4
4

o
o
o
o
o
V
D
C
N
X
D
C
N
X
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

IX/ Tnh chi ph vt liu cho 1m
3
b tng

TT Vt liu n v Khi lng n gi Thnh tin % chi ph
1 Xi mng Tn X
4
, i ra tn
2 Nc m
3
N
4
, i ra m
3

3 Ct m
3
C
4
/
a
oc
, i ra m
3

4 m
3

4
/
a
o
, i ra m
3

Tng cng

Sinh vin t i tm n gi t cc ngun nh: i l cung cp vt liu xy dung; Bng bo
gi VLXD theo vng, theo qu; Thng bo gi VLXD trn mng;
Sinh vin phi ghi r n gi ly ti vng no, thi im no trong nm.



THE END!

WISHING YOU ALL ENJOY AND SUCCEED IN THIS ASSIGMENT!