Research Method

TS.
Vu Tun Anh
Dr Nguyen Thanh Hieu
Chapter 1Introduction
1.0 Introduction 1.1 Research Background 1.2 Problem Statements 1.3 General Question 1.4 Research Questions 1.5 Specific Objectives 1.6 Potential Outcomes for Practices 1.0 Gii thiu 1.1 Nn tng ca nghin cu 1.2 Cc vn nghin cu 1.3 Cu hi chung 1.4 Cu hi nghin cu 1.5 Cc mc tiu c th 1.6 Tim nng ng dng thc t
Chapter 2: Literature Review

Review what past researchers have done for research related to your topic.
Explain their research variables, research methods
nh gi nhng thnh qu ca cc nh nghin cu trc v vn c lin quan ti ch nghin cu Gii thch cc bin s, phng php v cc pht kin t nghin cu ca h.
nh gi thnh qu nghin cu ca h.
and research findings. Justify their research findings.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Framework 3.3 Research Hypotheses 3.4 Operationalization of Variables 3.5 Data Sources 3.5.1 Selection of Study Area 3.5.2 Selection of Sample Size 3.5.3 Selection of Respondents 3.6 Variables for Study 3.6.1 Demographic Variables 3.6.2 Independent Variables 3.6.3 Dependent Variables 3.7 Questionnaire Structure 3.8 Data Collection Method 3.9 Assessment of Reliability and Validity 3.9.1 Reliability 3.9.2 Validity 3.9.2.1 Content Validity 3.9.2.2 Criterion Validity 3.9.2.3 Construct Validity 3.10 Data Analysis Methods 3.10.1 Cross-Sectional Analysis 3.10.2 Descriptive Analysis 3.10.3 T-test and ANOVA Analysis 3.10.4 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis 3.1 Gii thiu
3.2 Kt cu nghin cu
3.3 Gi thuyt nghin cu 3.4 bin thin ca bin s 3.5 Ngun s liu 3.5.1 La chn phm vi nghin cu 3.5.2 La chn kch thc mu 3.5.3 La chn i tng iu tra 3.6 Cc bin s nghin cu 3.6.1 Bin s nhn khu hc 3.6.2 Bin s c lp 3.6.3 Bin s ph thuc 3.7 Cu trc bng cu hi 3.8 Phng php thu thp s liu 3.9 nh gi tin cy v Tnh ph hp 3.9.1 tin cy 3.9.2 Tnh ph hp
3.9.2.1 Hp ni dung
3.9.2.2 Hp tiu chun 3.9.2.3 Hp cu trc 3.10 Phng php phn tch s liu 3.10.1 Phn tch cho 3.10.2 Phn tch m t 3.10.3 Phn tch bng T-test v ANOVA
3.10.4 Phn tch hi quy a tuyn tnh
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Findings

4.1 Introduction 4.2 Preliminary Examination of Data 4.3 Multicollinearity 4.4 Respondents Profile 4.5 Your Findings 4.6 Summary of Hypotheses Findings
4.1 Gii thiu

4.2 Kim tra s b d liu 4.3 a cng tuyn 4.4 H s i tng iu tra
4.5 Kt qu ca bn
4.6 Tng hp cc kt qu gi thuyt
Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Assessment of Research Objectives 5.3 Implications for Practice 5.4 Implications for Research 5.5 Recommendations 5.6 Limitations of Study 5.7 Agenda for Future Research
5.1 Gii thiu 5.2 nh gi i tng nghin cu 5.3 ngha thc t 5.4 ngha nghin cu 5.5 xut 5.6 Gii hn ca nghin cu 5.7 L trnh nghin cu trong tng lai
UNDERSTANDING OF Research
Definition of Research
Search for facts answer to questions and solutions to problems It is a purposive and organized inquiry
Nghin cu c s thc t - tr li cu hi v gii php cho cc vn y l mt iu tra c mc ch v c t chc
Objectives of Research
To extend knowledge To discover new information Theory building To verify and test existing facts and theory To analyze inter-relationships between variables Aims to find solution to current problems
M rng hiu bit Khm ph thng tin mi Xy dng l thuyt Xc minh v kim nghim thc trng v l thuyt Phn tch quan h nhiu mt gia cc bin s
Hng ti gii php cho cc vn hin ti
Types of Research
Basic Research
Generating scientific
knowledge for future use.

Applied Research
Undertaken to solve
Nghin cu c bn Thit lp vic s dng tri thc khoa hc cho tng lai.
Nghin cu p dng m bo vic gii quyt cc thc trng
existing problem.
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Basic Research
Attempts to expand the limits of knowledge.
Not directly involved in the solution to a practical
N lc m rng cc gii hn ca tri thc

Khng trc tip lin quan n gii php cho cc vn thc t
problem.
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Basic Research Example

Is executive success correlated with high need for achievement?
Coupons versus rebates as
Thnh cng trong qun l c mi quan h tng quan vi nhu cu thnh t cao khng? Chin lc kch cu bng th hay chng trnh gim gi
demand stimulation tactics

Compensation Systems and Labour Productivity Factors determining share prices
H thng tin lng v Hiu sut lao ng

Cc yu t quyt nh gi c phiu
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Applied Research
Conducted when a decision must be made about a specific real-life problem
Tin hnh khi cn c quyt nh cho mt vn thc tin
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Applied Research Examples

Should McDonalds add Italian pasta dinners to its menu?
McDonalds c nn a ba ti vi m vo thc n ca h khng?
Should Procter & Gamble add a high-priced home
teeth bleaching kit to its product line?
Procter & Gamble c nn thm b lm trng rng t tin vo dy chuyn sn xut khng?
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Basic Differences Between Basic and Applied Research
Applied Research what is the problem is an important step in resolving that problem. What problems to analyze may be outside the individual researcher domain Researcher role is to examine analytically and recommend a course of action Basic Research Problem based on the researcher interest to expand understanding of the subject Selection of the problem is totally the choice of the researcher Some value judgment may be made, action is not recommended
Nghin cu ng dng
Tm hiu vn l g l mt bc quan trng gii quyt vn . Nghin cu vn no nm ngoi thm quyn ca c nhn nh nghin cu. Vai tr ca nh nghin cu l kim tra phn tch v a ra gii php hnh ng
Nghin cu C bn
Vn t ra da vo s quan tm ca nh nghin cu nhm m rng hiu bit v mt ch . Vic la chn vn hon ton do nh nghin cu quyt nh C th c kt lun, nhng khng khuyn co hnh ng thc tin.
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Note: This part is related to Section 1.2 Problem Statements
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Problem Definition
It is a clear and precise statement of the question or issue that is to be investigated with the goal of finding an answer or solution.
The preliminary study and literature survey will help to identify the real
Mt nh ngha r rng v chnh xc v cu hi hay ch cn c nghin cu vi mc ch tm ra cu tr li hoc gii php. Nghin cu s b v kho st ti liu s gip xc nh vn thc t bng cch phn bit n vi l thuyt hoc kt lun.
problem by differentiating it from antecedent or the consequences.
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Preliminary Data Collection
Thu thp d liu s b
Literature Survey
Kho st ti liu
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Sources of Data
Secondary Data: Data collected from existing sources like, company records, company web site, company library, and various reports etc, are call secondary data.
Primary Data: Data gathered for the
D liu th cp: D liu c thu thp t cc ngun sn c nh h s cng ty, trang web cng ty, th vin cng ty, v cc bo co khc, vv c gi l d liu th cp. D liu s cp: D liu c thu thp qua nghin cu mt thc tin ca s kin ang xy ra, hoc t i tng nghin cu c gi l d liu s cp.
research from the actual site of occurrence of event, or from the respondents are called primary data.
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Literature Survey
The preliminary information gathering and data analysis might give a good idea(s) about the real problem. However, surveying the literature will help the researcher to see how others have perceived such factors or problem in other work setting and defined the problem.
Vic thu thp thng tin v phn tch d liu s b c th a ra nhiu tng hay v vn thc tin. Tuy nhin, kho st ti liu s gip cc nh nghin cu thy c cch nhng ngi khc nhn thc v nh ngha v yu t hoc vn di mt ch lm vic khc
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Sources
Documentation Services
Bibliographies Journals Government Reports Research Abstracts

Cc dch v ti liu dn chng Sch v Bo ch Bo co chnh ph L thuyt nghin cu
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Purposes
To identify other people
working in this area To gain breath of knowledge of your study area. To identify opposing views To identify appropriate methodology, research design, method of measuring concepts and technique of analysis
xc nh nhng ngi ang nghin cu trong lnh vc ny. t c nhng hiu bit v lnh vc nghin cu. Xc nh nhng quan im i lp. Xc nh phng php lun ph hp vi chng trnh nghin cu, phng php nh gi khi nim v k thut phn tch
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Review of Literature as a Source of Problem Identification
To identify gaps in the research
Xc nh nhng l hng trong qu trnh nghin cu Trnh c nhng vt xe Tip tc t nhng thnh qu ca ngi i trc
To avoid reinventing the wheel

To carry on from where others have already reached
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Presentation of the Review

By Chronological order
By Topic Problem - Solution Cause - effect Argument and Counter argument Group on the basis of a particular Variable

Sp xp theo th t bin nin Sp xp theo ch Vn - Gii php Nguyn nhn kt qu Tranh lun v phn bin Tp hp nn tng cho mt bin s c bit
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By Topic
Topic: Factors Determining Productivity of the workers
Education and
Productivity Training and Productivity Work environment and productivity Job Satisfaction and Productivity
Ch : Cc yu t quyt nh nng sut lao ng ca cng nhn Gio dc v nng sut o to v nng sut Mi trng lm vic v nng sut S tha mn v nng sut
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Problem Solution
Topic: Labour Unrest in Cotton Industry
Wage Hours of work Bonus Work Presser
Ch : Lao ng bt mn trong Ngnh Bng Tin lng S gi lm Thng p lc cng vic
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Cause - Effect
Topic: Share Price Movement in Vietnam
Political instability Economic Growth Inflation Rate of interest
Ch : Bin ng gi c phiu Vit Nam
Bt n chnh tr Tng trng kinh t Lm pht Li sut
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Argument and Counter Argument

Topic: Index Future as a Hedge against Inflation.
Argument : Yes Argument : No
Ch : Tng lai ca ch s chng khon l mt ro cn chng lm pht Tranh lun : ng Tranh lun : Phn i
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Basic Concepts
Variables Theory

Bin s
L thuyt
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Variables
A variable is simply a symbol or a concept that can assume any one of a set of values. The concept of variable is extremely important in measurement because it sets the limits on the range of values a measurement may take.
Mt bin s n gin l mt k hiu hay mt i lng c th nhn bt k gi tr no trong mt tp hp gi tr. i lng ca bin l cc k quan trng trong qu trnh o lng bi n thit lp gii hn khong gi tr ca php o.
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Types of Variables
Dependent Variables
Independent Variables Moderating Variables Intervening Variables

Bin s ph thuc Bin s c lp Bin s iu ha Bin s can thip
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Dependent Variable
It is the variable of primary interest of the researcher..
L bin s i din cho mi quan tm ca nh nghin cu V d: Mt nh qun l lo lng v doanh s sn phm mi khng cao nh d kin. y, doanh s sn phm mi chnh l bin s ph thuc
Example: A manager is concerned that the sales of a new product is not as high as he had expected. Here, the sales of the new product is the dependent variable.
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Independent Variable
An independent variable is one that influences the dependent variable in either
positive or negative way.
Mt bin s c lp l bin gy nh hng ln bin s ph thuc theo c hai xu hng tch cc hoc tiu c c
Example: The research study shows that the low sales of the new product is due to the unexpected price reduction of the substitute products by the competitors. Here, the price of the substitute products influences the sales of the product. Hence it is independent variable.
V d: Cng trnh nghin cu ch ra rng vic doanh s sn phm mi thp l do hng ha thay th ca i th cnh tranh gim gi t ngt. y, gi ca hng ha thay th nh hng ti doanh s sn phn. Nh vy n l mt bin c lp.
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Moderating Variable
The moderating variable is one that has a effect on the independent variabledependent variable relationship. Presence of this variable modified the original relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
Example: Further the study shows that mass advertisement may have positive influence on the sales of the new product.
Bin s iu ha l bin c nh hng ln mi quan h gia bin c lp v bin ph thuc. S hin din ca bin iu ha s lm thay i mi quan h nguyn bn gia bin c lp v bin ph thuc V d: Nghin cu chuyn su cho thy vic qung co rng ri c th c tc ng tch cc n doanh s sn phm mi.
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Intervening Variable
An intervening variable is one that surface between the time the independent variables operate to influence the dependent variable and their impact on the dependent variable.
Example: Further the research study found that change in the consumer preference or consumption habit through advertisement may further improve the sales of the product.
Mt bin s can thip l bin xut hin gia cc ln bin c lp hot ng v gy nh hng ln bin ph thuc v nhng nh hng i vi bin ph thuc V d: Nghin cu chuyn su cho thy vic khch hng thay i th hiu hay thi quen mua hng s ci thin tnh hnh bn sn phm.
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Theory
A theory can be defined as an interrelated set of statements of relationship whose purpose is to explain and predict.
Examples: Capital Asset Pricing Theories, Performance Satisfaction Theories, Consumer
Mt l thuyt c th c nh ngha l mt nhm nhng mi quan h tng quan m mc ch ca n nhm gii thch v d on. V d: l thuyt v Gi tr ti sn t bn, l thuyt v S tha mn hnh vi, l thuyt v hnh vi khch hng
behavior theories.
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Theory and Research

Relationship between theory and research is interdependent. Theory helps for further research and research helps the formulation of new theory.
Use of theory in Research: Suggesting a problem for a study giving hypothesis to be
Mi quan h gia l thuyt v nghin cu l quan h tng h. l thuyt h tr nhng nghin cu chuyn su v nghin cu gip hnh thnh nhng l thuyt mi. Vic s dng l thuyt trong nghin cu Gi m vn cho vic nghin cu a ra gi thuyt kim chng H tr la chn bin s Lm cho vic qu trnh nghin cu d hiu hn
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tested helping selection of variables Making research finding intelligible.
THE COMPONENTS OF THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research is based. The relationship between literature review and theoretical framework is that the literature review provides a solid foundation for the theoretical framework The literature review identifies the variables that might be important as determined by the previous research findings. This in addition to other logical connections that can be conceptualized form the basis of theoretical framework A good theoretical framework identifies and labels the important variables in the situation that are relevant to the problem identified.
Khung l thuyt l nn tng ca ton b nghin cu Mi quan h gia vic nghin cu ti liu v khung l thuyt l nghin cu ti liu cung cp mt nn tng vng chc cho khung l thuyt Nghin cu ti liu s xc nh c cc bin s c th rt quan trng theo nh nhng thnh qu nghin cu trc , Cng vi nhng lin kt l gc da trn khi nim khc, s h tr hnh thnh c s ca khung l thuyt Mt khung l thuyt tt xc nh v gn cho cc bin s quan trng mt tnh hung thch hp vi vn c nghin cu.
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Cleanliness of working environment
Mc v sinh ca Mi trng lm vic
Quietness of working environment

Mc ting n ca mi trng lm vic
Employees Health
Harmony among colleagues

S ha thun gia cc ng nghip
Sc khe ngi lao ng
Behavior of Direct Manager

Hnh vi ca Ngi qun l trc tip
Independent Variable
Bin c lp
Dependent Variable
Bin ph thuc
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Note: This part is related to Section 3.3 Research Hypothesis Ghi ch: Phn ny lin quan ti Mc 3.3 Gi thuyt nghin cu
Dr Nguyen Thanh Hieu 42
HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT
A hypothesis is defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement. Relationships are conjectured on the basis of the network of associations established in the theoretical framework formulated for the research study. By testing the hypothesis and confirming the conjectured relationships it is expected that the solutions can be found to correct the problem encountered. From the theoretical framework the following hypothesis can be developed: There is a relationship between cleanliness of working environment and employees health
Mt gi thuyt c nh ngha l mt quan h gi nh l gc gia hai hoc nhiu bin s ca mt mnh c th kim chng c. Cc mi quan h c gi nh da trn mng li cc quan h kt hp ny sinh trong khung l thuyt phc v cho nghin cu Bng cch kim nh gi thuyt v chng minh cc quan h gi nh, c th hy vng tm ra cc gii php nhm gii quyt vn gp phi. T khung l thuyt c th pht trin gi thuyt nh sau C mt mi quan h gia s v sinh ca mi trng lm vic vi sc khe ngi lao ng
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Formats of Hypotheses
Propositions IfThen Statements Directional and Nondirectional Null and Alternative Hypotheses

nh Mnh nu th Trc tip v khng trc tip Gi thuyt v hiu v gi thuyt thay th
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Formats
To test the relationships or difference exist Propositions: Employees who are more healthy will take sick leave less frequently.
IfThen: If employees are more healthy, then they will take sick leave less frequently.
Nhm kim tra mi quan h hoc khc bit tn ti

nh
: Nhng ngi lao ng c sc khe tt hn s ngh m t hn

Nu-th:
Nu ngi lao ng c sc khe tt hn th h s ngh m t hn
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Directional and NonDirectional

Directional: The Direction of relationship is indicated *Positive relationship between price and supply of a good
Non- Directional: Do postulate relationships or differences, but do not offer direction of these relationships or difference *There is a relationship between experience and productivity Trc tip: Mi quan h trc tip c hiu l
*Mi quan h tch cc gia gi c v ngun cung hng ha

Khng trc tip:
Cng nhn nhng mi quan h hoc khc bit, nhng khng a ra nh hng cho nhng quan h hoc khc bit ny
*C mt mi quan h gia kinh nghim v nng sut lao ng
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NULL AND ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS

In general the null hypothesis is expressed as no (significant) relationship between two
variables or no (significant) difference between two groups.

The alternate hypothesis which is the opposite of the null is a
Nhn chung, gi thuyt v hiu c hiu l khng c mt mi quan h (r rng) no gia hay bin s hoc khng c s khc bit no gia hai nhm. Gi thuyt thay th, i lp vi gi thuyt v hiu l mt mnh th hin mi quan h gia hai bin s hoc biu th s khc bit gia hai nhm.
statement expressing a relationship between two variables or indicating differences between groups.
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Note: This part is related to Section 3.4 Section 3.10
Ch : Phn ny c lin quan n Mc 3.4 Mc 3.10

Components of a Research Design

Methodology selection and justification for each hypothesis or research question. The data collection procedure The importance questions should be asked Population and sampling procedures Instruments to be used in data collection, if experiment research Secondary data: Sources, strengths and limitations Data Analysis: Detailed discussion of analysis tools and data supports and assumptions of the methods selected.
Chn la phng php lun v lun im cho mi gi thuyt hoc cu hi nghin cu. Quy trnh thu thp d liu Cc cu hi quan trng cn t ra. Nhm kho st v quy trnh ly mu Cc thit b c dng trong qu trnh thu thp, nu nghin cu thc nghim D liu th cp: Ngun, kim chng v gii hn Phn tch d liu: Tho lun chi tit v cc cng c phn tch, d liu h tr v gi nh v cc phng php c la chn
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Four Aspects of Research Design

Bn kha cnh ca mt thit k nghin cu
Purpose / Nature of Study (Exploratory, Descriptive, Hypothesis)
Mc tiu / Bn cht ca nghin cu (Thm d, M t, Gi thuyt)
Type of Investigation (Causal & Correlational)
TITLE / RESEARCH PROBLEM

CH / VN NGHIN CU
Loi hnh iu tra (Nguyn nhn & H qu)
Unit of Analysis
n v phn tch
Time Horizon (Cross-Sectional & Longitudinal)

Trc thi gian (Cho & Dc)

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Exploratory Study
Mt nghin cu thm d c tin hnh khi hiu bit v tnh hnh cn hn ch. Theo , nghin cu nhm lm quen dn vi nhng hin tng ca tnh hung v hiu nhng g ang xy ra, trc khi nh nghin cu pht trin mt mu v thit lp mt thit k cht ch cho mt nghin cu tng th.
An exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand. Hence, this study aims to gain familiarity with the phenomena in the situation and to understand what is occurring, before a researcher develop a model and set up a rigorous design for comprehensive study.
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Methods of Exploratory Studies

Most of the exploratory studies are qualitative in nature. The data are collected through observations or through extensive interviews. The interviews may be either structured or unstructured. Hu ht cc nghin cu thm d bn cht l nh tnh. D liu c thu thp thng qua quan st hoc phng vn s ng. Cc cuc phng vn c th c cu trc hoc khng.
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Examples for Exploratory Studies
Impact of Sept 11/2001 issues on Insurance companies.
Tc ng ca s kin 11/9 ln cc cng ty bo him. Internet v tc ng ca n ti kinh doanh
Internet and its impact on business
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Descriptive Study
The main purpose of this kind of study is to ascertain and be able to describe the characteristics of the variables on interest in a situation or in a given research problem.
Mc ch chnh ca loi hnh nghin cu ny l xc nh chnh xc v m t tnh cht ca bin s trong mi trng hoc trong mt vn nghin cu cho trc.
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Methods of descriptive Study

Descriptive studies are used both secondary data and primary data. The primary data may be collected through survey or through observation.
The interviews are mostly structured form, since the knowledge about the problem is explored in the past. Nhng nghin cu m t s dng c d liu s cp v th cp. D liu s cp c th c thu thp bng kho st hoc quan st. Vic phng vn hu ht u s dng cu trc c sn, do nhng hiu bit v vn u c khm ph t trc.
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Examples for Descriptive Studies
Information about the competitors and competition. A study of class (% of members seniors/juniors, age grouping, etc.)
Thng tin v cuc thi v nhng ngi d thi Nghin cu v mt lp hc (% thnh vin, cp cao/cp thp, nhm tui, vv)
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Hypotheses Testing
This kind of studies are undertaken to explain the nature of certain relationships between variables or difference among groups or independence of variables. Nghin cu ny c tin hnh nhm gii thch bn cht ca nhng mi quan h gia cc bin s hoc s khc bit gia cc nhm hoc s c lp gia cc bin
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Method of HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Mostly quantitative in nature, statistical study. Bn cht l nghin cu nh lng trong nghin cu thng k
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Case Study
Case study involve in depth analysis of matters relating to similar situation in other organizations. These studies are qualitative in nature and useful in finding solutions to current problems based on past problem solving experiences. Nghin cu trng hp tp trung vo phn tch chuyn su cc vn c lin quan ti tnh hung tng t ca cc t chc khc. Cc nghin cu kiu ny bn cht l nh tnh v rt hu hiu trong vic tm gii php cho vn hin ti da vo kinh nghim gii quyt nhng vn trc .
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Types of Investigation
The selection of the type of investigation determine the extent of researcher interference with the
Vic
research study.
The type of investigation may be causal or correlation.
la chn hnh thc iu tra quyt nh n phm vi m nh nghin cu tm ti trong nghin cu ca h. thc iu tra c th l nguyn nhn hoc h qu.
Hnh
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Causal Investigation
When the research questions try to establish a definite cause and effect relationship, the causal investigation is necessary. Under this type of investigation, few factors are identified to establish the relationships.
Example: Does advertisement cause sales? Does smoking cause cancer? Khi cu hi nghin cu t ra nhm tm ra mi quan h nguyn nhn kt qu, th iu tra nguyn nhn l rt cn thit. Hnh thc iu tra ny c th xc nh mt vi yu t cu thnh nn mi quan h .
V
d:
Qung co c lm tng sc mua? Ht thuc c gy ung th khng?
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Correlation Investigation
In most of the business research there are multiple factors that influences one another and the researcher might be asked to identify the crucial factors associated with the problem. This situation need correlation study to answer this question.
Example:
Trong hu ht cc nghin cu v kinh doanh, c nhiu nguyn nhn c nh hng ln nhau v nh nghin cu c th b truy vn v vic xc nh nhn t ch o lin quan ti vn . Tnh hung ny yu cu nghin cu h qu c cu tr li
V
d:
Are advertisement and sales related? Are smoking and cancer related?
C mi quan h no gia qung co v sc mua? Ht thuc v ung th c lin quan khng

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Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis will vary from study to study depends on the purpose of the study or the research questions. A unit may be an individual, an organization, group of people, or a division or a country and etc. n v ca phn tch s khc nhau i vi cc nghin cu khc nhau ty thuc vo mc ch ca nghin cu hay cu hi t ra.
Mt n v c th l c nhn, t chc, nhm ngi, hay mt b phn hoc mt quc gia,vv
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Time Horizon of a Research Study

Cross-sectional Longitudinal studies
Nghin
cu ct ngang
Nghin
cu trc dc
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Cross-Sectional Studies
A study can be done in which data are gathered once in order to answer a research question.
Nghin cu trong d liu c thu thp mt ln tr li cho mt cu hi nghin cu
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Longitudinal Studies
Some research questions may require to study the people or phenomena at more than one point in time in order to answer the questions.
Example: study on employees behavior before & after a change in
Mt vi cu hi nghin cu c th yu cu tm hiu mt nhm ngi hay hin tng nhiu ln tr li. V d: nghin cu v hnh vi ca ngi lao ng trc v sau khi c s thay i b my lnh o
top management.
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Note: This part is related to Section 3.4 Operationalization of variables
Ch : Phn ny c lin quan ti Mc 3.4 bin thin ca bin s

Nominal Measurement
This is the simplest and lowest level of measurement. It is useful for categorizing variables into sub-classes by assigning a numerals of any other symbols to mutually exclusive sub-classes. For example the variable of sex is classified as males 1 and females 2 or as M and F. y l thc o n gin nht v cp thp nht. Thc o ny kh hiu qu khi sp xp cc bin s vo mt nhm s ng bng cch phn cp mt nhm s ca bt k k hiu no vo mt nhm chung duy nht V d bin s gii tnh c phn nhm thnh nam 1 v n 2 hoc thnh M v F.
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Ordinal Measurement
In this level of measurement, objects or persons are ordered by rank. Ranks are assigned in ascending or descending orders. Vi hnh thc o lng ny, i tng hoc con ngi c sp xp theo hng. Hng c sp xp theo th t t cao xung thp hoc ngc li V d, sp xp vt theo tt nht n d nht hoc u tin n cui cng.
For example, rank items from best to worst or first to last.
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Interval Measurement
This measurement has the power to measure the distance between any two points on the scale. For example, 1: Strong Disagree, 2-Disagree, 3-Neither Agree Nor Disagree, 4- Agree and 5-Strongly Agree
O LNG KHONG
Hnh thc o lng ny c kh nng o m nhng khong cch gia hai i lng trong cng mt quy m. V d, 1- Rt khng ng tnh, 2Khng ng tnh, 3- Khng quan tm, 4- ng tnh V 5Rt ng tnh
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Ratio Measurement
This scale is suitable for measuring properties which have natural zero points. Examples are weight, height, distance, money value, population counts, rate of return and so on. Phng thc ny thch hp trong vic o lng gi tr c v tr s khng t nhin. V d cc i lng chiu cao, khi lng, khong cch, gi tr tin, s dn, t l thu hi vn vv
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Techniques/Methods of Scaling
There are 4 types of scales that can be used to measure the operationally defined dimensions & elements of a variable. It is also necessary to examine the methods of scaling (that is, assigning numbers or symbols) to elicit the attitudinal responses of subjects toward objects, events, or persons. C bn loi chia c th dng o lng cc chiu v nhn t ca bin s. iu ny cng rt cn thit trong vic la chn phng php o lng (chn s hoc k hiu) m ra phn ng ca i tng cho cc s kin hay con ngi.
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Dichotomous Scale
The dichotomous scale is used to elicit a yes or no answer, as in the example below.
Do you own a car? Yes
n v song lp c dng gi cu tr li cho cu hi C khng Bn c s hu t khng? C = 1 Khng = 0 y l mt v d cho n v danh ngha.
= 1 No = 0 This is an example for the nominal scale.
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Category Scale
The category scale uses multiple items to elicit a single response as per the following example:
What is your race?
THANG O PHN I
Malay Chinese Indian Others This is also nominal scale
n v phn loi s dng nhiu khon mc gi m mt cu tr li cho tng v d sau: Bn l dn tc g? Malay Trung Quc n Khc y cng l mt n v danh ngha
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Likert Scale
The Likert scale is designed to
THANG O THCH
examine how strongly subject agree or disagree with statement on a 5-point scale:
Strongly Disagree
=1 Disagree =2 Neither Agree nor Disagree = 3 Agree =4 Strong Agree =5
n v thch c thit k xc nh mc ng tnh hay khng ng tnh ca i tng vi mnh thng qua 5 mc: Rt khng ng tnh = 1 Khng ng tnh =2 Khng c kin =3 ng tnh =4 Rt ng tnh =5
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Semantic Differential Scale

Several bipolar attributes are identified at the extremes of the scale, and
THANG O KHC BiT NG NGHA
respondents are asked to indicate their attitudes.

Example: Responsive --
Mt vi thuc tnh lng cc c xc nh bng nh im ca n v, cc i tng c hi v quan im ca h V d: Nhit tnh-- - --- Bng quan y c coi l n v mc
-- --- Unresponsive This is treated as an interval scale.
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Numerical Scale
It is similar to the semantic differential scale with the difference that numbers on a 5 point or 7 point scale. It is also a interval scale Example:
How pleased are you

THANG O S
Tng t nh n v khc bit ng ngha vi mc khc bit ch 5 mc hay 7 mc. y cng l mt loi n v mc V d: Bn hi lng vi chuyn vin bt ng sn mi mc no? Cc k hi lng 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Rt khng hi lng
with your new real estate agent? Extremely Pleased 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Extremely Displeased
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Reliability and Validity

Reliability: Reliability tests how consistently a measuring instrument measures whatever concept it is measuring. In other words, reliability is concerned with stability and consistency in measurement. Validity: Validity tests how well an instrument that is developed measures the particular concept it is supposed to measure. In other words, it is concerned with whether we measure the right concept.
tin cy: tin cy kim tra mc chc chn ca mt thit b o lng khi o lng bt k i tng no. Ni cch khc, tin cy quan tm n n nh v chc chn ca php o. Tnh ph hp: Tnh ph hp kim tra tnh hiu qu ca phng tin o lng i vi vn m n hng n. Ni cch khc, tnh ph hp quan tm n vic php o c c p dng ng
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Reliability
tin cy
Reliability Stability Consistency
S n nh
Kh nng duy tr n nh trong mt khong thi gian
S chc chn
Refers to the ability of a measure to remain the same over time.
Refers to the question as to whether the respondents responses to all the items are consistent.
Lin quan n cu hi nhng cu tr li ca ng vin v cc vn c chc chn khng.
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validity
Validity Tnh ph hP
Content Validity
Criterionrelated Validity
Construct Validity
PH HP NI DUNG
PH HP TIU CHUN
PH HP Cu TRC
Ensures that the measure includes an adequate and representati ve set of items that tap the concept.
Measure of how well one variable or set of variables predicts an outcome based on information from other variables.
Assesses items included in the instrument covers all the components of the concept being measured.
m bo thc o bao gm mt nhm y v i din c lin quan n vn
o lng hiu qu d on u ra ca mt bin hoc mt nhm bin s da trn thng tin t mt nhm bin khc.
Cc khon mc c nh ca dng c bao gm tt c cc yu t ca vn ang c o lng
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Note: This part is related to Section 3.8 Data Collection Methods Ch : Phn ny c lin quan n Mc 3.8: Phng php thu thp d liu
Data
Data are facts, figures and other relevant materials, past and present, serving as bases for study and analysis. Types of Data: Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Individuals: age, race, religion, marital status, education, occupation, income, etc. Behavioral Variables: Attitudes, opinions, awareness, knowledge, etc Organizational Data: origin, ownership, objectives, resources, function, performance and growth.
D liu l nhng thc t, s liu v cc thnh phn lin quan, qu kh v hin ti, phc v v lm nn mng cho qu trnh nghin cu v phn tch Cc loi d liu Nhn khu hc, kinh t-x hi hc, Nhn cch v c nhn: tui, dn tc, tn gio, tnh trng hn nhn, trnh gio dc, ngh nghip, thu nhp, vv Bin s hnh vi: Thi , quan im, nhn thc, kin thc, vv D liu bin thin: ngun gc, s hu, mc tiu, ti nguyn, chc nng, hot ng v tng trng.
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Sources of Data
Primary Sources: Primary sources are original sources from which the researcher directly collects data that have not been previously collected. Primary data are first hand information collected through various sources and methods. Secondary Sources: These are sources containing data which have been collected and compiled for another purpose. Researchers may be used for their studies.
Ngun s cp: Ngun s cp l ngun s khai m t nh nghin cu trc tip thu thp d liu m trc cha tng c thu thp. D liu s cp l thng tin u tin c thu thp thng qua cc ngun v phng php khc nhau.
Ngun th cp: L cc ngun c cha d liu c thu thp v bin son cho mt mc ch khc. Nh nghin cu c th dng vo nghin cu ca h.
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Sources of Primary Data

Individuals
Focus Groups Panels

C nhn Nhm tp trung Danh sch
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Sources of Secondary Data

Consist of readily available facts and already complied statistical statements and reports whose data may be used by researchers for their studies, like, census reports, annual report of the Government departments, financial statement of the companies, etc.
Secondary sources consist of not only published records and reports but also unpublished records.
Bao gm nhng yu t thc tin sn sng v nhng bn thng k c bin son, nhng bo co trong d liu c th c nh nghin cu s dng cho vic nghin cu, v d, iu tra dn s, bo co hng nm ca Chnh ph, bo co ti chnh ca doanh nghip, vv D liu th cp khng ch bao gm nhng ti liu xut bn m cng c th cha xut bn.
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Uses of Secondary Data

(i) Reference Purpose
Some specific information from secondary sources may be used for reference purpose. For example, information about number of registered companies in Malaysia, its capital structure, performance may useful to quoted as a background information in a study on the performance of a specific industrial sector.
(i) Mc ch tham kho

Mt s thng tin c bit t nhng ngun th cp c th c dng tham kho. V d, thng tin v s lng doanh nghip ng k Malaysia, c cu vn ca h, hot ng c th c dng lm thng tin nn cho mt nghin cu v mt ngnh cng nghip nht nh.
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(ii) Used as Bench Marks

Finding of local or regional survey may be compared with national average. (iii) Used as the Sole Source of Information for Research.
(ii) S dng lm chun so snh Cc kt qu kho st ca a phng v khu vc c th c dng so snh vi trung bnh ton quc. (iii) S dng nh mt ngun thng tin duy nht cho qu trnh nghin cu.
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Data Collection Method

Primary data can be collected through interviews or observations. Interview: It may be defined as a two way systematic conversation between an investigator and an informant (respondent), initiated for obtaining information relevant to a specific study. Observation: Observation may be defined as a systematic viewing of a specific phenomenon in its setting for the specific purpose of gathering data for a particular study.
D liu s cp c th c thu thp bng phng vn hoc quan st. Phng vn: Phng php ny c th hiu l mt giao tip h thng gia iu tra vin v i tng phng vn, thng tin thu thp ban u c lin quan n mt nghin cu c th. Quan st: Phng php ny c th hiu l vic quan st mt hin tng c th trong trng thi nht nh vi mc ch thu thp d liu cho mt nghin cu c th.
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Interview
Types of Interview: Unstructured Structured
Methods of Interview:
Face-to-face
Telephone Mailed Computer Assisted
Cc loi hnh Phng vn Phi cu trc C cu trc Cc phng php phng vn: i mt trc tip in thoi Th Phng vn qua my tnh
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Questionnaires
This is a common instrument of primary data collection. It contain a set of questions logically related to a problem under study, aim at eliciting responses from the respondents. y l mt phng tin thng dng trong vic thu thp d liu s cp. Bng bao gm mt b cu hi l gc lin quan n vn ang nghin cu, vi mc ch gi m phn ng ca i tng c hi.
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Observational Survey
Types of Observation:
Participant Observation:
Loi hnh quan st:
In this observation the observer is a part of the group which is observed and he act as both observer and participant.
Quan st tham gia: Trong hnh thc ny quan st vin l mt phn ca nhm c quan st v anh ta hnh ng nh quan st vin cng nh thnh vin. Quan st khng tham gia: Quan st vin khng phi l mt phn ca nhm. Phng php ny yu cu k nng quan st ghi nhn m khng b nhn din.
Non-participant
Observation: Observer does not part of the group. This method calls for skill in recording observations in an unnoticed manner.
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Note: This part is related to Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Findings
Ch : Phn ny c lin quan n Chng 4 Phn tch d liu v Kt qu

Getting Data Ready For Data Analysis

Editing Coding Categorizing Entering Data

Bin son Gn mc Phn loi Nhp d liu
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Data Editing
After the data is collected no matter whether it is secondary, primary or mixed it must immediately be edited by a qualified person. Editing the data for clarity and readability makes it easily understandable, so the transfer to storage can be more efficient. Editing can detect obviously incorrect answers to question. Missing data also checked at this stage.
Sau khi d liu c thu thp khng quan trng l d liu s cp, th cp hay tng hp u phi c bin son ngay lp tc bi ngi c chuyn mn. Bin son d liu sng sa v d c c th d dng tm hiu, nh vy qu trnh chuyn i sang lu tr cng hiu qu hn.
Qu trnh bin son cng gip pht hin ra nhng cu tr li khng chnh xc. D liu thiu ht cng c xc nhn ti bc ny.
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Handling Blank Response

Some answers may have been left blank because the respondent did not understand the question, did not know the answer or not willing to answer or any other reasons. If more than 25% of the items in the questionnaire have left unanswered, it is better not include the sample in the data set for analysis. If it is less than 25 %, allow computer to ignore the blank answer, or assign mean value of the response, or if it is scale, assign the midpoint of the scale, etc.
Mt s cu tr li s b b ng bi ngi c hi khng hiu cu hi, khng bit cu tr li hoc khng sn sng tr li hay mt l do no khc.
Nu trn 25% s mc trong bng cu hi b b ng, th khng nn a mu vo trong b d liu nghin cu Nu di 25%, cho php my tnh b qua nhng cu tr li trng, gn gi tr cho cu tr li, nu l cu hi mc , gn gi tr trung gian gia hai cc,vv
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Coding
Coding simply transforms data from one form into another form. Normally it
involves the translation of data into numerical values for the purpose of transferring data into software for subsequent data analysis.
Vic gn m n gin l chuyn d liu t dng ny sang dng khc. Thng thng thng qua vic chuyn dch d liu sang gi tr s hc vi mc ch chuyn d liu thnh s ha cho bc phn tch tip theo.
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Categorization
The responses are classified into meaningful categories so as to bring out their essential pattern. For example occupations can be categorized as Professionals, Clerical, Service and Skilled labour,
Cc cu tr li c phn loi thnh cc nhm to thnh nhng mu cn thit.
Unskilled labour.
V d, nhm ngh nghip c th c phn loi thnh Chuyn ngnh, Vn phng, Dch v hay Lao ng tay ngh cao, lao ng ph thng.
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Entering Data
Raw data can be entered through any software programme. It is possible to
add, change or delete values easily after the data have been entered. It is also easy to compute the new variables.
D liu th c th c nhp vo bng bt k phn mm no. Vic thm bt, thay i hay xa gi tr s d dng hn sau khi nhp.
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STATISTICS
THNG K
DESCRIPTIVE
M T
INFERENTIAL
SUY LUN
1. FREQUENCIES 2. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY -mean -median -mode 3. MEASURES OF DISPERSION -range -standard deviation -variance
1. TNH THNG XUYN 2. O LNG XU HNG TP TRUNG -trung bnh -trung im -phng thc 3. O LNG S PHN TN -khong - lch chun - dao ng
1. Pearson Correlation 2. Chi-Square (X) 3. T-test 4. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 5. Multiple Regression Analysis
1. Tng quan Pearson 2. Chi-Square (X) 3. T-test 4. Phn tch dao ng (ANOVA) 5. Phn tch a hi quy
99
Descriptive Statistics Help to describe the phenomena of interest [by indicating the number of times a specific phenomenon occur; by showing their average & the spread of the data, etc]. Inferential Statistics Help to draw inferences or conclusions from the analysis of data, such as the correlations between variables or how two variables are related to each other, etc.
Thng k m t: H tr m t hin tng nghin cu [bng cch th hin s ln mt hin tng c th din ra; cho bit s trung bnh v s dn tri ca d liu; vv]
Thng k suy lun: Gip rt ra suy lun hay kt lun t vic phn tch d liu, v d nh mi lin quan gia cc bin s hoc cc bin s c lin h vi nhau nh th no, vv
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DATA INTERPRETATION
Practice in the interpretation will be based on: 1. Frequency Distributions 2. Measures of Central Tendency & Dispersion 3. Pearson Correlations 4. Hypothesis testing with tTest, Chi-square test, and Multiple Regression Analysis. Gii m d liu s da trn:
1. 2.
Phn vng tnh thng xuyn o lng Tnh Tp Trung v Phn Tn Tng quan Pearson Kim tra gi thuyt vi TTest, kim nh Chi-Square v Phn tch a hi quy.
3. 4.
101
102
Research Report
A research report is a formal statement of the research process and its
results. It narrates the problem studied, methods used for studying it and the findings and conclusions of the study.
Mt bo co nghin cu gm mt tuyn b chnh thc v qu trnh nghin cu v kt qu. Tng thut li vn nghin cu, phng php nghin cu p dng v thnh qu, kt lun ca nghin cu.
103
An Executive summary or Synopsis

An executive summary is presented in the case of applied research and a synopsis is presented in the case of basic research. It highlights the following information:
Problem statement Sampling design Data collection
Data analysis
Findings and
recommendations
Mt bn tm tt tng th c p dng trong trng hp nghin cu p dng cn bn tng qut s dng cho nghin cu c bn. N lm ni bt cc thng tin sau: Vn t ra Thit k mu Thu thp d liu Phn tch d liu Thnh tu v Khuyn ngh
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American Psychological Association (APA) FORMAT

References: Ngun tham kho:
http://www.writinghelp-central.com/apa-format-rules.html http://www.dianahacker.com/pdfs/hacker-shaw-apa.pdf http://my.ilstu.edu/~jhkahn/APAsample.pdf http://www.umlib.um.edu.my/publications/APA-Guide.pdf
http://employees.csbsju.edu/proske/nursing/apa.htm
http://webtech.kennesaw.edu/tbrown/apaformat.htm
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Research Method

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TS.

Dr Nguyen Thanh Hieu

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Chapter 2: Literature Review

and research findings. Justify their research findings.

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Chapter 3: Research Methodology

3.10.4 Phn tch hi quy a tuyn tnh

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Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Findings

4.1 Gii thiu

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Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion

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Nghin cu c s thc t - tr li cu hi v gii php cho cc vn y l mt iu tra c mc ch v c t chc

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Hng ti gii php cho cc vn hin ti

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knowledge for future use.

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N lc m rng cc gii hn ca tri thc

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Basic Research Example

demand stimulation tactics

H thng tin lng v Hiu sut lao ng

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Tin hnh khi cn c quyt nh cho mt vn thc tin

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Applied Research Examples

McDonalds c nn a ba ti vi m vo thc n ca h khng?

Should Procter & Gamble add a high-priced home

teeth bleaching kit to its product line?

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Basic Differences Between Basic and Applied Research

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Note: This part is related to Section 1.2 Problem Statements

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problem by differentiating it from antecedent or the consequences.

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Preliminary Data Collection

Thu thp d liu s b

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Dr Nguyen Thanh Hieu

Cc dch v ti liu dn chng Sch v Bo ch Bo co chnh ph L thuyt nghin cu

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Review of Literature as a Source of Problem Identification

To identify gaps in the research

To avoid reinventing the wheel

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Presentation of the Review

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Ch : Lao ng bt mn trong Ngnh Bng Tin lng S gi lm Thng p lc cng vic

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Ch : Bin ng gi c phiu Vit Nam

Bt n chnh tr Tng trng kinh t Lm pht Li sut

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Argument and Counter Argument

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