ANTEN KHE

(ANTEN KHE TRN NG DN SNG)

I/ Cu to: Mt anten khe bao gm 1 mt kim loi, thng l 1 bn kim loi phng, vp 1 ci l hoc khe c ct ra. Khi bn kim loi c truyn bng nhiu anten vi cng tn s, khe bc x sng in t bng cch tng t nhau n anten lng cc. Hnh dng v kch c ca khe, tn s truyn l tng, s xc nh c m hnh ca s phn b bc. Thng th sng v tuyn c to ra bng ng dn song, v anten bao gm nhiu khe trong ng dn song. Cc anten khe thng c s dng tn s UHF v tn s song vi bat hay cho nhng loi anten thng khi c yu cu biu din m hnh bc x tt hn. Nhiu anten khe c s dng rng ri trong anten raa, cc anten khu vc s dng cho trm gc di ng, v thng c thy trong mn hnh chun ca nhng ngun song vi ba, c s dng cho nhng mc ch nghin cu. u im chnh ca anten khe l kch thc, thit k n gin, mnh m ca n v nhng p ng ca n to thun li cho vic sn xut i tr cng ngh my tnh bng. Anten khe c Alan Blumlein pht minh vo nm 1983, trong lc lm vic cho EMI. ng ta pht minh n a ra 1 dng thc t ca anten cho pht thanh truyn hnh VHF . Khe v lng cc: Mt ci khe hp trong 1 mt phng t v hn l phn b cho 1 lng cc trong khng gian t do. Khe c m hnh bc x going nh 1 lng cc, trng E v H c trao i vi nhau (H7.3), khe th ging lng cc t hn l lng cc in. V th, n c phn cc 90 , nn s bc x khe ng cng c phn cc gang. V d, mt khe ng c m hnh v chiu ging vi mt lng cc ngang, nn chng ta c th d tnh c m hnh s bc x ca 1 lng cc. V th, 1 khe theo chiu dc trong ng dn song bc x vung gc vi khe.

II/ Nguyn l: Nhng anten khe ng dn sng thng c s dng nh nhng anten sng viba a hng. Theo Watson, mng khe c pht minh vo nm 1943 ti i hc McGrill Montreal. im ni bt ca nhng anten ny l s phn cc ngang v li a hng xung quanh gc phng v. Chng cng n gin, mnh m v kh d xy dng. Anten khe ng dn sng c cu to t 1 ng dn sng ch nht hoc trn, trn thnh ng c ct 1 hoc nhiu khe c di bng na bc sng (khe na bc sng). Thng thng, khi dung ng dn sng ch nht th dng sng kch thch l sng khi dung ng dn sng trn th dng sng kch thch l sng . cn

Khi c sng in t truyn lan trong ng, mt trong ca thnh ng s c dng in mt. Vector mt ca n c xc nh bi biu thc:

Khi truyn sng

trong ng dn sng ch nht, vector t trng c 2 thnh phn:

Theo (23.6) v (23.7) th mt trong thnh ng s c 3 thnh phn dng in mt: 2 thnh phn ngang , gy ra bi t trng dc v 1 thnh phn in dc gy ra bi t trng ngang . Phn b ca thnh phn dng in ngang thnh hp ca ng (H23.6). , v dng in dc trn thnh rng v

Nu khe nm ngang trn thnh ng dn sng v ct ngang ng sc mt dng in th dng in dn trn thnh ng s b gin on ti khe h v chuyn thnh dng in dch chy vung gc vi 2 mp khe (H23.7). Trong khe s hnh thnh in trng tng ng vi dng in dch v gia 2 mp khe s pht sinh in p. Nu t khe vung gc vi ng sc mt dng in mt th thnh phn dng in dch chy ngang mp khe l cc i, khe c kch thch mnh nht .

Nu t khe dc theo dc theo ng sc mt dng in mt th s pht sinh dng in dch chy ngang mp khe, ngha l khe khng c kch thch v n s khng bc x nng lng. Cc khe trn thnh ng dn sng c th c xp t theo nhiu cch khc nhau (H23.8).

Khe dc trn ng dn sng (1) c kch thch bi cc thnh phn ngang ca mt dng din mt , v c th ct trn bn rng cng nh bn hp ca ng. Tuy nhin cn ch rng dc theo ng trung bnh ca bn rng , mt dng in ngang bng 0 ( = 0), v vy nu cc khe nm dc theo ng trung bnh th chng s khng c kch thch v khng bc x nng lng. kch thch cc khe ny c th dung cc thm kch thch t cnh khe, vung gc vi mt phng ca khe (H23.9). Dng in chy trn cc thn kch thch c to nn bi cc dng in mt chy trn thnh ng im t thm.

Khe ngang trn ng dn sng (2) c kch thch bi cc thnh phn dc ca mt dng in mt . Khe ngang ch c th ct trn bn rng ca ng vi trn bn hp th = 0. Khe nghing (3) c th ct trn bn rng cng nh trn bn hp ca ng dn sng v c kch thch bi cc thnh phn dng in dc cng nh ngang. Cng kch thch cho cc khe c xc nh bi hnh chiu ca vector dng in mt ln hng vung gc vung gc vi trc ca khe. Khe ch thp (4) l kt hp gia khe ngang v khe dc. Theo (23.7) dng in dc v ngang trn thnh ng ti cng 1 thit din c gc lch pha nhau 90 . V vy cc khe dc v khe ngang s c kch thch lch pha nhau 90 . Nu tm ca khe ch thp c t cch ng trung bnh ca bn rng 1 khong cch x= sao cho bin ca cc thnh phn trng ti bng nhau th cng kch thch cho 2 khe s bng nhau. Do , khe ch thp s bc x sng phn cc trn theo hng vung gc vi thnh rng ca ng dn sng. Theo nguyn l tng h, anten ng dn sng c th dung lm anten pht cng nh anten thu. Cng kch thch khe ( cng bc x hoc thu ca khe) ph thuc vo v tr ca khe trn thnh ng dn sng . Kho st hng tnh ca khe ct trn thnh ng dn sng khng th da vo nguyn l i ln nhau v kch thc ca thnh ng l hu hn, so snh c vi bc sng, c bit l khi kho st hng tnh trong mt phng E. th phng hng ca khe trong mt phng c th c xc nh gn ng theo nguyn l i ln nhau i vi chn t in c cng kch thc. th phng hng ca khe dc na sng (l=/2) trong mt phng E, khi c xat n kch thc hu hn ca thnh ng dn sng (13.10).

in dn bc x ca khe cng ph thuc vo kch thc ca mt kim loi cha khe v v tr ca khe trn mt y. Tuy nhin i vi khe trn ng dn sng th s ph thc ny

khng ln lm. V vy khi tnh ton k thut, c th dung cng thc (23.4) l cng thc rt ra c t nguyn l i ln. V khe ct trn thnh ng dn sng s bc x nng lng ra khng gian bn ngoi nn n tr thnh ti ca ng v s nh hng n ch lm vic ca ng dn sng. Khi y nng lng truyn trong ng s c 1 phn bc x qua khe, 1 phn phn x li t khe ging nh khi phn x sng t cc ch khng ng nht ca ng dn sng v i ngc v pha my pht , cn 1 phn tip tc truyn lan trong ng. Anh3 hng ca khe n ch lm vic ca ng c c trng bi dn np vo v tr khng np vo ca khe. Trng hp khe c ct ngang trn thnh rng ca ng dn sng (H23.7), n s lm gin on ng sc mt chy dc theo ng. V vy khe ngang trong trng hp ny c th c coi nh 1 tr khng mc ni tip trn ng dy song hnh tng ng ca ng dn sng (H23.11a). Cc tr khng v hnh 23.11 l tr khng chun ha, trong l in tr mc u cui ng dn sng phi hp tr khng, to sng chy trong ng. Trng hp khe ct dc, n s lm gin on ng sc mt dng in ngang trn thnh ng. Dng in ngang ny c th coi nh dng phn nhnh, chy theo ng dy nhnh mc song song v cc dy dn ca ng dy song hnh tng ng. V vy, khe dc c th c coi tng vi tr khng (dn np mc song song) (H23.11b).

Tr khng vo (dn np vo) ca khe c di ty l 1 i lng phc. vi khe cng hng th = 0. Mun cho khe cng hng, di ca n phi nh hn /2. Vi khe cng rng th rt ngn so vi /2 cng ln.V vy cng kch thch cho khe ph thuc vo v tr ca khe trnt hnh ng nn nh hng ca khe n ch lm vic ca ng dn sng cng ph thuc vo yu t ny. Khi tng cng kch thch khe th tr khng vo ca khe ngang v dn np vo ca khe dc s tng.

in dn vo chun ha ca khe dc cng hng trn tm rng c th c tnh theo cng thc gn ng:

Ta thy rng in dn vo ca khe dc cng hng s bng 0 nu khe dc nm trn ng trung bnh ca tm ln (x1 = 0) v cc i nu khe nm mp ca tm ln (x1 = a/2) hoc nm dc trn tm nh ca ng. in tr vo chun ha ca khe ngang cng hng:

Ta thy in tr vo ca khe ngang cng hng s cc i khi tm ca khe nm trn ng trung bnh ca tm rng (x1=0) v v tr ny dng in dc c gi tr cc i, v Rv gim khi tm ca khe li ra xa ng trung bnh. III/ th phng hng: Ga thit rng th phng hng ca khe na bc sng trong mt phng H cng ging nh th phng hng ca chn t in na sng trong mt phng E, ta s nhn c biu thc hm phng hng ca h thng khe dc ng pha trn ng dn sng t biu thc hm phng hng i vi h thng chn t ng pha sp xp theo ng thng:

Cng thc ny c th dung tnh ton th phng hng anten trong 1 na khng gian (). Bc x ca anten trong na khng gian pha sau cc khe thng khng ng k, c th b qua. th phng hng ca h thng khe dc trn ng dn sng trong mt phng E cng c dng tng t nh th phng hng trong mt phng E ca 1 khe n (H23.10).

2D:
>> L=input('nhap ty so'); nhap ty so0.5 >> teta=0:0.01*pi:2.*pi; >> tuso=(1/9).*cos(pi/2.*sin(teta)).*sin(9.*L.*pi.*sin(teta)); >> mauso=cos(teta).*sin(pi.*L.*sin(teta)); >> f=tuso./mauso; >> polar(teta,f);

3D:
[teta,phi]=meshgrid(0:2.*pi./180:pi,0:4.*pi./180:1.5.*pi); >> L=input('nhap ty so'); nhap ty so0.80 >> tuso=(1/9).*cos(pi/2.*sin(teta)).*sin(9.*L.*pi.*sin(teta)); >> mauso=cos(teta).*sin(pi.*L.*sin(teta)); >> f=tuso./mauso;

>> x=f.*sin(teta).*cos(phi); >> y=f.*sin(teta).*sin(phi); >> z=f.*cos(teta); >> surfl(x,y,z);