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T t post tip.
Quc gia :
12
Sn phm
X ( kg/ gi lao ng ) 3 4
Y ( m/ gi lao ng ) 4 7
Gi s ti hai quc gia s dng 500 gi lao ng cho mi sn phm X v Y.
B qua phn cu hi. Ti s phn tch cc kiu .
2/ Qui m sn xut tiu dng khi thng mi v chuyn mn ha hon ton ( thc ra th ko
nht nh phi chuyn mn ha, c th sn xut c 2 sp mc t l cho php l c, nhng
nh vy s dn ti l ko lm trc nghim c v mi ngi ly 1 t l khc nhau ):
Cch xc nhn :
QG 1 2
Sn phm
X ( kg/ h) 3 5
Y ( m/h ) 4 2
Ci ny nhn v l bit tuyt i ri ( X th 5 >3, Y th ngc li 4 >2 => QG1 xut Y nhp X,
QG 2 xut X nhp Y )
1 X = 3/2 Y 1 X = 4/5 Y
1 Y = 2/3 X 1 Y = 5/4 X
Gi s X theo Y
Xt QG xut khu X l QG 1 , t l X v Y l : 3X = 4Y . Vy -500X = -500 /3 *4= -666.66 Y.
Vy, c TG l : -500X +1500Y = -666.66 Y +1500 Y = +833.33 Y
Gi s Y theo X :
Xt QG xut khu Y l QG2, t l X v Y l : 4X = 7Y. Vy 1500Y = 1500/7 * 4 = 857 X
Vy, c TG l : -500X + 1500Y = -500X + 857X = +257 X
Lu :
Trn kia l nng sut nn t l nhn ngang ( 3X = 4Y v 4X = 7Y). Cn trng hp chi ph th nhn
cho hoc chia (vd gi s bi 4 l chi ph th t l l 4X = 3Y hay X/3 = Y/4) .
Khi xt sn phm X theo Y th cn xt t l ca QG xut X, cn xt Y theo X th phi xt t l ca
QG xut Y.
Ch cn qui i X theo Y hoc Y theo X, ko cn phi qui i c 2 trng hp, tn thi gian .
Trng hp may mn c X v Y u dng th ta gi nguyn c 2 ci, khi phi qui i ( gi s
khi chuyn mn ha v trao i : +500X +1500Y th khi phi qui i )
Trnh by :
Li ch sn xut :
Ngun lc sn xut ca TG ko i : 2000 gi lao ng
Qui m sn xut tng : +833Y (hay l +257X)
Kt lun : Hiu qu sn xut tng
Li ch tiu dng :
Ngn sch ko i
Qui m tiu dng tng : +833Y ( hay l +257X)
Kt lun: Hiu ch tiu dng tng.
b) Ca mi quc gia : T l trao i l 1500X; 2500Y
Ta cng lm tng t ging 2 QG nhng chia nh cho tng QG :
QG1 :
ng ca ( 1500X; 2000Y)
Chuyn mn ha ( 3000X; 0Y)
Trao i ( 3000X - 1500X= 1500X; 2500Y)
So vi khi ng ca : +500Y.
QG2:
ng ca : (2000X ; 3500Y)
Chuyn mn ha ( 0X; 7000Y)
Trao i ( 1500X; 7000Y - 2500Y = 4500Y)
So vi khi ng ca : -500X + 1000Y
Lc ny ta phi i t l . Ta c t l X v Y ca QG2 l : 4X = 7Y.
Vy -500X = -500/4*7=-875Y.
Vy, so vi khi ng ca th : -500X +1000Y = -875Y +1000Y = 125Y.
Lu :
y l nng sut nn t l nhn ngang. Chi ph th nhn cho hay chia.
Trnh by, ging trn, ko c g khc.
Tng t vi t l ca QG2
Lu : X ca QG no th nhn vi Px ca QG , Y ca QG no th nhn vi Py ca quc gia ,
ko dng chung Px, Py ca 1 QG trong khung t l trao i.
b. tnh ton li ch t trao i vi t l cho, trc ht phi tnh ton gi c tng quan ca
tng sn phm ca tng quc gia. Gi c tng quan chnh l gi ca sn phm ny tnh bng
sn phm khc da trn chi ph lao ng trong phm vi mt quc gia. V vy:
- Nht Bn: gi thp trong nc: 1thp = 0,4vi hay 2thp = 0,8vi. Trao i vi Vit Nam:
2thp = 1 vi. Li ch thu c: 1vi 0,8vi = 0,2vi.
- Tng t, Vit Nam: gi vi trong nc: 1vi = 1thp. Trao i vi Nht Bn:
1vi = 2thp. Li ch thu c: 1thp 1thp = 1thp.
Tm tt bng sau:
2. Bi tp v thu quan
th cung cu ca mt loi thnh phm X th trng ni a cho bi hai phng trnh sau:
Cung: QS = -50 + 10P. (P c tnh bng USD)
Cu:
QD = 400 - 5P
(USD)
(USD)
(USD)
(USD)
v d 1:cho m hnh gia 2 quc gia 1 v quc gia 2 nh sau:n v:(lao ng/sn phm)
80000l 90000l
QG1 QG2
sn phm A 4 2
sn phm B 1 3
cu hi:a.xc nh m hnh mu dch gia 2 QG?gii thch?
b.xc nh khung trao i gia 2 QG
c.tnh li ch do TMQT em li cho mi quc gia:bit khi trao i quc t l:15000A=20000B
d.v ng gii hn khk nng sn xut ca mi quc gia.
bi gii:
a.xc nh m hnh mu dch gia 2 QG v gii thch:
- sn xut thm mt n v sn phm A:
QG1:1A=4B
QG2:1A=2/3B(1A=0,67B) =>3A=2B
- sn xut thm mt n v sn phm B:
QG1:1B=1/4A(1B=0,25A) =>4B=1A
QG2:1B=3/2A(1B=1,5A)
=>ta nhn thy chi ph c hi m QG1 s dng sn xut sn phm B thp hn ca QG2
=>QG1 c li th v sn phm B =>QG1 s chuyn mn ha sn phm B
+chi ph c hi ca QG2 s dng sn xut sn phm A thp hn QG1 =>QG2 s c li th v
sn phm A =>QG2 s chuyn mn ha sn phm A.
b.xc nh kkhung trao i:
trao i ngang gi
QG1:ni a:4B=1A
quc t:4B>1A =>12B>3A
QG2:ni a:3A=2B
quc t:3A>2B =>6A>4B
=>khung trao i:2B<3A<12B hoc 1A<4B<6A
c.xc nh li th do TMQT em li cho mi quc gia:15000A=20000B
QG1:chuyn mn ha sn xut spB =>kh nng sn xut l:80000B
trao i quc t,kh nng tiu dng:60000B -15000A
QG1 QG2
sn phm A 4 2
sn phm B 1 3
Bai 2
Cho phng trnh ng cung v cu i vi mt hng X ca quc gia nh l :
S(x)=2+6P(x) (1)
D(x)=20-4P(x) (2)
Bit gi hng ha trc khi nhp khu l P=1USD, Chnh ph nh thu T=50%.
Thu nhp chnh ph t thu NK = 1,5 USD
Mc gim thng d ngi tiu dng khi CP nh thu = 7,5 USD
Mc tng thng d i vi nh sn xut = 4,75 USD
Gi s quc gia tham gia vo khu vc mu dch t do vi mc th nhp khu ch cn 5%
Hy tnh cc ch tiu: thu nhp ca chnh ph; mc gim thng d ngi tiu dng khi CP nh
thu; mc thng d i vi ngi sn xut. Rt ra nhn xt.
Bi lm:
Ta c :
P0 : Gi hng ha khi cha nh thu
P1: Gi hng ha khi b nh thu
Q1, Q2 : Sn lng sn xut
Q3. Q4 : Sn lng tiu dng
P1 = P0(1+T) = 1(1+0.05) = 1.05 (USD)
Da vo pt (1), (2) ta tnh Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4
Q1 = 2 + 6.1 = 8
Q2 = 2 + 6.1,05 = 8.3
Q3 = 20 4.1,05= 15,8
Q4 = 20 4.1 = 16
(a). Thu nhp ca chnh ph t thu nhp khu = (P1- P0).(Q3 Q2) = 0,05.7,5 = 0.375 (USD)
(b). Mc gim thng d ngi tiu dng khi chnh ph nh thu = .(Q3 + Q4).(P1 P0) =
.(15,8+16).(0,05) = 0.795 (USD)
. Mc tng thng d i vi nh sn xut = .(Q2 + Q1).(P1 P0) = .(8,3 + 8).(0,05) = 1.66
(USD)
(d). Nhn xt :
HNG DN GII BI TP
a. Ta thy, chi ph sn xut thp v vi Vit Nam u thp hn so vi Nht Bn. Vi vy, Vit
Nam c li th tuyt i v c hai sn phm.
b. tnh ton li ch t trao i vi t l cho, trc ht phi tnh ton gi c tng quan ca
tng sn phm ca tng quc gia. Gi c tng quan chnh l gi ca sn phm ny tnh bng
sn phm khc da trn chi ph lao ng trong phm vi mt quc gia. V vy:
- Nht Bn: gi thp trong nc: 1thp = 0,4vi hay 2thp = 0,8vi. Trao i vi Vit Nam :
2thp = 1 vi. Li ch thu c: 1vi 0,8vi = 0,2vi.
- Tng t, Vit Nam : gi vi trong nc: 1vi = 1thp. Trao i vi Nht Bn:
1vi = 2thp. Li ch thu c: 1thp 1thp = 1thp.
Tm tt bng sau:
2. Bi tp v thu
quan
th cung cu ca
mt loi thnh phm
X th trng ni a cho bi hai phng trnh sau:
Cung: QS = -50 + 10P. (P c tnh bng USD)
Cu:
QD = 400 - 5P
(USD)
(USD)
(USD)
(USD)