Chng 7

Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

7.1. Tch phn ng .......................................................................................................... 233
7.1.1. Tch phn ng ca hm s ........................................................................................... 233 7.1.2. ngha ca tch phn ng loi I ................................................................................. 236 7.1.3. Tch phn ng ca hm vect...................................................................................... 237 7.1.4. ngha vt l ca tch phn ng loi II...................................................................... 239 7.1.5. nh l Green................................................................................................................... 240 7.1.6. Tch phn khng ph thuc ng.................................................................................. 242

7.2. Tch phn mt............................................................................................................... 245

7.2.1. Tch phn mt ca hm s ............................................................................................... 245 7.2.2. Tch phn mt ca hm vect .......................................................................................... 246 7.2.3. nh l Ostrogradski........................................................................................................ 249 7.2.4. nh l Stokes.................................................................................................................. 251

7.3. L thuyt trng ............................................................................................................ 253

7.3.1. Khi nim v trng ........................................................................................................ 253 7.3.2. Gradient v lut bo ton................................................................................................. 255 7.3.3. Phn tn v nh l Ostrogradski..................................................................................... 256 7.3.4. Xoy v nh l Stokes .................................................................................................... 257

7.1. Tch phn ng

7.1.1. Tch phn ng ca hm s
Gi s C l ng cong trn trong R2 vi im u A v im cui B, f l hm s xc nh trn C. Phn hoch T ca ng cong C l mt h hu hn im trn ng cong A0 = A, A1 ,..., An = B , ni tip nhau (theo ngha khc AAi l mt phn ca khc AAi +1 , vi mi i=1,2,...,n-1). K hiu sk l di on cong Ak 1 Ak v T

234

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

l ng knh phn hoch, tc l s ln nht trong cc s sk , k = 1,..., n . Chn ck ( xk , yk ) Ak 1 Ak v xt tng

T = f ( xk , yk )sk .
k =1

Nu nh tng T c gii hn khi T 0 v khng ph thuc vo vic chn cc im ck th gii hn gi l tch phn ng ca hm f (hay cn gi l tch phn ng loi I ca f ) theo C v k hiu f ( x, y)ds = lim T .
C T 0

Mt s tnh cht suy trc tip t nh ngha:

Nu tn ti Nu tn ti

f ( x, y ) ds th
f1 ( x, y )ds v

f ( x, y)ds =
C C

f ( x, y )ds vi mi R.

f 2 ( x, y )ds th tn ti

( f1 + f 2 )ds
C

( f1 ( x, y) + f 2 ( x, y))ds =
C C

f1 ( x, y )ds + f 2 ( x, y )ds .
C

Khi C l hp ca C1 v C2 v f1 ( x, y )ds ,
C1

C2

f1 ( x, y )ds tn ti, th

f ( x, y ) ds =

C1

f ( x, y ) ds + f ( x, y )ds .
C2

Vic ly C = AB hay C = BA khng nh hng ti tch phn, ngha l

AB

f ( x, y )ds = f ( x, y )ds .
BA

Nu f ( x, y ) 0 trn C th

f ( x, y )ds 0 .

f ( x, y )ds f ( x, y ) ds .
C
( x , y )C

Tn ti [ inf

f ( x, y ), sup f ( x, y )] sao cho

( x , y )C

f ( x, y )ds = l (C ) ,

trong l (C ) l di ca C. tnh tch phn ng loi I chng ta xt phng trnh tham s ca C theo tham s t nhin

x = x( s ) ,

y = y ( s ) , 0 s l (C ) .

Chng 7. Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

235

Phn hoch T ca C bi A0 = A, A1 ,..., An = B sinh ra phn hoch tng ng ca [0, l (C )] bi 0 = s0 < s1... < sn = l (C ) . im ck Ak 1 Ak ng vi k [ sk 1sk ] . Khi y

T = f ( x( k ), y (k ))sk .
k =1

Qua gii hn tng trn khi T 0 ta thu c

f ( x, y ) ds = f ( x( s ), y ( s ))ds .
C

Nu C c cho bi phng trnh tham s t bt k x = x(t ) , y = y (t ) , a t b ,

th nh ta bit ds = x '2 (t ) + y '2 (t )dt , do

b

f ( x, y )ds =

f ( x(t ), y (t )) x '2 (t ) + y '2 (t ) dt .

Nhn xt. Hon ton tng t nh trn, nu C l ng cong khng gian cho bi phng trnh tham s x = x(t ) , y = y (t ) , z = z (t ) , a t b , th tch phn ng ca hm f trn C c tnh theo cng thc
b

f ( x, y , z )ds =

f ( x(t ), y (t ), z (t )) x '2 (t ) + y '2 (t ) + z '2 (t )dt .

Th d

1) Cho C l on parabol y = x 2 gia A = (0,0) v B = (1,1). Tnh xyds .

C

Gii. Phng trnh tham s ca C l x = t , y = t , 0 t 1 . Vy

xyds = t 3 1 + 4t 2 dt = 1 . 2
0

2) Cho C l ng cong trong khng gian x = sin 2t , y = sin t cos t , z = cos t 0 t / 2 . Tnh

zds .
C

Gii. p dng cng thc trong nhn xt ta c

2

zds

= cos t 4sin 2 t cos 2 t + (cos 2 t sin 2 t ) 2 + sin 2 tdt

0 1

= 1 + u 2 du = 1 2 1 ln( 2 1). 2 2
0

236

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

7.1.2. ngha ca tch phn ng loi I

ngha hnh hc

Gi s C l ng cong phng trong mt phng ta Oxy, f l hm s bin x v y, nhn gi tr khng m. Khi y, ta suy ra ngay t nh ngha l tch phn ng ca f theo C l din tch min thng ng gii hn bi C v ng cong khng gian xc nh nh sau {( x, y, f ( x, y )) : ( x, y ) C} .
ngha c hc
y

f ( x, y)

x C

Hnh 7.1

Gi s C l ng cong vt cht vi khi lng ring ti mi im l m( x, y ) . Vi mi phn hoch T ca C = AB , trn cung Ak 1 Ak ta c th xem nh khi lng ring khng i v bng m( xk , yk ) . Khi y tng

m( xk , yk )sk
k =1

l xp x ca khi lng ca ton b C. Qua gii hn tng trn khi T 0 , ta s thu c cng thc tnh khi lng ca ng cong vt cht C l

M = m( x, y )ds .
C

Tng t ta c th tnh moment theo x v y

M x = lim

T 0

yk m( xk , yk )sk = ym( x, y)ds ,

k =1
n

M y = lim cng nh moment qun tnh

T 0

xk m( xk , yk )sk = xm( x, y)ds ,

k =1 C

J 0 = J x + J y = ( y 2 + x 2 ) m( x, y )ds .
C

Trng tm ca ng cong vt cht l ( x0 , y0 ) c tnh theo cng thc x0 = My M , y0 = x . M M

Chng 7. Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

237

7.1.3. Tch phn ng ca hm vect

Nu nh trong tng T khi nh ngha tch phn ng loi I ta thay sk bi xk v yk th ta s thu c hai dng tch phn ng na gi l tch phn ng ca f theo C i vi x v y. C th l

f ( x, y ) dx = lim f ( x, y ) dy = lim
T

T 0

f (uk , vk )xk ,
k =1 n k =1

f (uk , vk )yk . 0

Nhng tch phn ny cn c gi l tch phn ng loi II. Khc vi sk lun dng, trong tch phn ny gi tr xk v yk c th m, dng, hay bng 0, v ph thuc vo vic chn im u, im cui ca ng cong. Cho nn ngi ta cn vit r
B B

f ( x, y ) dx v

f ( x, y ) dy .

Nu nh ng cong C c cho bi phng trnh tham s x = x(t ) , y = y (t ) , a t b , tha mn gi thit x(t ), y (t ) lin tc trn [a,b] v hm f lin tc trn C, th do
tk

xk = xk xk 1 = x(tk ) x(tk 1 ) =
yk = yk yk 1 = y (tk ) y (tk 1 ) =

tk 1

x '(t )dt ,

tk 1

tk

y '(t ) dt ,

nn sau khi qua gii hn trong cc tng tch phn ta c cng thc
b

f ( x, y ) dx = f ( x(t ), y (t )) x '(t )dt ,

a b

f ( x, y ) dy = f ( x(t ), y (t )) y '(t ) dt .
a

Trong cc ng dng, tch phn ng loi II thng xut hin di dng tch phn ng ca hm vect ( f , g ) nh sau

f ( x, y )dx + g ( x, y )dy .

Nu C l ng cong khng gian th tch phn ng ca hm ba bin theo C i vi x, y, z cng nh ngha tng t, v ta cng c cc cng thc tnh tng ng khi C c cho bi phng trnh tham s.

238
Th d

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

1) Tnh

xydx + x dy
2 C

vi C c cho bi phng trnh y = 3t 2 2t , 1 t 5 / 3 .

x = 3t 1 ,

Gii. V dx = 3dt , dy = (6t 2) dt nn ta c

5/3 5/3

xydx + x 2 dy =

(3t 1)(3t 2 2t )3dt + (3t 1) 2 (6t 2)dt = 58 .

1

2) Tnh

yzdx + xzdy + xydz

C

vi C c cho bi cng thc z = x3 , 0 x 2 . z = t3, 0 t 2 .

2 2 3

y = x2 ,

Gii. Bng cch t x = t ta c phng trnh tham s ca C l

x=t , y = t2,

Do
2

yzdx + xzdy + xydz = (t

C 0

.t dt + t.t .2tdt + t.t .3t dt ) = 6t 5 dt = 64 .

3 2 2 0

Ch . Khi C l ng cong ng kn, tc l im u trng vi im cui, th tch phn ng loi I khng ph thuc A vo vic la chn cc im ny. Tuy nhin i vi tch phn ng loi II th ta phi xc nh hng i (thng thng, trong mt phng, ngi ta quy nh hng dng l hng i theo phn mt phng gii hn bi ng cong lun nm pha bn tri, hng ngc li l hng m).
B A

B
Hnh 7.2

Khi xc nh hng ri, ly A, B l 2 im khc trn C, ta c

f ( x, y ) dx =

f ( x, y ) dx +

f ( x, y ) dx ,

v nh vy tch phn khng ph thuc vo vic chn A hay B l im u. Tch phn ny cn c vit l f ( x, y)dx ,
C

khi chn hng dng trn C, v f ( x, y)dx ,

C

nu tri li .

Chng 7. Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

239

Th d. Tnh

C ydx xdy
(1,0)

vi C l cnh tam gic nh (0,0), (1,0), (0,1).

Gii. Tnh trc tip ta c

(0,1) (0,0)

C

ydx xdy =

(0,0)

( ydx xdy ) +

(1,0)

( ydx xdy ) +

(0,1)

( ydx xdy ) = 1 .

(V trn on [(0,0), (1,0)] ta c y = 0, dy = 0, cn trn on [(0,1),(0,0)] ta c x = 0, dx = 0).

Nhn xt . Gi thit C c cho bi phng trnh tham s t nhin

x = x( s ) ,

y = y( s) , 0 s 1 ,

vi x(s), y(s) l nhng hm trn. Khi y

f ( x, y ) dx =

f ( x( s ), y ( s )) x '( s )ds .

y chnh l cng thc cho mi lin h gia cc tch phn ng loi I v loi II.

7.1.4. ngha vt l ca tch phn ng loi II

Gi thit rng trong mt phng R2 ta c mt trng lc, tc l ti mi im ( x, y ) R2 c mt lc tc ng F ( x, y ) = ( f ( x, y ), g ( x, y )) . Hy tnh cng khi im vt cht khi lng n v di chuyn theo ng cong C = AB trong R2. Trc ht ta nh rng cng sinh ra bi lc P khi im vt cht di chuyn c on thng Q1Q2 l W = P . Q1Q2 . Nh vy, nu dng phn hoch T ca C bi A0 = A, A1 ,..., An = B th cng sinh ra khi im vt cht di chuyn trn mi cung nh Ak 1 Ak c xp x bi Ak = F (uk , vk ).(xk , yk ) = f (uk , vk )xk + g (uk , vk )yk trong (uk , vk ) Ak 1 Ak . Theo nh ngha cng sinh ra bi F dc theo G s l W = lim
T

Wk 0
k =1

Vy cng thc tnh cng W c cho bi tch phn ng ca hm vect F W = f ( x, y ) dx + g ( x, y )dy .

C

i vi trng hp lc trong khng gian vic tnh ton hon ton tng t.

240

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

y Th d. Cho trng lc F ( x, y, z ) = ( x , 3 , z3 ) vi r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . Tnh 3 r r r cng sinh ra dc theo on [(1,0,0), (2,0,0)]. Gii. Bng cch tnh trc tip ta c
(2,0,0)

W=

y x z 1 1 ( r 3 dx + r 3 dy + r 3 dz ) = x2 dx = 2 . (1,0,0) 1

(Ch : Trn on [(1,0,0),(2,0,0)] ta c y = 0, dy = 0, v z = 0, dz = 0).

7.1.5. nh l Green
Trong nhn xt Mc 7.1.3 chng ta c cng thc lin h tch phn ng cc loi. nh l Green di y s cho cng thc lin h gia tch phn kp v f f tch phn ng. ngn gn, i lc ta vit f , , thay v vit r gi tr x y tng ng ti (x,y). Nhc li rng ng cong C gi l trn tng khc nu nh x xc nh n trn tng khc.

nh l. Gi thit C l ng cong phng kn, n v trn tng khc, U l min bao gm c C v phn C bao bc. Khi y nu f v g l nhng hm kh vi lin tc trn min m cha U th g f ( fdx + gdy) = dxdy . B2 x y
C U

Chng minh. Chng ta s chng minh cng

thc trn cho trng hp U c dng n gin. i vi trng hp tng qut chng ta ch nu tng chnh v khng i vo chi tit k thut. a) Gi thit U := { a x b , 1 ( x) y 2 ( x) }, trong 1 , 2 lin tc trn [a, b]. Khi y

B1

A1

A2

0
f dy = y
b

a
Hnh 7.3

y dxdy
U

dx
b

2 ( x ) 1 ( x )

( f ( x, 2 ( x)) f ( x, 1 ( x)))dx
a

Chng 7. Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

241
y

C

fdx = fdx + fdx + fdx +

A1 b A2 a B2

A2

B2

B1

A1

fdx

B1

= f ( x, 1 ( x))dx + f ( x, 2 ( x))dx .
a b

T y suy ra

C

fdx =
U

f dxdy . y

b) Tng t, U:= { y , 1 ( y ) x 2 ( y ) }, th f gdy = x dxdy .

C U

Hinh 7.4

Tm li nu min U c dng n gin nh nu th ta c cng thc Green nh trong nh l. c) i vi min U m c th chia thnh nhng min con c dng nh nu th cng thc Green vn ng v tch phn kp v B2 phi l hp ca tch phn kp trn tng min nh, cn tch phn ng v tri ch cha nhng ng l bin U (trn mi on ng ph bn trong nh B1B2 trn hnh v, tch phn c tnh hai ln, mt B1 ln t A n B v mt ln t B n A, nn chng Hnh 7.5 trit tiu nhau). d) i vi min U tng qut hn, ngi ta c nh im A bt k trn C v xt phn hoch T: A0 = A, A1 ,..., An = A (theo hng dng). K hiu CT l ng gp khc vi cc nh A0 ,..., An v UT l min bao bi ng gp khc ny. Min UT c dng xt trong phn trn, do ta c cng thc Green

CT

( fdx + gdy) = ( x y )dxdy .

UT CT

Nhn xt rng khi di cc cung Ak 1 Ak dn ti 0 th

( fdx + gdy)

dn ti

( fdx + gdy) , cn ( x y )dxdy

C UT

dn ti
C2 C1 B1 B2

g f ( ) dxdy . Do vy, ta c cng thc x y

Green nh c nu trong nh l.

Hnh 7.6

242

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

Nhn xt. nh l Green cng c th p dng cho min c l hng vi lu l ly tch phn ng theo bin vi hng dng. Th d nh trong hnh v bn g f ( x y )dxdy = ( fdx + gdy) + ( fdx + gdy) .
U C1 C2

Mun chng minh cng thc trn ch cn tch U thnh min bao bi C1, C2 v on B1B2. Tch phn ng dc theo B1B2 tham gia hai ln, mt ln t B1 n B2 v mt ln t B2 n B1 , nn trit tiu nhau. i vi min c nhiu l hng, cch chng minh hon ton tng t.
Th d
x2

1) Tnh

(e
C

+ y )dx + ( x 2 + 1 tan y ) dy vi C l bin hnh ch nht nh (1,2),

(5,2), (5,4), (1,4).

Gii. Vic tnh trc tip tch phn trn khng n gin. Nu ta p dng cng thc
Green th tch phn trn bng
4 5

(2 x 1) dxdy =

(2 x 1)dxdy = 40 .

2 1

2) Chng minh rng din tch min M bao bi ng cong C c tnh bng cng thc S ( M ) = xdy = ydx v p dng cho tnh din tch hnh ellip
C C

x = a cos t ,

y = b sin t , 0 t 2 .

Gii. Trong cng thc Green, ly f ( x, y ) = 0, g ( x, y ) = x , ta c

xdy = dxdy = S (M )
C M

v ly f ( x, y ) = y, g ( x, y ) = 0 , ta c
ydx = dxdy = S (M ) .
C M

T hai cng thc ny ta thu dc

S (M ) = 1 ( xdy ydx) . 2
C

p dng cho hnh ellip ta c S (M ) = 1 ( xdy ydx) = ab (cos 2 t + sin 2 t )dt = ab . 2 2

C
0 2

7.1.6. Tch phn khng ph thuc ng

Gi thit A v B l hai im trong mt min m U lin thng ng theo ngha hai im bt k trong min u ni vi nhau c bng mt ng cong trn tng

Chng 7. Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

243

khc. ng t A ti B l ng cong trn tng khc nhn A l im u, B l im cui. nh l sau s cho ta iu kin khi no tch phn ng khng ph thuc vo ng ni A vi B.

nh l. Gi thit f v g lin tc trn U, A v B l hai im bt k trong U. Khi

y

fdx + gdy khng ph thuc vo ng C ni A vi B khi v ch khi tn ti

hm kh vi F trn U F '( x, y ) = ( f ( x, y ), g ( x, y )) .
Chng minh. Gi s tch phn khng ph thuc ng, ta c nh ( x0 , y0 ) U v xy dng F theo cng thc
( x, y )

( x , y + y )

( x + x , y )

F ( x, y ) =

( x0 , y0 )

fdx + gdy .
( x0 , y0 )

( x, y )

Hin nhin F ch ph thuc vo ( x, y ) v khng ph thuc vo ng ly tch phn t ( x0 , y0 ) n ( x, y ) . tnh o hm ring ca F xt ng C1 C2 t (x0, y0) n (x+x,y). Ta c
( x+x , y )

Hnh 7.7

x+x

F ( x + x, y ) F ( x, y ) = Do

( x, y )

fdx + gdy =

f ( x, y )dx .

F ( x, y ) = lim F ( x + x, y ) F ( x) = f ( x, y ) . x x x0

Tng t
F ( x, y ) = lim F ( x, y + y ) F ( x) = g ( x, y ) . y y y0

Do f v g lin tc, ta kt lun F kh vi v F '( x, y ) = ( f ( x, y ), g ( x, y )) . Ngc li, cho ( f , g ) = F ' . Ly hai im bt k A v B trong U v C l ng cong ni A vi B cho bi phng trnh tham s x = x(t ) , Gi thit C trn, ta c
b

y = y (t ) , a t b .

fdx + gdy =

F ( x(t ), y (t )) x '(t )dt + F ( x(t ), y (t )) y '(t )dt = x y

b

= [ d F ( x(t ), y (t ))]dt = F ( x(b), y (b)) F ( x(a ), y ( a)) . dt

a

244

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

Chng t tch phn khng ph thuc vo ng. Nu C trn tng khc, tch tch phn trn thnh tng khc v ta c ngay kt qu.
Ch

1) Nu f v g c cc o hm ring lin tc v tch phn khng ph thuc ng th

2 f g (= F ) . = xy y x iu ngc li cng ng nu U l min n lin (tc l min gii hn bi mt ng cong kn bt k).

2) iu kin tch phn khng ph thuc ng chnh l iu kin tch phn theo mi ng cong kn bng 0. Xt v kha cnh vt l, nu trng ( f , g ) l bo ton c hm th nng F (tc l F ' = ( f , g ) ) th cng sinh ra khi di chuyn ht vt cht theo ng cong ng (khi khng c ma st) bng 0. y chnh l h qu ca nh lut bo ton nng lng. 3) nh l c th m rng cho tch phn ng trong khng gian mt cch d dng.
Th d
B

1) Chng minh

x
A

ydx + 2 xy 2 dy ph thuc vo ng ly tch phn.

Gii. T Ch 1) ta c

f g f g , nn tch phn = x 2 v = 2 y 2 . Chng t y x y x khng th khng ph thuc ng.

2) Kim tra xem tch phn thuc ng hay khng.

y
C

cos xdx + (2 y sin x + e 2 z )dy + 2 ye2 z dz c ph

Gii. Gi s tn ti F F ( x, y,z ) = ( y 2 cos x, 2 y sin x + e2 z , 2 ye2 z ) . Khi y

F ( x, y,z ) = y 2 sin x + G ( y, z ) , vi hm G no , v rng F = y 2 cos x . Tip x F 2z 2z theo, do = 2 y sin x + e , ta tm c G ( y, z ) = ye + H ( z ) . Tng t, do y F = 2 ye 2 x , ta thy H ( z ) = (hng s). Vy, F ( x, y,z ) = y 2 sin x + ye 2 z + z tha mn yu cu. Chng t tch phn khng ph thuc ng.

Chng 7. Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

245

7.2. Tch phn mt

7.2.1. Tch phn mt ca hm s
Cng nh tch phn ng, chng ta c th xy dng tch phn kp trn mt cong thay v tch phn trn mt phng. Gi s S l mt mt cong trn, T l mt phn hoch ca S bi cc ng cong trn tng khc bao gm cc mnh S1 , S2 ,..., S n . Gi T l ng knh phn hoch tc l ng knh ln nht ca cc ng knh ca cc cu nh nht cha tng S k , k = 1,..., n v S k l din tch ca S k . Chn Bk = ( k , k , k ) Sk , k = 1, 2,..., n . Gi s f l hm s xc nh trn S. Ta thit lp tng

T = f ( Bk ) Sk .
k =1

(*)

Nu nh tng T c gii hn khi T 0 v khng ph thuc vo vic chn Bk Sk , th gii hn gi l tch phn mt (loi I) ca f trn S v k hiu

f ( x, y, z )dS = lim
T

f ( Bk )Sk . 0
k =1

tnh tch phn mt loi I ta xt phng trnh tham s ca S

x = x(u , v) , y = y (u , v) , z = z (u , v) , (u , v) U R2 ,

trong U l min ng gii ni. Gi thit f lin tc. Phn hoch T ca S tng ng vi phn hoch T ca U thnh cc min con M 1 ,..., M n . Theo cng thc tnh din tch mt bit Sk = EG F dudv ,
Mk

trong
E = X u
2

, F = X . X , G = X v u v

Thay cng thc ny vo tng (*) v qua gii hn khi T 0 ta c

f ( x, y , z )dS = f ( x(u , v), y (u , v), z (u , v)) EG F 2 dudv .

M

(**)

Tch phn mt loi I c nhng tnh cht tng t nh tch phn ng loi I v c suy trc tip t nh ngha.
Th d. Tnh

zdS
S

khi S l na mt cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, z 0 .

Gii. Phng trnh tham s ca S l

246
x=u , y=v,

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

z = 1 (u 2 + v 2 ) , u 2 + v 2 1 .
2

Cc h s Gauss ca mt cong (xem Chng 6) l

E = (1,0,

u 1 (u 2 + v 2 )
v 1 (u 2 + v 2 )

) =
2

1 v2 , 1 (u 2 + v 2 )
1 u 2 , 1 (u 2 + v 2 )

G = (0,1, F=

) =

uv , 1 (u 2 + v 2 ) Thay vo cng thc (**) ta c

S

EG F 2 = 1 . z dS = .

zdS =
2

u +v 1

ngha c hc ca tch phn mt

Nu xem S l mt mt vt cht vi khi lng ring ti mi im (x,y,z) l ( x, y , z ) , th i lng ( Bk ) S k l khi lng ca mnh S k khi xem nh khi lng ring l khng i v bng ( Bk ) trn S k . Gii hn ca tng

( Bk )Sk
k =1

khi T 0 gi l khi lng ca mt S. Cc khi nim moment, moment qun tnh, trng tm ... c nh ngha tng t nh trng hp ng cong.

7.2.2. Tch phn mt ca hm vect

Gi s S l mt cong trn. Ti mi im P S ta c hai vect php tuyn n v i chiu nhau l n+ v n . Khi P di chuyn theo ng cong kn, n trn S th n+ cng di chuyn mt cch lin tc v chnh n hoc v n . Nu nh vi im B bt k, sau khi di chuyn theo mt ng cong kn, n bt k m n+ li tr v chnh n th ta ni S l mt cong hai pha. Trong trng hp ngc li, S c gi l mt cong mt pha. L Moebius hnh v bn l mt th d mt cong mt pha.

Hnh 7.8

Gi s S l mt cong hai pha v ti mi im vect php tuyn n+ (hoc n ) c chn. Khi y ta ni S c nh hng. Di y ta ch xt cc mt cong hai pha. Trn mt mt cong S nh hng, nu c mt ng cong kn C th hng ca mt cong sinh ra hng ca ng cong theo nguyn tc vn nt chai, hng dng trn ng cong C l hng m khi i theo n (thn ng theo hng ca

Chng 7. Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

247

mt cong) ta s thy mt cong lun pha bn tay tri. Ngc li, nu C c nh hng th hng ca S cng c th c xc nh sao cho ph hp vi quy tc trn. i vi mt trn tng mnh, vic nh hng c th c tin hnh trn tng mnh ca mt cong sao cho hng trn nhng ng tip gip c chiu ngc nhau. i vi mt cong ng kn (nh mt cu) ngi ta s dng nh hng ra ngoi v nh hng vo trong. By gi gi s S l mt cong trn nh hng v F = ( f , g , h) l hm vect trn S. Chng ta gi nguyn nhng k hiu v phn hoch T ca S nh trc: S1 ,..., S n l nhng mnh con, T l ng knh phn hoch, Bk S k , k = 1,..., n . Thay v tng (*) ta xt tng
xy T = h( Bk )S kxy , k =1 n

(***)

trong Skxy c gi tr tuyt i l din tch hnh chiu ca S k xung mt phng ta Oxy vi du (+) nu hng ca ng cong bao quanh S k chiu xung Oxy c chiu quay dng mt Oxy (ngc kim ng h nh hnh v) v du () nu ngc li.
xy Nu nh tng T c gii hn khi T 0 v khng ph thuc vo vic chn Bk S k , th gii hn c gi l tch phn mt (loi II) ca h trn S theo ( x, y ) v k hiu l

T h( x, y, z )dxdy = lim 0
S
T

xy

i vi f v g ta cng c nhng tch phn Hnh 7.9 tng t (ch : Chiu quay dng ca mt Ozx l i t Oz n Ox, cn chiu quay dng ca mt Oyz l i t Oy n Oz). Tch phn mt ca hm vect F trn S (hay cn gi tch phn mt loi II) l i lng

fdydz + gdzdx + hdxdy .

tnh tch phn mt ca hm vect chng ta xt trng hp S c cho bi phng trnh tham s x = x(u , v) , y = y (u , v) , z = z (u , v) , (u , v) U , trong U l min ng gii ni trong R2. Nh li cng thc tnh din tch hnh chiu mnh cong S k xung mt phng Oxy

Skxy = cos dS ,
Sk

trong

248 cos = C
2

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

A + B2 + C 2 l thnh phn th 3 ca vect php tuyn n v trn S ( l gc to nn bi php tuyn ca mt S k vi trc Oz). Nu nh trn mnh S k i lng C dng
xy xy th cos > 0 , do S k ly du (+). Tri li S k ly du tr. Nh vy xy S k = cos dS . Sk

Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh tm c im k (gc gia php tuyn ti im

Bk Sk v trc Oz) sao cho Skxy = cos k S k . Thay cng thc ny vo tng (***) v lu rng gii hn ca tng khng ph thuc vo vic chn im Bk nn

h( x, y, z )dxdy = h( x, y, z ) cos dS
S S

Tng t i vi hm f v g, ta thu c

fdydz + gdzdz + hdxdy = ( f cos 1 + g cos 2 + h cos 3 )dS = < F , n+ > dS.
S S

Kt hp vi cng thc tnh tch phn mt ca hm s khi mt c cho bi phng trnh tham s ta c

< F , n+ > dS = < F ( x(u, v), y(u, v), z (u, v)), n+ (u, v) >.
S M

EG F 2 dudv

= ( f . A + g .B + h.C ) dudv .
M

Ch

1) Nu S c nh hng bng n th trong cng thc trn v phi ly du tr. 2) Nu S l mt trn tng mnh th phi xt tch phn trn tng mnh ri cng li.

ngha vt l ca tch phn mt loi II

Gi s dng cht lng vi mt chu tc ng ca trng ( x, y, z ) lc G = ( g1 , g 2 , g3 ) . Hm vect F = G gi l trng lc ca dng. Lng ca dng chy qua mt S trong mt n v thi gian c gi l lu thng v tnh bng < F , n > dS .
S

Hnh 7.10

y chnh l tch phn mt loi II ca F trn S.

Chng 7. Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

249

Th d. Tnh tch phn hm vect F ( x, y, z ) = ( y, x, z 2 ) trn mt paraboloid

z = x2 + y2 , 0 z 1 .

Gii. Phng trnh tham s ca mt cong

x=u , y=v, z = u 2 + v2 , 0 u 2 + v2 1 .

Ta tnh c A = 2u , B = 2v, C = 1 v suy ra

< F , n+ > dS
S

= =

u 2 +v 2 1

(v(2u ) u (2v) + (u 2 + v 2 ) 2 )dudv = (u 2 + v 2 ) 2 dudv = 3

u 2 +v 2 1

(ch : mt c nh hng vo trong).

7.2.3. nh l Ostrogradski
nh l Green cho ta cng thc lin h tch phn kp v tch phn ng. nh l Ostrogradski di y cho cng thc lin h gia tch phn mt vi tch phn bi ba.

nh l . Gi thit S l mt trn tng mnh, kn, bao quanh min V trong R3 v

c nh hng ra ngoi. Nu hm vect F = ( f , g , h) kh vi lin tc trn min m cha V th f g h fdydz + gdzx + hdxdy = ( x + y + z )dxdydz .
S V

Chng minh. Trc ht chng ta xt trng hp V l hnh tr y di S1 cho bi z = ( x, y )

v y trn S2 cho bi z = ( x, y ) ; mt bn S3 c hnh chiu xung Oxy l ng cong C kn, trn tng khc bao min U. Ta c Hnh 7.11

h dxdydz = dxdy z
U

( x, y ) ( x , y )

h dz = [h( x, y, ( x, y) h( x, y, ( x, y)]dxdy z
U

hdxdy = hdxdy + hdxdy + hdxdy

S S1 S2 S3

= h( x, y , ( x, y ))dxdy + h( x, y, ( x, y ))dxdy .
U U

250 T hai ng thc trn ta c

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

hdxdy = z dxdydz .
S V

Thay i vai tr cc bin v cc hm f, g ta s c cng thc tng t cho cc min dng xt. Tng ca chng chnh l cng thc Ostrogradski. i vi min tng qut nh nu trong nh l, k thut chng minh hon ton tng t nh cch chng minh nh l Green. Gi s V l min m trong R3. Ta ni V l n lin nu vng bao bi mt cong kn, n, trn tng mnh bt k trong V nm trn trong V.

H qu .Gi thit V l min n lin trong R3 v F l hm vect kh vi lin tc

trn V. Khi y tch phn ca F theo bt k mt cong kn, trn tng mnh trong V bng 0 khi v ch khi f g h + + =0 x y z trn V.

Chng minh. iu kin suy ngay t nh l Ostrogradski. chng minh iu kin cn, gi s c im P0 m ti

f g h + + >0 x y z

(trng hp < 0 chng minh tng t).

Do tnh lin tc, c th gi thit bt ng thc trn ng vi mi im trong qu cu V0 tm P0, bn knh > 0 . Gi S0 l mt ca qu cu ny. Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh ta c bt ng thc f g h ( x + y + z )dxdydz > 0 .
V0

Th nhng theo nh l Ostrogradski v iu kin , ta li c f g h ( x + y + z )dxdydz = < F , n+ > dS = 0 .

V0 S0

iu ny l v l. H qu c chng minh xong.

Th d. Tnh

xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy

S

bit rng mt cong S bao min V c th

tch vol(V).

Gii. p dng cng thc Ostrogradski ta c

xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy = (1 + 1 + 1)dxdydz = 3vol(V ).

S V

Chng 7. Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

251

7.2.4. nh l Stokes
nh l Stokes l m rng ca nh l Green cho ng cong kn trong khng gian.

nh l. Gi thit S l mt cong trn v n, bao bi ng cong kn, n C

c nh hng, F = ( f , g , h) l hm vect trn min m cha S. Khi y

fdx + gdy + hdz = (

S

g f g f )dxdy + ( h )dydz + ( h )dzdx . x y y z z x

Chng minh. Trc tin chng ta chng minh ng thc sau

fdx =
S

f f dzdx dxdy . z y

rng, trong phng trnh tham s ca mt cong S, hai bin (u , v) U R2 trong U l min ng, gii ni, c bin CU trn tng khc (lu l chiu ca CU c xc nh bi chiu ca C ph hp vi hng ca S). Bng cch tham s ha CU v do C cng c tham s ha theo, ta suy ra ngay cng thc

fdx = f ( x du + x dv) . u v
CU

p dng cng thc Green cho tch phn theo ng cong phng CU v phi v cng thc i bin, ta thu c x x x x f ( u du + v dv) = [ u ( f v ) v ( f u )]dudv =
CU U

= {
U

f f f f B C}dudv = dzdx dxdy . z y z y

S

Nh vy (1) ng. Tng t, ta chng minh cng thc cho g,h, sau ly tng v thu c cng thc Stokes.
Ch . i vi mt cong trn tng mnh nh l Stokes vn ng. chng minh ch cn p dng cng thc cho tng mnh ri ly tng ca chng. Th d. Hy kim tra cng thc Stokes cho hm vect

F ( x, y , z ) = ( z y , x + z , x y ) trn mt paraboloid z = 4 x 2 y 2 v mt z = 0 . Gii. Bin ca mt cong l ng trn x 2 + y 2 = 4 c phng trnh tham s l x = 2cos , y = 2sin , 0 2 .

252

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

2

Do

FdC = ( z y)dx + ( x + z )dy ( x + y)dz = 4d = 8

S C
0

, v

( x y )dxdy + ( y z )dydz + ( z x )dzdx =

S

= (1 + 1)dxdy + (1 1)dydz + (1 + 1)dzdx =

S

= 2 dxdy + dydz + dzdx = (4 x + 4 y + 2)dxdy = 8 ,

S U

v A = 2 x, B = 2 y, C = 1 . ng nh cng thc Stokes. rt ra h qu v s khng ph thuc ca tch phn ng trong khng gian vo ng ly tch phn ta gi min V R3 l min n lin mt nu vi mi ng cong kn, trn tng khc C V tm c mt cong trn tng mnh nhn C lm bin. Khi hnh xuyn l mt th d ca min khng n lin mt.

H qu. Gi thit V l mt min n lin mt v cc hm f, g, h lin tc cng

vi cc o hm ring f f g g h h , , . Khi y cc tnh cht sau tng , , , y z z x x y

ng: (i) Vi mi ng cong kn, trn tng khc nm trn trong V, ng thc sau nghim ng

fdx + gdy + hdz = 0 ;

C

(ii) Tch phn

fdx + gdy + hdz

C

khng ph thuc vo ng cong C ni hai

im A, B trong V; (iii) Biu thc fdx + gdy + hdz l vi phn ton phn ca mt hm no trong V;
(iv)

f g h g f = h . = , , = y x y z z x

Chng minh. S tng ng ca (iv) vi (i) hoc (ii) suy ngay t nh l Stokes. S tng ng ca (iv) v (iii) c chng minh tng t nh h qu ca nh l Green trong mt phng.

Chng 7. Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

253

7.3. L thuyt trng

7.3.1. Khi nim v trng
1. Trng
Gi s U l mt min trong khng gian R3 v mi im p U c gn mt i lng v hng f ( p) R (hoc mt i lng vect F ( p) R3 ). Khi y ta ni trong U c trng v hng f (tng ng, trng vect F). Nh vy, trng v hng l mt hm s v trng vect l mt hm vect xc nh trn min cho. Nu U l mt min trong mt phng R2 th trng v hng v trng vect (phng) trong U c nh ngha tng t.
Th d

1) Trong mt vng khng gian V, k hiu T ( p, t ) l nhit v W ( p, t ) l vect tc gi o c ti im p V v ti thi im t. Khi y, vi mi t c nh, trng nhit T ( p, t ) l mt trng v hng, cn trng gi W ( p, t ) l mt trng vect trong V. 2) Gi s ht vt cht khi lng m0 t gc ta . Khi y theo nh lut Newton, lc ht tc ng ln ht vt cht khi lng m t ti p( x, y, z ) c cho bi cng thc gm m r, F ( x, y , z ) = 0 3 r trong g l hng s hp dn, r l vect nh v ca p vi cc ta x,y,z. y l mt trng vect v c gi l trng lc hp dn. 3) Gi s in tch q t gc ta . Khi y xung quanh n c trng in th

f ( x, y , z ) =
y l mt trng v hng.
2. Cc khi nim lin quan

q . r

Gi s f l mt trng v hng trong min U R3. Chng ta gi thit rng

f kh vi v o hm khc khng trn min U. Khi y vi mi hng s c, phng trnh f ( x, y , z ) = c

254

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

xc nh mt cong gi l mt mc hay mt ng tr (v gi tr ca f trn mt ny khng i). Hin nhin l cc mt mc khc nhau khng giao nhau v chng ph kn min U.
Th d. Trong trng in th ( phn th 3 trong th d trn), vi mi hng s c, mt ng tr f ( x, y, z ) = c l mt cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = (q / c) 2 v c gi l mt ng th.

Trong nhng phn tip theo, ta s k hiu i, j, k l nhng vect n v ca cc trc ta Ox, Oy, Oz. Trng vect F cn c vit di dng

F = F xi + F y j + F zk ,
trong F x , F y , F z l cc ta ca F. Cho F l trng vect trong U. ng cong C c gi l ng dng ca F nu tip tuyn ca ng cong ti mi im p C c hng trng vi hng ca F ( p) . Mt cong S c gi l mt dng nu S bao gm cc ng dng v ti mi im p S , vect F ( p ) nm trong mt phng tip tuyn vi S ti p. Nu nh ng cong C c cho bi phng trnh tham s

x = x(t ) ,

y = y (t ) ,

z = z (t ) ,

th hng ca tip tuyn ca C l ( x '(t ), y '(t ), z '(t )) , cho nn phng trnh ca ng dng C l dx = dy = dz . Fx Fy Fz Nhn xt. Nu trng vect F khc 0 th mi im p U ch c mt ng dng duy nht i qua. Hn na, cc ng dng khng ct nhau. Ngoi ra, nu C0 l mt ng cong trn v qua mi im ca C0 c mt ng dng i qua, khi y tp tt c cc ng dng ny to thnh mt dng. Nu C0 l ng kn, mt dng tr thnh mt ng dng.
Th d. Trong trng hp dn (phn th 2 ca th d u tin), ta c phng trnh cc ng dng l

dx 0 x r
3 1

dy 0 y r
3 1

dz 0 z r 3
1

trong 0 l hng s bng gm0 m . Phng trnh ny tng ng vi dx = dy = dz hay l x = t , y = t , z = t. 1 2 3 x y z y chnh l ng thng i qua im t ht vt cht.

Chng 7. Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

255

7.3.2. Gradient v lut bo ton

1. Gradient
Cho trng v hng f trong min U R3. Khi y gradient ca f l

f f f f = x , y , z
v l mt trng vect trong U.

(hay k hiu gradf )

Mt s tnh cht ca trng vect ny c bit trong Chng 2. 1) o hm theo hng v ca f c tnh theo cng thc

f =< grad f , v0 > v

trong v0 = (cos ,cos ,cos ) l vect n v ch hng ca v vi cc gc ch hng , , . 2) Gi tr ln nht ca o hm theo hng ca gradf, v bng
2 2 2 f f f grad f = + + . y z x

f t c khi v0 trng vi hng v

3) Gradient ca f ti p c cng hng vi vect php tuyn n+ ca mt mc i qua p (ti im p). Tht vy, phng trnh mt mc qua p l f ( x, y, z ) = c , vi c = f ( p) . Vect php tuyn ti p l (xem th d trong mc ng cong v mt cong) f ( p) f ( p ) f ( p) , , n+ = y z x trng vi gradf.
Th d. Bit rng trng nhit ti thi im t c nh c cho bi cng thc T = 2 100 . x + y2 + z2

Hy tm gi tr trng vect tc thay i nhit ti p = (1,3, 2) v T thay i nhanh nht theo hng no?

Gii. Ta tnh gradient ca T

256

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

200 y 200 x 200 z . grad T = , , 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (x + y + z ) (x + y + z ) (x + y + z ) y l trng vect tc thay i nhit. Ti p = (1,3, 2) ta c grad T ( p ) = 200 ( i + 3 j 2k ) . 196 Theo 2), T thay i nhanh nht theo hng ca gradient tc l hng (i 3 j + 2k ) .
2. Lut bo ton

Cho F l mt trng vect trn min U R3. Nu tn ti hm f kh vi trn U sao cho F = grad f th ngi ta gi F l trng bo ton v gi -f l hm th nng. Trong Vt l hc, mt trng vect thng c xem nh mt trng lc. Nu mt cht im vi khi lng m chuyn ng trong min U vi qu o l mt ng cong kh vi x(t) th theo nh lut Newton ta c F ( x (t )) = m x (t ) , hay l F ( x ) = mx . iu ny c ngha l mx = grad f ( x ) , v bng cch nhn v hng ta suy ra c 2 v vi x

d 1 m( x ) 2 f ( x ) = const . ) 2 f ( x ) = 0 , hay 1 m( x 2 dt 2 Nu ta gi s hng u v tri l ng nng th cng thc trn c ngha l trong khi vt chuyn ng th tng ca ng nng v th nng lun l mt hng s. Chnh iu ny l gii ti sao khi mt trng l gradient ca mt hm kh vi th li c tn l trng bo ton. Khng phi trng no cng l trng bo ton.

7.3.3. Phn tn v nh l Ostrogradski

Phn tn ca trng vect F (hay divergence ca F) trong min U R3 , k hiu divF, l trng v hng xc nh bi
x y z div F = F + F + F . x y z

Vi k hiu ny, nh l Ostrogradski c vit nh sau

< F , n > ds = div Fdv ,

S V

trong S l mt trn tng mnh, kn v bao quanh min V trong R3. Theo ngn ng vt l, cng thc trn ni rng lu thng F qua mt S bng tch phn bi ba ca phn tn ca F trn min V gii hn bi S.

Chng 7. Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

257

ngha vt l ca khi nim phn tn Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh ta tm c im p0 = ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) bn trong V sao cho

div Fdv = div F ( p0 ) vol(V ) ,

V

trong vol(V) k hiu th tch ca V . Suy ra div F ( p0 ) = 1 < F , n > ds . vol(V )

S

Nh vy vi im p c nh bn trong V, k hiu S l mt cu tm p bn knh v v l th tch qu cu ny, ta s tm c im p bn trong S sao cho div F ( p ) = 1 v Cho 0 ta thu c div F ( p) = lim 1 0 v

< F , n > ds .
S

< F , n > ds .
S

Cng thc ny c ngha phn tn ca trng vect F ti im p l gii hn ca lu thng trn n v th tch qua mt cu tm p khi bn knh tin dn ti 0. Nh vy, nu F l tc di chuyn ca cht lng th div F ( p ) l t l mt i hoc thu v ca lng cht lng trn mt n v th tch ti ln cn im p. Nu div F ( p) > 0 , th p l im ngun, lu thng vo mt S t hn lu thng ra. Nu div F ( p) < 0 , th p l im r, lu thng vo mt S nhiu hn lu thng ra. Trng vect F m trong khng c im ngun, khng c im r th div F = 0 v y chnh l phng trnh lin tc i vi cht lng khng nn c.

7.3.4. Xoy v nh l Stokes

Xoy ca trng vect F trong min U R3, k hiu l curlF hoc rotF, l

trng vect
z x y x Fy curl F = ( F ) i + ( F Fz ) j + ( F F )k . y z z x x y

Vi k hiu ny nh l Stokes c th vit nh sau

< F , T >ds = < curl F , n > ds ,

C S

trong T k hiu vect tip tuyn n v ca C tc l

258

Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin

dx i + dy j + dz k , ds ds ds x y z v do < F , T > ds = F dx + F dy + F dz ; S l mt cong trn, n c bao bi ng cong C kn, n v c nh hng. Lu rng i khi ngi ta gi < curl F , n > l xoy ca F quanh n. Cng thc trn c th pht biu nh sau: tch phn ng ca thnh phn tip tuyn ca F dc theo C theo chiu dng bng tch phn mt cu thnh phn php tuyn ca xoy curlF trn mt S.
ngha vt l ca khi nim xoy
p

p C

Xt im p bt k trong M v a trn S tm p, bn knh > 0 vi bin l ng trn C . T nh l Stokes v nh l gi tr trung bnh, tn ti p S sao cho

Hnh 7.12
2

< F , T > ds = < curlF , n > ds =< curF ( p ), n( p ) >

C C

. Do

< curl F ( p ), n( p ) >= 1 2 Khi 0 , im p dn ti p v ta thu c

< F , T >ds .
C

< curl F ( p '), n( p) >= lim 1 2 0 k

< F , T > ds
C C

(*) c

Nu F biu din trng tc ca cht lng th tch phn

< F ,T > ds

gi l lu lng quanh C . N biu th xu th trung bnh ca cht lng chuyn ng quanh ng cong C . Cng thc (*) cho bit v chuyn ng ca cht lng quanh bin a trn vung gc vi vect n khi bn knh ca a dn ti 0. Nu trong min U m c curl F = 0 , th lu lu lng mi ng cong kn bng 0. Trong trng hp ny, ngi ta ni l trng vect vng xoy.