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Bi tp C lu cht (LS Giang & NT Phng)
CHNG 1: M U CHNG 1: M U
I./ nh ngha mn hc, i tng v phng php nghin cu
II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht
III./ Lc tc dng trong lu cht III./ Lc tc dng trong lu cht
I./ nh ngha mn hc, i tng v phng php nghin cu: I./ nh ngha mn hc, i tng v phng php nghin cu:
1./ nh ngha mn hc:
C lu cht l mt mn khoa hc thuc lnh vc C hc, nghin cu cc
quy lut chuyn ng v ng yn ca lu cht v cc qu trnh tng tc
lc ca n ln cc vt th khc.
C hc l thuyt
C hc vt rn bin dng
C hc t
C lu cht
...
C hc
C lu cht
Thy lc
Kh ng lc hc
2./ i tng nghin cu:
Lu cht gm: cht lng, cht kh
*Tnh cht :
- Lc lin kt phn t yu => c hnh dng ca vt cha n.
- Tnh chy c => khng chu lc ct v lc ko
- Tnh lin tc
*Khc bit gia cht lng v cht kh l tnh nn c,
nhng ch khi vn tc ln (V > 0.3c).
I./ nh ngha mn hc, i tng v phng I./ nh ngha mn hc, i tng v phng
php nghin cu (tt) php nghin cu (tt)
nhng ch khi vn tc ln (V > 0.3c).
3./ Phng php nghin cu:
- Cc nh lut C hc ca Newton v cc nh lut v bo
ton v chuyn ho trong c hc
=>cc phng trnh m t trng thi gii u, p
- Phng php gii:
+ phng php gii tch
+ phng php thc nghim
II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht: II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht:
1./ Khi lng ring :
-Khi lng ring l khi lng ca mt n v th tch lu cht.
Th nguyn: [] = ML
-3
n v: kg/m
3
- Trng lng ring : l lc tc dng ca trng trng ln khi lng
V
m
V

=

lim
0

V, m
A
- Trng lng ring : l lc tc dng ca trng trng ln khi lng
ca mt n v th tch cht .
= g
Th nguyn: [] = ML
-3
n v: kgf/m
3
hay N/m
3
- T trng: t s gia trng lng ring ca mt cht vi trng lng
ring ca nc
n
iu kin chun
= /
n
.lng Nc K.kh T.ngn
, kg/m
3
1000 1,228 13,6.10
3
, N/m
3
9,81.10
3
12,07 133.10
3
2./ Tnh nn c
Sut n hi c trng cho tnh nn c ca lu cht.
- i vi cht lng:
Nc 20
0
C c E
n
= 2,2x10
9
N/m
2
Lu cht c xem l khng nn c khi khi lng ring thay i
dV
dP
V
V V
P
E
V
0
0
0
/
lim
=

=

II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht: II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht:
P
V
p
Lu cht c xem l khng nn c khi khi lng ring thay i
khng ng k ( = const). Cht lng thng c xem l khng
nn c trong hu ht cc bi ton k thut.
V d 1: Mt xilanh cha 0,1 lt nc 20
0
C. Nu p piston th
tch gim 1% th p sut trong xilanh tng ln bao nhiu?
Gii: 20
0
C, sut n hi ca nc E
n
= 2,2x10
9
N/m
2
Th tch gim 1%: dV/V = -1/100
Vy p sut tng: dP = -E
n
dV/V = 2,2x10
9
x10
-2
= 2,2x10
7
N/m
2
= 2,2x10
7
Pa
- i vi cht kh:
S dng phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng:
p = RT
+p l p sut tuyt i (N/m
2
= pascal= J/m
3
)
+ l khi lng ring (kg/m
3
)
+T l nhit tuyt i ( Kelvin
0
K)
+ R l hng s, ph thuc cht kh
+ M l phn t khi ca cht kh
M
R
8314
=
II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht: II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht:
+ M l phn t khi ca cht kh
V d 2: Mt bnh c th tch 0,2m
3
, cha 0,5kg Nitrogen. Nhit
trong bnh l 20
0
C. Xc nh p sut trong bnh?
Gii: Gi thit kh Nitrogen l kh l tng. Hng s kh l tng
ca Nitrogen l R= 0,2968kJ/kg.K.
p sut tuyt i trong bnh l:
kPa K x
K kg
kJ
x
m
kg
RT p 218 ) 20 273 (
.
2968 , 0
2 , 0
5 , 0
3
= + = =
+ Nu kh l tng v qu trnh nn ng nhit (T = const)
T phng trnh p = RT p/ = const
hay pV = const
+ Nu qu trnh nn ng entropi (qu trnh nn khng ma st v khng
c s trao i nhit): p/p
k
= const
k = c
p
/c
v
c
p
nhit dung ng p
R =c
p
c
v
c
v
nhit dung ng tch
Vn tc truyn m trong lu cht:
E dp
c = =
II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht: II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht:
Vn tc truyn m trong lu cht:
i vi kh l tng trong qu trnh nn ng entropi:
V d 3: khng kh 15,5
0
C vi k =1,4; R = 287 m
2
/s
2
K
Vn tc truyn m trong khng kh l c= 340,5m/s.
Nc 20
0
C c E = 2,2GN/m
2
v =998,2kg/m
3
c =1484 m/s
d
c = =
kRT
kp
c = =

V du 4: Mt bnh bng thp c th tch V = 0,2m

3
cha y nc
iu kin chun. Tm gia tng p sut nc trong bnh sau khi nn
thm vo V = 2lt nc cng iu kin trong 2 trng hp:
1/. Bnh nc c xem nh tuyt i cng;
2/. Bnh dn n. Th tch bnh gia tng = 0,01%/at cho mi p sut
gia tng.
Gii:
1/. Bnh tuyt i cng: 1/. Bnh tuyt i cng:
Khi nc ban u c xt l: V
b
+ V = 0,202m
3
Th tch nc sau khi nn l th tch bnh V
b
= 0,2 m
3
Vy gia tng p sut l:
'
'
) ( ) (
V V
V V V
E
V
V
E p
b
b b
+
+
=

=
at Pa x x x 222 10 18 , 2
202 , 0
002 , 0
10 2 , 2
7 9
= = =
2/.Nu bnh dn.
Sau khi nn, th tch khi nc l th tch bnh dn
V
bs
= V
b
[1+ p]
Bin thin th tch nc sau khi nn l:
V = V
bs
- (V
b
+ V) = V
b
[1+ p] (V
b
+ V)
= pV
b
V

Vy:
Suy ra
'
'
V V
V pV
E p
b
b
+

=

=68,9 at.
'
'
V V E V
E V
p
b b
+ +
=

at
at Pa
Pa
E
4
9
10 . 24 , 2
/ 98100
10 . 2 , 2
= =
) 202 , 0 ) 10 . 24 , 2 ( ) 2 , 0 ( 0001 , 0
) 10 . 24 , 2 ( ) 002 , 0 (
3 4 3
4 3
m at x m x
at x m
+
=
3./ Tnh nht:
Lu cht khng c kh nng chu lc ct, khi lc ny tc dng, n s
chy v xut hin lc ma st bn trong.
ng sut ma st gia cc lp lu cht song song do s chuyn ng
tng i gia cc lp ph thuc vo gradient vn tc du/dy.
*c trng cho ma st gia cc phn t lu cht trong chuyn ng
nh lut ma st nht Newton:
y
u
II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht: II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht:
: ng sut tip, n v N/m
2
=Pa
: nht ng lc hc, th nguyn [] = FTL
-2
, n v N.s/m
2
du/dy: sut bin dng hay bin thin vn tc theo phng thng gc vi
chuyn ng.
) ( const
dy
du
= =
du
dy
u+du
u
x
II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht: II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht:
* C hai loi lu cht:
+ Lu cht Newton: c ng sut tip t l thun vi sut bin dng.
+ Lu cht phi Newton: c ng sut tip khng t l vi sut bin dng
* nht ng lc hc :
= const /v lu cht Newton
= 0 /v lu cht l tng
Lu cht Newton
Lu cht phi Newton

= 0 /v lu cht l tng
nht ng hc:
+ nht ca cht lng gim khi nhit tng.
+ nht ca cht kh tng khi nhit tng.
=
Lu cht phi Newton
0
du/dy
.lng Nc K.kh
, poise 1.10
-2
1,8.10
-4
, stoke 0,01 0,15
V d 5: Cht lng Newton (h s nht 1,9152 Pa.s) chy gia hai tm phng
song song, vi vn tc phn b theo quy lut:
V l vn tc trung bnh. Vi V = 0,6m/s v h = 0,51m. Tnh ng sut tip tc
dng ln tm di v ti im gia.
Gii: ng sut tip c tnh t cng thc:
Ta c:
(
(

\
|
=
2
1
2
3
h
y V
u
dy
du
=
3Vy du
=
Ta c:
Ti im gia: y=0, du/dy = 0
=0
h
V
dy
du
h y
3
= =
=
tamdi
2
3
h
Vy
dy
du
=
2
/ 759 , 6
) 51 , 0 (
) / 6 , 0 ( 3
). 9152 , 1 ( m N
m
s m
Pa = =
tamdi

4./ p sut hi:

p sut hi ca cht lng: l p sut cc b ca phn hi trn b mt
tip xc vi cht lng
p sut hi bo ho: p sut hi trng thi m qu trnh bay hi v
ngng t cn bng (bo ha)
* Hin tng si v v bt hi:
+ Ti mt s vng no trong dng
chy nu p sut tuyt i nh hn gi
II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht: II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht:
p
tr p sut hi, cht lng s si bt
-> t on chn khng
+ Cc bt kh ny khi v s gy tn
hi n b mt ca thnh rn gi l
hin tng xm thc kh.
Bt u si bt
p
V
p
x
Bt u v bt
II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht: II./ Cc tnh cht c bn ca lu cht:
5./ Sc cng b mt v hin tng mao dn:
Sc cng b mt l lc ht phn t trn mt n v chiu di ca
b mt cht lng.
Th nguyn [ ] = F/L, n v: N/m (SI)
Hin tng mao dn xut hin trong cc ng nh, ti mt giao tip
rn lng kh, gy ra bi sc cng b mt:
h
cos 2
=
R
h

cos 2
=
V d 6: Xc nh ng knh nh nht ca ng thy tinh sch (
0
0
) sao cho dng ca nc 20
0
C trong ng do hin tng mao
dn khng qu 1mm.
Gii:
T .
Suy ra: R =2cos/ R.
Nc 20
0
C c = 0,0728 N/m v =9789 N/m
3.
V 0
0
nn c h = 1mm th
R
h

cos 2
=
V 0
0
nn c h = 1mm th
ng knh ng nh nht l:D = 2R = 0,0298m
m
m m N
m N
R 0149 , 0
) 10 )( / 9789 (
) / 0728 , 0 ( 2
3 3
= =

III. Lc tc dng trong lu cht: III. Lc tc dng trong lu cht:

Lc tc dng ch c lc phn b v chia thnh 2 loi:
+Ni lc
+Ngoi lc
Ngoi lc gm lc khi v lc mt
1./ Lc khi:
L ngoi lc tc dng ln mi phn t ca th tch lu cht v t l
vi khi lng lu cht vi khi lng lu cht
- Vector cng lc khi
V d:
Trng lc:
Lc qun tnh:
Lc ly tm:
F
V
f
F
V

lim
0
g F =
a F =
r F
2
=
A
f
V, V
2./Lc mt:
L ngoi lc tc dng ln th tch lu cht thng qua b mt bao bc
v t l vi din tch b mt
- Vector ng sut
V d:
p sut
ng sut ma st

S
f
S

=

lim
0

f
A
S
III. Lc tc dng trong lu cht: III. Lc tc dng trong lu cht:
ng sut ma st
Trng thi ng sut
ng sut trn mt bt k:
[ ]
(
(
(

=
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx

(
ij
=
ji
)

z
z z y y x n n
n n n + + =