Goc - GT Modun 04 - SX Thuc An Chan Nuoi

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B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN
GIO TRNH M UN
SN XUT THC N
M S: M04
NGH: SN
XUT THC N HN HP
CHN NUI
Trnh : S cp ngh
H Ni, Nm 2011
1
TUYN B BN QUYN
Ti liu ny thuc loi sch gio trnh nn cc ngun thng tin c th c
php dng nguyn bn hoc trch dng cho cc mc ch v o to v tham
kho.
Mi mc ch khc mang tnh lch lc hoc s dng vi mc ch kinh
doanh thiu lnh mnh s b nghim cm.
M TI LIU: M 04
2
LI GII THIU
Pht trin chng trnh dy ngh trnh s cp nhm p ng nhu cu
o to ngh nng nghip cho lao ng nng thn giai on 2010 2015 ca B
Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, l nhu cu cp thit ca cc c s o to
ngh. i tng hc vin l lao ng nng thn, vi nhiu tui, trnh vn
ho v kinh nghim sn xut khc nhau. V vy, chng trnh dy ngh cn kt
hp mt cch khoa hc gia vic cung cp nhng kin thc l thuyt vi k
nng, thi ngh nghip. Trong , ch trng phng php o to nhm xy
dng nng lc v cc k nng thc hin cng vic ca ngh theo phng chm
o to da trn nng lc thc hin.
Chng trnh o to ngh sn xut thc n hn hp chn nui c
xy dng trn c s nhu cu hc vin v c thit k theo cu trc ca s
DACUM. Chng trnh c kt cu thnh 5 m un v sp xp theo trt t lgc nhm cung cp nhng kin thc v k nng t c bn n chuyn su v sn
xut thc n hn hp chn nui.
Chng trnh c s dng cho cc kho dy ngh ngn hn cho nng
dn hoc nhng ngi c nhu cu hc tp. Cc m un c thit k linh hot
c th ging dy lu ng ti hin trng hoc ti c s dy ngh ca trng.
Sau khi o to, hc vin c kh nng t sn xut, lm vic ti cc doanh nghip,
trang tri chn nui, nhm h gia nh, cc chng trnh v d n lin quan n
lnh vc lin quan n sn xut thc n hn hp chn nui.
Vic xy dng chng trnh dy ngh theo phng php DACUM dng
cho o to s cp ngh nc ta l mi, v vy chng trnh cn nhiu hn ch
v thiu st. Ban xy dng chng trnh v tp th cc tc gi mong mun nhn
c s ng gp ca cc nh khoa hc, cc nh qun l gio dc v cc bn
ng nghip chng trnh hon thin hn./..
Xin chn thnh cm n!
Tham gia bin son:
1. Lm Trn Khanh (Ch bin)
2. Nguyn Danh Phng
3. L Cng Hng
3
MC LC
MC
TRANG
SN XUT THC N HN HP CHN NUI .............................................. 0

TUYN B BN QUYN .................................................................................. 1
LI GII THIU .................................................................................................. 2
MC LC ............................................................................................................. 3
CC THUT NG CHUYN MN, CH VIT TT..................................... 7
M UN 4: SN XUT THC N HN HP CHN NUI .................... 8
Gii thiu m un:.......................................................................................... 8
Bi 1. La chn cc phng php phi hp thc n ......................................... 8
Mc tiu :........................................................................................................ 8
A. Ni dung: ................................................................................................... 8
1. Kho st cc h thng dy truyn sn xut thc n. .................................. 8
1.1. Xc nh cc dy truyn sn xut thc n. .............................................. 8
2. Phn tch cc phng php phi trn thc n hn hp ............................ 15
2.1. Nguyn l lm vic ca dy chuyn sn xut thc n vin chn nui.. 15
2.2. Kt cu v cc thng s k thut ca cc dy truyn cng ngh: ......... 15
2.2.1. Dy chuyn tip nhn v x l nguyn liu th:................................ 15
2.2.2. Dy chuyn nh lng v o trn: .................................................. 24
2.2.3. Dy chuyn vn chuyn v b phn cha trung gian ........................ 28
2.2.4. Dy chuyn to vin v x l vin: .................................................... 31
4. Thc hnh ................................................................................................. 38
4.1. iu kin thc hin cng vic ............................................................... 38
4.2. Cc bc thc hin cng vic ............................................................... 38
4.3. Cc dng sai hng v cch phng nga ................................................ 39
B. Cu hi v bi tp thc hnh ................................................................... 39
C. Ghi nh .................................................................................................... 39
Bi 2. Xy dng cng thc phi trn thc n hn hp ................................... 40
Mc tiu :...................................................................................................... 40
A. Ni dung: ................................................................................................. 40
1. Xc nh nhu cu dinh dng cho vt nui ............................................. 40
1.1. Xc nh nhu cu dinh dng cho b.................................................... 40
1.2. Xc nh nhu cu dinh dng cho ln .................................................. 42
1.3. Xc nh nhu cu inh dng cho g .................................................... 46
1.4. Xc nh nhu cu dinh dng cho vt ................................................... 48
2. Xc nh cc phng php phi hp thc n. .......................................... 51
2.1. Phn mm phi hp khu phn formulation ......................................... 51
2.2. Phn mm phi hp khu phn ultramix .............................................. 56
2.3. Phn mm phi hp axit amin khu phn degussa ............................... 62
2.4. Phn mm phi hp axit amin khu phn degussa ............................... 64
2.5. Phn mm phi hp khu phn single-mix ........................................... 66
3. Lp khu phn thc n ............................................................................. 67
3.1. Xy dng khu phn thc n cho ln.................................................... 67
3.2. Tin hnh xy dng khu phn thc n cho g:................................... 70
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4. Thc hnh ................................................................................................. 73
C. Ghi nh .................................................................................................... 81
Bi 3. Phi trn thc n ................................................................................... 82
Mc tiu :...................................................................................................... 82
A. Ni dung: ................................................................................................. 82
1. Xc nh cc loi thc n v s lng, cht lng thc n. .................... 82
2. Chun b thc n....................................................................................... 82
2.1. Thc n c ngun gc thc vt: ............................................................ 82
2.1.1. Thc n xanh: ..................................................................................... 82
2.1.2. Thc n r, c, qu: ............................................................................ 82
2.1.3. Thc n t cc loi ht ng cc v sn phm ph: ............................ 83
2.1.4. Thc n t ht h u v kh du: ..................................................... 83
2.2. Thc n c ngun gc ng vt: ........................................................... 84
2.2.1. Bt c:................................................................................................. 84
2.2.2. Bt tht: ............................................................................................... 84
2.2.3. Bt tm, tp, moi bin: ....................................................................... 84
2.3. Cc sn phm ph ca cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin khc: ............. 84
2.3.1. Sn phm ph ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut ru, bia: ................ 84
2.3.2. Sn phm ph ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut ng, tinh bt: ...... 85
2.4. Thc n b sung: ................................................................................... 85
2.4.1. Thc n b sung m: ........................................................................ 85
2.4.2. Thc n b sung khong: ................................................................... 86
2.4.3. Cc cht b sung khc: ....................................................................... 87
2.4.5. Premix: ............................................................................................... 87
3. Chun b dng c phi trn. ..................................................................... 87
3.1. Chun b dng c phi trn. .................................................................. 87
3.2. Phng tin phi trn. ........................................................................... 88
4. Phi trn khu phn n. ............................................................................ 92
5. Bao gi v bo qun thc n .................................................................... 93
5.1. Bao gi sn phm .................................................................................. 93
5.2. Bo qun thc n ................................................................................... 94
6. An ton lao ng v v sinh cng nghip ................................................ 94
6.1. An ton lao ng: .................................................................................. 94
6.1.1. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn: ................................................... 94
6.1.2. Nhng bin php hn ch v yu cu c th v an ton: ................... 95
6.2. V sinh nh my: ................................................................................. 96
6.2.1. V sinh nh my: ................................................................................ 96
6.1.2. Nh ca v thit b: ............................................................................ 97
6.1.3. V sinh c nhn: ................................................................................. 97
7. Thc hnh ................................................................................................. 97
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C. Ghi nh .................................................................................................... 98
Bi 4. Kim tra, nh gi thc n sau phi trn .............................................. 99
Mc tiu :...................................................................................................... 99
A. Ni dung: ................................................................................................. 99
1. Xc nh cc loi thc n cn kim tra, nh gi..................................... 99
1.1. Kim tra v nh gi s lng thc n. ................................................ 99
1.2. Kim tra cht lng thc n. ................................................................. 99
2. Xc nh phng php kim tra. .............................................................. 99
2.1. Phng php bng cm quan. ............................................................... 99
2.2. Cc phng php kim tra bng phn tch. ........................................... 99
3. Chun b dng c, thit b kim tra. ....................................................... 100
3.1. Chun b dng c kim tra. ................................................................. 100
3.2. Chun b thit b kim tra. ................................................................... 100
4. Kim tra nh gi. .................................................................................. 100
4.1. Kim tra bng phng php cm quan. .............................................. 100
4.2. Kim tra kch thc, ng u v cng ca vin thc n. ........ 102
4.3. Kim tra gi tr dinh dng ca thc n ............................................. 105
5. Thc hnh ............................................................................................... 106
5.1. iu kin thc hin cng vic ............................................................. 106
5.2. Cc bc thc hin cng vic ............................................................. 106
5.3. Cc dng sai hng v cch phng nga .............................................. 107
B. Cu hi v bi tp thc hnh ................................................................. 107
C. Ghi nh .................................................................................................. 107
Bi 5. Xc nh hao ht v cn bng vt cht................................................ 108
Mc tiu :.................................................................................................... 108
A. Ni dung: ............................................................................................... 108
1. Xc nh t l hao ht qua cc cng on .............................................. 108
1.1. T l hao ht i vi nguyn liu th ................................................. 108
1.2. T l hao ht i vi nguyn liu dng mn: ...................................... 108
1.3. T l hao ht i vi bt bn thnh phm i phi trn: ...................... 108
1.4. T l hao ht i vi bt thnh phm i ng bao: ............................ 108
1.5. T l hao ht i vi bn thnh phm cng on to vin v x l vin:
.................................................................................................................... 108
2. Tnh cn bng vt cht: .......................................................................... 109
3. Thc hnh ............................................................................................... 109
3.2.1. Tnh ton t l hao ht qua cc cng on sn xut ........................ 110
3.2.2. Tnh ton cn bng vt cht cho sn phm dng bt lm thc n cho
ln vi tng khu phn. .............................................................................. 110
3.2.3. Tnh ton c cn bng vt cht cho sn phm dng vin lm thc n
cho g vi tng khu phn ......................................................................... 113
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3.2.4. Tng kt nh gi kt qu tnh ton ................................................. 117
C. Ghi nh .................................................................................................. 118
Bi 6. Lp s sch theo di ............................................................................ 119
Mc tiu :.................................................................................................... 119
A. Ni dung: ............................................................................................... 119
1. Xy dng s sch ................................................................................... 119
1.1. D ton sn xut. ................................................................................. 119
1.2. Hch ton sn xut. ............................................................................. 121
2. Phn loi v ghi chp s sch. ................................................................ 126
2.1. S ci ................................................................................................... 126
2.2. S chi tit ............................................................................................. 127
3. Vit bo co nh k............................................................................... 130
4. Thc hnh ............................................................................................... 131
4.2.1. Lp bn d ton sn xut thc n hn hp....................................... 131
4.2.2. Lp bn hch ton sn xut thc n hn hp ................................... 133
4.2.3. nh gi hiu qu bn d ton v hch ton ................................... 133
C. Ghi nh .................................................................................................. 133
HNG DN GING DY M UN .......................................................... 134
I. V tr, tnh cht ca m un/mn hc: .................................................... 134
II. Mc tiu: ................................................................................................ 134
1. Kin thc: ............................................................................................... 134
2. K nng: ................................................................................................. 134
3. Thi : ................................................................................................... 134
III. Ni dung chnh ca m un: ................................................................ 134
IV. Hng dn thc hin bi tp, bi thc hnh ........................................ 135
1. Nguyn vt liu: ..................................................................................... 135
2. Cch thc t chc ................................................................................... 135
3. Thi gian: ............................................................................................... 135
4. S lng ................................................................................................. 135
5. Tiu chun sn phm .............................................................................. 136
V. Yu cu v nh gi kt qu hc tp ..................................................... 136
5.1. Bi 1: La chn phng php phi hp thc n ................................. 136
5.2. Bi 2: Xy dng cng thc hn hp ................................................... 136
5.3. Bi 3: Phi trn thc n ....................................................................... 137
5.4. Bi 4: Kim tra nh gi gi tr dinh dng thc n........................... 137
5.5. Bi 5: Xc nh hao ht v cn bng vt cht ..................................... 138
5.6. Bi 6: Lp s theo di ......................................................................... 138
VI. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................ 139
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CC THUT NG CHUYN MN, CH VIT TT
Stt
T vit tt
Gii thch
VTM
ME
Nng lng trao i (kcal/kg)
VT
Vt ti
GT
Gu ti
LFPC
DO
Kg/h
Kilogram/ gi
m/s
Mt/giy
10
r/min
Vng/pht
11
mpa
p lc hi
12
mm
Minimet
13
Micromet
14
icnh
n v tnh ca Anh (1inch = 2,54cm)
15
ml
Vitamin
H thng iu khin dy truyn sn xut

thc n
Du Diezen
ng knh (phi)
Mililit
8
M UN 4: SN XUT THC N HN HP CHN NUI
M m un: M 04
Gii thiu m un:
Ngui hc sau khi hc xong m un ny c kh nng la chn c
phng php phi trn thc n, xy dng c cng thc hn hp, phi trn
thc n, kim tra nh gi uc gi tr dinh dng thc n, xc nh c hao
ht v cn bng vt cht, lp c s theo di. M un ny c ging dy theo
phng php dy hc tch hp gia l thuyt v thc hnh, kt thc m un
c nh gi bng phng php trc nghim v lm bi tp thc hnh.
Bi 1. La chn cc phng php phi hp thc n
Mc tiu :
Sau khi hc xong bi ny ngi hc c kh nng:
- Xc nh c cc phng php phi hp khu phn thc n chan nui.
- La chn c cc phng php phi hp khu phn theo yu cu k
thut.
A. Ni dung:
1. Kho st cc h thng dy truyn sn xut thc n.
1.1. Xc nh cc dy truyn sn xut thc n.
a. Gii thiu chung v cc h thng dy truyn sn xut thc n
Hnh 1: S cng ngh HSZP5F3L Model
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S dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut thc n cng nghip chn nui
Nguyn liu kh
Nguyn liu mn
Tch kim loi
Tch kim loi
Lm sch
Lm sch
Si l cha
Si l cha
My nghin
Si l cha
Cn
Si l cha
Vi lng
My phi trn
Si l cha
p vin
R mt, m
Bt thnh phn
Si l cha
My lm ngui
My b vin
Sng phn loi
Vin Thnh phn
ng bao
- Cc dy chuyn trong cng ngh sn xut thc n hn hp
My bo qun
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Dy chuyn cng ngh la chn xp theo chiu ng nhm li dng tnh
t chy ca nguyn liu.
Dy chuyn cng ngh l t hp ca nhiu dy chuyn khc nhau, bao
gm:
+ Dy chuyn tip nhn v x l nguyn liu th.
+ Dy chuyn tip nhn v x l nguyn liu mn.
+ Dy chuyn nh lng v phi trn.
+ Dy chuyn to vin v x l vin.
+ Dy chuyn cn v ng bao thnh phm.
Tt c cc cng on trong dy chuyn sn xut v thit b c iu
khin t h thng my tnh trung tm.
- c im chung ca cc dy truyn:
Nguyn liu thu mua t bn ngoi c t ti ch v nh my, qua cn
t ng t pha cng, lc ny trn my tnh s hin th khi lng ca ton b
ti trng ca xe v nguyn liu, sau nguyn liu c a vo kho cha
em i x l cn xe khi i ra s qua cn t ng mt ln na cn ti trng ca
xe t ta bit c khi lng ca nguyn liu va nhp vo nh my.
+ Dy chuyn tip nhn v x l nguyn liu

Tch kim loi nhm loi b cc mu kim loi ln trong nguyn liu. Sng
tp cht nhm tch cc tp cht nh: cc tp cht ln, rm r, sn, cc tp
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cht c hnh dng si... thu c nguyn liu c cng tnh cht, to iu kin
thun li cho qu trnh tip theo.
Thit b: s dng nam chm tch kim loi, my sng c lp qut gi.
+ Dy chuyn nh lng v phi trn
nh lng: nhm mc ch xc nh mc , liu lng cc thnh phn
thc n, cho tng loi hn hp thc n theo t l quy nh i vi tng loi vt
nui, cng bo m chnh xc cng tt
Phi trn: nhm khuy trn cc thnh phn thc n c nh mc
thnh mt hn hp ng u, m bo cho vt nui n t l cc thnh phn
trong hn hp
+ Dy chuyn to vin v x l vin
My to vin thc n chn nui c nhim v nh hnh cc hn hp thc
n sau khi trn thnh dng vin.
+ Dy chuyn cn v ng bao sn phm
Sn phm ca nh my c hai dng:
Dng bt
Dng vin
Hn hp sau o trn nu a i ng bao ngay ta s c sn phm dng
bt, nu a qua cng on to vin ta s c sn phm dng vin. Sn phm
c ng bao 25 kg/bao nh cn v ng bao t ng.
b. Gii thiu mt s dy chuyn sn xut thc n
- Dy chuyn sn xut thc n gia sc dng vin nng sut 5-6 tn/gi
AWLA.
11
12
1
2
3
10
13
14
15
Hnh 2. Dy chuyn sn xut thc n vin nng sut 5-6 tn/gi ca cng
ty AWILA- cng ha lin bang c.
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1.Gu ti, 2.Mng cp liu, 3.Trc phn phi, 4. My nghin s b, 5. Vt
ti, 6. silo cha, 7.Trn vt trc ngang, 8.Silo cha, 9. B phn thu hi, 10. My
lm ngui, 11. siclon lc bi, 12.My p vin, 13,14,15. B phn thu hi sn
phm.
- Dy chuyn sn xut thc n gia sc dng bt 10 tn/gi, dng vin 7
tn/gi ca cng ty VAN- AASEN.
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Hnh 3. Dy chuyn sn xut thc n dng bt nng sut 10 tn/gi, thc

n dng vin nng sut 7 tn/gi ca cng ty VAN-AASEN (H Lan).
Nguyn tc hot ng ca dy chuyn nh sau: Nguyn liu dng cc,
dng ht c gu ti a vo cc sil cha. Di mi silo u c cc vt ti
a nguyn liu t sil ti cc b phn nh lng theo kiu cng dn. Hn hp
sau khi c nh lng a vo my nghin sau i qua my trn kiu vt
xon. i vi dy chuyn sn xut thc n dng bt th thc n sau khi c
trn s chuyn sang b phn thu hi sn phm, cn dy chuyn sn xut thc n
dng vin, bt sau khi nghin chuyn sang my p vin, ti my lm ngui, sng
phn loi.
- H thng iu khin dy chuyn sn xut thc n chn nui (LFPC)
iu khin t ng qu trnh cn, trn cc thnh phn phi liu (cm, bt
ng, bt c...) cng vi du bo v cc cht vi lng theo cng thc (t l phi
trn) v cng ngh nh, m phng trng thi hot ng ca ton dy chuyn
sn xut trn mn hnh, ng thi lu tr v thng k s liu trong tng thi
gian lm vic c th. Tch hp cn ng bao thnh phm
c tnh k thut chnh:
+ Cho php to, lu v chn cng thc sn xut.
+ t trc tham s cho mi ln lm vic (chn cng thc, khi lng m,
s m, cc thi gian trn, x v bm cht bo...).
13
+ iu khin 2 cn nh lng cho 9 n 16 thnh phn (tu theo cu hnh
dy chuyn sn xut), cn theo nguyn tc cng dn tng thnh phn. Nng sut
dy chuyn 2-20 tn/gi
+ C c ch t b sai s h thng. chnh xc cn tnh: 0.1%; cn ng:
0.5%.
+ Hot ng phn cp: B LFPC iu khin, my tnh m phng, lu tr
v qun l. B LFPC c ch lm vic c lp v lu tr s liu cho 500 m.
+ Cho php lm vic ch t ng v bn t ng.
+ C ch chy kim tra kim tra ton b h thng trong iu kin
khng ti.
+ Cho php in s liu tng m kim tra chnh xc, in phiu xut cho
mt ca lm vic v bo co thng k ngy, thng.
+ H tr vn hnh: Hng dn vn hnh h thng trc tip trn mn hnh,
hng dn lin quan n cc thng bo s c trong qu trnh lm vic.
+ Cn ng bao cho php t 5-50kg/bao; nng sut 2-10 tn /h
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1.2. Xc nh iu kin c s.
Vit Nam l nc nng nghip, phn ln dn c tp trung nng thn,
tham gia kinh t vn, ao, chung l ch yu. Trong ngnh chn nui em li
li nhun kinh t cao v c th pht trin trn mi a hnh. ngnh chn nui
pht trin mnh th chng ta cn u t xy dng cc nh my ch bin thc n
gia sc, gia cm phc v y v tt hn cho ngi chn nui, t a
ngnh cng nghip ch bin cc sn phm chn nui pht trin mnh.
- c im t nhin
+ a im xy dng nh my: Nh my phi xy dng gn trung tm v
thun tin cho giao thng, trn vng t cao, bng phng, rng, khng b ngp
ng.
+ V kh hu: Min bc Vit Nam c kh hu tng i n nh, nm
trong khu vc nhit i gi ma v chia lm 4 ma r rt (xun, h, thu ng)
rt thun li cho pht trin ngun nguyn liu lm thc n cho gia sc.
+ Ngun nguyn liu: Ngun nguyn liu cung cp cho nh my thu mua
t ngun nguyn liu ca cc a phng trong tnh, cc tnh ln cn v ngun
nhp khu.
- H thng giao thng vn ti: V tr xy dng gn trc ng chnh thun
li cho vic vn chuyn, xut nhp nguyn liu, sn phm trong nh my vi
bn ngoi.
- Ngun cung cp in: S dng ngun in t hiu in th 220V/380V,
ngun in ly t li in quc gia, ngoi ra nh my c sn xut lin tc
nh my cn lp thm my pht in d phng.
15
- Ngun cung cp nc: S dng ngun nc t ging bm ca nh my,
c b lc x l nc trc khi a vo s dng.
- Thot nc v x l nc: Ngun nc thi ca nh my ch yu l nc
thi sinh hot nn khng cn thit phi c h thng x l nc thi ring trong
nh my.
- Hp tc ho: Nh my nn xy dng gn cc xng ch bin lng thc,
cc tri chn nui, nh vy c th tn dng cc ch phm, ph liu ca cc
xng, tiu th sn phm nhanh
- Ngun nhn lc: i ng cng nhn ch yu u tin trong tnh v cc
tnh ln cn. i ng cn b c tuyn dng, o to t cc trng hc.
- Ngun cung cp nhin liu: Nh my s dng du DO c ly t cc
trm xng du trong th trn
2. Phn tch cc phng php phi trn thc n hn hp
2.1. Nguyn l lm vic ca dy chuyn sn xut thc n vin chn
nui
Nguyn liu th cha t nh cn thit c nghin nh bng my
nghin. Sn phm nghin c cho vo bao thun tin cho vic cn nh
lng v np liu vo my trn. Cc thnh phn c nh lng bng cn th
cng v np trc tip vo trong my trn. Sau khi trn xong, sn phm thu c
l thc n hn hp chn nui dng bt.
to hnh vin thc n, thc n hn hp dng bt c p vin bng
my p vin kiu ci vng con ln. Thc n hn hp dng bt c np vo bun
ke bng vt ti ng. y bun ke c b tr vt ti ngang v c gn cc cnh np
liu cung cp lin tc hn hp vo my p vin. Trc khi a vo p bng
ci vng con ln, hn hp c gia m v lm chn. Sn phm ra khi my p
vin c m t 26 18 % v nhit t 55 650C. Bng ti nghing s vn
chuyn chng vo bung sy lm kh n m yu cu. Pha di bung
sy l bung lm ngui bng khng kh bn ngoi.
Sn phm thot khi bung lm ngui nh c cu gt kiu culit nm pha
di bung lm ngui ri vo my sng lc phng. Sng lc phng 10 phn
sn phm p vin c lm kh v thi ngui thnh 3 loi: Loi ln, loi t
yu cu v loi nh. Loi ln c a i lm nh bng my nghin, cng
vi sn phm loi nh a tr v p vin li. Sn phm t yu cu c v bao
chuyn giao, s dng hay lu kho.
2.2. Kt cu v cc thng s k thut ca cc dy truyn cng ngh:
2.2.1. Dy chuyn tip nhn v x l nguyn liu th:
a. Dy chuyn gia cng ng v sn lt kh:
16
* S cng ngh:
Nguyn liu vo
1
Ghi ch:
1. Phu cha nguyn liu
2. My tch kim loi
3. My sng kh ng
4. Phu cha ht sch
5. My nghin ba
7
6. Xyclon thu ph liu
7. Thng thu tp cht
3
7
4
Sn phm bt sch
* Nguyn l hot ng:

- Nguyn liu:
Ng ht vng, sn lt kh bo qun trong kho cha sau khi n nh khi
lng c bng ti chuyn n phu np liu.
- Tch kim loi: loi b kim loi ra khi nguyn liu bng nam chm in
hay nam chm vnh cu.
- Lm sch tp cht: nguyn liu c cho qua my sng kh ng loi
b tp cht: rm rc, t ct.
- Nghin nguyn liu:
y l khu quan trng v n nh hng n cht lng sn phm v kh
nng hp th ca vt nui.
Nghin nguyn liu th lm cho nguyn liu t kch thc theo yu cu,
to kh nng trn ln ng u gia cc cu t lm cho cht dinh dng c
phn b u, tng kh nng tiu ha. Nguyn liu c nghin mn s thun li
17
cho qu trnh to vin, gip vin thc n c b mt bng d lin kt hn gia cc
cu t.
Thit b: dng my nghin ba c m nghin ph. Ti y nguyn liu
nghin b tc ng bi cc lc va p v c xt trn m nghin, nguyn liu b
ph v to thnh cc ht mn c kch thc theo yu cu.
b. Dy chuyn gia cng kh du lc:
* S cng ngh:
Ghi ch:
1. Bng ti nguyn liu
2. My nghin th
3. Phu cha
4. My tch kim loi
5. My sng kh ng
6. Phu cha
2
3
4
5
9
1
7
Nguyn liu vo
* Nguyn l hot ng:
Sn phm bt sch
- Nguyn liu vo:

Kh du lc dng cc ming, yu cu khng b mc, m thch hp
sao cho d nghin khng trt. Kh du t h np liu c a ln bng ti vn
chuyn n my nghin th.
- Nghin th: Do nguyn liu kh du c dng cc ming nn thng phi
nghin th trong my nghin x trc rng nhm lm cho kh du dng cc nh
to iu kin cho cng on nghin mn t nng sut cao.
- Tch kim loi: bng nam chm in hay nam chm vnh cu nng cao
cht lng sn phm v to iu kin thun li cho cng on nghin.
- Sng tp cht: nguyn liu c cho qua my sng kh ng loi b
tp cht: rm rc, t ct.
- Nghin mn: Nguyn liu c a xung phu cha sau c nghin
mn trong my nghin ba nhm nghin kh du lc n kch thc yu cu. Bt
sau khi nghin cho vo sil cha trc khi cn nh lng.
c. Dy chuyn tip nhn v x l nguyn liu mn:
18
- S cng ngh:
Nguyn liu vo
1
Ghi ch:
2
1. Phu cha
2. My tch kim loi
3. Thng thu tp cht
4. My sng kh ng
3
4
3
Sn phm bt sch
- Nguyn l hot ng:

Tng loi nguyn liu mn n nh khi lng c a n phu np
liu ri qua h thng tch kim loi v sng tp cht. Sau cc sn phm dng
bt c a n tng phu cha ring bit cn nh lng em i phi trn.
d. Cc loi my nghin:
Nhim v: Lm nh nguyn liu n kch thc yu cu.
Cng on nghin c thc hin bng my nghin kiu ba va p t do,
c qut lp sau bung nghin v thu hi sn phm bng xyclon.
* Cu to my nghin TN - 250
My nghin c xut s do B mn My Sau thu hoch Ch bin thit k,
ch to. M hiu ca my TN 250. My c cu to nh sau:
B phn cp liu kiu mng t chy theo phng tip tuyn vi bung
nghin. Lng cp liu iu chnh bng h ca cp liu. Mng cp liu lm
bng thp tm c chiu dy 2mm. tng cng cho mng, ming mng cp liu
vin bng cc thanh thp gc u cnh L 50 x 50 x 4. Mng lin kt vi thn
my nghin bng cc mi ghp bu lng. V bung nghin lm bng thp tm
dy 10 mm. Bn trong thnh bung nghin c b tr cc m p ph lm t thp
tm dy 10 mm, khoan l 10. Nh cnh sc ca ming cc l khoan lm tng
kh nng nghin v cc phn t nghin. R to ba nghin c ng knh tnh
n tm l cht treo ba l 400, ng knh tnh n u ba l 600. Cc
ba b tr thnh 6 hng v phn thnh 3 bi 4 a lp cht treo ba. Mi cht
treo ba lp 6 ba. Cc ba b tr trn ng xon c v ngn cch bi bc cch.
a lp cht treo ba c ng knh 475. Hai a ngoi cng c chiu dy 10
19
mm, hai a bn trong c chiu dy 4 mm. Cc a c hn cng trn moay
c ng knh 168. R to lp ba c chiu di 210 mm. Cht treo ba c
chiu di 230 mm, ng knh 22,5. Trc r to ba nghin c ng knh
phn lp r to l 62, phn lp bi l 60, phn lp bnh ai l 50. Trc r
to t trn 2 bi lp hai bn thnh my nghin. M hiu cm gi - bi l P
212. R to nhn truyn ng t ng c in 3 pha c cng sut 30 HP thng
qua b truyn ng ai thang vi t s truyn 1,66, s dy ai 4, m hiu ai B
97. iu chnh cng ai bng cch dch chuyn ng c in.
Sng bao quanh bung nghin mt gc 173,80. tng cng ca sng
khi lm vic, sng bng 3 thanh cong c chiu dy 10 mm vi cong tng
ng vi cong ca sng.
Pha di sng nm ngoi bung nghin l vt ti ng trc vi trc qut.
Vt ti c ng knh ngoi 210 mm, ng knh trong 60. Qut vn
chuyn l qut ly tm c ng knh ngoi 400 mm, ng knh trong 100 mm.
S vng quay ca qut ng tc vi s vng quay ca vt ti v bng 2.450
vg/ph. Trc qut t trn 2 cm gi - bi c m hiu P 210. Qut v vt ti
nhn truyn ng t ng c in 3 pha c cng sut 5 HP thng qua b truyn
ng ai thang vi t s truyn 1,66, s dy ai 2, m hiu ai B 82. iu chnh
cng ai bng cch dch chuyn ng c in.
B phn vn chuyn sn phm nghin kiu kh ng vi ng knh ng
vn chuyn 180. Lin kt gia qut v ng vn chuyn vo xyclon l lin kt
mm kiu mi ghp bao cao su m bo trnh hin tng rung lm nt hay gy
cc mi ghp hn.
Xyclon lm t thp tm dy 2 mm. ng knh ngoi ca xyclon l 650,
ng knh ng tm l 300, ng knh ca tho sn phm nghin l 220.
Thng s k thut ca my nghin nh sau:
+ Kiu cp liu: tip tuyn.
+ Kiu nghin: Kiu ba, va p t do c sng lp trong bung nghin.
+ Kiu thu hi sn phm nghin: Kiu kh ng v thu hi bng xyclon.
Lc bi bng ti vi.
+ Kch thc my: Di x Rng x Cao = 3.150 mm x 2.500 mm x 3.450
mm.
+ Chiu rng bung nghin 250mm.
+ ng knh bung nghin 620mm.
+ S ba: 36 ci.
+ Kch thc ba: Di x Rng x Dy = 130 mm x 50 mm x 10 mm.
+ Kch thc sng: 250 mm x 940 mm. Kch thc l sng gm c 1,5;
2; 6; 10.
20
+ Kch thc xyclon: ng knh 650, chiu cao 3.500 mm.
+ Cng sut ng c ko r to l 30 HP, ko qut l 5 HP.
+ Tc quay ca r to v qut l 2.450 vg/ph.
+ Nng sut thit k: Khi nghin bp ht l 500 800 kg/h; khi nghin
khoai m lt l 1.500 2.000 kg/h.
* Hot ng ca my nghin TN - 250
Hot ng ca my nghin TN 250 c m t nh sau:
Nguyn liu nghin cung cp vo my bng th cng. Tu theo mc
m ca ca iu chnh m nguyn liu ri vo bung nghin nhiu hay t ph
hp vi cng sut ko ca ng c in. Vi nhng nguyn liu c kch thc
b, d chuyn ng nh bp ht, go, ht u nnh th qu trnh chuyn ng t
mng cp liu l hon ton t chy. Vi nhng nguyn liu c kch thc ln
nh khoai m lt hay c h s ma st vi thp v gc dc t nhin ln th ca
iu chnh m ti a v cng nhn vn hnh phi dng tay y khi nguyn
liu nghin vo bung nghin.
Khi ri vo bung nghin, nguyn liu nghin gp ba quay vi vn tc
ln p ngay khi tip xc thnh cc phn t nghin. Cc phn t nghin lin tc
b va p thnh cc phn t nh bi ba nghin hay gia chnh cc phn t
nghin. Ngoi ra, chng cn ch xt ln nhau, ln b mt li sng hay m p
ph cng nh khi chuyn ng chng va p vi b mt ca cc chi tit trong
bung nghin. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng, cc phn t nghin lin tc phn ly
bi li sng, cc phn t nh chui qua l sng ra ngoi, cc phn t cha
chui qua do c kch thc ln hay b cn tr bi nguyn nhn no tip tc b
nghin nh. Kh nng chui qua l sng cn tip sc bi lung khng kh ht do
qut t bn ngoi bung nghin to ra. Hn hp khng kh sn phm nghin
vt ti la i cp vo ca vo ca qut ly tm. Qut ly tm gia tc cho dng
khng kh sn phm nghin vo ng dn ti xyclon theo phng tip tuyn.
Ti xyclon, dng khng kh sn phm nghin s tin hnh phn ly theo nguyn
l ly tm v trng lc: Cc ht c kch thc ln b lng xung pha y xyclon
nh tc dng ca lc ly tm sinh ra do dng khng kh sn phm nghin
chuyn ng trn v trng lc tc dng ln. Cc sn phm nghin c gi li
trong ti vi. Cc ht sn phm nghin c kch thc qu b, s b dng khng
kh chnh ko ln pha trn theo ng tm thot ra ngoi mi trng. c th
thu hi tt cc sn phm nghin qu b ny, ngi ta cn lc dng khng kh
sn phm nghin ny bng ti vi mt ln na trc khi tr khng kh tr v mi
trng. Nh vy hn ch c s tht thot sn phm nghin v gp phn hn
ch nhim mi trng.
S ngi lao ng vn hnh khi nghin cc nguyn liu dng ht c nng
sut di 1 tn/gi l 1 ngi, khi nghin nguyn liu c nng sut cao trn 1
tn/gi l 2 ngi.
* My nghin ng ht vng:
21
- S dng my nghin ba hiu: N3T.
- Nng sut thit k: 1,446 tn/gi.
- c tnh k thut:
+ Nng sut thit b: 1 - 3 tn/gi.
+ Cng sut ng c: 30 kw.
+ Kch thc c bn (mm): D R C = 1400 950 1750.
* My nghin sn lt kh:
- S dng my nghin ba hiu: KY-1,2.
- c tnh k thut:
+ Nng sut thit b: 1,0 - 1,2 tn/gi.
+ Kch thc bung nghin (mm): ng knh Chiu rng = 740180.
+ S ba: 76 ci.
+ Kch thc c bn (mm): Di Rng Cao = 2690 1100 2850.
+ Khi lng my: 750 kg.
* My nghin th kh du lc:
- S dng my nghin trc cun hiu: -0,5.
- c tnh k thut:
22
* My nghin mn kh du lc:
- S dng my nghin ba hiu: MM-0,3.
- c tnh k thut:
+ Cng sut ng c: 7 - 8 kw.
+ Kch thc bung nghin (mm): ng knh Chiu rng = 300 185.
+ S ba: 72 ci.
e. Sng tp cht:
* Sng tp cht cho ng ht vng:
- S dng my sng kh ng hiu: STC-10.
- c tnh k thut:
+ Cng sut ng c in: 1 kw.
+ Kch thc l sng (mm):
Sng nhn = 15.
Sng phn loi: = 5, = 10.
+ Tn s dao ng ca sng trong 1 pht: 100.
+ Kch thc ca cc sng (mm): Di Rng = 1400 670.
+ Khi lng: 520kg.
* My sng tp cht cho sn lt kh:
- c tnh k thut: tng t my sng tp cht cho ng ht vng.
* My sng tp cht cho kh du lc qua nghin th:
23
- c tnh k thut: tng t my sng tp cht cho ng ht vng.
* My sng tp cht cho cc loi nguyn liu mn:
- S dng my sng hiu: A1-.
- c tnh k thut:
+ Cng sut ng c: 7,5 kw.
+ Tn s quay ca trng: 420 vng/pht.
+ Din tch b mt ca sng: 0,44 m2.
+ Tc vng quay: 5,25 m/s.
+ Tc dao ng ca sng nhn trong 1 pht : 1000.
+ nghing ca sng: 1/10.
- Khi lng: 350 kg.
f. Tch kim loi:
* My tch kim loi cho ng vng:
- S dng my hiu: A1C.
- c tnh k thut:
+ Nng sut (Tn/gi): 0,5 - 2.
+ Hiu sut lm sch (%): 92-99.
+ Kch thc trng in t (mm):
ng knh: 400.
Chiu di: 500.
+ Tc vng quay cc tiu (m/s): 0,9.
+ Tc vng quay cc i (m/s): 1,7.
+ Bin dao ng (mm): 1.
+ Cng sut ng c (Kw):
Cho trng: 0,8.
Cho b phn np liu: 0,6.
+ Kch thc c bn (mm): Di Rng Cao : 1420 x 990 x 1500.
+ Khi lng (kg): 1200.
* My tch kim loi cho sn lt kh:
24
- c tnh k thut: tng t my tch kim loi cho ng ht vng.
* My tch kim loi cho kh du lc:
* My tch kim loi cho cc loi nguyn liu mn:
- S lng: 1 my.
2.2.2. Dy chuyn nh lng v o trn:
a. nh lng
nh lng l mt trong nhng khu rt quan trng khi sn xut thc n
hn hp. My nh lng s xc nh mc , liu lng cc thnh phn ca
tng loi hn hp thc n theo t l nht nh i vi tng loi vt nui theo
tng thc n c th, cng m bo chnh xc cng tt. Vic nh lng
khng chnh xc cc tiu phn s lm thay i gi tr ca thc n, gi thnh sn
xut v c cu mt hng. c bit l i vi nhng thnh phn thc n chim t
l nh (nht l nhng nguyn t vi lng) i hi chnh xc cao, nu nh
lng qu mc qui nh c th gy tc hi n c th vt nui.
Thit b nh lng: dng cn t ng t trt ti khi khi lng, lm
vic gin on, nh lng theo m, c chnh xc cao, dng ph bin.
nh lng theo th tch c nhiu loi thit b nhng ta dng thit b nh
lng kiu a. Khi nh lng phi ch chnh xc ca thit b v t l cc
khu phn trong thc n thc n hn hp.
* Cn nh lng:
- S dng cn nh lng kiu a hiu: TK.
- c tnh k thut:
+ Nng sut (kg/pht): 15-220.
+ Cng sut: 0,7 kw.
+ Tn s quay ca a (vng/pht): 25,5.
+ chnh xc ca php nh lng %: 0,27.
25
b. o trn:
* Mc ch ca o trn:
o trn lm tng thm gi tr dinh dng v p ng yu cu dinh dng
ca vt nui.
Nhim v: Trn u cc thnh phn nh.
* Nguyn tc o trn:
- Thnh phn nguyn liu thc n phi a dng b sung cht dinh
dng cho nhau, nng cao gi tr dinh dng.
- Gi tr dinh dng thc n hn hp phi t c tiu chun dinh dng
cho tng loi vt nui.
- Cn i t l protein ng vt/protein thc vt l 1 3 .
- B sung y vitamin v khong cht.
- T l m t gii hn cho php, c cht chng oxy ha.
- Thc n hn hp phi c mi thm, ngon.
- Thc n hn hp dng vin phi c kch c ph hp quy nh.
- m khng qu 14%, ct sn khng qu 1%, kim loi khng qu
0,25%.
* Thit b:
Cng on trn c thc hin bng my trn hn hp bt kh, trn gin
on theo m thc hin trn tng phn kiu mt trc vt thng ng.
C rt nhiu loi thit b o trn, tuy nhin y ta ch dng thit b o
trn nm ngang c 2 trc o trn. Dng my trn c b phn cnh quay, thng
cha c nh. B phn o trn ca my l vt ti ng quay trong thng cha.
* Cu to my trn:
- Cu to my trn: My trn gm c trc, cnh trn, v b phn
truyn ng ai hnh thang. nhim v ca my trn l t bt kh c b xung
hi nc vo ri o v lm mm, khin cho nguyn liu hp th y lng
nhit, nc v dch th t c yu cu to vin ri vn chuyn ti my p to
vin. My trn kiu cnh c loi 1 cp , 2 cp v nhiu cp. Nhng my trn
kiu cnh 1 cp l loi my trn hin ti c s dng rng ri nht.Vng quanh
trc chnh ca my trn ni chung chia lm 2 cp 125 vng/pht gi l tc
thp, t 125500 vng/pht gi l tc cao. Thng thng my trn 1 cp c
vng quay 300375 vng/pht v thi gian trn 10 15 giy. Cn vi my trn
nhiu cp th thi gia trn di hn.
Trc cnh trn v v my u ch to bng thp khng r
26
Hnh 5: Cu to ca my trn
1:
5: Np y
2: Bch
6: Trc ra ca my gim tc
3: Bung trn
7: ng c in vi hp gim tc
4: Trc trn
My trn c xut s do B mn My Sau thu hoch Ch bin thit k,
ch to. M hiu ca my MTV - 500. My c cu to nh sau:
V thng lm bng thp tm dy 3 mm. ng knh thng trn l 1.000,
ng knh ng bao vt v ng khuych tn l 270. Gc cn phn hnh nn l
600. Vt trn c ng knh ngoi l 250, ng knh trong l 60. Cnh vt
c chiu dy 4 mm. Chiu cao ca my l 2.850 mm. Vt ti nhn truyn ng
trc tip t ng c in 3 pha c cng sut 5 HP bng b truyn ng ai thang
vi t s truyn 0,33, s ai truyn ng l 2, m hiu ai B 97. M hiu gi
- bi pha trn l F 210, m hiu bi pha di l 7310.
Cc thng s k thut:
+ Kiu trn:Trn tng phn, gin on kiu 1 trc vt thng ng.
+ Kch thc my: Di x Rng x Cao: 1.650 mm x 1.350 mm x 2.850 mm.
+ ng knh thng trn 1.000, ng knh ng bao vt v ng
khuych tn 270.
+ ng knh ngoi vt 250, ng knh trong 60, bc vt 200 mm.
+ Cng sut ng c ko vt ti l 5 HP.
+ Tc quay ca vt ti 435 vng/pht.
+ Nng sut m trn: 500 kg/m.
+ Thi gian trn mt m: 5 - 7 pht.
+ trn u: > 92 %.
27
- Hot ng ca my trn MTV 500
Hot ng ca my trn MTV 500 c m t nh sau:
Nguyn liu trn c cung cp vo my bng th cng. Cc thnh phn
c np vo my trn theo cng thc v khi lng nh.
Nh dc v kt cu ph hp, nguyn liu hu nh t chy vo trong
my. Vt ti s vn chuyn my theo phng thng ng vo my trn. Qu
trnh chuyn ng trong vt ti, cc ht nguyn liu s chuyn ng quay trn
cng vi vt v c nng ln pha trn. Do ma st vi b mt cnh vt v b mt
ng bao vt, cng nh gia cc ht phn t vi nhau m cc cu t c trn
u. Qu trnh trn trong my trn vt ng theo c ch trn khuych tn, trn
ct v trn nghin.
Sau mt khong thi gian trn cn thit t 4 7 pht qu trnh trn t
trn u hn hp cao nht, sn phm trn c tho ra ngoi qua ca tho liu
t i din vi ca np liu. Tng thi gian np liu, trn, tho sn phm
khong 15 pht. V vy nng sut theo thi gian ca my c biu kin l
2.000 kg/h.
S cng nhn vn hnh my k c nh lng, np v tho liu l 2 ngi.
* My o trn nm ngang:
- Theo tnh ton, nng sut my o trn l: 1,886 (tn/gi).
- Thi gian trn 1 m thc n l: 6 pht.
- Nng sut yu cu: 1,886 (tn/gi) ng vi 10 (m/ gi).
- Nng sut yu cu 1 m: 0,189 (tn/m).
- S dng my o trn hiu: TN1.0
- c tnh k thut:
+ Nng sut (tn/m): 1.
+ Cng sut ng c (kw): 15.
+ Kch thc c bn (mm): D R C = 3100 650 1100.
* Thc hin:
Tt c cc thnh phn thc n c nh lng s cho vo my o
trn trn thnh mt hn hp ng u. Ngoi ra my o trn cn c nhim
v tng cng cc phn ng ha hc hay sinh hc khi ch bin thc n, tng
cng qu trnh trao i nhit khi un nng hay lm lnh, ha tan cc cht khc
nhau.
Qu trnh o trn c b sung thm r ng v cc thnh phn vi lng
nh: premix v mui n. R ng, cc thnh phn vi lng cho vo nhm tng
s kt dnh, tng bn cho vin thc n, tng gi tr dinh dng, kch thch gia
sc, gia cm n ngon.
28
Nn cho bt vo khong 2/3 th tch my o trn ri mi b sung r
ng, trnh trng hp r ng tip xc trc tip vi my, lm gim hiu sut
trn v gim bn ca my.
2.2.3. Dy chuyn vn chuyn v b phn cha trung gian

Nhim v: Vn chuyn nguyn liu, bn thnh phm v thnh phm theo
qu trnh cng ngh.
a. Vt ti
Nhim v: Np hn hp trn vo sil cha ch p vin.
- Cu to chung v nguyn l lm vic .
Hnh 6. Cu to vt ti hnh ch u
29
Hnh 7: Cu to ca vt cp liu
1: My gim tc v ng c iu tc
6: trc vt
2: u trc ra ca my gim tc
7: Np
3: Np vo liu
8: thn vt
4:ch
9: Bch
10:
b. Sil cha thc n hn hp

Nhim v: D tr v cung cp hn hp m bo cho qu trnh p vin
c lin tc, pht huy c nng sut p vin ti a.
* Tnh sil cha:
Nguyn liu c cha trong cc sil tin cho vic s dng v m
bo qu trnh sn xut c lin tc. Chn cc sil than hnh tr, y hnh nn
ct v c gc nghing 45o.
Th tch cn cha ca sil c tnh theo cng thc:
V = VN + VT =
Trong :
QT
(m3)
+ Q: Nng sut ca dy chuyn (kg/h) (chn nng sut ln
nht).
+ : Thi gian d tr (h).
+ : Khi lng ring ca nguyn liu (kg/m3).
+ : H s cha ca sil, chn = 0,8.
+ VN, VT: Th tch phn hnh nn, hnh tr (m3).
+ V: Th tch cn cha ca sil (m3).
* Tnh sil cha kh du lc dng mnh sau cng on nghin th:
30
- Nng sut ca dy chuyn: 706 kg/h.
- Khi lng ring ca kh du lc: 450 (kg/m3).
- Chn thi gian d tr : T = 10 pht = 1/6 h.
+ Th tch cn cha ca sil:
V=
706 1
= 0,33 (m3)
450 0,8 6
S sil chn: 1 sil.

Chn: h2 = 2D v d = D/5.
Trong :
h2: Chiu cao phn hnh tr (m).
h1: Chiu cao phn chp nn (m).

h: Chiu cao phn tho liu (m).
H: Chiu cao c sil (m).
D: ng knh phn hnh tr (m).
d: ng knh tho liu (m).
+ Chiu cao phn y nn : h1 =
1
1
( D d )tg 45 0 = (D d )
2
2
1
3
1
4
+ Th tch phn y nn: VN = 3,14 h1 ( D 2 + d 2 + D d )

+ Th tch phn hnh tr: VT =
3,14
D 2 h2
4
+ Thay (5.2), (5.3), (5.4) vo (5.1) ta c:

VX = VN + VT =
D = 3
812D 3 3
m
1500
( )
1500V X
(m)
812
+ Thay VX = 0,33 vo (5.5) ta c: D = 0,58 (m).

+ Vy:
ng knh phn hnh tr: D = 0,58m.
ng knh ng tho liu: d = 0,12m.

Chn chiu cao ng tho liu: h = 0,1m.
Chiu cao phn hnh tr: h2 = 1,16m.
Chiu cao phn y nn: h1 = 0,23m.
Chiu cao ca c sil: H = h1 + h2+ h = 0,23 + 1,16 + 0,1 = 1,49 (m).
c. Bng ti PVC
Nhim v: Vn chuyn vin thc n sau khi p i sy.
31
Thng s KT: PVC1
Thng s KT: PVC
Di 3.000 mm
Di 4.000 mm
Rng 400 mm
Rng 400 mm
Cao 800mm
Cao 800mm
Thng s KT: PVC3
Thng s KT: PVC4
Di 8.000mm
Di 1.500 mm
Rng 800mm
Rng 300 mm
Cao 750mm
Cao 550mm
2.2.4. Dy chuyn to vin v x l vin:

- Nhim v: To hnh vin thc n theo kch thc v hnh dng qui nh,
tho mn yu cu k thut chn nui.
- Mc ch: My to vin s nh hnh cc hn hp thc n sau o trn
thnh dng vin. To vin lm cht cc hn hp, tng khi lng ring v th
tch, lm gim kh nng ht m v oxy ha thc n trong khng kh, gi cht
lng dinh dng. Thc n hn hp bo qun c lu hn, gn hn, vn
chuyn d dng hn, gim c chi ph vn chuyn v bo qun.
- Thit b p vin
+ Cu to bung p vin
32
1,3: mc cp
12: Ca xung liu
2: B my
13: Vt cp liu
4: Nam chm
14: My trn
5: Mng xung liu
15: Hp gim tc
6: Bung to vin
16: ng c in
7: Np
17: Cng tc hnh trnh
8:Hp truyn ng chnh
18: Khp ni
9: ng c iu tc
19: ng c chnh
10:Hp gim tc
20: Cng tc hnh trnh
11: Phiu
21: H thng bi trn
My p to vin gm c trc c trong, trc rng bao ngoi, ngha l 2

trc lng vo nhau. Trc rng c 2 bi, vng ngoi ca bi lp vo 2 thn lp
cht vo thnh my. Mt u trc c mt bch lp khun p. Khi trc rng
quay th khun p quay theo tc quay ca khun phi cn c vo c tnh ca
nguyn liu v cn c vo ng knh ca vin chn cho ph hp. theo kinh
nghim th vi khun p c ng knh l b th phi s dng tc tip tuyn
tng i cao, cn vi khun c ng knh l khun ln th phi s dng vn
tc tip tuyn tng i thp .Vn tc tip tuyn ca khun c nh hng n
hiu sut to vin, n tiu hao nng lng v chc ca vin. Trong phm vi
nht nh, vn tc ca tip tuyn ca khun cao th nng sut cao, nng lng
33
tiu hao cao, cng ca vin va ch s t l h ho bt cng tng ln. Ni
chung, vi ng knh l khun l 3,2 6,4mm th vn tc tip tuyn ca khun
rt cao c th t ti 10,2m/s; cn khi ng knh l khun 16 19mm th vn
tc tip tuyn ca khun p l 6,1 6,6m/s. Nu s dng 1 loi vn tc tip
tuyn sn sut a dng loi thc n l khng tt , chng hn khi s dng my
p vin c ln sn xut thc n vin c ng knh nh th cht lng v hiu
qu khng tt nh s dng my p vin c nh: c bit r rng nht l khi sn
xut thc n chn nui gia cm v thc n chn nui thu sn c ng knh 3
mm. Nguyn nhn l vn tc tip tuyn ca khun p qu p cn ng knh
ca qu l p li qu ln to cho nguyn liu p qua l qu nhanh, t khin
cho ch s cng v t l h ho ca bt b nh hng khc phc tnh trng
ni trn nhm thch ng vi nhu cu ra cng cho cc nguyn liu v cc ng
knh l khun khc nhau nuc ngoi nhiu cng ty kt cu 2 3 tc tip
tuyn khc nhau ca khun trn mt my.
Trc c khng quay v c lp trn mt u ca trc c c 1
mt bch .Trn mt bch c lp 2 hoc 3 qu l p Qu l p quay trn
quanh mnh n khe h gia qu l p vi khun p phi iu chnh thich hp
mi p to thnh vin c kh h ny ni chung l t 0,1 n 0,3 Nguyn l
lm vic ca bung p vin
Hnh 8 : Nguyn l lm vic ca bung p

1: Khun p
6,14: Bnh rng iu tit
2,16: Bulng kp cht
9: Dao gt liu vo
3,15: Qu l p
17: Dao ct vin
4,7,10,13: ai c chng ni 18: Vin

lng
19: Khu vc vt liu to vin
5,8,11,12: Bulng iu chnh
+ Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b p vin:
34
Bt sau o trn oc np vo b phn tip liu ca my p ht, b sung
thm mt lng hi nc cn thit to cho sn phm t n m ph hp vi
yu cu cng ngh.
Sau khi trn v lm nng, bt c a vo b phn to ht. Thng
m s tng t 13% ln 18%.
Ht thc n khi ra khi khun p c to = 5080oC s c a i lm lnh
v lm kh bng khng kh my lm ngui, lc m s gim t 18%
xung 14%.
Ht c ct thnh nhng vin c kch thc ph hp nh my b vin.
Sau ht s n my sng vin, nhng vin c kch thc qu nh c a
tr li my p ht, nhng vin c kch thc qu ln c a tr li my b
vin, nhng vin c kch thc t yu cu c a xung xyclon cha sn
phm.
- My p to vin:
+ S dng my p to vin hiu: EV380.
+ Nng sut thit k: 1,97 tn/gi.
+ c tnh k thut:
Nng sut (tn/gi): 1 - 3.
35
Cng sut ng c (kw): 30.
Kch thc c bn (mm): Di Rng Cao = 1000 700 900.
Thng s k thut loi my p vin trn:

Thng s/ k hiu my
HKJ 250
HKJ 300 HKJ 350 HKJ 450 HKJ 610
Nng sut (tn/gi)
0.5-1.5
1-3
3-5
4-7
7-11
ng c chnh (kw)
22
45
55
90
150
ng c tip liu (kw)
1.5
2.2
2.2
ng c b iu phi (kw)
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.5
2.2
ng knh trong khun

(mm)
250
300
350
450
610
Tc vng quay (r/m)
348
348
348
348
348
S lng l p
Tc quay tip liu (r/min)
Tc quay iu phi
(r/min)
12-120
350
36
1.5 22.533.544.5
C vin (mm)
5681012
p lc hi (mpa)
Tiu hao hi (tn/gi)
Nhit hi ( C)
0.1-0.4
0.3
130-150
- My lm ngui vin:
+ S dng my lm ngui hiu: SLM 2.0.
+ c tnh k thut:
- My b vin:
+ S dng my b vin hiu: BV 2.0.
+ c tnh k thut:
Cng sut ng c (kw): 5,5.
- Sng phn loi vin:
37
+ S dng my sng hiu: SPL 2.0.
+ c tnh k thut:
2.2.5. Dy chuyn cn v ng bao thnh phm:
Sn phm ca nh my c 2 dng:
- Dng bt.
- Dng vin.
Sn phm c ng bao 5 hoc 20 kg nh h thng thit b cn v ng
bao t ng.
Bao ng sn phm l bao 2 lp: lp trong dng nilon trnh tip xc nc,
khng kh, lp ngoi lm t si nilon ghi nhn hiu, thi gian sn xut, hn dng.
* Cn, ng bao t ng:
- S dng my hiu: MN-75.
- Nng sut thit k: 1884 kg/gi.
- c tnh k thut:
+ Nng sut ng bao: 100 200 bao/gi.
+ Trng lng mi bao: 60 70 kg/bao.
+ Nng sut tnh theo trng lng: 6 14 tn/gi.
+ S vng quay: 980 vng/pht.
+ Kch thc c bn (mm): Di Rng Cao = 1700 x 1500 x 1600
- S lng my:
n=
1884
= 0,2
14000
Chn 2 my (1 my cn ng bao bt, 1 my cn ng bao vin).

3. La chn dy chuyn cng ngh
Thc n cng nghip l thc n m khi gia sc gia cm n vo y
cc cht dinh dng khng cn phi b sung thm mt thc n no khc.
Cng ngh sn xut thc n hn hp cho gia sc hay gia cm c s
dng trn th gii v nc ta ni chung v quy trnh v k thut sn xut l
38
tng t nhau. nc ta a s cc nh my u chn phng php phi trn,
cho nn cc thit b my mc s dng trong cng ngh thng ging nhau v
mt cu to v nguyn tc hot ng. Tuy nhin thit b v dy chuyn ca tng
hng sn xut khc nhau, c nhng c im ring, c tnh k thut cng khc
nhau.
Cn c vo iu kin c s, trnh khoa hc k thut, iu kin kinh t
ca doanh nghip v cng sut sn xut ca doanh nghip m la chn cc dy
truyn cng ngh cho ph hp.
4. Thc hnh
4.1. iu kin thc hin cng vic
- a im thc hnh: Ti c s sn xut thc n hn hp chn nui.
- Thit b, dng c: Phng tin i li, my tnh tay, giy bt, s sch, my vi
tnh.
4.2. Cc bc thc hin cng vic
- Thm quan dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut thc n hn hp
+ Xc nh mc tiu bui thm quan
+ Hng dn cc ni dung thm quan.
S b tr h thng cc dy chuyn sn xut
Cc thit b, my mc ca cc dy chuyn sn xut
Cc thng s k thut ca cc my mc v thit b
Nguyn tc hot ng ca cc thit b, my mc
- Thu thp thng tin v cc thng s k thut ca cc my mc, thit b.
+ Thit k b cu hi iu tra theo yu cu ni dung
+ Thu thp cc thng tin v cc dy chuyn sn xut thc n hn hp theo
cc ni dung:
S b tr h thng cc dy chuyn sn xut
Cc thit b, my mc ca cc dy chuyn sn xut
Cc thng s k thut ca cc my mc v thit b
Nguyn tc hot ng ca cc thit b, my mc
+ Quan st v ghi chp cc hot ng ca cc dy chuyn sn xut thc n
hn hp t u vo ti u ra.
- Tnh ton v la chn dy chuyn cng ngh xut ph hp (Tho lun
nhm nh):
+ Xc nh c thc trng cc dy truyn cng ngh ca c s sn xut
thc n hn hp thm quan
+ a ra cc thun li v kh khn ca c s sn xut
39
+ Tnh ton la chn dy chuyn cng ngh ph hp
Kch thc
Cng sut
Nng sut
Hng sn xut
S lng cc my mc, thit b
- nh gi v a ra gii php cho c s (Tho lun nhm nh):
+ nh gi c cc thun li kh khn ca c s
+ a ra cc gii php cho c s
+ Vit bo co tng hp
4.3. Cc dng sai hng v cch phng nga
- Hin tng: iu tra khng y cc thng tin v cc dy chuyn cng
ngh
- Nguyn nhn: Khi iu tra b st cc thng s k thut ca mt s thit
b nh
- Cch phng nga: iu tra y cc thng s k thut v nguyn l
hot ng ca cc my mc v thit b
B. Cu hi v bi tp thc hnh
Bi tp 1: iu tra thu thp thng tin v cc dy chuyn cng ngh ca 1
2 c s sn xut thc n hn hp Vit Nam
Bi tp 2: Tm hiu v quy trnh sn xut thc n hn hp ca mt c s
c uy tn bng thm quan trc tip hoc qua internet.
C. Ghi nh
- Xc nh cc phng php phi trn thc n hn hp
- Xc nh iu kin c s
- Phn tch cc phng php phi trn thc n hn hp
- La chn phng php phi trn thc n hn hp
- Thm quan c cc dy chuyn cng ngh ca c s sn xut
- Thu thp y cc thng s k thut v cc dy chuyn cng ngh ca c s sn
xut
- Tnh ton v la chn c dy truyn cng ngh sn xut ph hp
- a ra c cc gii php cho c s sn xut
40
Bi 2. Xy dng cng thc phi trn thc n hn hp
Mc tiu :
- M t c cc bc xy dng cng thc thc n.
- La chn c cng thc ph hp vi iu kin thc t
A. Ni dung:
1. Xc nh nhu cu dinh dng cho vt nui
1.1. Xc nh nhu cu dinh dng cho b
- Nhu cu dinh dng cho b c xc nh theo cc kt qu nghin cu
ca vin chn nui v cc nh nghin cu, v d nh sau:
Bng 1. Nhu cu ca b c ging hng sa trng thnh
Khi
VTA
lng (kg)
Nng
lng
(Kcalo)
Protein
(g)
Vitamin (1000
UI)
Khong
Ca (g)
P (g)
500
9,09
15790
789
20
12
21,20
3,30
600
10,43
18100
905
25
15
25,46
3,96
700
11,7
20320
1016
28
18
29,68
4,62
800
12,94
22460
1123
32
20
33,92
5,28
900
14,13
24530
1227
36
22
38,16
5,94
1000
15,29
26550
1328
41
25
42,40
6,60
1100
14,26
28520
1426
45
28
46,64
7,26
1200
15,22
30440
1522
49
30
50,88
7,92
Bng 2. Nhu cu ca b c ging (B a phng v b c Zebu)
Khi lng
(kg)
VT
A
Nng
lng
(Kcalo)
Khong
Protein (g)
400
7,5
15400
600
8,3
16600
Ca (g)
P (g)
250
18
13
300
20
15
41
700
9,6
19500
345
22
17
800
10,9
22100
390
25
19
900
12,0
24200
430
27
21
1000
13,1
26400
470
30
23
1100
14,1
28600
500
32
25
Bng 3. Nhu cu cho b ci c cha v nui con
Trng
lng
(kg)
Tng trng
(Kg/ngy)
Nng
lng
(Kcal)
Pr tiu
ha (g)
Canxi
0,00
6490
0,25
200
250
300
(g)
Photpho
(g)
Vitamin
(1000
UI)
157
8340
302
10
10
12
0,50
10200
358
14
13
19
0,00
7620
185
0,25
9810
340
12
12
14
0,50
11990
395
13
13
14
0,00
8760
212
10
0,25
11230
368
13
13
16
0,50
13800
423
14
14
16
Bng 4: Nhu cu n cho b ci giai on nui con

Trng
lng (kg)
Nng lng
Canxi
Photpho
(Kcal)
Pr tiu
ha(g)
(g)
(g)
Vitamin
(1000 UI)
200
11.200
364
18
18
13
250
14.000
455
22
22
16
300
15.200
480
23
23
17
42
Bng 5: Nhu cu cho b nui ln
Khi
lng (kg)
n
v thc n
Protei
n tiu ha
(g)
Canxi
(g)
Photp
ho (g)
Mui
n (g)
70
1,5
150
14
100
2,1
210
20
12
12
130
2,86
286
26
15
15
160
3,52
352
32
19
19
190
4,18
410
38
23
23
220
4,54
450
44
26
26
250
5,5
500
50
30
30
1.2. Xc nh nhu cu dinh dng cho ln

- Nhu cu dinh dng cho ln c xc nh theo cc kt qu nghin cu
Bng 6: Tiu chun n theo vin nghin cu k thut chn nui ln ca
Php
Giai on
30 kg
60 kg
Chun b
sinh sn
Ln c
trng thnh
4600
7300
7500
8400
n v thc n (V)
1,5
2,4
2,5
2,8
Protein tng s (g)
240
380
360
360
Lizin (g)
13
21
20
20
Methionin + xystin (g)
13
12
12
Ca (g)
13
25
25
21
P (g)
15
20
17
Thnh phn
NL tiu ho (Kcal)
Lizin/NL tiu ho
(1000kcal)
2,8
2,4
43
Bng 7. Nhu cu dinh dng cho ln ci hu b ngoi/ 1 ngy m

P (kg) ln
5 - 10
10 20
20 35
35 - 60
60 100
2100
4370
6510
8210
11550
132
225
272
350
455
Ca (g)
4,8
8,1
10,2
12,5
17,5
P (g)
3,6
6,3
8,5
10,0
14,0
VTM A (UI)
1300
2200
2850
3250
4550
VTM D (UI)
132
250
340
352
437
VTM B1 (mg)
0,8
1,4
1,9
2,8
3,9
VTM B2 (mg)
1,8
3,8
4,4
5,5
7,7
VTM B5 (mg)
7,8
13,8
17,8
27,5
38,5
VTM
(g)
0,9
18,8
18,8
27,5
35,5
DE (kcal)
Protein
(g)
th
B12
Bng 8. Tiu chun n ca ln ci hu b tnh theo NRC, 1998

Khi lngln ni
50 - 80 kg
80-120 kg
Tng trng tnh theo nc

(g/ngy)
300
325
350
300
325
350
Khi lng TB (kg)
65
65
65
100
100
100
DE c trong 1 kg thc n
3.400
(kcal)
3.400
3.400
3.400 3.400 3.400
ME c trong 1 kg thc n
3.265
(kcal)
3.265
3.265
3.265 3.265 3.265
DE n vo trong ngy (kcal)
8.165
8.165
8.165
9.750 9.750 9.750
ME n vo trong ngy (kcal)
7.840
7.840
7.840
9.360 9.360 9.360
Lng thc n n vo (kg)
2,40
2,40
2,40
2,865 2,865 2,865
44
Protein th %
15,5
16,3
17,1
13,2
13,8
14,4
Arginine
0,23
0,26
0,28
0,15
0,17
0,19
Histidine
0,21
0,23
0,24
0,16
0,18
0,19
Isoleusine
0,36
0,39
0,42
0,29
0,31
0,33
Leusine
0,66
0,72
0,77
0,51
0,55
0,59
Lysine
0,66
0,71
0,76
0,51
0,55
0,59
Methionine
0,18
0,19
0,21
0,14
0,15
0,16
Methionine + Cystine
0,39
0,42
0,44
0,31
0,33
0,35
Phenylalanine
0,39
0,42
0,46
0,30
0,33
0,35
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine
0,62
0,67
0,72
0,49
0,52
0,56
Threonine
0,43
0,46
0,49
0,34
0,37
0,39
Tryptopan
0,12
0,13
0,14
0,10
0,10
0,11
Valine
0,45
0,48
0,52
0,35
0,38
0,40
Nhu cu amino acid (%)
Bng 9. Tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN, 1994)

Loi ln
Ch tiu
Ln con
Ln choai
Ln v bo
10-20 kg
20-50 kg
50-90kg
Ln ni
Lai
Ngoi
Lai
Ngoi
Lai
Ngoi Cha
Nui
con
3200
3200
2900
3000
2900
3000
2800
3000
Protein (%)
17
19
15
17
12
14
14
16
X th (%)
<5
<5
<6
<6
<7
<7
<8
<8
Ca (%)
0,7
0,8
0,6
0,7
0,4
0,5
0,7
0,7
P (%)
0,5
0,6
0,45
0,5
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,5
Lysine (%)
1,0
1,1
0,7
0,8
0,6
0,7
0,6
0,8
ME (kcal)
45
Methi.(%)
0,5
0,6
0,4
0,5
0,3
0,4
0,35
0,4
Bng 10. Tiu chun n cho ln lai kinh t hng nc ba mu (ni x

ngoi)
Loi ln
Giai on 1
Giai on 2
Giai on 1
(10 30 kg)
(31 60 kg)
(61 100 kg)
2.900 3.000
2.900 3.020
2.900 3.050
Protein th (%)
17
15
13
X th
Canxi
0,8
0,7
0,7
Phtpho
0,6
0,5
0,5
Lyzyn
0,9
0,75
0,6
Metionin
0,5
0,4
0,35
Mui
0,3
0,5
0,5
Nhu cu
NLT
T)
(Kcal/kg
Bng 11. Tiu chun n cho ln lai hng nc nui tht (ngoi x ngoi)
Loi ln
Giai on 1
Giai on 2
Giai on 1
(10 30 kg)
(31 60 kg)
(61 100 kg)
2.900 3.100
2.800 3.000
2.900 3.000
Protein th (%)
19
17
15
X th
Canxi
0,9
0,8
0,7
Photpho
0,6
0,5
0,5
Lyzyn
0,95
0,9
0,8
Nhu cu
NLT
T)
(Kcal/kg
46
Metionin
0,55
0,5
0,4
Mui
0,35
0,5
0,5
1.3. Xc nh nhu cu inh dng cho g

- Nhu cu dinh dng cho g c xc nh theo cc kt qu nghin cu
Bng 12. Tiu chun thc n hn hp cho g (Tiu chun Vit Nam - 2265,
1994)
G ging
sinh sn hng tht
G ging
sinh sn hng trng
0-3 4-7 8-20 21-64 0-4 5-9 10-20

Nng lng trao
i (KCal/kg)
3000
3100
G tht
thng phm
21- 450-3 4-7 >7

44 72
G trng
thng
phm
21- 4544 72
3000
3100
3100
3000
3100
3100
Hm lng
protein (%)
23 21
18
16
21 18
17
16
24 21
18
17
X th (%)
Can xi (%)
0,9-1,0
1,1- 3,51,10,9-1,0
1,3 4,0
1,3
3,5-4,0
0,9-1,0
1,11,3
3,5-4,0
Phot pho (%)
0,4
0,35 0,40
0,45
0,35
0,4
0,4
0,35
0,4
Mui (CaCl) (%)
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,9-1,0
0,8
0,7
0,9-1,0
0,8
0,7
0,9-1,0
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,4
0,350,4
0,6
0,4
0,35-0,4
0,6
Lyzin (%)
Methionin (%)
0,4 0,35-0,4
47
Bng 13. Nhu cu cc cht dinh dng cho g Tam hong nui tht(1)
Giai on nui dng
Thnh phn
0-4 tun
tui
5-8 tun
tui
9-12 tun
tui
13 n
xut
chung
NLT (Kcal)
2950
3000
3100
3200
Protein th (%)
20.0
19.0
17.0
16.0
M th (%)
2.5
2.5
4.5
6.5
X th (%)
3.5
4.0
4.0
3.0
Can xi (%)
1.0
0.95
0.9
0.9
Phot pho tng s (%)
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
Pht pho hp th (%)
0.48
0.43
0.41
0.38
Mui n (%)
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
dinh dng
Bng 14. Nhu cu cc cht dinh dng ca g Tam hong hu b v g sinh

sn(1)
Giai on nui dng
Thnh phn
dinh dng
0-5
tun
tui
6-14
tun
tui
15-20
tun
tui
trng
(v ng
xun)
trng
(v h
thu)
NLT (kcal/kg)
2850
2750
2750
2750
2750
Protein th (%)
18.5
16.5
15.5
17.5
19.0
M th (%)
2.90
3.0
3.0
3.7
3.3
48
X th (%)
3.20
3.7
3.9
3.5
3.5
Can xi (%)
1.00
1.0
1.0
3.0
3.2
Photpho tng s
(%)
0.70
0.66
0.66
0.60
0.62
Pht pho d tiu

(%)
0.45
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.42
Lysin (%)
1.05
0.75
0.70
0.85
0.96
Methionin (%)
0.44
0.34
0.32
0.45
0.48
Methionin + cystin
(%)
0.72
0.62
0.59
0.65
0.69
Mui n
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
Clo
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
1.4. Xc nh nhu cu dinh dng cho vt

- Nhu cu dinh dng cho vt c xc nh theo cc kt qu nghin cu
Bng15: Thnh phn dinh dng trong thc n cho vt hng trng
(vt c, vt Khali Campbell)
Vt c, vt bu
Thnh phn
Vt
con
Vt Khali Campber
Vt hu
b (9
8 TT)
Vt
(25 74
TT)
Vt con
(0 8
TT)
2850
2750
2850
2900
2800
2800
Protein th (%)
18
13
16
19
14
16
Caxi (%)
0,9
0,9
2,5
1,0
1,0
3,2
Photpho (%)
0,6
0,65
0,65
0,65
0,65
0,7
Methionin (%)
0,4
0,3
0,37
0,42
0,33
0,40
dinh dng
Nng lng trao

i (Kcal/kg)
(0 8
TT)
Vt hu Vt
b (9
sau 24
8 TT) tun tui
49
Bng 16: Nhu cu dinh dng ca vt sinh sn hng tht trong thc n
hn hp tnh theo % (theo VN 90)
Thnh phn dinh
dng
Nng lng trao
i
Protein th
Caxi
Photpho
Natri
Methionin
Triptophan
Lyzin
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
n v tnh
Vt con( 1-8)
Tun tui
Vt hu b (924 tun tui)
Vt sau
25 tun tui
KCal/kg
2890
2890
2800
22
16
16
0,65
0,7
2,75
0,40
0,35
0,30
0,15
0,14
0,14
0,47
0,35
0,35
0,23
0,20
0,16
1,20
0,80
0,70
UI /kg
4000
3000
4000
UI/kg
500
400
500
UI/kg
20
0,5
20
Mg/kg
2,0
1,0
2,0
Bng 17 : Thnh phn dinh dng trong thc n hn hp ca vt tht

(Broiler)
Thnh phn dinh dng trong

thc n
Nng lng trao i (Kcal/kg)
Protein th (%)
Caxi (%)
Vt 0 2 tun tui
Vt 4 7 tun tui
3010
3110
22
16
0,65
0,60
50
Photpho hp thu (%)
0,40
0,35
Lizin (%)
1,2
1,0
Bng 18: Nhu cu dinh dng ca vt sinh sn hng trng

Loi vt
Vt con 0 3
tun tui
Vt hu b 4
22 tun tui
Vt sau 22
tun tui
2900
2900
2850
20
17
19
Caxi (%)
0,38
0,29
0,35
Photpho (%)
1,0
0,75
0,88
Natri (%)
0,2
0,15
0,2
Methionin (%)
0,9
0,8
2,9
Triptophan (%)
0,45
0,45
0,47
Lyzin (%)
0,15
0,15
0,15
Vitamin A (UI/kg)
4000
4000
8000
Vitamin D (UI/kg)
600
600
1000
Vitamin E (mg/kg)
20
20
20
Vitamin K (mg/kg)
0,01
0,01
0,01
Vitamin B12 (mg/kg)
Thnh phn dinh dng

Nng lng trao i (Kcal/kg)
Protein th (%)
Bng 19. Nhu cu dinh dng ca vt c tm tt nh sau:

Vt hng trng
Vt hng tht
Loi vt
Thnh phn dinh dng
Nng lng trao i
n
v
tnh
Vt con 0
3 tun
tui
Sau 3
tun tui
Vt
Kcal/k
g
2900
2900
2850
Vt
Sau 22
tun
tui
02 tun tui
3010
3110
51
Protein th
20
17
17
22
16
Caxi (%)
0,9
0,8
2,9
0,65
0,60
Photpho hp thu
0,45
0,45
0,47
0,40
0,50
Natri
0,4
0,5
0,5
0,40
0,5
X th
2. Xc nh cc phng php phi hp thc n.

+ Phng php hnh vung Pearson.
+ Phng php lp phng trnh i s.
+ Phng php lp khu phn thc n trn my tnh.
phn ny chng ti ch gii thiu phng php lp khu phn thc n
trn my tnh.
2.1. Phn mm phi hp khu phn formulation
a. Nguyn tc phi hp khu phn
* Xc nh nhu cu dinh dng ca gia sc, gia cm
- Da vo ti liu cng b v nghin cu v nhu cu dinh dng ca
gia sc, gia cm.
- Kt qu th nghim nui dng: y l c s ng nht, thc t nht
xc nh nhu cu dinh dng ca tng i tng trong tng iu kin c th.
- Nhu cu dinh dng ca gia sc, gia cm thay i ty theo loi, dng,
giai on pht trin, sc khe, nhit v cc iu kin mi trng khc.
- Tp tnh n t nhin ca i tng nui cng nn c xem xt.
* La chn nguyn liu phi hp
xy dng c khu phn thc n p ng c nhu cu ca gia sc,
gia cm cn phi nm vng gi tr dinh dng ca cc ngun nguyn liu d
kin la chn phi ch.
Mt vi im cn lu trong la chn nguyn liu:
+ Ngun nng lng: Khi cn cc thc n c nng lng cao th ch yu
l ht ng cc. Cn lu n hm lng x ca thc n. Nu x nhiu s lm
gim s ngon ming v tiu ha thc n, cht x cng s lm nh hng n
kt dnh ca vin thc n. Cc ngun nguyn liu c hm lng x cao
khng nn s dng lm thc n cho tm.
52
+ Ngun protein: Ngun protein cung cp tt nht cho gia sc, gia cm
ni chung l ngun protein ng vt. Tuy nhin gim gi thnh v cn i
acid amin thit yu, nn phi ch thc n t nhiu ngun protein.
Khi s dng ngun protein bt gia sc, gia cm bng bt ng vt khc
hoc bt thc vt. Mc thay th khng nn qu 50%. m bo dinh dng
cho gia sc, gia cm khi s dng cc ngun protein thay th bt c nn c th b
sung acid amin tng hp, cc acid bo thit yu, premix khong, vitamin. Tuy
nhin thc t l sinh trng v cht lng ca i tng nui khi s dng thc
n c ch yu l ngun protein thc vt vn km hn so vi protein t bt c.
Nguyn nhn l do cc cht b sung thng d b bin i trong qu trnh ch
bin cng nh v tan nhanh trong mi trng nc. Thm vo ngon
ming, cng ca vin thc n cng khng thch hp cho gia sc, gia cm.
+ c t : Mt im cn lu khi s dng cc ngun nguyn liu c
ngun gc thc vt thng c c t hoc cht khng dinh dng, do vic x
l cc ngun nguyn liu ny trc khi a vo phi ch thc n l cn thit,
nhm hn ch ti mc thp nht nh hng ca cc cht ny n sinh trng,
sc khe v c cht lng ca sn phm nui sau ny.
+ Bin i thnh phn sinh ha: Mt s ti liu c cng b v gi tr dinh
dng ca mt s ngun nguyn liu, tuy nhin trong s dng nn lu l cht
lng ca nguyn liu bin ng theo khu vc, ma, k thut ch bin v bo
qun. Do nn phn tch li thnh phn sinh ha ca nguyn liu trc khi
phi ch thc n.
+ Tng tc gia cc cht dinh dng:
C 4 kiu chnh v s tng tc gia cc cht dinh dng trong thc n:
Nhm vi lng vi cc thnh phn dng cht khc trong thc n: vt
nui n thc n thiu vitamin B1 nhng c hm lng carbohydrat cao th du
hiu bnh l th hin sm hn, t l cht cao hn l gia sc, gia cm n thc n
thiu vitamin B1 nhng c hm lng lipid cao. Qu trnh bin dng vitamin
B6 th c lin quan n qu trnh bin dng protein v acid amin. Nhu cu B6
ca gia sc, gia cm c lin quan n ngun nguyn liu cung cp protein l bt
c hay bt thc vt.
Khong vi khong: nhu cu Mg ph thuc vo hm lng Ca, P
Vitamin vi khong: kh nng hp thu khong hn ch nu trong thc n
thiu vitamin D. Thiu vitamin C nh hng n s hp thu Fe.
Vitamin vi vitamin: Du hin bng l s th hin nhanh v trm trng
hn nu thc n cung cp thiu c hai ngun B12 v folic acid
+ ngon ca thc n:
ngon ca thc n c nh hng n cng n ca c, nh hng
n kh nng tit dch tiu ha. Thc n mi ngon hn thc n c, tinh ngon
hn th, th xanh ngon hn kh, thc n m ngon hn thc n nng lng,
53
m ng vt ngon hn m thc vt, thc n cng nhiu khong cng km
ngon...
* Gi c v tnh sn c ca nguyn liu
Ngoi vn cht lng, vn gi c v tnh sn c ca nguyn liu
ng vai tr quan trng trong ch bin thc n chn nui. Khi xy dng c
mt cng thc thc n hon ho v mt dinh dng, nhng gi thnh cao, ngun
nguyn liu kh ch ng th khng th tiu th c trn th trng. V vy khi
xy dng cng thc thc n nn da vo ngun nguyn liu sn c ti a
phng, gi thnh r.
Ngoi ra gi c ca nguyn liu ph thuc theo ma, v vy nn xy dng
nhiu phng n s dng nguyn liu c th ch ng ngun nguyn liu v
h gi thnh.
b. Chng trnh phi hp khu phn bng phn mm Formulation
* Gii thiu chung
Khi phi hp khu phn n cho gia sc, gia cm, chng ta c th tnh ton
bng tay hoc s dng phn mm my tnh. u im ca cc phm mm my
tnh l tc s l nhanh nn rt ngn c thi gian tnh ton v gia tng v s
lng cc yu cu cn tnh ton. S sng phn mm my tnh cn tnh c
cng thc ti u v gi c vn rt kh gii quyt bng phng php tnh n
gin. Ty theo kh nng m c th s dng cc phm mm khc nhau. Phn
mm n gin nht s dng chng trnh Excel thit lp bng tnh vi nhng
cng thc thch hp hoc cc phn mm chuyn bit nh: Feedlive, UFFDA,
Feedmania, Ultramix
Cc phn mm chuyn bit ngoi vic tnh ton cng thc thc n cn c
th c chc nng so snh gi tr dinh dng ca cc ngun nguyn liu, bo
qun cc cng thc, d liu gim bt thi gian tm kim, tnh ton. Cn lu
l ngi s dng cc phn mm trong t hp khu phn cn phi c kin thc
cn bn v tin hc, c bit phi hiu bit su sc v dinh dng v thc n
c c mt kt qu ph hp vi yu cu dinh dng ca gia sc, gia cm cng
nh gi thnh thch hp cho ngi s dng.
Chnh v vy chng ti gii thiu mt chng trnh phi hp khu phn n
cho gia sc gia cm trn my tnh: Formulation. Chng trnh c xy dng
trn c s gii bi ton ti u: cn bng cc yu t dinh dng trong thc n vi
gi thp nht. u im ca chng trnh ny l thn thin vi ngi s dng do
c vit bng ting Vit vi ngun c s d liu ca Vit Nam.
Chng trnh Formulation c xy dng nhm mc ch phi hp khu
phn n ca cc loi vt nui nh ln, gia cm v c. Chng trnh c mt s
c im sau:
- C th phn chia thnh 3 loi i tng gia sc khc nhau (chng hn:
ln, gia cm v c), s dng cc thnh phn dinh dng ca nguyn liu thc n
ph hp vi tng loi vt nui.
54
- Lu gi cc cng thc thc n, cc nguyn liu thc n vi thnh phn
ho hc ca chng. Kh nng lu gi cho mt loi i tng vt nui bao gm:
+ Lu gi rt nhiu cng thc thc n hoc cc khu phn khc nhau.
+ Lu gi nhiu nguyn liu thc n khc nhau.
+ Ti a 32 loi thnh phn dinh dng khc nhau ca mt loi nguyn
liu thc n khc nhau.
- D dng lu gi cc cng thc thc n hoc khu phn phi trn.
- D dng tra tm cc thnh phn dinh dng ca thc n c lu gi.
- D dng tra tm mt thnh phn dinh dng ca cc nguyn liu thc n
c lu gi.
- D dng nhp cc nguyn liu mi vo c s d liu khi phi trn khu
phn n da trn cc nguyn liu cc nguyn liu ny.
- C th phi hp mt khu phn hoc mt cng thc hn hp tho mn
cc nhu cu dinh dng ng thi c chi ph thp nht.
Tuy nhin, chng trnh cha cp nht gi ca cc loi thc n (do gia c
lun bin i trn th trng), tc gi ch nhp s th t bnh thng chng
trnh c th hot ng. V vy khi phi hp khu phn cho mt loi gia sc, gia
cm no , khi s dng loi thc n no: cn ch V TR T TRONG
DATABASE, sau tr li database nhp gi cho ph hp.
V d:
Khi chn thc n l Ng t : v tr thc n trong database s l 21
Khi ta tr li sheet THUCAN (cha database) tm thc n v tr 21,

ri nhp gi thc n vo ct Gi/kg).
Cch nhp gi ca cc loi nguyn liu khc hoc thay i GTDD ca mt

loi thc n no : tng t nh trn.
* Ci t chng trnh
Chng trnh c xy dng da trn s lin kt cc cng c tin ch
trong chng trnh Excel v Visual basis. Phn giao din ca chng trnh c
55
xy dng trn chng trinhg Excel vi vic to lp cc Macro lin kt vi c s
d liu thc n nhm chn thc n v gi tr dinh dng cn phi trn (Nng
lng, Protein, Ca, P, Lys, Met, Premix khong v vitamin). Phn chy
chng trnh c kt ni vi mt cng c tin ch ca chng trnh Visual
basis (Solver). Solver thng c sn trong Program Files khi ci t Micro
Office. Chnh v vy khi s dng chng trnh, cn phi kt ni Giao din
chng trnh vi Solver. Cn phi thc hin 2 bc sau y trc khi chy
chng trnh.
- t ch Security trong Excel ch va phi :
M mt trang tnh Excel bnh thng. Sau thc hin nh sau:
Tool/Macro/Security
Khi hin c s Security: chn Medium.
- Kt ni Solver:
Trc ht hy khi ng chng trnh: click vo chuong trnh
Formulation.xls. Khi , chng trnh s hin ra hi thoi sau:
Khi , ta bm Enable Macros, phn Giao din s hin ra nh sau:
kt ni phn Giao din vi Solver, trc ht phi khi ng Control

Toolbox trong phn giao din ny:
56
View/Toolbars/Control Tool box
Sau khi hin thanh cng c Control Tool box:
Vo Design mode: Click vo Design mode ri bm chut phi vo

PHI HP. Sau tip tc click chut tri vo PHI HP v chn View
code. Khi ca s Visual basis s hin ra. Trong ca s Visual basis, chn:
Tool/References
Khi mt ca s nh References VBAProject s hin ra: Trong ca s
nh ny cha cc References, trong c hin th: Missing Solver c ngha
rng Solver cha c kt ni. Khi , cng trong ca s nh ny:
Brown/C:\ProgramFiles\Microsoft
Office\OFFICE\Library\SOLVER\Solver.xls\OK
Khi Solver c kt ni. Ta tt ca s Visual basis v tr li trang tnh
excel.
Thot khi Design mode: chy cc Macros cn phi thot ra khi
Design mode: click chut vo Exit Design mode.
2.2. Phn mm phi hp khu phn ultramix
Ultramix l phn mm phi hp khu phn ca i hc Exerter (Anh).
L phn mm c s dng t nm 1988, chy trn nn DOS, c th ci t
cho cc my c cu hnh thp t 286, mn hnh en trng, ch s dng bn phm,
khng s dng chut.
a. c im phn mm Ultramix
- C th p dng cho 3 i tng vt nui khc nhau (ln, tru b v gia
cm), s dng cc thnh phn dinh dng ca nguyn liu thc n ph hp vi
tng loi vt nui.
- Lu gi cc cng thc thc n hoc khu phn n (sau y gi chung l
cng thc thc n), cc nguyn liu thc n vi thnh phn ho hc ca chng.
Kh nng lu gi cho mt loi i tng vt nui bao gm: 32 cng thc thc
n hoc khu phn khc nhau, 92 nguyn liu thc n khc nhau, ti a 32 loi
thnh phn dinh dng khc nhau ca mt loi nguyn liu thc n
- C th d dng tra tm: cc cng thc thc n hoc khu phn, thnh
phn dinh dng ca mt cng thc thc n hoc khu phn, thnh phn dinh
dng ca cc nguyn liu thc n c lu gi
57
- C th phi hp mt cng thc thc n hay mt khu phn bng cch
ln lt nhp khi lng tng nguyn liu thc n c kt qu l mt cng
thc thc n hay mt khu phn vi gi tr dinh dng v gi tin mt n v.
- C th phi hp mt cng thc thc n hay mt khu phn tho mn
cc nhu cu dinh dng ra ng thi c chi ph thp nht.
b. Hng dn s dng Ultramix
Nhp chut vo biu tng Ultramix khi ng, xut hin ca s chn
c s d liu (Hnh 8). Dng phm mi tn di chuyn vng sng la chn i
tng vt nui ph hp, nhn phm Enter. Hp thoi Menu ca vt nui chn
s hin ln (Hnh 9).
Hnh 8. Ca s Ultramix Hnh 9. Hp thoi cc la chn

Hp thoi gm cc la chn sau:
- Select and Formulate a Diet: La chn v phi hp mt cng thc thc
n
- Raw Material Data: D liu v nguyn liu thc n
- Raw Material Data (by Nutrient): D liu v nguyn liu thc n (theo gi tr
dinh dng)
- Diet Specifications: Cc c trng ca cng thc thc n
- Return to Opening Menu: Tr v m Menu
- Select a Client File: La chn tp ca khch hng
* Xem, chnh sa thnh phn dinh dng ca mt loi nguyn liu thc
n
- Chn Raw Material Data, ca s xem v chnh sa thnh phn nguyn
liu xut hin.
58
Hnh 10. Xem/ sa thnh phn dinh dng ca cc nguyn liu thc n
Hnh 11. Xem/sa mc dinh dng ca mt loi nguyn liu thc n
Nhn P xem trang tip, N nhp thm tn loi nguyn liu mi,
Escape quay v mn hnh trc . Chn loi nguyn liu bng cch nhp s
th t ca nguyn liu vo sng, g Enter (Hnh 10)
Nhn D hoc F xem thnh phn dinh dng tnh theo vt cht kh hoc
ti ca nguyn liu chn Di chuyn sng, nhp s liu vo chnh sa
thnh phn dinh dng, Nhn A hy b lnh va nhp v quay v mn hnh
trc, Escape quay v mn hnh trc (Hnh 11).
* Xem, chnh sa thnh phn dinh dng ca cc loi nguyn liu thc
n
Chn Raw Material Data (by Nutrient), ca s xem v chnh sa gi tr
dinh dng xut hin. Nhn N nhp thm ch tiu mi. Chn loi cht dinh
dng bng cch nhp s th t ca cht dinh dng vo sng, g Enter
(Hnh 12). Loi cht dinh dng chn ca cc loi nguyn liu xut hin.
Nhn phm D (hoc F) xem cht dinh dng c trong vt cht kh (hoc ti),
P xem tip. Di chuyn vng sng v nhp d liu chnh sa. Nhn A
hy b lnh va nhp v quay v mn hnh trc, Escape quay v mn hnh
trc (Hnh 13).
59
Hnh 12. Xem/sa gi tr dinh dng Hnh 13. Xem/sa mt loi cht
dinh dng
* Xem, chnh sa cng thc thc n
- Chn Diet Specifications, sau chn Nutrient Levels (Select Diet),
ca s xem v chnh sa gi tr dinh dng ca cng thc thc n xut hin. G
s th t ca cng thc thc n la chn vo sng nh bn phi di mn hnh.
G N nhp tn cng thc thc n mi. Trang xem v chnh sa gi tr dinh
dng ca cng thc thc n xut hin. Nhp s liu vo thay i cc mc
ti a hoc ti thiu. Nhn phm P thay i trang, R xem t l cc nguyn
liu thc n, N xem gi tr dinh dng, Escape quay v mn hnh trc.
- Chn Diet Specifications, sau chn Nutrient Levels (Select Nutrient),
ca s xem v chnh sa gi tr dinh dng ca cc cng thc thc n xut hin.
G s th t ca cht dinh dng la chn vo sng nh bn phi di mn
hnh. Trang xem v chnh sa mc dinh dng ca cc cng thc thc n xut
hin. Nhp s liu vo thay i cc mc ti a hoc ti thiu. Nhn phm P
thay i trang, Escape quay v mn hnh trc.
- Chn Diet Specifications, sau chn Inclusion Rates, ca s xem v
gi tr dinh dng ca cc cng thc thc n xut hin. G s th t ca cht
dinh dng la chn vo sng nh bn phi di mn hnh. Trang xem v
chnh sa t l cc nguyn liu thc n xut hin. Nhp s liu vo thay i
cc mc ti a hoc ti thiu. Nhn phm P thay i trang, N xem gi tr
dinh dng, R xem t l cc nguyn liu thc n, Nhn A hy b lnh va
nhp v quay v mn hnh trc, Escape quay v mn hnh trc.
- Chn Diet Specifications, sau chn Inclusion Rates (select Raw
Material), ca s xem v chnh sa t l cc nguyn liu thc n trong cng
thc thc n xut hin. G s th t ca nguyn liu thc n la chn vo
sng nh bn phi di mn hnh. Trang xem v chnh sa t l loi nguyn
liu thc n ca cc cng thc thc n xut hin. Nhp s liu vo thay i
cc mc ti a hoc ti thiu. Nhn phm P thay i trang, A hy b lnh
va nhp v quay v mn hnh trc, Escape quay v mn hnh trc.
* La chn v phi hp mt cng thc thc n
Chn Select and Formulate a Diet, ca s cc cng thc thc n xut
hin. G s th t ca nguyn liu thc n la chn vo sng nh bn phi
di mn hnh. Trang phi hp cng thc cho loi thc n la chn xut
hin. Nhp s liu vo thay i gi nguyn liu thc n. Nhn phm P thay
i trang, R tr li u trang (Hnh 3.18).
+ Phi hp cng thc bng phng php c nh t l nguyn liu thc n:
Nhn phm H phi hp cng thc bng phng php c nh t l
nguyn liu thc n. Di chuyn im sng trn ct Fix nhp s lng tng
60
loi nguyn liu thc n. Nhn phm P thay i trang. Nhn D xem d liu
v thnh phn nguyn liu thc n, bao gm: D xem v chnh sa mc dinh
dng ca cng thc thc n, R xem loi nguyn liu thc n, N xem gi
tr dinh dng ca cc loi nguyn liu thc n. Nhn S xem kt qu. Trang
kt qu xut hin. Nhn phm N xem gi tr dinh dng, R xem thnh
phn nguyn liu thc n. S xem tm tt kt qu, P in kt qu (Hnh 15).
+ Phi hp cng thc bng phng php p ng yu cu gi tr dinh
dng v c gi thnh r nht:
Di chuyn im sng trn ct Offer. Tng ng vi tng loi nguyn
liu thc n, g Y hoc N cho php c th hoc khng th c trong thnh
phn cng thc thc n. Nu c sn Excluded hoc Force in c ngha l
nguyn liu ny khng c hoc nht nh c trong thnh phn cng thc thc
n (do t sn khi nhp d liu trc ). Nhn phm P thay i trang.
Nhn D xem d liu v thnh phn nguyn liu thc n, bao gm: D xem
v chnh sa mc dinh dng ca cng thc thc n, R xem loi nguyn liu
thc n, N xem gi tr dinh dng ca cc loi nguyn liu thc n. Cui
cng nhn S xem kt qu. C 2 kh nng xy ra:
Kh nng 1: trang kt qu xut hin. Nhn phm N xem gi tr dinh
dng, R xem thnh phn nguyn liu thc n. S xem tm tt kt qu, P
in kt qu (Hnh 16).
Kh nng 2: phi hp khng thnh cng, mn hnh cc cht dinh dng
khng p ng c yu cu ca cng thc thc n xut hin. Nhn phm bt
k xem tip cc gi thay i thnh phn nguyn liu thc n (Hnh 17).
Hnh 14. Phi hp mt cng thc thc n

phng php c nh
Hnh 15. Phi hp bng
61
Hnh 16. Phi hp thnh cng
Hnh 17. Phi hp thnh cng
62
2.3. Phn mm phi hp axit amin khu phn degussa
L phn mm phi hp thc n theo hm lng axit amin trong nguyn
liu thc n. Phin bn AminoDat 1.1 c ci t trn nn Windows, iu
khin bng con chut.
Trn ca s Windows, AminoDat 1.1 cho php ngi s dng xem hoc
iu chnh thnh phn dinh dng ca nguyn liu thc n mt cch nhanh
chng v thun tin. Bng cch chn yu cu trong menu ban u hoc menu
ph, ngi s dng c th thc hin yu cu ca mnh hoc nhp d liu vo.
AminoDat 1.1 cho php xem thnh phn cc axit amin c trong nguyn
liu thc n cng vi axit amin tiu ha, t l tng i so vi vi mt axit
amin (lysine chng hn) v li khuyn. Vi mt nguyn liu thc n bit hm
lng protein th, c th s dng phng trnh hi quy ca chng trnh
tnh ra hm lng axit amin. Ngi s dng cng c th so snh cc nguyn
liu thc n v cc cng thc thc n.
S dng cc nm nhn bn phi mn hnh thc hin cc yu cu, cc
nm kch hot c mu sng vi ch en, cc nm khng hot ng c mu ghi
nht.
a. Chn nguyn liu thc n
Kch hot nm Feed Ingredient, danh sch cc nguyn liu thc n xut
hin. Chn mt nguyn liu bng cch nhn chut vo nguyn liu , sau
nhn OK hoc nhn kp chut vo nguyn liu . Bn tri mn hnh xut hin
gi tr trung bnh, h s bin ng, gi tr ti a v ti thiu ca cc axit amin
tng ng vi t l phn trm vt cht kh tiu chun (88% i vi thc vt,
91% i vi ng vt, 93% i vi sn phm ph ca sa v 100% i vi thc
n cho loi nhai li)
- Xem thnh phn axit amin trong protein th ca nguyn liu thc n
chn
63
Kch hot nm % AA in CP s xut hin cc gi tr trung bnh, h s
bin ng, gi tr ti a v ti thiu ca cc axit amin trong protein th.
- c tnh hm lng cc axit amin ca nguyn liu thc n bng phng
php hi quy .
Kch hot nm Regression Equations c tnh hm lng cc axit
amin ca nguyn liu thc n bng phng php hi quy theo hm lng
protein th phn tch c. Nhp gi tr protein th v hm lng vt cht
kh vo 2 trng, sau nhn nt Enter Hm lng cc axit amin c tnh theo
phn trm vt cht kh thc t v tiu chun s xut hin. Ch R ch gi tr
c c tnh theo phng php hi quy, ch P ch gi tr c tnh ngoi suy
trn c s gi tr trung bnh.
b. Xem t l tiu ha cc axit amin
Kch hot nm Digestibility of AA xem h s tiu ha v phn trm
tiu ha c ca cc axit amin ch yu. i vi g l t l tiu ha thc, cn
i vi ln l t l tiu ha biu kin.
c. So snh nguyn liu thc n
Kch hot nm Compare Feed Ingredients so snh 2 loi nguyn liu
thc n trn c s hm lng cc axit amin trong nguyn liu hoc trong protein
th.
d. Nhp mt nguyn liu thc n mi
Kch hot nm New Feed Ingredient m rng hoc lm theo yu cu
ngn hng d liu ca ngi s dng. Nguyn liu sn c c nhn ln hoc
c t tn mi hoc tn m rng thm, do vy c th lu li c nhng thay
i to nn. Vi cch ny, ch c gi tr trung bnh cc axit amin c a
thm vo.
e. Xp th t cc nguyn liu thc n
Kch hot nm Rank Feed Ingredients xp th t tng hoc gim
dn tt c cc nguyn liu thc n theo hm lng cc axit amin lysine,
methionine, methionine + cystine, threonine v tryptophan. Cc axit amin c
xp theo nguyn liu thc n hoc theo protein. Cc axit amin cng c xp
theo hm lng hoc theo so snh tng i vi lysine (lysine = 100%). Khi
bm chut chn nguyn liu, tn ca nguyn liu s xut hin bn phi,
pha di. C th in ton b danh sch cc nguyn liu xp th t hoc ch in
1 loi nguyn liu bm chut chn.
f. nh gi cng thc thc n
Kch hot nm Evaluate Diet c menu ph: New Diet, Load
Diet hoc Close. Nhn nm New Diet, danh sch cc nguyn liu xut
hin. Ngi s dng c th chn c 10 loi nguyn cng mt lc trong danh
sch ny. Sau khi chn nguyn liu, nhn OK, xut hin ca s vi cc nguyn
liu chn. C th nhp nguyn liu theo kg hoc % bng cch kch chut vo
64
nm kg/%. a con ch vo cc tng ng vi nguyn liu nhp khi
lng hoc t l % ca tng nguyn liu.
Hm lng cc axit amin bao gm c axit amin tiu ha, so snh vi
lysine trong cng thc thc n s xut hin bn phi mn hnh.
C th nh gi cng thc thc n bng cch nhp vo pha tri bn
di mn hnh s lng hoc t l mt loi nguyn liu khng cha axit amin.
C th xem kt qu i vi cc loi vt nui, cc giai on sinh trng
khc nhau bng cch kch chut vo nm tng ng.
Cng thc thc n va phi hp c th c lu li, thay i hoc loi b
vi mt tn t sau khi nhn nt Save.
g. Khuyn co v nhu cu dinh dng
Kch hot nm Recommendation xem khuyn co v nhu cu dinh
dng cc loi vt nui cc giai on sinh trng.
2.4. Phn mm phi hp axit amin khu phn degussa
L phn mm phi hp thc n theo hm lng axit amin trong nguyn
liu thc n. Phin bn AminoDat 1.1 c ci t trn nn Windows, iu
khin bng con chut.
Trn ca s Windows, AminoDat 1.1 cho php ngi s dng xem hoc
iu chnh thnh phn dinh dng ca nguyn liu thc n mt cch nhanh
chng v thun tin. Bng cch chn yu cu trong menu ban u hoc menu
ph, ngi s dng c th thc hin yu cu ca mnh hoc nhp d liu vo.
AminoDat 1.1 cho php xem thnh phn cc axit amin c trong nguyn
liu thc n cng vi axit amin tiu ha, t l tng i so vi vi mt axit
amin (lysine chng hn) v li khuyn. Vi mt nguyn liu thc n bit
hm lng protein th, c th s dng phng trnh hi quy ca chng trnh
tnh ra hm lng axit amin. Ngi s dng cng c th so snh cc nguyn
liu thc n v cc cng thc thc n.
S dng cc nm nhn bn phi mn hnh thc hin cc yu cu, cc
nm kch hot c mu sng vi ch en, cc nm khng hot ng c mu ghi
nht.
65
a. Chn nguyn liu thc n
Kch hot nm Feed Ingredient, danh sch cc nguyn liu thc n
xut hin. Chn mt nguyn liu bng cch nhn chut vo nguyn liu , sau
nhn OK hoc nhn kp chut vo nguyn liu . Bn tri mn hnh xut
hin gi tr trung bnh, h s bin ng, gi tr ti a v ti thiu ca cc axit
amin tng ng vi t l phn trm vt cht kh tiu chun (88% i vi thc
vt, 91% i vi ng vt, 93% i vi sn phm ph ca sa v 100% i vi
thc n cho loi nhai li)
- Xem thnh phn axit amin trong protein th ca nguyn liu thc n
chn
Kch hot nm % AA in CP s xut hin cc gi tr trung bnh, h s
bin ng, gi tr ti a v ti thiu ca cc axit amin trong protein th.
- c tnh hm lng cc axit amin ca nguyn liu thc n bng phng
php hi quy
Kch hot nm Regression Equations c tnh hm lng cc axit
amin ca nguyn liu thc n bng phng php hi quy theo hm lng
protein th phn tch c. Nhp gi tr protein th v hm lng vt cht
kh vo 2 trng, sau nhn nt Enter Hm lng cc axit amin c tnh
theo phn trm vt cht kh thc t v tiu chun s xut hin. Ch R ch gi tr
c c tnh theo phng php hi quy, ch P ch gi tr c tnh ngoi
suy trn c s gi tr trung bnh.
b. Xem t l tiu ha cc axit amin
Kch hot nm Digestibility of AA xem h s tiu ha v phn trm
tiu ha c ca cc axit amin ch yu. i vi g l t l tiu ha thc, cn
i vi ln l t l tiu ha biu kin.
c. So snh nguyn liu thc n
Kch hot nm Compare Feed Ingredients so snh 2 loi nguyn liu
thc n trn c s hm lng cc axit amin trong nguyn liu hoc trong protein
th.
d. Nhp mt nguyn liu thc n mi
Kch hot nm New Feed Ingredient m rng hoc lm theo yu
cu ngn hng d liu ca ngi s dng. Nguyn liu sn c c nhn ln
hoc c t tn mi hoc tn m rng thm, do vy c th lu li c nhng
thay i to nn. Vi cch ny, ch c gi tr trung bnh cc axit amin c
a thm vo.
e. Xp th t cc nguyn liu thc n
Kch hot nm Rank Feed Ingredients xp th t tng hoc gim
dn tt c cc nguyn liu thc n theo hm lng cc axit amin lysine,
methionine, methionine + cystine, threonine v tryptophan. Cc axit amin
c xp theo nguyn liu thc n hoc theo protein. Cc axit amin cng c
66
xp theo hm lng hoc theo so snh tng i vi lysine (lysine = 100%).
Khi bm chut chn nguyn liu, tn ca nguyn liu s xut hin bn
phi, pha di. C th in ton b danh sch cc nguyn liu xp th t hoc
ch in 1 loi nguyn liu bm chut chn.
f. nh gi cng thc thc n
Kch hot nm Evaluate Diet c menu ph: New Diet, Load
Diet hoc Close. Nhn nm New Diet, danh sch cc nguyn liu xut
hin. Ngi s dng c th chn c 10 loi nguyn cng mt lc trong danh
sch ny. Sau khi chn nguyn liu, nhn OK, xut hin ca s vi cc nguyn
liu chn. C th nhp nguyn liu theo kg hoc % bng cch kch chut
vo nm kg/%. a con ch vo cc tng ng vi nguyn liu nhp
khi lng hoc t l % ca tng nguyn liu.
Hm lng cc axit amin bao gm c axit amin tiu ha, so snh vi
lysine trong cng thc thc n s xut hin bn phi mn hnh.
C th nh gi cng thc thc n bng cch nhp vo pha tri bn
di mn hnh s lng hoc t l mt loi nguyn liu khng cha axit amin.
C th xem kt qu i vi cc loi vt nui, cc giai on sinh trng
khc nhau bng cch kch chut vo nm tng ng.
Cng thc thc n va phi hp c th c lu li, thay i hoc loi b
vi mt tn t sau khi nhn nt Save.
g. Khuyn co v nhu cu dinh dng
Kch hot nm Recommendation xem khuyn co v nhu cu dinh
dng cc loi vt nui cc giai on sinh trng.
2.5. Phn mm phi hp khu phn single-mix
Single-mix l phn mm thng mi ch yu trong h thng Format ca
hng Format International Ltd. Single-mix c kh nng kim sot v duy tr cc
cng thc sn phm v d liu v gi tr dinh dng. Single-mix s dng m
hnh tuyn tnh phi hp cc cng thc thc n vi gi r nht.
Bn cnh Single-mix v Single-mix Nutrient Editor cn c mt s phn
mm trn gi khc nh Single-mix Parametrics, Single-mix Tools, ExportImportTM...
Cc c trng ca Single-mix :
- Qun l cc d liu thnh phn nguyn liu v so snh cc d liu. C
th chia s, sao chp, cp nht d liu vi Trung tm v khai thc nhng s khc
bit vi Trung tm;
- C th t c ti ti thch;
- Lu gi c cc cch phi hp cng thc thc n hin ti v trc ,
do vy c th trao i gia chng;
67
- C th a ra 1.000 gii hn khc nhau cho mt cng thc phi hp;
- C th t gii hn ti a, ti thiu cho 1.000 nguyn liu thc n khc
nhau trong 1 cng thc. Cc nh gi khng b hn ch v s lng nguyn liu
thc n;
- C th phi hp cng thc thc n bng cch c nh hoc ch a ra cc
gii hn v t l cc nguyn liu thc n;
- Mn hnh cc tham s xut hin s cho php khai thc cc gii php thay
th hoc cc la chn gn ng vi yu cu;
- C th xem c gi tr dinh dng, gi ca cng thc thc n phi hp;
- Lu gi cc cng thc phi hp nn c th so snh c;
- Kim tra c mc thay i ca cc cng thc mi cc mc cho
php;
- Lu gi, so snh c cc cng thc thc n ang s dng v phi hp
thm d;
- C th xc nh c mi quan h gia cc nguyn liu, nhm nguyn
liu thc n vi gi tr dinh dng trong qu trnh phi hp cng thc;
- Hon thin c cc tng tc, kim tra c cc sai st;
- Thun tin khi s dng cc phng trnh tnh ton v thc hin cc
thao tc;
- Vi Single-mix Tool c th qun l c cc premix, hn hp;
- Cung cp cc th tc d dng qun l v s dng d liu.
3. Lp khu phn thc n
3.1. Xy dng khu phn thc n cho ln
* Xy dng khu phn thc n cho ln con
Yu cu dinh dng ca khu phn thc n nh sau:
+ Hm lng protein (%): 15%.
+ Nng lng trao i ME (kcal/kg): 3000 kcal/kg.
+ Hm lng Ca: 0,6%.
+ Hm lng P: 0,4%.
Gi thit cn phi trn 100kg thc n hn hp, trong c cc loi
nguyn liu c s dng c nh theo bng 4.2. Vi cc thc n cn li, ta tin
hnh gii bi ton bng cng c Solver trong Excel:
+ Gi thnh nguyn liu l r nht nhng vn m bo nng lng trao
i, hm lng protein, hm lng Ca v P cho ln con.
+ Cc thnh phn thay i l: ng ht vng, sn lt kh, kh du lc, cm
go. y l 4 bin ca bi ton.
68
+ Tnh cho 100 kg thc n hn hp.
Bng 24: Kt qu tnh t l phi liu khi sn xut thc n cho ln con
Khi
lng
(kg)
Protei
n (kg)
ME
(kcal)
Ca
(kg)
P
(kg)
Gi
thnh
(ng)
75,368
6,158
238497
0,06
0,769
316544
Sn lt kh
Kh du lc
13,632
4,099
34575
Cm go
Bt c
4,743
26928
Bt s
1,5
Mui n
0,5
Nguyn liu
Ng ht vng
Premix khongVTM
Tng
0,025 0,049
0
102243
0
0,412 0,225
96000
0,446
2250
1250
0,3
32000
100
15
300000
1,243 1,043
* Xy dng khu phn thc n cho ln tht:

+ Hm lng Ca: 0,4%.
+ Hm lng P: 0,3%.
Tnh ton tng t nh trn ta c kt qu.
550287
69
Bng 25: Kt qu tnh t l phi liu khi sn xut thc n cho ln tht
Nguyn liu
Ng ht vng
Khi
Protei
lng
n (kg)
(kg)
ME
(kcal)
Ca
(kg)
P
(kg)
Gi
thnh
(ng)
Sn lt kh
62,52
2
1,838
19663
1
0,088
0,088
20007
0
Kh du lc
11,57
9
3,482
28403
0,021
0,042
86840
Cm go
14,9
1,937
38039
0,025
0,246
67048
Bt c
4,743
26928
0,412
0,225
96000
Bt s
1,5
0,446
2250
Mui n
0,5
1250
0,3
32000
100
12
29000
0
1,292
0,601
48545
8
Premix khongVTM
Tng
* Xy dng khu phn thc n cho ln ni cha

+ Hm lng Ca: 0,6%.
+ Hm lng P: 0,4%.
Bng 26: Kt qu tnh t l phi liu khi sn xut thc n cho ln ni
cha
Nguyn liu
Ng ht vng
Khi
lng
(kg)
Protei
n (kg)
ME
(kcal)
Ca
(kg)
P
(kg)
Gi
thnh
(ng)
70
Sn lt kh
45,96
1,351
144545 0,064 0,064
147073
Kh du lc
13,535
4,07
33201
0,024 0,049
101512
Cm go
29,505
3,836
75326
0,05
0,487
132772
Bt c
4,743
26928
0,412 0,225
96000
Bt s
1,5
0,446
2250
Mui n
0,5
1250
0,3
32000
100
14
Premix khongVTM
Tng
280000 1,296 0,825
512856
3.2. Tin hnh xy dng khu phn thc n cho g:

Bng 27: Bng hm lng cc cht dinh dng ca cc loi thc n cho
g
Protein
(%)
ME
(kcal/kg)
Ca
(%)
P (%)
Gi thnh
(ng/kg)
Ng ht vng
8,17
3181
0,08
1,02
4200
Sn lt kh
2,94
3288
0,14
0,14
3200
Kh du lc
30,07
2060
0,18
0,36
7500
13
2527
0,17
1,65
4500
Bt c
59,29
2626
5,15
2,81
12000
Bt s
29,7
1500
Mui n
2500
Premix khong-VTM
30
32000
R ng
1920
2000
Nguyn liu
Cm go
71
Bng 28: Da vo mc s dng ti a cc nguyn liu trong thc n hn
hp, ta c th chn mt s thc n theo mc sau y
Nguyn liu
Khi
lng
(kg)
Protein Ca (kg)
(kg)
P (kg)
ME
(kcal)
Bt c
4,743
0,412
0,225
21008
Bt s
1,5
0,446
Mui n
0,5
Premix khongVTM
0,3
R ng
3840
Tng
13
4,743
1,158
0,225
24848
* Xy dng khu phn thc n cho g con:

+ Nng lng trao i (Kcal/kg): 2760 2900 kcal/kg.
+ Hm lng protein (%): 20 21%.
+ Hm lng Ca: 1%.
+ Hm lng P: 0,6%.
Bng 29: Kt qu tnh t l phi liu khi sn xut thc n cho g con
Khi
lng
(kg)
Protei
n (kg)
ME
(kcal)
Ca
(kg)
Gi
P (kg) thnh
(ng)
49,79
4,068
16866
5
0,04
0,508
20912
0
Sn lt kh
Kh du lc
37,21
11,189
80437
0,067
0,134
27907
2
Nguyn liu
Ng ht vng
Cm go
72
Bt c
4,743
23058
0,412
0,225
96000
Bt s
1,5
0,446
2250
Mui n
0,5
1250
Premix khong-VTM
0,3
32000
R ng
3840
4000
100
20
27600
0
1,265
0,867
62369
2
Tng
* Xy dng khu phn thc n cho g mi:

+ Nng lng trao i (Kcal/kg): 3100 kca/kg.
+ Hm lng Ca: 3,5 4%.
+ Hm lng P: 0,4%
Bng 30: Kt qu tnh t l phi liu khi sn xut thc n cho g mi
Khi
Protein
lng
(kg)
(kg)
ME
(kcal)
63,489
5,187
224969 0,051
Sn lt kh
Kh du lc
23,511
7,07
58133
0,042
Cm go
Bt c
4,743
23058
0,412
0,225
96000
Bt s
1,5
0,446
2250
Mui n
0,5
1250
0,3
32000
Nguyn liu
Ng ht vng
Premix khongVTM
Ca
(kg)
P
(kg)
Gi
thnh
(ng)
0,648 266654
0
0,085 176332
73
R ng
Tng
3840
100
17
310000 1,251
4000
0,957 578486
* Xy dng khu phn thc n cho g tht

+ Nng lng trao i (Kcal/kg): 3100 kca/kg.
Bng 31: Kt qu tnh t l phi liu khi sn xut thc n cho g tht
Nguyn liu
Ng ht vng
Khi
Protein
lng
(kg)
(kg)
ME
(kcal)
58,923
4,814
226444 0,0471
Sn lt kh
Kh du lc
28,077 8,4428
0
56658
Ca
(kg)
P (kg)
Gi
thnh
(ng)
0,601
247476
0,0505 0,1011
210579
Cm go
Bt c
4,7432
23058
0,412
0,2248
96000
Bt s
1,5
0,4455
2250
Mui n
0,5
1250
Premix khongVTM
0,3
32000
R ng
3840
4000
100
18
Tng
310000 1,2552 0,9269
593555
4. Thc hnh
- a im thc hnh: Ti phng thc hnh (phng my tnh)
- Thit b, dng c: Giy bt, s sch, my vi tnh, phn mm Formulation.
74
Khi ng chng trnh
Do chng trnh cha ng cc Macro, nn khi khi ng chng trnh,
chng trnh s hin ra hi thoi thng bo v macro. Ta chn Enable
Macro (hoc Yes) chy chng trnh.
Khi , ta bm Enable Macros, phn Giao din chn trnh s hin ra nh

sau:
Chng trnh gm 3 sheets:

THUCAN: C s d liu thc n
PHOIHOP: thc hin cc bc phi hp khu phn
Sheet KETQUA: in t l cc nguyn liu trong khu phn phi trn
* Quan st gi tr dinh dng ca thc n no c sn trong chng
trnh
- Thc hin Sheet THUCAN.
to vng d liu (sheet THUCAN), chng ti tin hnh tm hiu v
s dng cun snh Bng thnh phn gi tr dinh dng ca thc n dnh cho
75
gia sc, gia cm do Vin chn nui xut bn. ng thi chng ti tin hnh tm
hiu v s dng mt s ti liu nc ngoi (NRC v Hi ht cc hoa k).
Sau chng ti tin hnh nhp d liu vo mt trang tnh Excel to
thnh mt vng d liu cho vic tnh ton (bng 1).
Giao din ca vng d liu
Trong vng d liu ca chng ti c trn 160 loi thc n khc nhau dnh
cho cc loi vt nui khc nhau. Trong cc gi tr dinh dng bao gm:
m, protein th, m th, khong tng s, x th, Ca, P, Lys, Met, Cys, Tryp,
nng lng trao i (kcal ME).... c bit trong vng d liu c phn gi thnh
ca cc loi thc n v chng ta c th cp nht thc n mi hoc khi c gi
thnh c th.
* Quan st mt s cht dinh dng ca cc loi nguyn liu c sn trong
chng trnh
- Thc hin sheet PHOIHOP.
Nhm nhn bit c gi tr dinh dng ca cc loi thc n, chng ta ch
cn chn loi thc n cn xem xt v chn gi tr dinh dng cn kim tra. Cc
gi tr dinh dng s hin th theo yu cu. Nu mun sa i gi tr no ,
chng trnh cho php quay tr li vng d liu (sheet THUCAN) nhm sa i
gi tr theo yu cu ca ngi s dng.
76
* Quan st cng thc thc thc n c sn trong chng trnh

Chng trnh s lu li cc cng thc thc thc n phi trn v cho
php quan st li nhng cng thc thc n ny.
* Nhp mt loi nguyn liu mi cng thnh phn dinh dng vo vng
d liu thc n
77
Trong bng d liu trn, chng ta c th nhp thm thc n ph thuc vo

tng c s khc nhau. S lng thc n c th nhp thm l rt ln (> 1000
loi). Mt khc chng ta cng c th thay i gi tr dinh dng ca thc n no
nu ta thy khng cn ph hp na.
* Cc bc tin hnh khi phi trn thc n (sheet PHOIHOP)
Bc 1. Chn nguyn liu

Vng chn thc n s hin th tn thc n, s thc n (v tr ca thc n
trong vng d liu), v gi thc n. Khi chn thc n, nu mun sa i mt
thng s no (VD gi thc n), chng ta xem s thc n v tr li vng d
liu sa i. Vng ny cho php chn 40 loi thc n khi phi hp.
Bc 2. Rng buc t l nguyn liu trong khu phn
Cc loi thc n khc nhau u c t l phi trn ti a trong tng loi
thc n nht nh. Vng rng buc gii hn ca thc n cho php khng ch
lng thc n ph hp vi tnh cht ca thc n cng nh yu cu trong tng
loi thc n.
78
B
c
3.
Ch
n
ch
t
din
h
dng cn cn bng
Nhm nhn bit c gi tr dinh dng ca cc loi thc n c chn
phi hp, ng thi to c s d liu cho vng tnh ton, chng trnh c
thit lp vng hin th gi tr dinh dng, cho php ngi s dng chn nhng
cht dinh dng cn cn bng theo yu cu.
Bc 4. Nhp gi tr dinh dng ca 1 loi thc n no

nhng loi vt nui khc nhau, cc giai on sinh l khc nhau, gi tr
dinh dng trong thc n l khc nhau. Chnh v vy c im ca cc loi thc
n hn hp dnh cho gia sc, gia cm nhng giai on sinh l khc nhau l
khc nhau. Do , chng ti thit lp vng rng buc gii hn yu t dinh dng
nhm mc ch phi hp cho cc loi thc n tng hp khc nhau da trn c
im dinh dng ca chng.
79
B
Bc 5. Phi hp
Sau khi tin hnh cc bc trn (chn thc n, gii hn t l thc n
trong thc n hn hp, chn cht dinh dng cn cn bng v gii hn gi
tr ca cc cht dinh dng cn cn bng ca 1 loi thc n no ...), chng ta
click vo nt PHI HP.
Khi chng trnh s chy v s c hai kh nng:

Trng hp I: Khi cn bng, chng trnh s hin th hp thoi nh
sau:
80
Trng hp 2: Khi cha cn bng, chng trnh s hin th hp thoi sau:
Bc 6. Xem v in kt qu
Sau khi cn bng xong (trng hp 1), chng ta c th xem kt qu phi
trn bng cc nhn vo nt bm sau:
Trong vng kt qu, chng ta nhn bit c s lng c th ca cc

loi thc n chn nhm phi trn cho 100 kg thc n hn hp. Kt qu ny
phi nm trong gii hn thc n m chng ta rng buc.
81

- Hin tng: Khng chy c bc phi hp
- Nguyn nhn: Do nhp d liu cc bc cha chun xc
- Cch phng nga: Xc nh r cc bc thc hin ca phn mm
Formulation
Bi tp 1: Thc hin phi hp khu phn thc n hn hp cho ln tht
Bi tp 2: Thc hin phi hp khu phn thc n hn hp cho ln ni nui
con.
Bi tp 3: Thc hin phi hp khu phn thc n hn hp cho g tht.
Bi tp 4: Thc hin phi hp khu phn thc n hn hp cho g
chuyn trng.
Bi tp 5: Tm hiu cc phng php phi hp khu phn thc n thng
qua mang internet hoc qua thc t cc doanh nghip.
C. Ghi nh
- Phng php xc nh nhu cu dinh dng cho vt nui cc giai on
sinh trng v pht trin khc nhau:
- Phng php s dng cc phn mm phi hp khu phn n
- Phng php xy dng cc khu phn n cho ln v gia cm
- Phng php phi hp khu phn thc n hn hp bng phn mm Formulation.
82
Bi 3. Phi trn thc n
Mc tiu :
- M t c cc cng vic chun b thc n, my mc, phng tin t
yu cu k thut v an ton v sinh.
- M t c cc bc ca qui trnh phi trn thc n m bo an ton lao ng.
- M t c cc bc ca qui trnh ng bao v bo qun sn phm.
A. Ni dung:
1. Xc nh cc loi thc n v s lng, cht lng thc n.
- Chng loi nguyn liu:
+ Thc n giu nng lng: Ng vng, sn lt kh, la mch, k, cm go,
tm, v m
+ Thc n giu protein:
Thc n giu protein thc vt: tng, kh du tng, kh du lc.
Thc n giu protein ng vt: bt c, bt tht....
+ Thc n b sung: bt s, mui n, premix khong-vitamin, r ng.
2. Chun b thc n.
2.1. Thc n c ngun gc thc vt:
2.1.1. Thc n xanh:
Thc n xanh chim t l kh cao trong khu phn.
Thc n xanh rt a dng gm nhiu loi: bo ty, cy ha tho, cy h
u, cc loi khoai, cc loi dy, cc loi l, cc loi rau
Lng nc trong cc loi ny chim 8090%, t l x cy non t
23% tng ln 68% khi cy gi. Thc n xanh giu vitamin, nhiu nht l
carotene, vitamin A, vitamin B c bit l vitamin B2, vitamin E, vitamin D l
thp nht. Hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong thc n xanh rt thp tr mt
s cy than l h u c hm lng protein kh cao. Hm lng lipit c trong
thc n xanh di 4% tnh theo vt cht kh, ch yu l cc axit bo cha no.
Thc n xanh d tiu ha, c tnh ngon ming cao, t l tiu ha i vi
cc loi nhai li l 7580%, i vi ln l 6070%, l loi thc n d trng, cho
nng sut cao.
2.1.2. Thc n r, c, qu:
Thc n r, c, qu gm nhiu loi: sn, cc loi khoai, cc loi b, c rt,
c chua, t
83
Lng nc trong cc loi ny kh cao khong 7592%, protein thp t
511%, hm lng x thp t 511%, ngho khong, ngho vitamin, giu tinh
bt ( c), giu ng d tan ( qu).
Nhc im ca loi thc n ny l kh bo qun sau khi thu hoch do n
rt d b thi hng.
2.1.3. Thc n t cc loi ht ng cc v sn phm ph:
C gi tr dinh dng cao, chim a phn trong thc n n cho ln.
Ht ng cc gm: la, ng, i mch, kSn phm ph ca ht ng cc
gm: cm, tm, tm bi
Thnh phn ch yu ca ht ng cc l tinh bt, trong c 25% amyloza,
75% amylopectin. Protein khong 812%, nhiu nht l la m khong 22%.
Lipit t 25%, nhiu nht l ng v la mch. Lng x th t 714%, ngho
khong c bit l Ca, ngho vitamin A, D, B2, giu vitamin E, B1.
2.1.4. Thc n t ht h u v kh du:
a. Ht h u:
Gm cc loi: u tng, u xanh, u en, lc, vng
L loi thc n giu protein khong 3040%, cht lng protein cao hn
v cn i hn so vi ht ng cc.
u tng l mt trong nhng loi h u c s dng ph bin trong
thc n gia sc gia cm. Trong u tng c 50% protein th, 1621% lipit,
protein u tng cha y cc axit amin cn thit, giu Ca v P hn ht ng
cc nhng ngho vitamin nhm B.
Ngoi ra cng c mt s loi h u khc cng rt giu protein nh: ht
vng cha 46% protein th, ht hng dng cha 38% protein th.
b. Kh du:
Kh du l sn phm ca cc ht c du sau khi p ly du, dng lm
thc n b sung cho gia sc gia cm.
Cc sn phm ny gm: kh du lc, kh du u tng, kh du bng,
kh du da, kh du hng dng
Thc n kh du giu protein khong 4050%, giu nng lng.
Kh du lc c 3038% protein th, rt t vitamin B12.
Kh du u tng c 1% bo, protein cha y cc axit amin khng
thay th, ngho vitamin nhm B nhng cha lng Ca, P nhiu hn ht ng cc.
Cc loi kh du d b ht m, bo qun khng tt d b nhim mc sinh
c t aflatoxin.
84
2.2. Thc n c ngun gc ng vt:
Bao gm cc sn phm ph c thu nhn t cc ngnh sn xut v ch
bin tht, c, sa
Cc loi thc n ny c gi tr dinh dng kh cao, hm lng protein
khong 50%, c y cc axit amin khng thay th, l loi thc n cn i
nht i vi gia sc gia cm.
Loi thc n ny kh bo qun v vn chuyn, khi bo qun thng gy
ra mi i kht kh chu, mt s axit amin b phn hy.
2.2.1. Bt c:
Bt c l thnh phn khng th thiu trong khu phn thc n hn hp
hon chnh v n cha hm lng protein c gi tr dinh dng cao, t l tiu
ha cao, cha y cc axitamin khng thay th.
Bt c cha 5060% protein, m th 0,67%, giu Ca, P, cha cc nguyn
t vi lng Fe, Cu, Co, Zn, Se, I, giu vitamin B1 v B12, ngoi ra cn c vitamin
A v D.
Bt c bo qun khng tt th d b nhim trng vi khun Salmonella,
Ecoli gy bnh a chy, bnh thng hn vt nui. Do m bo cht
lng cc ch phm ca c phi c ra sch, sy kh 100oC, bo qun kn
ni kh ro, thong mt.
2.2.2. Bt tht:
Cc ch phm ca l m tht c thu gom em hp chn, sy kh, nghin
thnh bt lm thc n b sung protein.
Bt tht c 6070% protein, 7,2% lipit, 7% Ca, 4% P, c gi tr dinh
dng cao nhng kh bo qun, d b i, sinh mi kh chu, ph hoi cc loi
vitamin.
2.2.3. Bt tm, tp, moi bin:
Loi bt ny dng lm nguyn liu cung cp protein.
Bt moi bin cha 3840% protein, 7% Ca, 3,5% P.
2.3. Cc sn phm ph ca cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin khc:
2.3.1. Sn phm ph ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut ru, bia:
Gm b ru, b malt, xc men bial nhng loi thc n nhiu nc,
bo qun v vn chuyn kh khn, do cn phi p bt nc hay phi sy kh
chng.
L loi thc n ngho protein v nng lng.
Mc s dng cho gia sc gia cm ca loi thc n ny khong 510%
khi lng khu phn.
85
2.3.2. Sn phm ph ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut ng, tinh bt:
Gm cc loi b (b ng, b sn), r ng
Trong r ng c nng cht kh cao hn 80%, l nguyn liu chnh
sn xut nm men bnh m v nm men gia sc, l cht kt dnh trong sn xut
thc n dng bnh hay dng vin, t l trn ti a l 10%.
2.4. Thc n b sung:
Thc n b sung ang c s dng ph bin trong chn nui :
- Tng hiu qu s dng thc n.
- Tng nng sut v cht lng sn phm chn nui.
- Kch thch sinh trng, tng kh nng sinh sn v phng bnh.
Gm cc loi thc n b sung sau:
2.4.1. Thc n b sung m:
Hin nay ngnh chn nui s dng 2 dng nm men: nm men gia sc
kh v men .
a. Nm men gia sc kh:
L sinh khi kh ca chng nm men bia Saccharomyces, cc chng nm
men gia sc thun ty nh: Torula Utilis, Torula Lipolitica, Candida Utilis.
Thnh phn ding dng ca nm men gia sc ni chung l rt cao v rt
hon chnh, l loi thc n b sung m v vitamin rt tt cho gia sc gia cm.
Liu lng s dng ca nm men kh trong khu phn thc n t 35%,
nu tng t l ny th gi thnh thc n hn hp tng.
b. Men :
Ngnh chn nui s dng 2 dng men : men ti, men kh.
Chng nm men Saccharomyces Cerevisiae c nui cy trn mi
trng ph hp thu c dng ch phm men kh. Thc n gia sc vi thnh
phn ch yu l tinh bt c nu chn, lm ngui, trn vi ch phm men kh
ri em trong 2448h.
Nu ta s dng trc tip thc n men ny gi l men ti, nu ta em
sy kh th c men kh.
Hiu qu ca vic cho gia sc n men :
- Thc n c v tt nn con vt n c nhiu.
- Tng t l tiu ha thc n, hn ch k sinh trng ng rut.
- Lm tng trng 510%, gim tiu tn thc n t 1015%.
- Ci thin mt phn cht lng thc n, nht l cc loi thc n nhiu bt,
nhiu ng, ngho protein v vitamin.
c. Axit amin cng nghip:
86
B sung axit amin hn ch vo thc n hn hp to s cn i, nu b
sung axit amin khng hn ch s lm mt s cn i.
Vi khu phn cho g cha tng v ng cc th yu t hn ch th
nht l methionin, vi khu phn cho ln cha kh du lc v ng cc th yu t
hn ch th 2 l lyzin. Cc yu t hn ch khc ca 2 loi khu phn trn c th
l triptophan hay treonin ty theo loi ng cc c dng (ng thiu triptophan,
bt m thiu treonin).
Trong thc t sn xut c 2 loi axit amin cng nghip c dng ph
bin l lyzin v methionin.
Li ch khi s dng axit amin cng nghip:
- Thay th c mt phn thc n giu protein t tin nh: bt c, bt
tng.
- n gin ha thnh phn nguyn liu trong khu phn.
- Gip lp khu phn m c hn.
2.4.2. Thc n b sung khong:
Cn b sung khong vo thc n hn hp m bo nhu cu v khong
cht ca vt nui. Nu thiu khong vt nui s b ri lon qu trnh trao i
cht, sinh trng v sinh sn b ngng tr.
Ngun cht khong lm thc n gia sc:
- Cc loi thc n cung cp cc nguyn t vi lng v a lng.
- Cc loi ha cht cung cp cc nguyn t vi lng c s dng ph
bin trong sn xut thc n gia sc l:
+ Ha cht cung cp nguyn t Coban: CoCO3.CoSO4.7H2O, CoCl2.6H2O,
Co(CH3COO)2.4H2O.
+ Ha cht cung cp nguyn t ng: CuSO4.5H2O.
+ Ha cht cung cp nguyn t St: FeSO4.
+ Ha cht cung cp nguyn t Km: ZnSO4.6H2O, ZnCO3.
+ Ha cht cung cp nguyn t Mangan: MnO2, MnSO4.4H2O.
+ Ha cht cung cp nguyn t Iot: KI.
Mt s nguyn liu dng trong hn hp thc n gia sc:
a. Bt vi cht:
Bt vi sng ngm nc lu ngy ri x i x li nhiu ln (t nht l 7
ln) cho bt c, em phi kh ri b sung vo thc n ca ln.
b. Bt v s:
Dng v nghu, s, c, hn sy nhit thch hp ri em nghin thnh
bt, hay c th em nghin thnh bt ri mi sy, sau b sung vo thc n
gip gia sc gia cm tiu ha v hp th tt.
87
c. Mui n:
Cc loi mui thng dng: mui trong c kh, mui ht.
Hm lng mui b sung vo hn hp thc n khng qu 1%, nu tng
qu nhiu s gy ng c, tiu chy, ph thng.
2.4.3. Cc cht b sung khc:
a. Cc cht chng oxy ha:
BHA (Butyl hydroxyl anisol) C11H16O2: bn iu kin thng, c tc
dng chng oxy ha du m. Liu lng 20 g/100 kg thc n hn hp c du
m.
Ethoxiquin: cht chng oxy ha ca bt c hay bt thc n xanh khc.
Liu lng 125150 mg/1 kg thc n.
b. Cc cht tng hp:
Apocaroten c este ha: C32H44O2
Cathaxantin: C40H52O2.
Hai cht ny ch dng cho gia cm, lm cho da v trng ca chng c mu
hp dn. Liu dng 80 mg/1 kg thc n.
c. Cht chng c t nm:
Cc cht ny lm gim hot lc ca cht c do nm mc sinh ra, nh
cht Mycofix Plus do hng Bayer sn xut.
Cc enzyme amylaza, xenlulaza, -glucanaza lm tng qu trnh tiu ha
thc n cho vt nui.
d. Cc cht b sung lm tng mu, mi, v ca thc n:
Cc cht to mu: caroten, cht sc t tng hp nh canthophyl.
Cht to mi: b sung cc hng liu vo thc n hn hp kch thch
tnh thm n ca gia sc gia cm.
Cht to v: ch yu l mui.
2.4.5. Premix:
Premix l hn hp ca mt hay nhiu vi cht cng cht pha long (cn gi
l cht mang hay cht m).
Mt s premix ph bin: premix khong, premix khong-vitamin, premix
khong-vitamin-axit amin.
3. Chun b dng c phi trn.
3.1. Chun b dng c phi trn.
88
STT
Tn thit b
S lng (my)
My nghin ng ht vng
My nghin sn lt kh
My nghin th kh du lc
My nghin mn kh du lc
My sng tp cht cho ng ht vng
My sng tp cht cho sn lt kh
My sng tp cht cho kh du lc
My sng tp cht cho cc loi nguyn liu mn
My tch kim loi cho ng ht vng
10
My tch kim loi cho sn lt kh
11
My tch kim loi cho kh du lc
12
My tch kim loi cho cc loi nguyn liu mn
13
Cn nh lng cc loi nguyn liu th v mn
14
My o trn nm ngang
15
My p to vin
16
My lm ngui vin
17
My b vin
18
My sng phn loi vin
19
H thng cn, ng bao t ng
3.2. Phng tin phi trn.

- Chun b gu ti
89
STT
Gu ti
S lng
GT kh du lc trc nghin th
GT ng trc khi tch kim loi
GT sn trc khi tch kim loi
GT kh du lc trc khi tch kim loi
GT ng trc khi nghin mn
GT sn trc khi nghin mn
GT kh du lc trc khi nghin mn
GT ng sau nghin mn
GT sn sau nghin mn
10
GT kh du lc sau nghin mn
11
GT nguyn liu mn trc sng tp cht
12
GT bt bn thnh phm sau cn
13
GT bt bn thnh phm sau o trn
14
GT vin trc sng vin
- Chun b bng ti
STT
Bng ti
S lng
BT np liu ng ht vng
BT np liu sn lt kh
BT np liu kh du lc
BT np liu nguyn liu mn
BT di my b vn
BT bt thnh phm sau khi cn, ng bao
BT vin thnh phm sau khi cn, ng bao
90
- Chun b vt ti
ST
T
Vt ti
S lng
VT kh du lc sau nghin th
VT ng sau nghin mn
VT sn sau nghin mn
VT kh du lc sau nghin mn
VT trn cc sil cha bt nguyn liu th trc khi

cn nh lng
VT trn cc sil cha bt nguyn liu mn trc khi

cn nh lng
VT tho bt ng xung cn nh lng
VT tho bt sn xung cn nh lng
VT tho bt kh du lc xung cn nh lng
10
VT tho cm go xung cn nh lng
11
VT tho bt c xung cn nh lng
12
VT tho bt s xung cn nh lng
13
VT di cn nh lng
14
VT trn cc sil cha bt trc khi o trn
15
VT di my o trn
16
VT trn cc sil cha bt em i to vin
17
VT trn cc sil cha bt em i to vin
18
VT di cc sil cha bt thnh phm cho ln
19
VT di cc sil cha vin thnh phm cho g
- Chun b cc loi si l
91
+ Sil cha kh du lc sau nghin th
STT
Sil
S lng
Kh du lc
+ Sil cha kh du lc sau nghin th

STT
Sil
S lng
Ng ht vng
Sn lt kh
Kh du lc
+ Sil cha cc loi nguyn liu th v mn trc khi cn nh lng

STT
Sil
S lng
Ng ht vng
Sn lt kh
Kh du lc
Cm go
Bt c
Bt s
+ Sil cha bt bn thnh phm trc khi o trn

ST
T
Sil
S lng
Bt cho ln con
Bt cho ln tht
Bt cho ln ni cha
Bt cho g con
Bt cho g mi
92
6
Bt cho g tht
+ Sil cha bt bn thnh phm trc khi p to vin cho g

ST
T
Sil
S lng
Bt cho g con
Bt cho g mi
Bt cho g tht
+ Sil cha bt v vin thnh phm trc khi em i cn ng bao

STT
Sil
S lng
Bt cho ln con
Bt cho ln tht
Bt cho ln ni cha
Vin cho g con
Vin cho g mi
Vin cho g tht
4. Phi trn khu phn n.

Nguyn liu dng cc, dng ht c gu ti a vo cc silo cha. Di
mi silo u c cc vt ti a nguyn liu t silo ti cc b phn nh lng
theo kiu cng dn. Hn hp sau khi c nh lng a vo my nghin sau
i qua my trn kiu vt xon. i vi dy chuyn sn xut thc n dng bt
th thc n sau khi c trn s chuyn sang b phn thu hi sn phm, cn dy
chuyn sn xut thc n dng vin, bt sau khi nghin chuyn sang my p vin,
ti, my lm ngui, sng phn loi.
Nhu cu cng nhn cn thc hin cc cng on trong cc dy truyn
sn xut nh sau:
STT
1
Chc nng
Qun c phn xng
S ngi
1
93
2
Trc phng iu khin trung tm
Phng c in
Cn t ng ngoi cng
Tch kim loi
Sng tp cht
Nghin
nh lng
o trn
10
p to vin
11
Lm ngui vin
12
B vin
13
Cn bao
14
May bao
15
Li xe
16
Bc vc nguyn liu v sn phm
10
17
L hi t
18
H thng cp r ng
19
H thng cp thnh phn vi lng
Tng
45
Mi ngi lao ng m bo 8 ting 1 ngy tng ng vi 2 ca (ca 4

ting). Tu theo mc lm vic v nhim v cng vic m c s c th iu
chnh thm s cng nhn thc hin cng vic cho ph hp v ng php lut nh
nc quy nh hin hnh i vi vic s dng lao ng.
5. Bao gi v bo qun thc n
5.1. Bao gi sn phm
Sn phm ca nh my c 2 dng:
- Dng bt.
94
- Dng vin.
Sn phm c ng bao 5 hoc 20 kg nh h thng thit b cn v ng
bao t ng.
Bao ng sn phm l bao 2 lp: lp trong dng nilon trnh tip xc nc,
khng kh, lp ngoi lm t si nilon ghi nhn hiu, thi gian sn xut, hn dng.
Sn phn sau khi thnh vin hoc dng bt c a n cng on ng
gi, my ng gi c cn nh mc lng thc n theo quy nh.
5.2. Bo qun thc n
Kho bo qun phi xy dng ni kh ro, thong mt, chng dt, trong
kho phi c h thng lnh v ht m.
Trc khi nhp sn phm vo kho, phun thuc chng nm.
Trong kho phi phn cc khu tng loi sn phm ring bit.
nh k kim tra cht lng sn phm.
Li vo kho phi c h st trng, thng xuyn thay thuc st trng.
Cng nhn lm vic trc tip phi tun th v sinh nghim ngt.
Cc xe ch thnh phm phi c ra sch, kh, phun thuc st trng.
Mi nh kho phi c dng c cu ha.
Mi nh kho phi c bng hiu r rng, y .
Thc n hn hp khng nn d tr lu qu 10 ngy.
Cc thc n b sung t tin phi bo qun trong kho lnh c iu ha
nhit to = 1518oC, = 5060%.
Khng ha cht, thuc st trng ln vo kho d tr.
Khi xut kho phi xut pha trong trc, xut thc n c trc.
6. An ton lao ng v v sinh cng nghip
6.1. An ton lao ng:
Vic m bo an ton lao ng trong sn xut ng vai tr quan trng, v
n nh hng n tin trnh sn xut, nng sut ca nh my, sc kho ca
ngi lao ng cng nh tui th ca my mc thit b. Do cn phi quan
tm ng mc v ph bin rng ri cho cn b cng nhn vin nh my hiu r
mc quan trng ca n. Nh my cn phi ra nhng bin php phng nga
ng thi phi buc tt c mi ngi phi tun theo nhng qui nh .
6.1.1. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn:
- Cc thit b bo h khng an ton.
- Khng thng xuyn kim tra thit b my mc, ng ng pht hin
r r, h hng.
- Vn hnh my mc khng ng quy nh.
95
- Thiu cc bng hng dn s dng my mc thit b.
- S trang b v b tr qui trnh thit b khng hp l.
- thc chp hnh ca cng nhn vin trong nh my cha cao.
- T chc lao ng khng cht ch.
6.1.2. Nhng bin php hn ch v yu cu c th v an ton:
Mun hn ch cc tai nn xy ra trong khi sn xut cn phi thc hin mt
s qui nh sau :
- i vi nhng cng nhn mi tuyn dng vo sn xut phi qua mt thi
gian hng dn c th ti ni lm vic. Phn cng ngi mi v c lm vic gn
nhau gip .
- T chc lm vic ca cng nhn cho thun li khi thao tc cn i gia
v tr ng v chiu cao ca my mc .
- Nhanh chng pht hin v sa cha kp thi khi nhng ch hng hc, r
r ca my mc v nhng ni b tr khng hp l trong dy chuyn cng ngh.
- Phi c bng hng dn qui trnh vn hnh my mc thit b ti ni t
my.
- Thng xuyn ph bin k thut, k thut lao ng trong nh my, phi
ra ni quy an ton lao ng, phi thng xuyn kim tra vic thc hin ni
quy, phi c bng ni quy c th cho tng phn xng.
* An ton v in:
- m bo cch in tuyt i cc ng dy dn. ng dy cao th phi
c h thng bo him, phi thng xuyn kim tra ng dy. ng dy chy
trong nh my phi bc kn hon ton. i vi my mc cn phi m bo an
ton cho nhng b phn mang in. Mt khc, phi bo m an ton khi tip xc
vi phn kim loi khc trong thit b lc bt ng c in, nn dng bin php ni
t, cu ch trnh hin tng chp mch, phi c n bo ho.
- Khi pht hin nhng s c v in, h hi ng dy phi kp thi bo
cho t qun l sa cha.
- Ngi khng trch nhim khng nn t s dng cc dng c cha
in, cng nhn in phi trang b y qun o v dng c bo h .
- Khi c ngi b tai nn v in phi c cp cu kp thi, mang gng
tay cao su hay cun vi kh chn tm g kh ko ngi b nn, nu gn cu
dao th ct in ri em nn nhn vo ni kh ro, thong s cu ri a i
cha tr bnh vin .
- Nh sn xut c b tr ca thch hp thot ra d dng khi c ho
hon. Trm bin p phi c bin bo v t xa ni sn xut.
* An ton khi s dng thit b in c:
96
- My mc phi s dng chc nng ng cng thc yu cu, trnh qu ti thit
b.
- Mi loi thit b my mc phi c h s r rng khi giao phi c s bn
giao nu r tnh trng v tnh hnh vn hnh thit b. Nu c h hng cn ngng
ngay my sa cha kp thi.
* Chiu sng, thng gi:
- Nh xng phi thong mt, sch s, nn nh phi kh ro, nh sng
cho sn xut.
- Trong qu trnh sn xut, cng nhn tip xc trc tip vi mi v kh
chu, ting n v nhit ...do cn c h thng thng gi t nhin ln nhn
to gim tc ng xu n sc kho cng nhn.
* Phng chng chy n:
- Theo di cht ch tnh hnh mi trng khng kh ni sn xut.
- Dng h thng ct thu li chng st, ct thu li c b tr cao hn
cc cng trnh xy dng khc v c b tr nhiu phn xng sn xut
chnh .
- Nh my b tr ca thch hp thot ra khi c ho hon, trm bin p
phi c bin bo t xa ni sn xut.
- Kim tra thng xuyn ng c, mch in.
- Khng ht thuc trong nh my.
- Cn hun luyn cho cng nhn v cng tc phng chng chy n.
6.2. V sinh nh my:
Trong nh my thc phm, cng tc v sinh x nghip c bit c coi
trng. C lm tt cng tc v sinh th ngoi vic nng cao cht lng sn phm,
nng cao nng sut lao ng m cn lin quan trc tip n sc kho ca cng
nhn.
6.2.1. V sinh nh my:
- L mt yu cu ln khng th thiu c trong sn xut.
- Trong nh my thng thi ra mt lng ln nc l mi trng tt cho
vi sinh vt hot ng. Do cc h thng thot nc phi thng xuyn kim
tra trnh ng.
- ngn bi xung quanh nh my cn trng nhiu cy xanh.
- V sinh nh k, phun thuc dit cc loi cn trng cho khu vc xung
quanh nh my.
97
6.1.2. Nh ca v thit b:
My mc v thit b trong phn xng phi c v sinh trc v sau khi
lm vic xong. Nn nh phi c sch s, d thot nc. Nh v sinh t xa
phn xng v cui hng gi.
6.1.3. V sinh c nhn:
Cng nhn trc khi vo sn xut phi thc hin y cc quy tc v an
ton v sinh lao ng nh: eo khu trang, c qun o bo h lao ng, trc v
sau khi lm vic phi v sinh c nhn, trnh gy h hng sn phm.
7. Thc hnh
- a im thc hnh: Ti xng sn xut thc n hn hp chn nui.
- Thit b, dng c: Dng c, my mc, thit b phi trn, thc n.
- Chun b thc n: Hng dn chun b cc loi nguyn liu
+ Chng loi
+ S lng
+ Cht lng
- Chun b my mc, thit b: Hng dn chun b trang thit b
+ Kim tra s lng
+ Thc hin v sinh
+ Kim tra hng hc v sa cha
+ Vn hnh chy th.
- Thc hin phi trn: Hng dn trn thc n
+ Vn hnh cho my chy
+ Cn nh lng nguyn liu
+ a nguyn liu vo dy chuyn
+ Theo di hot ng ca my
+ iu chnh nhng sai st nh
- Thc hin ng bao: Hng dn ng bao
+ Chun b bao b
+ Cn nh lng
+ a sn phm vo bao b
+ Khu ming bao
98
- Hin tng: Hng hc nh trong phi trn
- Nguyn nhn: Chun b khng k thit b, my mc
- Cch phng nga: Chun b cn thn my mc, thit b trc khi lm
Bi tp 1: Thc hin phi trn v ng bao 1 tn thc n hn hp cho ln
tht dng vin
Bi tp 2: Thc hin phi trn v ng bao 1 tn thc n hn hp cho ln
tht dng bt
Bi tp 3: Tm hiu cc cc cng on phi trn ca mt nh my sn xut
thc n thng qua thm quan thc t hoc qua iu tra.
C. Ghi nh
- Phng php xc nh cc nguyn liu v chun b nguyn liu phi
trn:
- Chun b chng loi v s lng nguyn liu cn phi trn
- Chun b cc my mc, thit b v dng c phi trn
- Quy trnh phi trn v bo qun sn phm phi trn
- Cc thao tc trong qu trnh phi trn thc n hn hp
- Cc thao tc ng c bao sn phm
99
Bi 4. Kim tra, nh gi thc n sau phi trn
Mc tiu :
- M t c phng php kim tra cht lng, nh bt nghin, u
bt thc n, bn v cng ca vin thc n.
- Thc hin kim tra c cht lng thc n bng phng php cm
quan, nh bt nghin, trn u bt nghin ca thc n, bn v cng
vin thc n hn hp.
A. Ni dung:
1. Xc nh cc loi thc n cn kim tra, nh gi.
1.1. Kim tra v nh gi s lng thc n.
- Kim tra s lng thc n ng bao b xem m bo v s lng
cha.
- Kim tra nh gi s lng thc n sn xut p ng c cng xut
sn xut v nhu cu khch hng cha.
1.2. Kim tra cht lng thc n.
- Kim tra cc ch tiu cm quan ca thc n hn hp
- Kim tra cc ch tiu v kch thc, ng u v bn ca thc n
hn hp
- Kim tra gi tr dinh dng ca thc n hn hp
2. Xc nh phng php kim tra.
2.1. Phng php bng cm quan.
Phng php kim tra ny cn nh gi c cc ch tiu sau y:
- Thc n hn hp c mi thm.
- Khng c v ng.
- Khng b mc, c mu sc ging cc nguyn liu chnh trong thc n.
- Ht nh mn, ng u.
- m khng vt qu 14%.
- T l tp cht c hc (t, ct, si, kim loi,...) khng qu 1%.
- Su mt: khng qu 20 con trong 1 tn thc n hn hp.
2.2. Cc phng php kim tra bng phn tch.
Cc phng php kim tra ny phi nh gi c cc ch tiu sau y:
100
- Cng thc ca thc n hn hp phi ph hp vi nhu cu dinh dng
ca vt nui theo loi ging, giai on pht trin.
- Thc n thc n phi qua cc bc th nghim nh, va, ln trc khi
a ra sn xut.
- Thc n hn hp phi lu khng b hng, bo qun m khng thay
i phm cht.
- Thc n phi cung cp y cc cht dinh dng v nng lng cho
vt nui.
3. Chun b dng c, thit b kim tra.
3.1. Chun b dng c kim tra.
- Cc loi thc n hn hp cn kim tra
- Cc mu thc n hn hp kim tra
- Dng c ly mu
- Cn tiu ly
- Tm knh 12 tm (10cm x 10cm)
- Giy trng khng mi
- Bnh tam gic
- ng ong
- a thu tinh....
3.2. Chun b thit b kim tra.
- Dng c phng th nghim
- Ho cht phng th nghim
- Dng c my mc kim tra thc n
- My phn tch gi tr dinh dng thc n ....
4. Kim tra nh gi.
4.1. Kim tra bng phng php cm quan.
a. Kim tra m thc n bng cm quan.
- Xc nh tiu chun m ca thc n: 13 - 14%
- Phng php kim tra:
a bn tay vo khi thc n, ng trong cc n v cha nh bao, ti...
nhn bit v m ca thc n th no.
Nu ta c cm gic ca da bn tay mt, kh th m ca thc n m bo
s dng thc n lu di.
Nu thy da bn tay c cm gic nng, chng t m ca thc n qu
cao
101
Ch : Nu thc n c m cao phi c bin php x l ngay: sy, phi
hoc cho n ht thc n trong thi gian ngn nht.
b. Kim tra mu sc thc n bng cm quan.
- Tiu chun mu sc ca cm hn hp:
- Phng php kim tra:
Ly mt lng thc n a ln lng bn tay hoc tm knh sau ta
dng mt quan st xem mu ca thc n c m bo theo tiu chun khng.
Ch : Nu thc n i mu (mu xm, mu en...) hoc thc n b nm
mc th chng ta cn loi b khng dng lm thc n cho vt nui v thc n
b h hng nu cho vt nui n s b ng c bi c t ca nm mc (aflatoxin)
hoc cc cht c khc do h hng.
c. Kim tra mi, v thc n bng cm quan.
- Tiu chun mi, v ca cm hn hp:
- Phng php tin hnh:
+ Kim tra mi ca thc n:
Ly 20g thc n hn hp hoc nguyn liu nghin nh cho vo ming
giy sch khng mi hoc ln trn a thu tinh sch a ln mi ngi, xem
c mi c trng ca thc n hay khng.
VD: Ng, cm go mi c mi thm ngy, bt c tt c mi tanh c
trng ca c.
Nu cha phn bit r mi th ta ly 10g thc n, cho vo mt cc thu
tinh v cho vo 20ml nc un si, y kn, 5 - 10 pht sau b tm y v
ngi nhn bit mi ca thc n c mi g.
Ch : Nu thc n c c mi l, mi hi, mi mc, mi kht... th thc
n b h hng chng ta cn x l hoc loi b ngay
+ Kim tra v ca thc n:
Trc khi tin hnh th th xc ming nhiu ln. Sau ly 1g thc n
ln u li nhm th 5 - 10 giy nhn bit c v ca thc n nh th no
(chua, mn, ng...). Sau nh thc n ra v quan st mu ca thc n nh th
no?
Ch : Nu thc n c v ng, v chua... chng t thc n h hng cn
c bin php x l hoc loi b ngay
d. Kim tra sch
- Tiu chun mi, v ca cphonx hp:
- Kim tra sch thc n bng cm quan.
102
+ a thc n ln tm knh dng mt nhn bit v nh gi c
ln tp ca cc cht vo thc n nh: kim loi, rm rc, g, giy vn, thu tinh
v ct sn...cc loi cn trng, su, mt.
+ Dng tay a vo n v cha thc n, cm gic da bn tay cho ta nhn
bit c th cng ca thc n hn hp nh cm thy nhp, kh a su vo
n v cha. Chng t ht nghin th, to hoc thc n ln nhiu vt cng nh
si, hoc thc n lu b vn cc, ng bnh.
- Kim tra sch bng phng php lng cn.
Ta ly thc n 3 v tr ca n v cha thc n, bao ti ng... Mi v tr
100g em trn u, ly ra 10g cho vo cc nc sch, c lng nc gp 2 ln
thc n (20ml) khuy u 2-3 pht sau yn 5 - 10 pht xem trn mt c
tru, my ht, rm rc, giy vn su mt ni ln trn khng. Sau , gn b
nc trn mt sang cc khc ri phn thc n lng ng di y cc ra
tm knh dn mng xem c ln tp cc vt l nh kim loi, thu tinh, si ..
4.2. Kim tra kch thc, ng u v cng ca vin thc n.
a. Phng php xc nh nh bt nghin
nh bt nghin l kch thc hnh hc ca cc phn t bt nghin. i
vi mt th tch khi bt ngi ta dng kch thc trung bnh ca khi bt
c trng cho nh ca bt, v cc phn t bt nghin c kch thc a phn
tn. Phng php xc nh tng t nh khi o cho cc sn phm ri.
Phng php xc nh nh bt nghin:
Cn c vo kch thc ht bt m ta c cc phng php xc nh nh
sau:
- Phng php phn tch sng, dng sng sng thnh cc lp nu cc
phn t c kch thc ln hn 40 m .
- Phng php lng t: p dng cho cc phn t c kch thc gii hn t
5-10 m .
- Phng php soi knh hin vi: p dng cho cc phn t c kch thc <
50 m . Bng cch o kch thc chiu di (tuyn tnh) dc th ca cc phn t
c quan st di knh hin vi qua li o ca th knh.
Thit b xc nh thnh phn kch thc ht bng php phn tch sng
thng dng loi my sang kiu treo. Cc phng php sng c thng nht
ha, cc sng s s dng trong my sng kiu treo thng l loi sng kim loi
t l, loi si kim loi hay loi si kim loi an. Lin X trc y cc kch
thc sng th nghim vi loi nh c chn theo tiu chun l c kch thc
40 m . Cn l sng ln hn theo tiu chun c l t 1- 2,5 mm.
sng sn phm nghin t cc nguyn liu thc n gia sc, ngi ta s
dng sng t l vi kch thc l hnh trn khi kch thc cc phn t 1mm.
Nu kch thc < 1 mm th dng sng bng si an l vung. Cc l sng c
103
b tr trong mt hp ln lt t l to n l nh k t trn xung, v di cng
l tm y khng khoan l. Trong nghnh cng nghip ch bin thc n chn
nui, nh ht c xc nh theo tiu chun TCVN 1535-93. Theo tiu chun
ny, ng knh trung bnh ca cc phn t c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
M =
(0,5 PO + 1,5 P1 + 2,5 P2 + 3,5 P3 )

(mm)
100
(3.1)
Trong :
+ P0 : T l phn t c trn y sng, (%);
+ P1, P2, P3: T l cc phn t c trn cc mt sng tng ng vi
cc ng knh D1, D2, D3 (%).
Mu phn tch c khi lng 100g c sng qua cc b sng dp vi
kch thc l D = 5, 3, 2, 1 mm khi nghin th v nghin trung bnh, cn D = 4,
3, 2, 1 v 0,2 mm khi nghin nh. Cc sng trn cng vi l D= 5v 4 mm l cc
sng dng kim tra v tnh ton cc ht nguyn c trong mu. S c mt ca
cc ht nguyn ny chng sn phm khng t yu cu
b. Phng php xc nh trn u bt nghin.
Trn l qu trnh kt hp cc khi lng ca cc vt liu khc nhau vi
mc ch nhn c mt hn hp ng nht ca cc phn t mi cu t trong
tt c khi lng hn hp, bng cch sp xp li chng di tac dng ca ngoi
lc. Hn hp to ra nh th tng cng qu trnh trao i nhit v trao i
khi lng.
Ta c th s dng phng php KHAPHARROP xc nh trn u
ca bt nghin:
C th xc nh nh bt nghin da vo t s gia t l cha ca mi
thnh phn trong tng mu o Ci vi t l cha ca thnh phn c trong hn hp
Co.Thnh phn c chn kim tra (mu kim tra) l thnh phn c t l nh
nht trong hn hp.
Sau khi ly ra n mu o v xc nh t l Ci trong tng mu ta tnh trn
u K vi 2 trng hp: Ci Co v Ci Co.
Nu Ci Co th:
n1
K1 =
Ci
C
i =1
(3.2)
n1
Nu Ci Co.th:
n1
K1 =
100 C i
100 C
i =1
n2
(3.3)
trn u K l gi tr trung bnh cng ca hai lp mu o n1 v n2:
104
K= (n1.K1 + n2.K2)/(n1 + n2)
(3.4)
Trong : Ci T l thnh phn kim tra c trong mu th i;

Co T l thnh phn kim tra c trong ton b hn hp;
n1 S mu c t l thnh phn tra Ci Co
n2 S mu c t l thnh phn tra Ci Co
c. Phng php xc nh bn v cng vin thc n
bn vin thc n l kh nng thng c s tc ng ca ngoi lc
hoc mi trng ca vin thc n m n vn gi c hnh dng ban u v
khng b ph hy.
C th xc nh bn vin thc n bng phng php chuyn dng hay
phng php ngm nc.
+ Phng php chuyn dng:
bn vin thc n l t l vin thc n khng b ph hy sau khi chu tc
ng c hc trong mt thit b o dng l sng li hay my o trn c gn
cnh trn (hnh 3.2). Thit b l hp ch nht kn, c np m pha trn c kch
thc (12 x 5 x 12) inch. Pha trong hp c t mt tm phng kch thc (2 x
9) in truyn ng quay cho tm phng bng ng c in. Cch o nh sau:
Cho 500gam thc vin thc n cn kim tra bn vo hp, ng np li
cho quay trong thi gian 10 pht. Sau ly ra v tin hnh sng loi cc
thnh phn c kch thc nh
Thit b kim tra bn vin thc n.

bn vin thc n c xc nh theo cng thc:
Db =
W1
100(%)
W2
(3.5)
105
Trong :
W1 Khi lng ca thc n nm trn sng sau khi ry, gam;
W2 Khi lng ca vin thc n sau khi ry, 500g.
Ngoi ra, c th dng phng php ngm nc o bn ca vin nh
sau:
bn vin thc n c c trng bi thi gian ngm nc m vin thc
n khng b ph hy. nc cho vo cc chim 2/3 th tch cc (1000 ml), cho
100 gam vin thc n c nc. Quan st v bm thi gian bt u t khi b
thc n vo cho ti khi bt u tan.
4.3. Kim tra gi tr dinh dng ca thc n
Thc n hn hp sau khi sn xut thnh sn phm chn ta phi thng
xuyn kim tra xem thnh phn dinh dng c m bo nhu cu dinh dng cho
vt nui khng. Mt s ch tiu dinh dng cn kim tra.
- Kim tra nng lng trao i
- Kim tra hm lng protein th
- Kim tra t l cht x trong hn hp
- Kim tra t l canxi trong thc n hn hp
- Kim tra t l phtpho trong thc n hn hp
Ly my thc n gi n phng phn tch ho hc (phng phn tch thnh
phn dinh dng) kim tra gi tr dinh dng ca thc n.
- T nm 1978 tr li y chng ta dung h thng nng lng trao i,
tnh theo cng thc:
ME (kcal/kg) = X1k1 + X2k2 + X3k3 + X4k4
X1, X2, X3, X4 l lng protein, cht bo, x v cht chit phi nit dng
tiu ho (g/kg).
k1, k2, k3, k4: l gi tr ME kcal/g ca cc cht protein, cht bo, x v
chit cht phi nit dng tiu ho:
Theo Axelson (1941) v c iu chnh bi Lindgren:
MJ/kg cht dinh dng tiu
ho
Protein
Thc n th
18,0
Thc n tinh
18,9
Thc n th
32,7
Ng cc
34,8
106
Cacbohydrat
Protein b sung
36,9
Disacarit
15,1
ng bt
15,5
X th
12,2
MEb (kcal/kg) = 18,1X1 + 32,3X2 + 15,0X3 + 15,2X4

MEln (kcal/kg) = 21,0X1 + 37,4X2 + 14,4X3 + 17,1X4
X1, X2, X3, X4 l lng protein, cht bo, x v cht chit phi nit dng
tiu ho (g/kg).
- Cch tnh hm lng protein th trong thc n hn hp:
Hm lng nit ca protein bnh qun l 16%.
Protein th = N x 6,25
N: s gam nit
5. Thc hnh
- a im thc hnh: Ti xng sn xut thc n hn hp chn nui.
- Thit b, dng c: Dng c, my mc, thit b phi trn, thc n.
- Kim tra cht lng thc n bng cm quan: Hng dn kim tra cht
lng thc n
+ Kim tra mu sc
+ Kim tra mi v
+ Kim tra sch
+ Kim tra m
- Kim tra nh bt nghin ca thc n: Hng dn kim tra nh bt
nghin
+ Kim tra bng phn tch sng
+ Kim tra bng lng t
+ Kim tra bng knh hin vi
- Kim tra trn u nghin ca thc n: Hng dn kim tra trn
u bt nghin
+ Kim tra bng phng php Khapharrop
107
- Phng php xc nh bn v cng vin thc n: Hng dn kim
tra bn v cng vin thc n
+ Kim tra bng my chuyn dng
- Hin tng: Kt qu kim tra chnh xc khng cao
- Nguyn nhn: Ch quan khi kim tra v thiu kinh nghim
- Cch phng nga: Thc hin nhiu ln, cn thn, t m, chnh xc
Bi tp 1: Thc hin Kim tra cm quan, nh bt nghin, ng u
bt nghin v bn vin thc n ca 10 mu thc n
Bi tp 2: Tm hiu cc phng php kim tra gi tr dinh dng ca thc
n hn hp thng qua gio trnh v internet.
C. Ghi nh
- Xc nh cc loi thc thc n v phng php kim tra gi tr dinh
dng ca thc n:
- Chun b dng c v phng tin kim tra cht lng thc n
- Phng php kim tra gi tr dinh dng ca thc n hn hp.
- Kim tra cht lng thc n bng phng php cm quan
- Kim tra nh bt nghin ca thc n
- Kim tra trn u bt nghin ca thc n
- Kim tra nh bn v cng vin thc n hn hp
108
Bi 5. Xc nh hao ht v cn bng vt cht
Mc tiu :
- Xc nh c t l hao ht cho tng cng on sn xut;
- Tnh ton c cn bng vt cht cho sn phm dng bt lm thc n
cho ln vi tng khu phn
- Tnh ton c cn bng vt cht cho sn phm dng vin lm thc n
cho g vi tng khu phn.
A. Ni dung:
1. Xc nh t l hao ht qua cc cng on
Hao ht qua cc cng on c xc nh theo t (%) cho tng nguyn
liu c th nh sau:
1.1. T l hao ht i vi nguyn liu th
- Tch kim loi: 0,05 %
- Sng tp cht: 1,00 %
- Nghin th: 0,5 %
- Nghin mn: 0,5 %
1.2. T l hao ht i vi nguyn liu dng mn:
- Tch kim loi: 0,05 %
- Sng tp cht: 0,50 %
1.3. T l hao ht i vi bt bn thnh phm i phi trn:
- Cn nh lng: 0,10 %
- o trn: 0,10 %
1.4. T l hao ht i vi bt thnh phm i ng bao:
- Cn v ng bao bt: 0,50
1.5. T l hao ht i vi bn thnh phm cng on to vin v x
l vin:
- Tnh hao ht cng on to vin: Giai on to vin do c b sung hi
nc, gi s m nguyn liu tng t 13% ln 18%.
Vi: m, w: khi lng, m nguyn liu trc khi to vin.
M, W: khi lng, m nguyn liu sau khi to vin.
mo l khi lng cht kh
109
T l hao ht khi lng c tnh theo cng thc:
x (%) =
mM
M
. 100 = 1 .100
m
m
M: mo = m(100 w) = M(100-W)
Suy ra:
M 100 w
=
m 100 W
Do :
mM
w W
100 w
= 1
=
m
100 W 100 W
Thay s ta c t l hao ht ca giai on to vin:

x(%)=
13 18
.100 = 6,10 %
100 18
- Tnh hao ht cng on lm ngui vin:

Gi s giai on lm ngui vin m nguyn liu gim t 18% xung
cn 14%. Tng t cch tnh nh giai on to vin, ta c t l hao ht trong
giai on ny l:
x(%) =
18 14
.100(%) = 4,65 %
100 14
- Hao ht do b vn vin v sng vin: 0,10%

- Cn ng bao vin: 0,10%
Tiu hao trn tng cng on c tnh so vi lng nguyn liu m cng
on a vo.
2. Tnh cn bng vt cht:
Cng thc tng qut tnh cn bng vt cht
p dng cng thc:
T=
S .100 n
(100 x1 )(100 x 2 )...(100 x n )
(4.1)
T: Lng nguyn liu trc khi phi trn.

S: Lng sn phm to thnh.
n: S cng on.
(%).
x1, x2,...,xn: l lng hao ht qua tng cng on so vi nguyn liu ban u
3. Thc hnh
- a im thc hnh: Ti phng hc l thuyt.
110
- Thit b, dng c: Giy, bt, gi trnh, my tnh tay, my vi tnh, projector.
3.2.1. Tnh ton t l hao ht qua cc cng on sn xut
- Hng dn nhc li cch xc nh t l hao ht
+ Xc nh t l hao ht i vi nguyn liu th
+ Xc nh t l hao ht i vi nguyn liu dng mn:
+ Xc nh t l hao ht i vi bt bn thnh phm i phi trn:
+ Xc nh t l hao ht i vi bt thnh phm i ng bao:
+ Xc nh t l hao ht i vi bn thnh phm cng on to vin v x
l vin:
3.2.2. Tnh ton cn bng vt cht cho sn phm dng bt lm thc
n cho ln vi tng khu phn.
- Hng dn tnh cn bng vt cht
Bi tp: Nng sut 30 tn sn phm bt/ngy, 1 ngy lm vic 2 ca, 1 ca
lm vic 8h. Vy nng sut ca sn phm thc n dng bt l: 30/16 = 1,875
tn/gi (tn/gi).
a. Tnh cho cng on cn v ng bao bt thnh phm:
- Theo cng thc (4.1) khi lng bt em i cn v ng bao:
1,875 100
= 1,884 (tn/gi)
100 0,5
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on cn v ng bao bt thnh phm:

1,884 0,5
= 0,009 (tn/gi)
100
b. Tnh cho cng on nh lng v o trn hn hp bt nghin:

- Theo cng thc (4.1) tng lng bt nghin trc khi o trn cho sn
phm dng bt:
1,884 100
= 1,886 (tn/gi)
100 0,1
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on o trn bt nghin:

1,886 0,1
= 0,002 (tn/gi)
100
+ Premix chim 1% trong thc n phi trn tc l:

1,886 0,01 = 0,019 (tn/gi)
+ Mui chim 0,5% trong thc n phi trn tc l:
1,886 0,005 = 0,009 (tn/gi)
111
- Khi lng bt bn thnh phm sau khi cn nh lng:
1,886 (0,019 + 0,009) = 1,858 (tn/gi)
- Theo cng thc (4.1) tng lng bt nghin trc khi cn nh lng:
1,858 100
= 1,86 (tn/gi)
100 0,1
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on cn nh lng:

1,86 0,1
= 0,002 (tn/gi )
100
c. Tnh sn phm dng bt lm thc n cho ln con:

* Tnh cho cng on thu nhn v x l tng loi nguyn liu mn:
Ta c t l tng thnh phn nguyn liu mn (cm go, bt c, bt s) v
tng thnh phn nguyn liu th (sn lt kh, kh du lc) trong hn hp bt sau
v trc khi cn l: 9,5:89. Vy:
- Tng thnh phn nguyn liu mn trc khi i qua cn nh lng:
1,86 9,5
= 0,179 (tn/gi)
89 + 9,5
- Theo cng thc (4.1) tng nguyn liu mn a vo sn xut:

0,179 100 2
= 0,18 (tn/gi)
(100 0,5)(100 0,05)
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on sng tp cht:

0,18 0,5
= 0,0009 (tn/gi)
100
- Nng sut ca cng on sng tp cht:

0,18 0,0009 = 0,1791 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on tch kim loi:
0,1791 0,05
= 0,0001 (tn/gi)
100
- Nng sut ca cng on tch kim loi:

0,1791 0,0001 = 0,179 (tn/gi)
+ Khi lng bt c trc khi qua cn nh lng:
0,179 8
= 0,151 (tn/gi)
9,5
+ Khi lng bt s trc khi qua cn nh lng:

0,179 0,151 = 0,028 (tn/gi)
112
+ Khi lng bt c a vo sn xut:
0,18 8
= 0,152 (tn/gi)
9,5
+ Khi lng bt s a vo sn xut:

0,18 0,152 = 0,028 (tn/gi)
* Tnh cho cng on thu nhn v x l tng loi nguyn liu th:
Tng thnh phn nguyn liu th trc khi qua cn nh lng:
1,86 0,179 = 1,681 (tn/gi)
X Tnh cho ng ht vng:

- Khi lng ng ht vng trc khi qua cn nh lng:
1,681 75,368
= 1,424 (tn/gi)
89
- Theo cng thc (4.1) khi lng ng ht vng a vo sn xut:

1,424 100 3
= 1,446 (tn/gi)
(100 0,5)(100 0,05)(100 0,5)
- Khi lng ng ht vng hao ht qua cng on tch kim loi:

1,446 0,05
= 0,001 (tn/gi)
100
Nng sut ng ht vng qua cng on tch kim loi:

1,446 0,001 = 1,445 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng ng ht vng hao ht qua cng on sng tp cht:
1,445 1
= 0,014 (tn/gi)
100
Nng sut ng ht vng qua cng on sng tp cht:

1,445 0,014 = 1,431 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng ng ht vng hao ht qua cng on nghin mn:
1,431 0,5
= 0,007 (tn/gi)
100
Nng sut ng ht vng qua cng on nghin mn:

1,431 0,007 = 1,424 (tn/gi)
Y Tnh cho kh du lc:

- Khi lng kh du lc trc khi qua cn nh lng:
1,681 1,424 = 0,257 (tn/gi)
- Theo cng thc (4.1) khi lng kh du lc a vo sn xut:
113
0,257 100 4
= 0,262 (tn/gi)
(100 0,5)(100 1)(100 0,05)(100 0,5)
- Khi lng kh du lc hao ht qua cng on nghin th:

0,262 0,5
= 0,0013 (tn/gi)
100
Nng sut kh du lc qua cng on nghin th:

0,262 0,0013 = 0,2607 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng kh du lc hao ht qua cng on tch kim loi:
0,2607 0,05
= 0,0001 (tn/gi)
100
Nng sut kh du lc qua cng on tch kim loi:

0,2607 0,0001 = 0,2606 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng kh du lc hao ht qua cng on sng tp cht:
0,2606 1
= 0,0026 (tn/gi)
100
Nng sut kh du lc qua cng on sng tp cht:

0,2606 0,0026 = 0,258 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng kh du lc hao ht qua cng on nghin mn:
0,258 0,5
= 0,001 (tn/gi)
100
Nng sut kh du lc qua cng on nghin mn:

0,258 0,001 = 0,257 (tn/gi)
Nh vy: Tng t nh cch tnh i vi ln con ta tnh c khi lng
hao ht, nng sut ca tng cng on v tnh c khi lng cc loi nguyn
liu s dng trong thc n dng bt cho ln tht v ln ni.
3.2.3. Tnh ton c cn bng vt cht cho sn phm dng vin lm
thc n cho g vi tng khu phn
- Hng dn tnh cn bng vt cht
Bi tp: Nng sut 30 tn sn phm vin/ngy, 1 ngy lm vic 2 ca, 1 ca
lm vic 8h. Vy nng sut ca sn phm thc n dng vin l: 30/16 = 1,875
tn/gi.
a. Tnh cho cng on to vin v ng bao vin:
% hao ht ca cc cng on:
To vin:
-6,1%
Lm ngui vin:
4,65%
B vn vin v sng vin: 0,1%
114
Cn v ng bao vin:
0,1%
- Theo cng thc (4.1), lng bt em i to vin:

1,875.100 4
= 1,857 (tn/gi)
(100 0,1)(100 0,1)(100 4,65)(100 + 6,1)
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on to vin:

1,857 (6,1)
= 0,113 (tn/gi)
100
Gi tr m c ngha l sau khi to vin khi lng nguyn liu tng 0,113
tn/gi.
Nng sut ca cng on p to vin:
1,857 - (- 0,113) = 1,97 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on lm ngui vin:
1,97 4,65
= 0,092 (tn/gi)
100
Nng sut ca cng on lm ngui vin:

1,97 0,092 = 1,878 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on b vn v sng vin:
1,878 0,1
= 0,001 (tn/gi)
100
Nng sut ca cng on b vn v sng vin:

1,878 0,001 = 1,877 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on cn v ng bao vin:
1,877 0,1
= 0,002 (tn/gi)
100
Nng sut ca cng on cn v ng bao vin:

1,877 0,002 = 1,875 (tn/gi)
b. Tnh cho cng on cn nh lng, o trn bt nghin:
- Theo cng thc (4.1) tng lng bt nghin trc khi o trn cho sn
phm dng vin:
1,857 100
= 1,859 (tn/gi)
100 0,1
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on o trn bt nghin:

1,859 0,1
= 0,002 (tn/gi)
100
+ R ng chim 2% trong thc n phi trn tc l:
115
1,859 0,02 = 0,037 (tn/gi)
+ Premix chim 1% trong thc n phi trn tc l:
1,859 0,01 = 0,019 (tn/gi)
+ Mui chim 0,5% trong thc n phi trn tc l:
1,859 0,005 = 0,009 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng bt bn thnh phm sau khi cn nh lng:
1,859 (0,037 + 0,019 + 0,009) = 1,794 (tn/gi)
- Theo cng thc (4.1) tng lng bt nghin trc khi cn nh lng:
1,794 100
= 1,796 (tn/gi)
100 0,1
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on cn nh lng:

1,796 0,1
= 0,002 (tn/gi)
100
c. Tnh sn phm dng vin lm thc n cho g con:

* Tnh cho cng on thu nhn v x l cc loi nguyn liu mn:
Ta c t l tng thnh phn nguyn liu mn (cm go, bt c, bt s) v
tng thnh phn nguyn liu th (sn lt kh, kh du lc) trong hn hp bt sau
v trc khi cn l: 9,5:87. Vy:
- Tng thnh phn nguyn liu mn trc khi i qua cn nh lng:
1,796 9,5
= 0,177 (tn/gi)
9,5 + 87
- Theo cng thc (4.1) tng nguyn liu mn a vo sn xut:

0,177 100 2
= 0,178 (tn/gi)
(100 0,5)(100 0,05)
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on sng tp cht:

0,178 0,5
= 0,0009 (tn/gi)
100
- Nng sut ca cng on sng tp cht:

0,178 0,0009 = 0,1771 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng hao ht qua cng on tch kim loi:
0,1771 0,05
= 0,0001 (tn/gi)
100
- Nng sut ca cng on tch kim loi:

0,1771 0,0001 = 0,177 (tn/gi)
+ Khi lng bt c trc khi qua cn nh lng:
116
0,177 8
= 0,149 (tn/gi)
9,5
+ Khi lng bt s trc khi qua cn nh lng:

0,178 0,15 = 0,028 (tn/gi)
* Tnh cho cng on thu nhn v x l cc loi nguyn liu th:
- Tng thnh phn nguyn liu th trc khi qua cn nh lng:
1,796 0,177 = 1,619 (tn/gi)
X Tnh cho ng ht vng:

- Khi lng ng ht vng trc khi qua cn nh lng:
1,619 49,79
= 0,927 (tn/gi)
87
- Theo cng thc (4.1) khi lng ng ht vng a vo sn xut:

0,927 100 3
= 0,941 (tn/gi)
(100 1)(100 0,05)(100 0,5)
- Khi lng ng ht vng hao ht qua cng on tch kim loi:

0,941 0,05
= 0,0005 (tn/gi)
100
- Nng sut ng ht vng qua cng on tch kim loi:

0,941 0,0005 = 0,9405 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng ng ht vng hao ht qua cng on sng tp cht:
0,9405 1
= 0,0094 (tn/gi)
100
- Nng sut ng ht vng qua cng on sng tp cht:

0,9405 0,0094 = 0,931 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng ng ht vng hao ht qua cng on nghin mn:
0,931 0,5
= 0,004 (tn/gi)
100
- Nng sut ng ht vng qua cng on nghin mn:

0,931 0,004 = 0,927 (tn/gi)
Y Tnh cho kh du lc:

- Khi lng kh du lc trc khi qua cn nh lng:
1,619 0,927 = 0,692 (tn/gi)
- Theo cng thc (4.1) khi lng kh du lc a vo sn xut:
0,692 100 4
= 0,706 (tn/gi)
(100 0,5)(100 1)(100 0,05)(100 0,5)
117
- Khi lng kh du lc hao ht qua cng on nghin th:
0,706 0,5
= 0,0035 (tn/gi)
100
- Nng sut kh du lc qua cng on nghin th:

0,706 0,0035 = 0,7025 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng kh du lc hao ht qua cng on tch kim loi:
0,7025 0,05
= 0,0004 (tn/gi)
100
- Nng sut kh du lc qua cng on tch kim loi:

0,7025 0,0004 = 0,7021 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng kh du lc hao ht qua cng on sng tp cht:
0,7021 1
= 0,007 (tn/gi)
100
- Nng sut kh du lc qua cng on sng tp cht:

0,7021 0,007 = 0,6951 (tn/gi)
- Khi lng kh du lc hao ht qua cng on nghin mn:
0,6951 0,5
= 0,0031 (tn/gi)
100
- Nng sut kh du lc qua cng on nghin mn:

0,6951 0,0031 = 0,692 (tn/gi)
Nh vy: Tng t nh cch tnh i vi g con ta tnh c khi lng
hao ht, nng sut ca tng cng on v tnh c khi lng cc loi nguyn
liu s dng trong thc n dng vin cho g tht v g mi.
3.2.4. Tng kt nh gi kt qu tnh ton
- Nhn xt rt kinh nghim
- Bi hc kinh nghim
- Hin tng: Kt qu tnh ton cha chnh xc
- Nguyn nhn: Do nhp s liu sai
- Cch phng nga: Cn thn, t m, chnh xc
Bi tp 1: Nng sut 80 tn sn phm bt/ngy, 1 ngy lm vic 2 ca, 1 ca
lm vic 8h. Vy nng sut ca sn phm thc n dng bt l: 30/16 = 5 tn/gi
(tn/gi).
118
Bi tp 2: Nng sut 80 tn sn phm vin/ngy, 1 ngy lm vic 2 ca, 1
ca lm vic 8h. Vy nng sut ca sn phm thc n dng vin l: 80/16 = 5
tn/gi.
Bi tp 3: Tm hiu cc phng php cn bng vt cht trong sn xut
thc n hn hp thng qua gio trnh v internet.
C. Ghi nh
- Xc nh t l hao ht qua cc cng on sn xut
- Tnh ton cn bng vt cht qua sn xut thc n hn hp
- Tnh ton cn bng vt cht cho sn phm dng bt lm thc n cho ln
vi tng khu phn
- Tnh ton cn bng vt cht cho sn phm dng vin lm thc n cho g
vi tng khu phn
119
Bi 6. Lp s sch theo di
Mc tiu :
- Thc hin c vic ghi chp s sch v vit bo co nh k;
- Lp c bn d ton sn xut thc n hn hp;
- Lp c bn hch ton sn xut thc n hn hp.
A. Ni dung:
1. Xy dng s sch
1.1. D ton sn xut.
a. D ton cc loi chi ph ti sn c nh.
- S vn u t ti sn c nh cn c t trc khi bt tay vo kinh doanh
v c khi mt vi nm mi hon vn. V vy trc khi bt tay vo kinh doanh
phi tnh c lng vn bn cn to dng ti sn c nh l bao nhiu.
Ti sn c nh thng c chia lm 2 loi: Nh xng, trang thit b.
- Nh xng: D ton chi ph xy dng cc nh xng sn xut
+ D ton chi ph xy dng cc khu nh xng
Stt
Tn cng trnh
Stt
Tn cng trnh
Nh sn xut chnh
Trm bin p
Kho nguyn liu
10
Nh sinh hot
Kho thnh phm
11
Nh bo v
Kho bao b
12
i nc
Khu hnh chnh, hi trng, nh

n
13
Phn xng l hi t
Nh xe
14
Nh cha nhin liu
Gara t
15
Cn hng
Phn xng c in
16
t m rng
+ D ton chi ph tin thu (mua) mt bng.

D ton mua trang thit b:
120
Stt
Tn thit b
Stt
Tn thit b
My nghin ng ht vng
11
My tch kim loi cho kh

du lc
My nghin sn lt kh
12
My tch kim loi cho cc

loi nguyn liu mn
My nghin th kh du lc
13
Cn nh lng cc loi
nguyn liu th v mn
My nghin mn kh du lc
14
My o trn nm ngang
My sng tp cht cho ng ht

vng
15
My p to vin
My sng tp cht cho sn lt kh
16
My lm ngui vin
My sng tp cht cho kh du lc
17
My b vin
My sng tp cht cho cc loi

nguyn liu mn
18
My sng phn loi vin
My tch kim loi cho ng ht

vng
19
H thng cn, ng bao t

ng
10
My tch kim loi cho sn lt kh
b. D ton cc loi chi ph lu ng

- Mua nguyn vt liu: Cc loi nguyn vt liu nh: ng, cm, sn,
protein, bt c, premix....
- Chi ph tuyn truyn qung co
- Tr lng cho cn b cng nhn vin
Lc lng lao ng gin tip
- Gim c
- Phng marketting
- Ph gim c
- Phng lao ng tin lng
- Th k gim c
- Th kho
- Phng k thut
- Phng y t
- Phng KCS
- Nh n, cn tin
121
- Phng t chc hnh chnh
- V sinh phn xng sn xut
- Phng k ton ti v
- Nh v sinh
- Phng k hoch thng k
- Bo v
Lao ng trc tip:

Stt
Chc nng
Stt
Chc nng
Qun c phn xng
11
Lm ngui vin
Trc phng iu khin trung

tm
12
B vin
Phng c in
13
Cn bao
Cn t ng ngoi cng
14
May bao
Tch kim loi
15
Li xe
Sng tp cht
16
Bc vc nguyn liu v sn
phm
Nghin
17
L hi t
nh lng
18
H thng cp r ng
o trn
19
H thng cp thnh phn vi

lng
10
p to vin
- Tr tin khu hao ti sn c nh (Khu hao hng nm = nguyn gi / nm s
dng)
- Tr tin in nc
- Tr li ngn hng
- Tr ph bo him v cc chi ph khc
1.2. Hch ton sn xut.
a. nh gi cho hng ho
- Xc nh cc chi ph: Bao gm chi ph c nh v chi ph thng xuyn nh
sau:
- Nguyn vt liu
- Lng v cc tr cp cho nhn vin
- Vn phng phm v cc ph
- Qung co, tip th
122
bu in
- Dch v php lut v k ton
- Tin thu nh t
- Nhin liu
- Chi ph in, nc, ga
- Khu hao
- Bo tr
- in thoi
- Ph ngn hng
- Giy php kinh doanh
- Bo him
- X l cht thi
- Tnh gi thnh: tm gi thnh cho sn phm, hy tnh chi ph trong

mt thng v chia cho s lng sn phm m bn bn ra c thng.
b. c tnh doanh thu
c tnh doanh thu bn hng, cn thc hin theo cc bc sau:
- Lit k cc sn phm hoc hng ho doanh nghip ca bn s bn.
- c tnh khi lng cc mt hng bn d kin bn c mi thng
trong nm u kinh doanh.
- Xc nh gi bn ca mi mt hng bn hy vng bn c
- Tnh doanh thu hng thng cho mi mt hng bng cch nhn khi
lng hng ho bn c vi gi bn tng ng.
Loi sn
phm
- Cm g
con
Gi
bnh
qun
12000
- Doanh thu
- Cm g
- Doanh thu
8000
....
- Cm ln
tht
9000
- Doanh thu
- Cm ln
10000
S lng sn phm bn ra v doanh thu hng thng

T
1
10
11
12
123
- Doanh thu
......
Tng doanh thu
c. Lp k hoch doanh thu v chi ph

D ton chnh xc doanh thu bn hng vn cn cha . nh gi
c rng cng vic kinh doanh thnh cng mc no, cn phi tnh c
li nhun. Ch khi mi bit chnh xc liu c li hay khng. Li nhun bng
doanh thu bn hng tr i cc chi ph hot ng kinh doanh
Lp k hoch doanh thu v chi ph s bit c kinh doanh c li khng:
Bng mu k hoch doanh thu v chi ph:
Cc thng trong nm
1
Doanh thu
Chi ph hot
ng
- Nguyn vt
liu, bao b
- Tin cng
- Bo him x
hi
- Marketing v
bn hng
- Thu mt bng
v trang thit b
- Bo him ho
hon
- Vn ti
- in, nc,
in thoi
10
11
12
124
- Bo dng
my mc, thit
b, nh xng
- ng k kinh
doanh, thu
- Khu hao, chi
ph phn b dn
Tng chi ph
Li nhun
(Trc thu)
d. Lp k hoch lu chuyn tin mt

Bn mu k hoch lu chuyn tin mt
Tin
khi
s
Cc thng trong nm
1
D tin mt
T
H
U
Tin mt
bn hng
Tin thu n
chu
Thu khc
(n...)
Tng thu
C
H
I
- Mua hng
tr tin mt
- Tr n
hng mua
chu
10 11 12
125
- Mua
nguyn vt
liu, bao b
- Tin lng
- Bo him
x hi
- Marketing
v bn hng
- Thu mt
bng v
trang thit b
- Bo him
ho hon
- Vn ti
- in,
nc, in
thoi
- Bo dng
my mc,
thit b, nh
xng
- ng k
kinh doanh,
thu
- Khu hao,
chi ph phn
b dn
- Mua trang
thit b b
sung
Tng chi ph
D tin mt
cui thng
126
2. Phn loi v ghi chp s sch.
2.1. S ci
S CI DOANH THU BN HNG
Tn ti khon :Doanh thu bn hng
SD u thng (d c ):
Stt
TK i
ng
131
Phi thu ca khch hng
531
Hng bn b tr li
3332
Thu TTB phi np
911
Xc nh kt qu kinh doanh
Tn TK i ng
PS N
PS C
Pht sinh trong thng
S CI TI KHON CHI PH SN XUT CHUNG

T ngy .... n ngy ....thng .... nm ....
Tn TK:chi ph sn xut chung
D u thng (c):....
stt
i
ng
Tn TK s dng
155
Thnh phm
111
Tin mt
154
111
Chi ph sn xut kinh doanh d

dang
112
Tin mt
142
Tin gi ngn hng
153
Chi ph tr trc
214
Cng c, dng c
338
Hao mn TSC
Phi tr np khc
Ps trong thng
PS n
PS c
127
S CI XC NH KT QU KINH DOANH
Tn TK: Xc nh kt qu kinh doanh
SD c :0
TT
TK i
ng
Tn TK i ng
PS N
PS C
1
2
3
4
5
Pht sinh trong k
2.2. S chi tit

IN XUT NHP HNG
Tn hng:
Ngy .../....../20....
S lng tn u k:
Thnh tin:
n v:
Ngy pht
sinh
Tn khch
hng
Nhp xut
S lng
n gi
Thnh tin
128
S NHP KHO THNH PHM
Thng 07/2004.
Sn phm: Qu hp
Ngy
.thng
M
s
Ca
Ngy
S lng
bao
Lng ti
4.678
233.9
Tng
K tn ngi nhp
PHIU NHP KHO THNH PHM

Ngy .././20.
H tn ngi giao hng:
Nhp ti kho
STT
Tn quy cch, sn
phm
S lng
VT
Theo
CT
Thc
tp
Gi n
v
Thnh tin
Cng
Cng thnh tin : (bng ch)..

Th trung n v
K ton trng
PT cung tiu
Ngi giao
Th kho
129
HO N BN L
MU S 1-BL
H tn ngi mua hng:

a ch:
STT
Tn khch hng v
quy cch phm cht
VT
S lng
Gi n v
Thnh tin
01
02
Cng
Cng thnh tin:

Ngi nhn hng
nhn
Ngi vit ho n
HO N KIM PHIU XUT KHO

Ngy ...../....../200....
H tn ngi nhn hng:
a ch:
L do xut kho:
Hnh thc thanh ton:
Stt
Tn hng
ho,dch v
M s
VT
S
lng
n gi
Thnh
tin
01
02
Cng
Tng s tin:
PT cung tiu
Ngi giao hng
Th kho
KTtng
Th trng n v
130
CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
c lp -T do -Hnh phc
T KHAI TIU TH C BIT
Tn c s:
a ch :
ST
T
Tn hng
ho dch v
S
lng
Doanh s
bn
Gi tnh
thu TTB
Thu
sut %
S thu
TTB
phi np
1
2
Cng
3. Vit bo co nh k.
Biu :
BO CO KT QU HOT NG KINH DOANH
n v :
Ch tiu
M s
Thi gian
(Ngythng.nm)
Doanh thu
Cc khon gim tr
+ Gim gi hng bn
+ Hng bn b tr li
+ Thu phi np NSNN
1. Doanh thu thun
2. Gi vn hng bn
3. Li nhun gp
4.Chi ph bn hng
5. Chi ph qun l doanh nghip
6. Li nhun thun t hot ng kinh
131
doanh
- Thu nhp t hot ng.
- Chi ph hot ng ti chnh.
7.Li nhun thun t hot ng ti
chnh
- Cc khon thu nhp bt thng
CP hot ng bt thng
8. Li nhun bt thng
9. Li nhun trc thu
Trch bo co chi tit gi thnh sn phm.

Tn sn phm:.........
Ngy ....thng .....nm......
n v:.......
Ch tiu
Sn lng
(kg)
Chi ph
NVLTT
Chi ph
NCTT
Chi ph
SXC
Tng
Tng gi thnh
Gi thnh n v
4. Thc hnh
- a im thc hnh: Ti phng hc thc hnh
- Thit b, dng c: Giy bt, bi tp, my tnh, my chiu, cc khung mu.
4.2.1. Lp bn d ton sn xut thc n hn hp
Hng dn lp d ton sn xut
- D ton cc loi chi ph ti sn c nh
+ Xy dng nh xng
+ Mua trang thit b
- D ton cc loi chi ph lu ng
132
+ Chi ph mua nguyn liu sn xut: ccloi thc n
+ Chi ph qung co
+ Tr lng cho cn b cng nhn vin
+ Tr tin khu hao ti sn c nh
+ Tr tin in nc
+ Tr tin li ngn hng
+ Tr ph bo him
+ Tr ph v sinh mi trng v x l cht thi
+ Chi ph cc hot ng kinh doanh khc
1) D ton chi ph ti sn c nh
Stt Tn cng trnh / thit b S lng
n gi
(VN)
Tn cng trnh
Nh sn xut chnh
Thnh tin
(VN)
.........
II
Tn thit b
My nghin ng
.......
Tng cng
2) D ton chi ph ti sn lu ng
Stt Hng mc chi ph
S lng
n gi
(VN)
Khu hao ti sn c
nh
Chi ph nhn cng
Tr tin lng cho cn
Thnh tin
(VN)
133
b cng nhn vin
4
Tr li ngn hng
...
..............
Tng cng
4.2.2. Lp bn hch ton sn xut thc n hn hp
- Hng dn hch ton sn xut
+ nh gi hng ho (Thit k theo bng mu)
+ c tnh doanh thu (Thit k theo bng mu)
+ Lp k hoch doanh thu v chi ph (Thit k theo bng mu)
+ Li nhun = Doanh thu Chi ph
4.2.3. nh gi hiu qu bn d ton v hch ton
- Tho lun nhm
+ nh gi tnh kh thi ca bn k hoch
+ nh gi tnh kh thi ca bn hch ton
- Hin tng: Kt qu tnh cha y
- Nguyn nhn: B st mt s chi ph lu ng nh v li xut ca vn t c
- Cch phng nga: K chi tit cc danh mc chi ph v danh mc doanh thu
Bi tp 1: Tm hiu cc phng php lp s sch theo di trong sn xut
thc n hn hp thng qua cc quy nh ca nh nc v internet.
Bi tp 2: Lp bn d ton sn xut v bn hch ton sn xut cho mt nh
my sn xut thc n sn xut thc n hn hp cho ln, g, vt vi cng sut 35
tn thc n vin/ngy.
C. Ghi nh
- Lp d ton sn xut thc n hn hp:
- Hch ton sn xut thc n hn hp
- Lp bn d ton sn xut thc n hn hp
- Lp bn hch ton sn xut thc n hn hp
- Tham kho 1 - 2 bn k hoch sn xut ca 1nh my sn xut thc n
134
HNG DN GING DY M UN
I. V tr, tnh cht ca m un/mn hc:
L n v hc tp m ngi hc ngh c trang b sau khi hc xong m
un; sn xut thc n trong chng trnh o to trnh s cp ngh, ngh sn
xut thc n hn hp chn nui.
M un c tch hp gia kin thc chuyn mn, k nng thc hnh v
thi ngh nghip mt cch hon chnh nhm gip ngi hc ngh c nng lc
thc hnh sn xut thc n hn hp chn nui.
II. Mc tiu:
Hc xong m un ny ngi hc c kh nng:
1. Kin thc:
- La chn c phng php phi trn thc n, xy dng cng thc hn
hp thc n chn nui cho gia sc, gia cm.
- Xc nh c phng php phi trn thc n v kim tra gi tr dinh
dng ca thc n cng nghip chn nui .
2. K nng:
- Thc hin la chn phng php phi trn thc n v xy dng cng
thc hn hp chn nui cng nghip.
- Thc hin phi trn thc n v kim tra gi tr dinh dng ca thc n.
- Thc hin tnh hao ht, cn bng vt cht v lp s theo di.
3. Thi :
- Lm vic nghim tc, sng to v tit kim vt t, nguyn vt liu.
- Cn thn, chu o t m khi thc hin cng vic xc nh nhu cu dinh
dng ca vt nui.
III. Ni dung chnh ca m un:
Thi lng
M bi
Tn bi/chng
mc
Loi bi
a im
dy
M04-01
La chn phng
php phi hp
thc n
Tch
hp
Phng hc
thc hnh
28
18
M04-02
Xy dng cng
thc hn hp
Tch
hp
Phng hc
thc hnh
20
16
Tng
s
L
Thc
thuyt hnh
Kim
tra*
2
135
M04-03
Phi trn thc n
Tch
hp
Phng hc
thc hnh
20
16
M04-04
Kim tra nh gi
gi tr dinh dng
thc
Tch
hp
Phng hc
thc hnh
20
14
M04-05
Tnh hao ht v
cn bng vt cht
Tch
hp
Phng hc
thc hnh
20
16
Lp s theo di
Tch
hp
Phng hc
thc hnh
20
16
M04-06
Kim tra kt thc m un

Cng
4
132
28
96
*Ghi ch: Thi gian kim tra c tnh vo gi thc hnh.

IV. Hng dn thc hin bi tp, bi thc hnh
1. Nguyn vt liu:
- a im thc hnh: Ti phng hc thc hnh - l thuyt v ti xng
sn xut thc n hn hp.
- Thit b, dng c: Giy bt, bi tp, my tnh, my chiu, cc khung mu, thc
n cc loi, cc loi trang thit b - my mc phi trn, thit b - dng c kim tra gi
tr dinh dng ca thc n, bao b cc loi, kho thc n, nhn lc, phng tin vn
chuyn, bi tp thc hnh.
2. Cch thc t chc
- Gio vin lm mu (Hng dn phn l thuyt)
- Hc vin xy dng cc bc thc hin cng vic
- Hc vin thc hin lm bi tp
- Hc vin bo co kt qu v gio vin cng lp nh gi kt qu
- Rt ra bi hc kinh nghim
3. Thi gian:
- Tun th theo quy phn phi chng trnh ca mun
4. S lng
- m bo s lng bi tp thc hnh p ng theo bi ra
136
5. Tiu chun sn phm
- ng trnh t quy nh
- Kt qu m bo chnh xc
- Thi gian thc hin ng quy nh
V. Yu cu v nh gi kt qu hc tp
5.1. Bi 1: La chn phng php phi hp thc n
Tiu ch nh gi
Cch thc nh gi
- Phn tch phn tch tnh hnh c s

- Phn tch phng php phi trn thc n
Kim tra bng cch t cu hi
hn hp
- La chn phng php phi trn
- Thm quan dy chuyn cng ngh sn
xut thc n hn hp
- Thu thp thng tin v cc thng s k Kt qu y v cc loi thng
thut ca cc my mc, thit b.
tin iu tra
- Tnh ton v la chn dy chuyn cng Np bo co v chm im
ngh xut ph hp
- nh gi v a ra gii php cho c s
- Mc thnh tho, chnh xc trong cng
Theo di qu thc hin cng vic
vic
5.2. Bi 2: Xy dng cng thc hn hp
Tiu ch nh gi
Cch thc nh gi
- Phng php xc nh nhu cu dinh

dng cho vt nui
- Phng php s dng cc phn mm
phi trn thc n
- Phng php xy dng khu phn thc
n cho vt nui
- Thc hin chn nguyn liu
- Thc hin rng buc t l nguyn liu Kim tra kt qu thao tc v kt
qu phi hp
trong khu phn
- Thc hin chn cht dinh dng cn cn
137
bng
- Thc hin nhp gi tr dinh dng ca 1
loi thc n no
- Thc hin phi hp
- Thc hin xem v in kt qu
vic
5.3. Bi 3: Phi trn thc n
Tiu ch nh gi
Cch thc nh gi
- Quy trnh phi trn, bao gi v bo qun

thc n hn hp.
- Thc hin chun b cc dng c v thit Kim tra thng qua bn k cc
b phi trn
dng c v thit b phi trn.
Kim tra thng qua cc thao tc
- Thc hin phi trn, bao gi v bo qun
thc hin cc thao tc phi trn,
sn phm thc n cho vt nui
bao gi v bo qun
- Mc thnh tho trong cng vic
5.4. Bi 4: Kim tra nh gi gi tr dinh dng thc n

Tiu ch nh gi
Cch thc nh gi
- Xc nh cc loi thc n cn kim tra v

phng php kim tra
- Chun b cc dng c v thit b kim tra
gi tr dinh dng ca thc n
- Phng php kim tra gi tr dinh dng
ca thc n
- Kim tra cht lng thc n bng cm
quan
- Kim tra nh bt nghin ca thc n.
- Kim tra trn u nghin ca thc n
- Phng php xc nh bn v cng
vin thc n
Kim tra thao tc thc hin v kt

qu thc hin
138
Mc thnh tho, chnh xc trong cng
vic
5.5. Bi 5: Xc nh hao ht v cn bng vt cht
Tiu ch nh gi
Cch thc nh gi
- Phng php xc nh t l hao ht qua Kim tra bng cch t cu hi

cc cng on
- Phng php tnh ton cn bng vt cht
sn xut cc loi thc n
- Tnh ton t l hao ht qua cc cng on Kim tra kt qu xc nh
sn xut
Kim tra kt qu tnh ton bi tp
- Tnh ton cn bng vt cht cho sn phm
dng bt lm thc n cho ln vi tng khu
phn.
- Tnh ton c cn bng vt cht cho sn
phm dng vin lm thc n cho g vi
tng khu phn
- Mc thnh tho, chnh xc trong cng Theo di qu thc hin cng vic
vic
5.6. Bi 6: Lp s theo di
Tiu ch nh gi
Cch thc nh gi
- Phng php lp d ton sn xut thc n

hn hp
- Phng php lp bn hch ton sn xut Kim tra bng cch t cu hi
thc n hn hp
- Phng php lp cc s sch theo di
- Lp bn d ton sn xut thc n hn hp Kim tra kt qu bn k hoch
- Lp bn hch ton sn xut thc n hn Kim tra kt qu bn hch ton
hp
Kim tra tnh hiu qu, tnh khoa
- nh gi hiu qu bn d ton v hch hc ca bn d ton v bn hch
ton
ton
Mc thnh tho, chnh xc trong cng
vic
139
vic
VI. Ti liu tham kho
1. Trn Ngc Chn, K thut thng gi, NXB xy dng - H Ni, 1998.
2. on D (ch bin) - Bi c Hi - Mai Vn L - Nguyn Nh Thung,
Cng ngh v cc my ch bin lng thc, NXB Khoa hc v K thut - H Ni, 1983.
3. V Duy Ging - Nguyn Th Lng Hng - Tn Tht Sn, Dinh dng
v thc n gia sc, NXB nng nghip - H Ni, 1999.
4. Trn Xun Ngch, Gio trnh ch bin thc n gia sc, Trng i hc
Bch Khoa Nng - khoa Ha, 2000.
5. N - I - Penixov, Sn xut v s dng thc n hn hp cho gia sc,
NXB Khoa hc v K thut - H Ni, 1971.
6. Phan Sm, S tay k thut ni hi, NXB Khoa hc v K thut - H Ni, 1985.
7. Trn Th Truyn, C s thit k nh my, i hc Bch Khoa Nng
- khoa Ha, 2006.
8. Trn Minh Vng - Nguyn Th Minh Thun, My phc v chn nui,
NXB Gio dc, 1999.
9. N.G.Xminits (Nga) - Trn Minh Vng (dch), C kh ha cc tri
chn nui, NXB Khoa hc v K thut - H Ni, 1974.
10. Vin chn nui quc gia, Thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng thc n
gia sc - gia cm Vit Nam, NXB nng nghip - H Ni, 2001.
11. Gio trnh nhn thc kinh doanh v khi s doanh nghip cho lao
ng nng thn. H Ni, 2010
12. Gio trnh tin hc chuyn ngnh chn nui. Trng H NN H Ni
13. http://www. emekong.com.vn/uploadedimages
14. http://www.riam.com.vn/upload
15. http://www.techmartdaily.com.vn
140
BAN CH NHIM XY DNG
CHNG TRNH DY NGH TRNH S CP
(Km theo Quyt nh s 2744 /BNN-TCCB ngy 15 thng 10 nm 2010

ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn)
1. Ch nhim: ng Phm Thanh Hi - Hiu trng Trng Cao ng Nng
nghip v Pht trin nng thn Bc B
2. Ph ch nhim: B o Th Hng Lan - Ph trng phng V T chc cn
b, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn
3. Th k: ng Lm Trn Khanh - Trng b mn Trng Cao ng Nng
4. Cc y vin:
- ng L Cng Hng, Trng b mn Trng Cao ng Nng nghip v
Pht trin nng thn Bc B
- ng Nguyn Danh Phng, Trng khoa Trng Cao ng Nng
- ng V Xun Hng, Ch tch Hi ng qun tr X nghip G Lng
M
- ng H Vn Bin, Ph trng phng Trung tm Khuyn nng Quc
gia./.
DANH SCH HI NG NGHIM THU
CHNG TRNH, GIO TRNH DY NGH TRNH S CP
(Theo Quyt nh s 3495 /Q-BNN-TCCB ngy 29 thng 12 nm 2010

ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn)
1. Ch tch: ng on Vn Son - Ph hiu trng Trng Cao ng Nng
Lm
2. Th k: ng Hong Ngc Thnh - Chuyn vin chnh V T chc cn b, B
Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn
3. Cc y vin:
- B ng Th Hng Quyn - Ging vin Trng Cao ng Nng Lm
- ng V Vn Ngu - Trng khoa Trng Cao ng Nng nghip Nam
B
- ng L Hng Sn - Ph trng phng Trung tm Khuyn nng Quc
gia./.

Goc - GT Modun 04 - SX Thuc An Chan Nuoi

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B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN

SN XUT THC N HN HP CHN NUI .............................................. 0

Nng lng trao i (kcal/kg)

n v tnh ca Anh (1inch = 2,54cm)

H thng iu khin dy truyn sn xut

Tch kim loi

Tch kim loi

Sng phn loi

Vin Thnh phn

- Cc dy chuyn trong cng ngh sn xut thc n hn hp

+ Dy chuyn tip nhn v x l nguyn liu

Hnh 3. Dy chuyn sn xut thc n dng bt nng sut 10 tn/gi, thc

* Nguyn l hot ng:

* Nguyn l hot ng:

- Nguyn liu vo:

- Nguyn l hot ng:

2.2.3. Dy chuyn vn chuyn v b phn cha trung gian

b. Sil cha thc n hn hp

+ Q: Nng sut ca dy chuyn (kg/h) (chn nng sut ln

S sil chn: 1 sil.

h2: Chiu cao phn hnh tr (m).

h1: Chiu cao phn chp nn (m).

+ Th tch phn y nn: VN = 3,14 h1 ( D 2 + d 2 + D d )

+ Thay (5.2), (5.3), (5.4) vo (5.1) ta c:

+ Thay VX = 0,33 vo (5.5) ta c: D = 0,58 (m).

ng knh phn hnh tr: D = 0,58m.

ng knh ng tho liu: d = 0,12m.

Thng s KT: PVC1

Thng s KT: PVC

Thng s KT: PVC3

Thng s KT: PVC4

2.2.4. Dy chuyn to vin v x l vin:

12: Ca xung liu

5: Mng xung liu

17: Cng tc hnh trnh

8:Hp truyn ng chnh

20: Cng tc hnh trnh

21: H thng bi trn

My p to vin gm c trc c trong, trc rng bao ngoi, ngha l 2

Hnh 8 : Nguyn l lm vic ca bung p

6,14: Bnh rng iu tit

2,16: Bulng kp cht

17: Dao ct vin

4,7,10,13: ai c chng ni 18: Vin

Thng s k thut loi my p vin trn:

HKJ 300 HKJ 350 HKJ 450 HKJ 610

Nng sut (tn/gi)

ng c tip liu (kw)

ng knh trong khun

Tc vng quay (r/m)

- Sng phn loi vin:

Chn 2 my (1 my cn ng bao bt, 1 my cn ng bao vin).

Bng 2. Nhu cu ca b c ging (B a phng v b c Zebu)

Bng 3. Nhu cu cho b ci c cha v nui con

Bng 4: Nhu cu n cho b ci giai on nui con

1.2. Xc nh nhu cu dinh dng cho ln

Protein tng s (g)

Methionin + xystin (g)

Bng 7. Nhu cu dinh dng cho ln ci hu b ngoi/ 1 ngy m

Bng 8. Tiu chun n ca ln ci hu b tnh theo NRC, 1998

Tng trng tnh theo nc

Khi lng TB (kg)