Mt vi gi PTIT 2014 ROUND 2

Bi A: Din tch n hnh ch nht.

K thut sweep line.

Chia min n hnh ch nht theo cc cnh song song vi trc Oy nh hnh v.
tnh ton cho hiu qu, cn ri rc ha ri co d liu li. Vi mi cp cnh L_i,
L_(i+1) lin nhau, din tch cn tnh += [L(i+1).x L_i.x] * chiu di ph trn trc
Oy.
Bi D: Khong cch ln nht.
Bi ny c rt nhiu trng hp xy ra, tuy nhin, vn ng ch l x l d
liu. Cc s nm trong khong -2^63 ti 2^63, nn khong cch ln nht cn tm
c th t ti 2^64, do cn s dng kiu d liu unsigned long long.
Gi a_min = min(all a_i), a_max = max (all a_i). Cc trng hp xy ra:
1) [L,R] nm ngoi on [a_min, a_max].
2) [L,R] giao nhau vi [a_min, a_max]:
* Giao nhau 1 phn;
* [L,R] nm trong [a_min, a_max];
* [L,R] cha [a_min, a_max];

Bi E: Thut ton sp xp.

Thuc lp bi ton Random walks trn th.
Gii thch test 2: trng thi ST 2 1 END 1 2
Thut ton ca T: C 4 kh nng (i,j) xy ra: (1,1); (1,2); (2,1); (2,2). Xc sut
i c l 1/2, v xc sut khng i c l 1/2.
Xc sut i t ST ti END trong 1 bc, p(1) = 1/2;
i t ST ti END trong 2 bc l p(2) = 1/2*1/2;
i t ST ti END trong 3 bc l p(3) = 1/2*1/2*1/2;
..................................................

K vng s bc cn thc hin l:

1
.n 2.
n
n 1 2

EX p(n) * n
n 1

Thut ton ca To: C duy nht 1 kh nng l i = 1, do ch mt 1 bc i

n trng thi kt thc.
Gii thch test 4: trng thi ST: 3 2 1 END 1 2 3
Thut ton ca T:

Mi bc c 9 cch chn (i, j): (1,1); (1,2); (1,3); (2,1); (2,2); (2,3); (3,1); (3,2);
(3,3). i vi trng thi ST, cc cp (1,1); (2,2); (3,3) s khng di chuyn, cp

(1,2) hay (2,1) s a trng thi ST ti trng thi mi l (2, 3, 1) vi xc sut l p =

2/9, c tng t nh vy, ta xy dng c th vi cc xc sut di chuyn nh
trn. Mi mt ln di chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc, tng ng
vi vic thc hin 1 ln php ton sp xp theo thut ton cho.
Gi E(X) l k vng ca s bc cn di chuyn t trng thi X ti trng thi END.
Ta c:
E(END) = 0;
E(D) = E(END)*2/9 + E(D)*7/9 + 1 E(D) = 9/2 = E(B);
E(C) = E(D)*2/9 + E(B)*2/9 + E(C)*5/9 + 1 -> E(C) = 27/4= E(A);
E(ST) = E(END)*2/9 + E(C)*2/9 + E(A)*2/9 + E(ST)*1/3 + 1 E(ST) = 6.
T gc nhn ny, tnh c E(ST), ta s i ngc t trng thi END ln
update gi tr k vng cho cc nt lin trc, cng vic ny c thc hin bi th
tc quy.
Bi F: L bi may mn.
Yu cu ca bi ton tng ng vi tm phn t ln nht trong dy s m
nguyn t cng nhau vi tt c cc phn t cn li.
Bi G: S man mn.
C th s dng sinh nh phn sinh tt c cc s c cu to t 2 ch s ra (c t
hn 10^6 s), cng vic cn li ch l kim tra c bao nhiu s <= n.
Bi I: Cn nguyn thy.
C th lm theo cch nh ngha ca bi. Mt cch khc ngn gn hn l s
dng cng thc s cc cn nguyn thy mod p = phi(phi(p)) trong phi(p) l phi
hm Euler, l s cc s nguyn dng nh hn p v nguyn t cng nhau vi p.
Bi J: H thng m cung.
Bi ton lung cc i trn th.
S dng thut ton Dinic.