bkBO CO TH NGHIM VT L SNG

I. Giao thoa k Michelson:

1/ Cu to:

C

u

t

o

c
h

n
h

c
a Giao thoa k Michelson gm c:
- Bn thy tinh chng nhit: trnh hin tng bin dng ca cc gng do nhit
ngun nh sng l kh ln.
- Bn bn m: dng chia nh sng ti thnh 2 thnh phn da vo hin tng
phn x v truyn qua( chia bin ).
- Bn b chnh: b ng i do bn bn m, thc t l c b dy.
- 2 gng phng M1 v M2: phn x li cc nh sng ti, t to ra hin tng
giao thoa.
- Cc vt iu khin V1-V7:
+ V1 v V2: cho php iu khin th s nh hng ca M1.
+ V3: cho php dch chuyn M1trong khong cch c vi cm. 1 chia ca du
xch bng 10m.
+ V4 v V5: cho php iu chnh tinh s nh hng ca M2.
+ V6: c chia , cho php iu chnh s nh hng ca bn b chnh.
+ V7: cho php iu chnh s nh hng ca gng bn m.


2/ iu chnh giao thoa k:
a. iu chnh bn b chnh:
- cho c 2 ng truyn sng ng nht vi nhau, bn b chnh cn phi song
song vi bn bn m. iu chnh cho hai bn ny song song, ta s lm chng
kht cc nh ca mt vt xa bng cch iu chnh cc vt 6 v 7. Vt xa y ta
s chn l ngun sng. C 2 ngun sng c th chn l: mt l chn sng c ri
sng hoc mt chm laser tng ng vi mt vt im nm v cc. Lu : i
vi ngun l l chn sng c ri sng, ta c th t mt quan st trc tip,
nhng i vi ngun l chm laser, nghim cm quan st trc tip.
- iu chnh, ta c 2 cch:
+ Chn gc chiu sao cho khng i qua cc gng: khi bn b chnh cha song
song vi gng bn m, ta s thy 1 dy cc im sng do khi 2 bn ny cha song
song, tia phn x v tia truyn qua cha song song vi nhau. V vy, mc ch l
chnh sao cho cc im ny trng nhau ( nh hnh).
+ Chn gc chiu sng sao cho c s phn x trn 2 gng M1 v M2. Lc ny s
thy 2 dy nhng im sng nu bn b chnh v gng bn m cha song song
nhau. Mc tiu l ta s chnh sao cho nhng im thuc 1 dy s trng nhau.

b. iu chnh s song song ca hai gng:
+ Mc ch ca s iu chnh l to ra mt bn khng kh hai mt song song gia
gng M2 v gng M1 qua bn bn m. chnh, ta s lm chng kht nh ca
mt vt t v cng bng cch iu chnh V1 v V2 ( chnh th), sau tinh
chnh bng quan st nhng vn giao thoa to bi bn khng kh gia M1 v M2.









3
/
Cc ch hot ng ca giao thoa k:
Giao thoa k Michelson c 2 ch hot ng: nm khng kh hoc bn song song.
+ ch bn song song, 2 gng M1 v M2 song song nhau. C ngha l nh
i xng ca gng M1 qua gng bn m ( M1) s song song vi M2 v khong
cch gia M2 v M1 chnh l b dy e bn song song. Cc vn v nh s v cc
nn cn dng thu knh hi t c th thy vn giao thoa. Ngun sng dng y l
ngun sng rng s nhn thy cc vn giao thoa nh di y:
+
ch nm khng kh. Ta s chuyn t bn song song sang nm khng kh bng
cch chnh gng M2 lch i mt gc nh so vi v tr ban u ang l bn song song.

II. Cc vn giao thoa quan st c:
1/ Ngun l nh sng laser, giao thoa k ang ch bn song song:
Hnh nh giao thoa thy c l h vn trn ng tm, c tng
phn kh cao nhng khng sng lm, khng nh x.
Gii thch: Ngun laser xem nh ngun im khong cch hu
hn, c tnh kt hp cao.
Cng sng ti im P, mt im trn mn
l:
V vy, tp hp nhng im c cng cng
sng l nhng mt hypecboloic trn xoay quanh trc ni hai
ngun th cp S
1
v S
2
. V quan st h vn giao thoa ny, ta
ch cn t mn vung gc vi S
1
S
2
( nh vy l ta ct h
hypecboloic ny bng mt mn nh, v khi ct nh th, ta s thy
c h giao thoa l nhng vn trn.

2/ Ngun sng l n hi thy ngn, giao thoa k ch bn song song:
Khi dng thm thu knh hi t t trc mn, ta s thy c h vn giao thoa cng
l nhng ng trn ng tm, c tng phn tt.
Gii thch: Khi ch bn song song, nh sng i
qua giao thoa k ging nh l nh sng i ti mt
mt ca bn song song, 1 phn truyn qua ri sau
phn x li mt bn kia ri li truyn ra li
khng kh. Khi , n s giao thoa vi tia sng lc
phn x ln u tin. Do cc tia l u song song
nhau nn cn dng mt thu knh hi a chng
v mn. Gc ca tia l ph thuc vo gc ca tia
ti, v th nhng tia ti c cng gc ti ( xt trong
cng mt mt phng ti) th s s c tia l song song nhau=> qua thu knh hi t s
hi t ti 1 im. M rng ra, tp hp nhng tia ti c cng gc ti l nhng hnh nn
c cng gc nh, v th, tp hp nhng tia l sau khi qua thu knh hi t xut hin
trn mn s l nhng vng trn( mn t vung gc vi tia l). V ngun sng ca
chng ta c rt nhiu hnh nn nh vy, vy h vn giao thoa quan st c s l h
vn trn.
Hiu quang l: vi e l b dy bn, i l gc ti. Vn giao thoa bc p
ng vi gc i sao cho p= cos(i)=

, do h vn c tn l h vn ng
nghing.
3/ Ngun sng l laser, Giao thoa k ch nm khng kh:


Hnh nh giao thoa l nhng vch, song song nhau trn mn quan st, khng nh x.
Gii thch: gc gia gng thc M2 v gng o M1 rt nh, cc mt ng cng
l cc mt hypecboloic trn xoay, c tiu im l cc ngun th cp S1 v S2. Giao
tuyn ca nhng Hypecboloic vi mn quan st l nhng on hypecbol gn ging
vi nhng on thng song song vi cnh nm.

4/ Ngun sng l nh sng trng, Giao thoa k ch bn song song:
Hnh nh giao thoa s l mt im chnh gia c mu sng trng, v sau l nhng
vn trn ca nhng nh sng a sc ( do b chng chp mu ca nhng vn sng ca
cc nh sng n sc chng ln nhau). Ra xa vn trung tm, hnh nh giao thoa khng
cn.

III. ng dng ca giao thoa k Michelson:
1/ Giao thoa k ang ch bn song song:
Khi ch ny, di kt hp khng gina l v cng, v vy rt thun li nghin
cu tnh kt hp thi gian ca cc ngun sng. Mt vi ng dng:
- o rng ph ca vch xanh thy ngn: ta t lc sng xanh gia h chiu sng
v giao thoa k. Bt u t trng thi mu nn (trng thi ng vi hiu ng i
=0), ta tnh tin gng M1 lun lun theo cng mt chiu. tng phn gim
dn v cui cng cc vn giao thoa bin mt. T chia trn vt tnh tin, ta c th
o khonh cch e gia v tr ny vi v tr ca trng thi mu nn => ta c hiu
ng i l 2e, ti , cc vn giao thoa bin mt do mt tnh kt hp ca thi
gian. Cc sng khng giao thoa na do hiu ng i ln hn di trung bnh
ca cc on sng hay di kt hp thi gian l
c
=>

- Tm hiu hai bc sng ca vch kp natri: lm li cc thao tc ni trn vi ngun
sng l n hi natri. Ta tnh tin M1 theo 1 chiu, cc vn giao thoa s bin mt
v sau li xut hin ri li bin mt. Hin tng ny xy ra mt cch lin tc,
tun hon nhng cc vn giao thoa cng ngy sng st li v nhn chung km tng
phn. chnh l s to phch cng gia hai vch vng ca vch kp ca
quang ph natri. Ti cc cc i ca tng phn, hai h vn giao thoa l trng
phng, khi tng phn bng khng l i trng. Khi o khong cch, dch
chuyn gng qua nhiu ln i trng => hiu bc sng ca vch kp natri khi
bit gi tr trung bnh ca 2 bc sng ny l 589nm.
- o di ca on sng.
2/ Giao thoa k ang ch nm khng kh:
- Hin th s chy ca cht kh: ta dng
lung hi ca mt bt la ga t gia bn bn m v
mt trong cc gng. Trn ng i ca lung hi, cc
vn giao thoa b bin dng. S truyn nh sng qua
lung hi lm xut hin thm ti mt hiu ng i
ph bng (n-n
kk
)e. i vi vn sng bc p cho trc,
hiu ng i ny c b chnh bng s gim l trnh
hnh hc ca tia sng.
- Pht hin s bin dng: dng nh sng trng, ta c pht hin mt s dch chuyn
nh ca gng hoc mt s bin dng cc b ca gng. iu chnh giao thoa k
thnh nm khng kh sao cho hu nh ch thy mt mu v dng ngn tay n ln
gi ca dng c: mu s thay i. Tuy gi lm bng thp nhng vn b bin dng.
bng cch ny, c th pht hin bin dng vo c 10 nm.
- o dy ca bn mica: Ta iu chnh giao thoa k sao cho tt c cc vn giao
thoa hin ln trong trng giao thoa vi vn trugn tm nm tm mn. Tip theo,
ta a mt bn mica mng, trong sut vo gia bn bn m m gng M1. Cc
vn giao thoa s bin mt v ta tng quang l trn ng truyn ny mt lng
bng 2(n-1)e. Sau , dng V3 tnh tin M1 li gn cho n khi thy li cc vn
giao thoa v t vn trung tm vo v tr c => khong cch gia hai v tr ca V3
chnh bng (n-1)e.
- o hiu dy: Ta quan st cc
vn giao thoa thu c vi mt bn mica c
dy khng u c t vo trong hai ng
truyn ca giao thoa k. dch chuyn ca
vn trung tm ty thuc vo bin thin dy
ca bn.
-

IV. Nhiu x, cc nh lut nhiu x:
1/ nh ngha nhiu x: l hin tng nh sng khng tun theo nh lut truyn thng
khi i qua l/ khe h, gp vt cn hoc qua cch t nhiu x.
2/ Cc nh lut nhiu x:
a/ Nguyn l HUYGENS-FRESNEL:
Nguyn l HUYGENS-FRESNEL cho rng sng nh sng nhiu x qua mt l l kt
qu chng cht ca cc sng th cp ( sng sng nh) pht ra t tt c cc yu t ca
mt l.
L nhiu r, c trng bi hm truyn qua v cng vi n l mt di c
trng: ng knh nu l mt l trn, rng nu l mt khe v chu k khng
gian nu l hm tun hon.
Ta tha nhn rng yu t di c trng ca l l rt ln i vi bc sng . Mt
yu t dS ln cn im P s pht ra sng ti M vi phng trnh tha

Trong :

th hin lch pha khi truyn t P n M

l mt hm bin i cc k chm so vi s bin i ca hm

, v vy, nu l nhiu x c t trong mi trng ng cht c chit sut n v

nu phng PM gn vi phng ca sng ti v cui cng l PM rt ln so vi bc
sng nh sng th sng th cp pht ra t P c cu trc ca sng cu v

vi C l mt hng s phc. Hn na, nu M cch xa l nhiu x th cc bin thin ca
1/PM l rt nh, ta thu li hm l mt hng s phc K ph thuc vo khong
cch trung bnh gia vt nhiu x v mp quan st.

b/ Nhiu x HUYGENS-FRESNEL ca mt sng phng:
Ta goi nhieu xa trong cac ieu kien Fraunhofer la trng hp ac biet khi S
va M vo cc. Trong ieu kien nay, S phat ra song phang vi vect
song
i
k

, gia s no chieu sang mot lo phang vi o trong suot t(P) =

t(x,y) vuong goc vi Oz va cha iem O.
Ta at: (x,y) la toa o iem P.
(X,Y) la toa o iem M c quan sat tren tieu dien cua thau
knh.
Moi iem M tng ng trong khong gian vat cua thau knh, vi mot phng
truyen co vect n v ( ) M u

va vect song ( ) M k

.
Gia s chiet suat moi trng = 1.


- Pha
P
(M) tai iem M cua song th cap phat ra bi iem P tren (E).
E

Nhieu xa vo cc cua song phang qua lo E , man quan sat nam tai
tieu dien anh cua mot thau knh

P
(M) =
i
(P) +
P -> M

i
(P) la pha cua song ti tai P:

i
(P) -
i
(O) = - k
i
.OP
Theo nh ly Malus, quang lo (PM) va (HM) bang nhau.
(PM) (OM) = -(OH)= - u .OP
va
P -> M
=
O -> M
+ k(M) . OP (sau khi nhan hai ve vi

t 2
)

O
(M) =
i
(O) +
O -> M
: pha tai M cua song th cap phat ra tai O.
=>
P
(M) =
O
(M) + (k(M) - k
i
).OP
- Bien o song:
dxdy e ) y , x ( t e s K ) t , M ( s d ) t , M ( s
] OP ) k ) M ( k ( i [ )) M ( t ( i
0 P
i 0

E
+ e
E
}} }}
= =

Bieu dien cac thanh phan cua cac vect k
i
va k(M):
i ix
2
k o

t
=

i iy
2
k |

t
=

i iz
2
k

t
=

o

t
=
2
k
x

|

t
=
2
k
y

t
=
2
k
z

o
i
, |
i
la cac thanh phan song song vi (Ox) va (Oy) cua vect n v cua
phng song ti.
o va | la cac thanh phan song song vi (Ox) va (Oy) cua vect n v cua
phng song lo ra t (E) ve pha M.
Neu ta gii han nhng phng gan vi truc:

~
i
~ 1

- Be rong cua hnh nhieu xa.
Be rong Ax cua lo nhieu xa va be rong goc Ao cua hnh nhieu xa
Fraunhofer tren cung phng:
Ax.Ao ~ .

c/ Nhiu x bi l hnh ch nht:
t(x,y) = 1 neu
2
a
x
2
a
< < va
2
b
y
2
b
< <
t(x,y) = 0 ngoai vong tren.
( )
} }

| | + o o

t
+ e
=
2
a
2
a
2
b
2
b
y ) ( x ) (
2
i
)) M ( t ( i
0
dxdy e e Ks ) t , M ( s
i i
0

( )
( )
) u ( c sin a
sin
a
e e
dx e
a
i
a
i
2
a
) (
2
i
2
a
) (
2
i
2
a
) (
2
i
2
a
2
a
x ) (
2
i
i
i i
i
=
(

=
o o

t
o o

t
o o

t
o o

t
o o

o o

t
}
} }


+
=
2
2
2
2
) (
2
) (
2
)) ( (
0
0
) , (
a
a
b
b
y i x i
M t i
dy e dx e e Ks t M s
i i
| |

t
o o

t
e

Vi a )
i
( u o o

t
= va
u
u sin
) u ( c sin = (ham sin cardinal)
=>
) v ( c sin ) u ( c sin abe Ks ) t , M ( s
)) M ( t ( i
0
0
+ e
=

vi a )
i
( u o o

t
= va b )
i
( v | |

t
=
Cng o sang : I(M) = s(M,t).s
*
(M,t)
) a )
i
( (
2
c sin ). b )
i
( (
2
c sin
0
I ) M ( I o o

t
| |

t
=
' f
X
~ o
' f
Y
~ |
-Hnh nhieu xa co tam nam tren phng cua chum tia ti
-Cc tieu nhieu xa khi:
a
p
i

+ o = o hay
b
q
i

+ | = | vi p,q nguyen = 0

Vet trung tam co o rong
a
2

doc theo (Ox) va

b
2

doc theo (Oy)

Cac vet th cap co o rong nho hn hai lan theo cac phng.
Vet trung tam sang nhat.
- Trng hp khe hep.
0
b

; |=0.
) a )
i
( (
2
c sin
0
I ) M ( I u u

t
=

}

u u

t
+ e
=
2
a
2
a
x ) (
2
i
)) M ( t ( i
0
dx e e Ks ) t , M ( s
i
0

d/Nhieu xa vo cc cua song phang bi lo tron:
Hnh nhieu xa Fraunhofer cua song phang bi lo tron ban knh R
gom vet trung tam hnh tron, tam la anh hnh hoc cua nguon, bao quanh la
cac van tron ong tam. Cac van tron co o sang giam dan khi cang xa
tam.
Ban knh goc cua vet trung tam co bac
D
22 , 1 :
D

.
R
22 , 1

= u A : ng knh goc cua vet trung tam.

e/ Nhieu xa bi tap hp lo nhieu xa giong nhau.
Khao sat trng hp gom N lo nhieu xa giong nhau. Lo nhieu xa m co
toa o tam O
m
(x
m
,y
m
) va o trong suot ) va o trong suot t(x,y) = t
o
(x-x
m
,y-
y
m
) , ham t
o
nh nhau oi vi moi lo nhieu xa. He c chieu sang bi
mot song phang n sac co phng truyen c cho bi o
i
va |
i
.
( )
dxdy e ) y , x ( t e Ks ) t , M ( s
] ) y y )( ( ) x x )( (
2
i [
m
)) M ( t ( i
0 m
m i m i
m 0
| | + o o

t
E
+ e
}}
=
oi bien: = x x
m
va q = y y
m
( )
q q =
q | | + o o

t
E
+ e
}}
d d e ) , ( t e Ks ) t , M ( s
] ) ( ) (
2
i [
m
0
)) M ( t ( i
0 m
i i
m 0

tch phan
( )
q q =
q | | + o o

t
E
}}
d d e ) , ( t ) M ( F
] ) ( ) (
2
i [
m
0 D
i i

nh nhau oi vi moi lo nhieu xa, c goi la so hang nhieu xa.
Theo nguyen ly Huygens Fresnel, N lo nhieu xa c chieu sang mot
cach ket hp, bien o tai M vo cc bang tong cac bien o nhieu xa
bi tng lo.

N
=
e
=
1 m
) M ( i t i
D 0
m 0
e e ) M ( F . Ks ) t , M ( s

0m
: pha tai M cua song th cap phat ra t O
m

Om
(M) =
O
(M) + (k(M) - k
i
).OO
m

=
| |
m i m i 0
y ) ( x ) (
2
) M ( | | + o o

t
+

Tong E la so hang giao thoa cua N song nhieu xa bi N lo nhieu xa.

| |

=
| | + o o

t
=
N
1 m
y ) ( x ) (
2
i
I
m i m i
e ) M ( F

- Trng hp phan bo ngau nhien.
Khao sat trng hp N rat ln.
2
I
2
D 0
) M ( F ) M ( F I I =

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=

=

N
1 m
i
N
1 m
i
2
I
m m
e e ) M ( F

vi
| |
m i m i
y ) ( x ) (
2
) M ( | | + o o

t
=

=

+ =
m m n
) ( i
2
I
m n
e N ) M ( F

( )

>

=

=
m n
) ( i ) ( i
m m n
) ( i
m n m n m n
e e e

| |

>
+ =
m n
m n
2
I
) M ( ) M ( cos 2 N ) M ( F

Neu cac lo nhieu xa c phan bo ngau nhien th cac goc

nm
(M) =
n
(M) -
m
(M) cung c phan bo ngau nhien va tong
| |

>

m n
m n
) M ( ) M ( cos
ch khac khong oi vi o va | rat gan o
i
va |
i
.
Tong nay cha
2
) 1 N ( N
so hang:

2
2
I
N ) M ( F =
phng cua song ti
N ) M ( F
I
=
cac phng khac.