Tieng Anh Chuyen Nganh Vien Thong Ly Thuyet

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING
TING ANH
CHUYN NGNH TVT
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2007

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

BI GING
TING ANH
CHUYN NGNH TVT

Bin son : THS. NGUYN QUNH GIAO
THS. NGUYN HNG NGA

BI GING
TING ANH
CHUYN NGNH TVT
M s: 491ANH213

Chu trch nhim bn tho
TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1

Li ni u
Ngy nay, ting Anh l cng c khng th thiu c i vi cc nh nghin cu, khoa hc,
cc nh qun l, hc sinh, sinh vin tch lu, hc hi, nghin cu. C th ni s dng thnh
tho ngn ng ny s ginh c li th cnh tranh trong mi lnh vc, c bit l cc ngnh khoa
hc k thut.
Nhm gip cho sinh vin h o to t xa hc ting Anh chuyn ngnh in t vin thng c
hiu qu, tp bi ging ting Anh chuyn ngnh vin thng c bin son bao gm nhng kin
thc c bn v mng, truyn dn v tuyn v hu tuyn, chuyn mch v ng dng cng ngh
thng tin trong vin thng. Tp bi ging gm 10 Unit, i hi 60 tit trn lp, c th tng
ng 100 gi t hc. i km vi cun sch, sinh vin s cn b a i km gip vic hc t
hiu qu cao hn.
Tp bi ging ny rn luyn y cc k nng: nghe, ni, c, vit v dch. Tp bi ging
cung cp cc khi nim, cc vn v cch s dng cc thut ng chuyn ngnh vin thng, to
iu kin cho sinh vin luyn nhng cu trc ng php. Phn thc hnh ngn ng gm nhiu loi
hnh bi tp ph hp gip sinh vin d dng hn trong vic s dng cc kin thc vin thng, cc
thut ng tch lu c.
Sau hc phn ting Anh chuyn ngnh in t vin thng, sinh vin c kh nng c, dch,
vit, phn tch cc ti liu c lin quan n chuyn ngnh. Sinh vin c c phng php nghin
cu ti liu chuyn mn bng ting Anh nhm phc v tt cho cc mn chuyn ngnh trong khi
hc ti Hc vin cng nh t nghin cu trong cng vic hay nng cao trnh sau ny.
Cc tc gi rt c gng tuy nhin do iu kin thi gian hn hp nn nhng thiu st trong
quyn bi ging l kh trnh khi. Chng ti rt mong v xin cm n s ng gp kin ca bn
b ng nghip v cc hc vin.
Chng ti cng xin chn thnh cm n s to iu kin gip ca Ban gim c Hc vin
Cng ngh Bu chnh vin thng, Trung tm o to Bu chnh vin thng 1, Khoa C bn 1 v
s khuyn khch ng vin ca cc bn b ng nghip chng ti hon thnh c tp ti liu
ny.
H ni, nm 2007
Nhm tc gi

Unit 1. The Telephone Network

3
Unit 1. The telephone network

I. GII THIU
Bi 1 gii thiu v cc mng in thoi, mt mng quc gia v s pht trin m rng mng ni
ht.

1. Mc ch yu cu
1. Sau khi nghin cu bi 1, sinh vin cn:
2. Phn bit c cc tnh hung s dng cc t ng ngha.
3. Thnh lp hi thoi vi cc cu trc c s dng khi khng hiu li ngi ni, khi mun
lm r hn hoc khng nh ngi nghe hiu.
4. Nm c cc c im ca mt mng in thoi quc gia.
5. Nm c cc cm t vit tt trong k thut vin thng.

2. Tm tt ni dung
1. be composed of/ consist of/ be made up of/ comprise
be divided/ be broken down/ be separated into
two- both/ two- one- the other/ one- another
2. Interrupting Asking for clarification
3. Giving clarification Checking understanding
4. Mng in thoi quc gia gm mng ni ht, mng chuyn tip v mng chnh (trung k)
5. GSC- DSC- MSC- DP- CCP- TSC- PCM- RSS

II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
The UK national network comprises:
a/ The local network
The lines between the subscriber and the local exchange.
b/ The junction network
The circuits between a local exchange and another local exchange.
The circuits between a local exchange and a primary centre, sometimes termed a
tandem exchange.
The circuits between a local exchange and a secondary centre, sometimes called a
Group Switching Centre (GSC).
c/ The main/ trunk network
The circuits between GSCs.

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The circuits between GSCs and tertiary centres, known in the UK as District and
Main Switching Centres (DSCs and MSCs).
Figure 1. The national network

In the local network, each subscriber is connected to a local exchange. To reduce the
number of cables, the local network is usually divided into three parts:
a/ The subscriber circuit: this consists of the telephone set, in the customers premises,
and a cable pair, often open-wire line, which is connected to a distribution point (DP).
b/ The secondary circuit: this is made up of a number of pairs (a multi-pair cable)
connected over or underground to a cabinet, sometimes called a cross connection point (CCP).
c/ The primary circuit: this is composed of a number of multi-pair cables ( multi-unit
cable) connected in ducts or in a cable tunnel to the main distribution frame in a local exchange.
Figure 2. The local network

In the trunk network, all non-local calls are set up via a GSC and the main network. In
the UK, 70% of all traffic is routed direct to another GSC, 24% via one other GSC. The traffic
which cannot be handled by these direct routings is carried by a new network, called the Transit
Network. This network, which also carried overseas traffic to the International Gateway
Exchanges, comprises 11 MSCs and 26 DSCs, known collectively as Transit Switching Centres
(TSCs). Transmission on this network can be by coaxial cable or radio link.

5

Figure 3. The analogue trunk network

1.1. Main phrases
- in the customers premises: trong nh thu bao
- transmission on the network: truyn dn trn mng

1.2. Complete the labelling of Figures 1, 2 and 3.
Figure 1 : a. network b. network c. . network
d. .. e. f.
Figure 2 : a. b. c.
d. . e. f.
g. . h. i.
j. . k.
Figure 3 : a. . b. c.
d. .. e. f.
g. ..
1.3. Answer the following questions.
1. What do the following abbreviations stand for?
a. GSC b. DSC c. MSC
d. DP e. CCP f. TSC
2. What is another term for?
g. the main network h. a primary centre
i. a secondary centre j. tertiary centre
k. a cabinet
3. What other means of transmission are mentioned in the passage
an open wire line l. m.
n. o. p.
4. What types of traffic does the transit network carry?

6
q. r.

2. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
2.1. Phn loi (Classification)
a. to be composed of
to consist of
to comprise
to be made up of
Nhng ng t v cm ng t trn u c ngha bao gm. Trong mt bi vit, ngi ta thng
dng cc t ng ngha trnh lp li.
Tng t, ta c cc cm t khc nhau nhng u c ngha c chia thnh.
to be divided into
to be broken down into
to be separated into
V d: The local network is divided into 3 parts.
The local network is broken down into 3 parts.
The local network is separated into 3 parts.
ng t to be th hin s chc chn. Nu khng hon ton chc chn, ta dng mt trong nhng
ng t khim khuyt can, may, might
V d: The local network can be divided into 3 parts.
The local network can be broken down into 3 parts.
The local network can be separated into 3 parts.

b. two- both/ two- one-the other/ one-another
There are two exchanges. Both are traditional electromechanical exchanges.
Both (c hai) thng c dng vi cu khng nh ch 2 ngi, 2 vt, 2 ni c cng mt
c im chung. Tnh hung y ch 2 tng i v c 2 u l tng i c in c truyn.
Khi ta mun din t ph nh th thay both bng neither v cu khng cn dng not.
V d: Neither are digital.
( C 2 u khng phi l tng i s)
Khi tng s lng ta cp ti vn l 2 nhng c nhng c im khc nhau th ta dng one v
the other m t.
V d: Two SPC exchanges are installed; one to extend the central area, the other to serve
the new area.
There are two types of cables; one is fibre optic, the other is metallic.
Khi tng s hn 2 m ta ch mun ni ti 1 trong s ta dng another.
V d: 70% traffic is routed direct from one GSC to another GSC.
(70% lu lng c truyn thng t 1 GSC ti 1 GSC khc.)

7
V d trong tnh hung mua my in thoi, ngi bn hng a cho bn 1 chic nhng thy
khng va , bn c th ni:
May I see another one?

Practice 2.1. Use the map to complete the sentences below.

The Newtown local telephone area

a. The Newtown telephone network ....2 secondary centres and ..
b. The Area .. into 3 sub-areas: North,
c. There .. secondary centres .. are connected to the DSC in Sisley by
radio link.
d. There . junction routes between the secondary centres: direct
via a local exchange.
e. Routing from . local exchange to . can be direct or via .
exchanges.
f. .... Northern and Southern areas are served by . local exchanges.

2. Cu hi v tr li (Questions and responses)
2.1. C th hi li cho r trong khi ngi khc ang ni hoc din thuyt thng qua 2 bc:
a. Ngt li (Interrupting)
Sorry to interrupt.
Excuse me.
b. Hi cho r / ngh gii thch r (Asking for clarification)
What do you mean by ?
I am not sure I understand.
So that means that ?
2.2. Qu trnh tr li ca ngi ni cng c th thng qua 2 bc.
a. Gii thch r (Giving clarification)
Ngi ni khi c hi c th dng ni v p li:
Yes?

8
Yeah?
ri gii thch:
What I mean was
Let me put it another way
In other words
Sau cc cm t trn l phn gii thch. Khi gii thch xong, ta c th kim tra xem ngi nghe
hiu cha.
b. Kim tra (Checking understanding)
Kim tra bng cch hi 1 trong nhng cm t sau:
Is that clear?
Do you follow me?

3. READING 2
Read the following text carefully.

TOOLS OF TOMORROW'S TELECOMMUNICATIONS
For some time yet, much of our telecommunicating will continue to depend on the
existing web of thin copper wires that telephonically link most of our homes and workplaces.
Making it possible for that network to match the communications demand of the near future will
require new technologies that widen the lanes on the information highway.
The standard telephone service is something we take for granted in today's modern world.
The public telecommunications network provides a reliable and highly accessible service - we
have high expectations and react strongly when the service is unavailable. To meet the demand for
high reliability, and to provide services economically, the public network is being progressively
upgraded.
Yet consumers are still waiting for the widespread use of new services such as the video
phone, which was first demonstrated 30 years ago. What then is required to make new services
such as video telecommunications possible and widely available? Apart from the availability of
inexpensive video terminal equipment, the key requirement is increased bandwidth (that is, more
available frequencies for transmission) which must be provided by the network at an affordable
cost. Understanding how this objective might be achieved requires a review of the existing
telecommunications network and the new technologies that are expected to improve and extend its
capacity.
The traditional telephone network consists of a pair of copper wires connecting the
customer premises to a local exchange. This is known as the customer access network. The local
exchange is connected to other local exchanges through a series of intermediate exchanges, using
coaxial cable, microwave or satellite transmission links. This part of the network is referred to as
the core network. Within the core network, a technique known as multiplexing is used so only a
small number of physical connections are needed between each telephone exchange. As a result,
each transmission link may carry thousands of telephone conversations simultaneously.
Traditionally the telephone network used analogue switching and transmission techniques.
Since the 1970s, the core network has been progressively changed from an analogue to a digital

9
network. Digital technology offers better quality, with the capability to actively regenerate the
original transmitted signal even when buried in unwanted noise. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is
the process in which the analogue telephone signal is converted to a digital one. Each analogue
voice signal is sampled at a rate of 8000 times a second, with one sample represented by eight bits
of digital information. Each voice signal therefore requires a 64 kilobits /second transmission
channel.
The physical connections in the core network have in recent years been changed to fibre
optic cable. A large fibre optic network can connect many major metropolitan centres. Fibre optic
cable is fundamentally the most important transmission technology because of the high bandwidth
that it offers.
The shift from the analogue to digital world within the core network exchanges means that
a majority of local exchanges are now digital exchanges. What then of the customer access
network? A long term goal is to upgrade the customer access network using fibre optic cable,
which will allow the delivery of new high bandwidth services such as video-on-demand.
However, this final step from the local exchange to the customer is an expensive one, due to the
large number of connections involved. Only when the demand for these new services is well
established can the cost of large scale deployment of fibre optic cable in the customer network be
justified.

3.1. Main phrases
- something we take for granted: iu ta coi l ng nhin
- increased bandwidth = more available frequencies for transmission

3.2. Answer the following questions with not more than three words which must come from
the text.
1. What does today's telecommunicating depend on?
.................................................................................................................................................
2. What are the words used to describe today's standard telephone service?
.................................................................................................................................................
3 - 4. What are two main requirements to make new services accessible?
.......................................................................................................................................................
3.3. Decide which of the following statements according to the text are true, false or for
which there is insufficient evidence. Write T, F or IE.
1. The customer access network does not include any physical connections.
2. Multiplexing reduces the need for numerous physical links between exchanges.
3. There are three main ways of making connections across the core network.
4. There is a limit to the number of telephone conversations that may take place at any given
time.
3.4. Decide which of the following features refer to present, past (traditional) or future
technology and write P for present, T for past (traditional) or F for future.
Example: 64 bits /sec transmission channel

10
Answer: P
1. video on demand
2. analogue transmission
3. Pulse Code Modulation
4. fibre optic cable in core network
5. 13. digital exchange
6. use of fibre optic cable in customer access network

4. LISTENING
Listen to the following extract from a training seminar about the extension of a local network.

4.1. Main phrases
- Interrupting: Sorry to interrupt
Excuse me
- Asking for clarification: What do you mean by ?
Im not sure I understand.
So that means that ?
- Giving clarification: What I meant was
Let me put it another way
In other words
- Checking understanding: Is that clear?
Do you follow me?

4.2. Decide if the statements are true or false.
T/F 1. The aim in this case-study is to expand the existing local network and extend it into a
new area.
T/F 2. The primary part of the local network is considered in this case-study.
T/F 3. Digital transmission is used in the first solution.
T/F 4. Digital exchanges are used in the first solution.
T/F 5. The purpose of the two new exchanges in the second solution is to serve the central
area.
T/F 6. The new exchanges are located next to the old local exchange.
T/F 7. The junction circuits between the exchanges use digital transmission in the second
solution.
T/F 8. Two exchanges are used in the third solution.
T/F 9. The Remote Subscriber Switches replace the cabinets.
T/F 10. The lines between the concentrators and the cabinets use analogue transmission in the
third solution.

11

III. TM TT
1. Phn bit cc tnh hung s dng cc t ng ngha.
2. Thnh lp hi thoi vi cc cu trc c s dng khi khng hiu li ngi ni, khi mun
lm r hn hoc khng nh ngi nghe hiu.
3. Cc c im ca mt mng in thoi quc gia.
4. Mt s cm t vit tt trong k thut vin thng.

VOCABULARY
anologue (analog) transmission n truyn dn tng t
cabinet (cross connection point) n t u dy (t u nhy)
cable n cp
cable tunnel n cng cp
circuit n mch
coaxial cable n cp ng trc
cross-bar type n kiu ngang dc
data n d liu, s liu
digital switching n chuyn mch s
digital transmission n truyn dn s
distribution point (DP) n t phn phi
district/main switching centre (DSC/
MSC)
n trung tm chuyn mch khu vc/ chnh
duct n ng cp
electromechanical exchange n tng i c in
group switching centre (GSC) n trung tm chuyn mch nhm
interexchange junction n kt ni lin tng i
international gateway exchange n tng i cng quc t
junction circuit n mch kt ni
junction network n mng chuyn tip
local network n mng ni ht
main distribution frame (MDF) n gi phi dy chnh
main/trunk network n mng chnh/trung k
muiti-pair cable n cp nhiu i
muiti-pair cable n cp nhiu i

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multi-unit cable n cp nhiu si
national network n mng quc gia
non-local call n cuc gi ng di
open-wire line n dy cp trn
primary centre n trung tm s cp (cp I)
primary circuit n mch s cp
pulse code modulation (PCM) n iu ch xung m
radio link n ng v tuyn
remote concentrator n b tp trung xa
remote subscriber switch (RSS) n chuyn mch thu bao xa/ tng i v tinh
secondary centre n trung tm th cp (cp II)
secondary circuit n mch th cp
subscriber n thu bao
subscriber circuit n mch thu bao
tandem exchange n tng i qu giang
tertiary centre n trung tm cp III
to install v lp t
traffic n lu lng
transit network n mng chuyn tip
transit switching centre (TSC) n trung tm chuyn mch chuyn tip/ qu
giang
transmission n truyn dn

ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Mng quc gia Vng quc Anh bao gm:
a/ Mng ni ht: * Cc tuyn ni gia thu bao v tng i ni ht.
b/ Mng chuyn tip: * Cc mch ni gia mt tng i ni ht v mt tng i ni
ht khc.
* Cc mch ni gia mt tng i ni ht v trung tm s cp, i khi cn c gi l
tng i qu giang.
* Cc mch ni gia mt tng i ni ht v trung tm th cp, i khi cn gi l
trung tm chuyn mch nhm (GSC).
c/ Mng chnh/ trung k: * Cc mch ni gia cc GSC.
* Cc mch ni gia cc GSC v cc tng i cp 3, Anh c coi l cc trung tm
chuyn mch khu vc v trung tm chuyn mch chnh (DSC v MSC).

13
Trong mng ni ht, mi thu bao c ni vi mt tng i ni ht. gim s
lng cp, mng ni ht thng c chia lm 3 phn:
a/ Mch thu bao: Mch ny gm mt my in thoi t trong nh thu bao v mt
dy cp i, thng l dy cp trn, cp i ny c kt ni vi mt t phn phi (DP).
b/ Mch th cp: Mch ny c to bi mt s cp i (cp nhiu i), l cp treo
hay cp ngm c u ni vi t u dy, i khi cn c gi l t u nhy (CCP).
c/ Mch s cp: Mch ny bao gm mt s cp nhiu i (cp nhiu si) chy trong
ng ng cp hoc cng cp n gi phi dy chnh trong tng i ni ht.
mng trung k, tt c cc cuc gi ng di c thit lp thng qua mt GSC v
mng chnh. Ti Vng quc Anh, 70% tng lu lng cuc gi c nh tuyn trc tip ti
mt GSC khc, 24% chuyn qua mt GSC khc na. Lu lng m khng th c thit lp
bng cc tuyn trc tip s c ti trn mt mng mi gi l mng chuyn tip. Mng ny
cng thc hin ti lu lng ra nc ngoi ti cc tng i cng quc t, n gm 11 MSC v
26 DSC ny c gi chung l cc trung tm chuyn mch qu giang (TSC). C th s dng
cp ng trc hoc ng v tuyn thc hin vic truyn dn trn mng ny.
1.2.Complete the labelling of Figures 1, 2 and 3.
Fig 1. a. local b. junction c. main/trunk d. subscriber
e. primary centre/tandem exchange
f. secondary centre/GSC
Fig 2. a. open-wire line b. multi-pair cable
c. multi-unit cable d. telephone set
e. distribution point f. cabinet/CCP
g. main distribution frame h. local exchange
i. the subscriber circuit j. the secondary circuit
k. the primary circuit
Fig 3. a.6% b. 24% c. 70%
d. Transit Network e. 24 f. 11
g. International Gateway
1. a. Group Switching Centre b. District Switching Centre
c. Main Switching Centre d. distribution point
e. cross connection point f. Transit Switching Centre
2. g. the trunk network h. a tandem exchange
i. a Group Switching Centre j. a District/ Main Switching Centre
k. a cross connection point
3. l. a pair (cable pair) m. a multi-pair cable
n. a multi-unit cable o. a coaxial cable
p. a radio link
4. q. overflow traffic (from the normal trunk network)
r. international traffic
2. Language Practice
Practice 2.1
a. consists of/ 4 local exchanges b. is divided/ South and Central

14
c. are/ 2 / Both d. are/ 2/ one/ the other
e. one/ another/ other f. Both/ 2
3. Reading 2
NHNG CNG C CA VIN THNG TNG LAI
Trong mt khong thi gian di na, rt nhiu cng vic trong lin lc vin thng ca
chng ta vn ph thuc vo h thng si ng mng mnh vn ang kt ni h thng in thoi
ti hu ht cc ngi nh v cng s ca chng ta. Vic khin cho h thng mng ny p ng
c nhng yu cu ca tng lai sp ti s i hi nhng cng ngh mi nhm m rng cc con
ng dnh cho xa l thng tin.
Dch v in thoi chun l mn qu m chng ta nhn c trong x hi hin i ngy
nay. Mng vin thng cng cng cung cp mt dch v ng tin cy v c truy nhp cao -
chng ta c nhng i hi cao v s phn ng mnh nu dch v khng sn sng p ng. Nhm
p ng nhng nhu cu v tin cy cao, v nhm cung cp cc dch v mt cch kinh t, mng
cng cng ang c nng cp nhanh chng.
Tuy nhin cc khch hng vn ang trng i vic s dng rng ri cc dch v mi nh
in thoi thy hnh, vn c trng by t cch y 30 nm. Tip theo cn phi c iu g
khin cho cc dch v mi nh thng tin hnh nh tr thnh hin thc v mt cch rng ri? Ngoi
vic c sn cc thit b u cui video khng t , yu cu ct yu l m rng rng bng tn
(tc l c thm nhiu tn s phc v truyn dn) phi do mng cung cp vi gi c chp nhn
c. Vic thy c cch thc c th t c mc tiu ny i hi phi xem xt li mng
vin thng hin thi v i hi cc cng ngh mi vn c trng mong s ci thin v tng dung
lng ca mng.
Mng in thoi truyn thng bao gm mt i si ng ni nh ca thu bao ti mt
tng i ni ht. N c gi l mng truy nhp thu bao. Tng i ni ht c ni ti mt tng
i ni ht khc qua mt lot cc tng i trung gian, s dng cp ng trc, cc tuyn truyn dn
vi ba v v tinh. B phn ny ca mng c gi l mng li. Trong mng li, c s dng mt k
thut gi l k thut a ghp knh nn ch cn mt s lng nh kt ni vt l ni gia cc
tng i in thoi. Kt qu l, mi tuyn truyn dn c th ti hng ngn cc cuc thoi ng
thi.
Trc y mng in thoi s dng k thut truyn dn v chuyn mch tng t. T
nhng nm 1970, mng li nhanh chng chuyn t mng tng t sang s. Cng ngh s em
li cht lng tt hn, vi kh nng ti to linh hot tn hiu gc thm ch c khi b chm trong
ting n khng mong mun. iu xung m (PCM) l qu trnh trong tn hiu in thoi tng
t c bin i thnh tn hiu s. Mi tn hiu thoi tng t c ly mu vi tc 8000 ln
mt giy, vi mi mu c biu din bi tm bit thng tin s. Vy nn mi tn hiu thoi i hi
mt knh truyn dn 64 kilobit / giy.
Trong nhng nm gn y cc kt ni trong mng li v ang c bin i sang cp
quang. Mt mng si quang c th kt ni rt nhiu trung tm th chnh. V mt c bn m ni
cp si quang l cng ngh truyn dn quan trng nht v n em li rng bng tn ln.
Vic bin i t tng t sang s trong cc tng i trong mng li c ngha l phn ln
cc tng i ni ht gi y l cc tng i s. Th cn trong mng truy nhp thu bao th sao?
Mt mc tiu lu di c t ra l nng cp mng truy nhp thu bao s dng cp si quang,
iu s cho php cung cp cc dch v bng rng mi nh in thoi theo yu cu. Tuy nhin

15
bc cui cng ny t tng i ni ht ti thu bao l mt bc tn km, do lin quan n s
lng kt ni ln. Ch khi nhu cu i vi nhng dch v mi ny chc chn th chi ph cho
vic s dng cp quang trn din ln trong mng thu bao mi c th ng gi.
3.2. Answer the following questions with not more than three words which must come from
the text.
1. thin copper wires 2. reliable, highly accessible
3. increased bandwidth/ more available frequencies
4. affordable cost.
3.3. Decide which of the following statements according to the text are true, false or for
which there is insufficient evidence. Write T, F or IE.
1. F 2.T 3.T 4.T
3.4. Decide which of the following features refer to present, past (traditional) or future
technology and write P for present, T for past (traditional) or F for future.
1.F 2. T 3.P
4.P 5.P 6.F
4. Listening Tapescript
Lecturer:

Student A:
Lecturer:

Student A:
Lecturer:

Student B:
Lecturer:

Student B:
Lecturer:

Student B:
Today we're going to consider local network development. In the case you have in
front of you, the objective is to expand the existing local network and extend it into
a new area.
In Figure 1d, you can see the traditional solution. The original central exchange is
expanded in a new building and additional cables are laid and cabinets are
installed.
Sorry, what do you mean by cabinets?
Ah yes, I should've explained that. We've only concerned here with the primary
part of the network- that is the lines between the exchanges and the cross
connection points, or cabinets. Later we can consider the secondary and subscriber
circuits.
So cabinet is just another word for "cross connection point".
Yes, that's right. Now, all they have done in this case is to build another
electromechanical exchange in the new area and use analogue transmission for
distribution in the network and the interexchange junction.
So that means that there's no digital switching or transmission in the network?
Exactly. In fact both exchanges are traditional electromechanical of the crossbar
type. Very reliable but limited. Now, if we look at Figure 1e, we can see another
solution to the problem. Here two SPC digital exchanges are installed. One to
extend the central area, the other to serve the new area. The junction circuits
between the exchanges use PCM, but analogue transmission...
Sorry to interrupt again. I'm not sure I understand.
Well, you can see that a new digital exchange is sited next to the old local
exchange, and the connection to the other new SPC exchange in the new area uses
digital transmission, normally called PCM, or pulse code modulation. Is that clear?
Yes, I think so.
Now, the rest of the network - that is the primary circuits from the exchanges to the

16
Lecturer:

Student C:
Lecturer:

cabinets- remain analogue. That's the big difference in the third solution shown in
Figure 1f. Here the two areas, that is the central and new area, are served by one
SPC exchange. This allows the use of remote subscriber switches, sometimes
called remote concentrators, out in the primary network.
Do these replace the cabinets?
No, they are like remote parts of the exchange. They enable digital transmission, or
PCM, to be used much further out in the network. In this solution, analogue
transmission is only used for the lines between concentrators and the cabinets.

Ging vin:

Sinh vin A:
Ging vin:

Sinh vin A:
Ging vin:

Sinh vin B:
Ging vin:

Sinh vin B:
Ging vin:

Sinh vin B:
Ging vin:

Sinh vin C:
Ging vin:

Hm nay, chng ta s tm hiu s pht trin mng ni ht. Trong trng hp ny,
trc mt bn l mc tiu m rng mng ni ht hin c v m rng mng sang
khu vc mi.
Bn c th xem gii php truyn thng hnh 1d. Tng i gc khu vc trung
tm c m rng trong mt ta nh mi, lp t thm cp v cc t u dy.
Xin li thy, t u dy ngha l g?
vng, ti s gii thch t . Chng ta mi ch cp y phn s cp ca
mng- l cc ng dy ni gia cc tng i v cc t u nhy, hoc cc t
u dy. Sau , chng ta xem xt cc mch th cp v mch thu bao.
Nh vy, t u dy ch l cch gi khc ca "t u nhy".
ng vy. By gi tt c chng c tin hnh trong trng hp ny l xy dng
mt tng i c in khc ti khu vc mi v s dng truyn dn tng t cho
vic phn phi trong mng v kt ni lin tng i.
Nh vy c ngha l khng c chuyn mch s hay truyn dn s trong mng?
Chnh xc. Thc t c hai tng i u l kiu ngang dc c in truyn thng.
tin cy cao nhng li c nhng hn ch. By gi, nu nhn vo hnh 1e, chng
ta c th thy mt gii php khc cho vn ny. y c 2 tng i s SPC
c lp t. Mt ci m rng mng khu vc trung tm, ci kia phc v
khu vc mi. Cc mch kt ni gia cc tng i s dng PCM, nhng truyn
dn tng t
Xin li ngt li thy. Em khng hiu lm.
, em c th thy rng mt tng i s mi c t cnh tng i ni ht c, v
vic kt ni vi tng i SPC mi khc trong khu vc mi s dng truyn dn
s, thng thng c gi l PCM, hoc l iu ch xung m. Em hiu cha?
Vng, em hiu.
By gi, phn cn li ca mng - l cc mch s cp t cc tng i n cc
t u dy - u l truyn dn tng t. l s khc bit ln trong gii php
th ba m c trnh by trong hnh 1f. y l 2 khu vc, khu vc trung tm v
khu vc mi, do mt tng i SPC phc v. iu ny cho php s dng cc
chuyn mch thu bao xa, i khi cn gi l cc b tp trung xa, nm bn ngoi
mng s cp.
C phi cc b tp trung ny thay th cho cc t u dy khng?
Khng phi, chng ging nh nhng b phn ca mt tng i nm xa tng
i. Chng cho php truyn dn s hay PCM trong mng c s dng m rng

17
hn nhiu. Trong gii php ny, truyn dn tng t ch c dng trn cc
tuyn ni gia cc b tp trung v cc t u dy.
1T 2T 3F 4F 5F
6F 7T 8F 9F 10T

Unit 2. The Data Network
18

Unit 2. The data network

I. GII THIU
Bi 2 gii thiu v mt mng s liu cng cng, cc tin ch ca mng s liu v h thng SPC (H
thng iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr).

1. Mc ch yu cu
Sau khi nghin cu bi 2, sinh vin cn:
1. Nm vng hn cu trc ch ng v b ng.
2. Nm c cc c im ca mt mng s liu.
3. Bit c cc cu kin ca mng s liu cng chc nng ca chng.
4. Bit c mt s tin ch ca mng s liu cng cng.
5. Hiu c cu to ca h thng SPC.

2. Tm tt ni dung
1. Cu trc cu: Ch ng: S + V + O; B ng: S + be + Ved + O
2. Mng s liu cng cng c thit k ch truyn s liu, l mng s kiu chuyn mch,
c dng cung cp mt phng tin truyn dn s liu ng b.
3. DCC- RMX- DSE- DCE- SSC- TDM- DTE
4. Mt s tin ch ca mng s liu cng cng: cuc gi quay s tt, cuc gi trc tip,
nhm ngi dng khp kn, cm gi i, s hiu nhm, kt ni khi ri, thng bo gi cc.
5. H thng SPC gm 3 b phn: switching part, interface part, control part.

II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Public Data Networks are designed for data transmission only. They therefore avoid the
limitations of speed etc. of transmission over the switched public telephone or telex network. The
Nordic Public Data Network is a circuit switched type of digital network and its basic purpose is to
provide a means of synchronous data transmission.
The network consists of a number of components which are interconnected as shown in
Figure 1.
19

Figure 1. The Nordic Data Network

The data switching exchange (DSE) controls the set-up and clear-down of data calls, and
monitors the connections and functions of the network. This exchange, which is capable of handling
100 calls per second, may be supplemented at a later date with a special service centre (SSC) for the
introduction of certain new facilities. The DSE is connected to a data circuit concentrator (DCC). The
purpose of the concentrator is to collect traffic from a number of individual subscriber circuits. This
traffic is passed via time division multiplexed high-speed links (TDM) to the exchange.
These TDMs, which consists of time division multiplexed streams (64 Kbps), also transfer
traffic between the DCC and one of the multiplexors (RMX). The multiplexors (RMX and DMX)
connect several subscriber lines either directly to the DCC which passes traffic to the DSE. Between
the RMX and the DMX and the data terminal equipment (DTE), the data circuit terminating
equipment (DCE) is located in the subscribers premises. It primarily provides the standardized
interface between the DTE and the network. Lastly, the DTE, which consists of a printing or
alphanumeric visual display terminal or a computer, provides the subscriber with the data reception
facilities.

1.1. Main phrases
- limitations of speed: nhng hn ch v tc
- control the set-up and clear-down of data calls: set-up v clear-down chung nhau cm
t of data calls: iu khin vic thit lp v gii phng cc cuc gi s liu
- either or: hoc hoc

1.2. Complete Figure 1.
a. b. c. . d.
e. f. g. . h.

20
a. Match the components with their appropriate functions (Some components have more than one
function)
Components Functions
1. DCC a. introduction of new facilities
2. RMX/DMX b. provision of data reception facilities
3. DSE c. collection of traffic from subscriber circuits
4. DCE d. connection of subscriber lines
5. SSC e. transfer of traffic
6. TDM f. control of set-up and clear-down
7. DTE g. provision of interface between DTE and network
h. monitoring of network connections and functions
b. What is the advantage of data networks compared with data transmission over the telephone?
...................
c. What is the capability of the DSE?
...................
d. What does the data terminal equipment consist of?
............

1.4. Below are some of the facilities a subscriber in the Nordic Public Data Network can have.
Match them with the appropriate description.

Facilities
1. Abbreviated address call
2. Direct call
3. Closed user group
4. Outgoing calls barred
5. Group number
6. Connect when free
7. Charge advice

Description
a. On dialing, the subscriber is always connected to a
predetermined number.
b. The same number is used for several equivalent
terminals. The connection is made to a free terminal.
c. A number of subscribers are protected against calls
from subscribers outside the group.
d. The subscriber cannot call other subscribers.
e. The subscriber uses only 2-digit numbers for a limited
number of other subscribers.
f. The subscriber is informed of the cost of a call on
completion of the call.
g. A call to an engaged connection is put in a queue and
established when it becomes free.

21
2.1. Cu ch ng v b ng (Active and passive sentences)
V d: A. International traffic is carried by the Transit network.
B. The Transit network carries international traffic.
Trong 2 cu trn, cu A dng li ni b ng v cu B dng li ni ch ng. C 2 cu u chnh xc
v ng php v ng ngha, nhng khi m t ta ch cn chn mt. Vic chn cu A hay B tu thuc
vo ngi m t. Nu mun nhn mnh vo International traffic th ta nn chn cu A. Cn khi
mun nhn mnh vo The Transit network th ta chn cu B.
Note 1: Khi ta khng r v tc nhn ca hnh ng hay bit nhng khng mun nu c th th ta nn
dng li ni b ng thng tin chnh c ch .
V d: They lay additional cables.
-> Additional cables are laid.
Note 2: i vi mt s cu ch ng c ch ng l someone ta nn chuyn sang cu ni b ng.
V d: Someone repairs telephone sets.
-> Telephone sets are repaired.
o Cu trc cu ch ng (active sentence):
Subject + Verb + Object
o Cu trc cu b ng (passive sentence):
Subject + to be + Verb (PII) + Object

Practice 2.1. Make sentences from the table below. (In some cases, you can make both an
active and passive sentence.)
Agent
(tc nhn)
Action
(hnh ng)
Object
(tn ng)
Adverbial
(trng t)
a You expand the central exchange
b The junction circuits use PCM mainly
c SPC exchanges serve both areas
d They install cabinets in the local area
e We route traffic direct to a GSC
f An open-wire line connect the subscriber to the DP
g We set up all non-local calls via a GSC
h A machine dig up the road in order to lay a cable
i We site the exchange near the old exchange
j The RSS switch the call to the designated cabinet
22

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

3. READING 2

LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
Local Area Networks (LANs) may be defined as transmission and switching systems that
provide high-speed communication between devices located on a single site. This could be an office
complex, an industrial estate, a college campus or any closely linked group of buildings in which a
variety of workstations need to communicate with each other. A typical LAN may cover a distance
ranging from a few metres to around ten kilometres.
As much of our daily work in the office involves using different kinds of communication
media. LANs have been seen to be particularly useful in the fields of office automation (OA) and
distributed data processing (DDP). Several studies have shown that there are four fundamental levels
of communication in office systems:
1. Communication within a group, which could be a particular department in a company. The
distance of transmission ranges from a few metres to about one hundred metres.
2. Communication with other internal groups or departments in the same company. The
transmission distance ranges from a few hundred metres to perhaps two or three kilometres.
3. Communication with branch offices of the same company. The distance here ranges from a
few dozen kilometres to hundreds of kilometres.
4. Communication with the outside world. The transmission distance ranges from a few
kilometres to thousands of kilometres.
Typically we find that about 50% of all office communication circulates within one
geographic site and that 70% of all communication circulates within the same company Only 30%
ever goes beyond the company into the outside world, to customers and suppliers, for example

23
3.1. Answer the questions.
a. How does the text define a LAN?

b. Give four examples of places where LANs could be installed.

3.2. Fill in the table.

Levels and volume of communication in an office system

Level

Type of communication

Distance covered
Volume of
traffic
Suitability of system
PABX LAN
1
2
3
4

3. 3. Match the two columns to make suitable phrases.
transmission
switching
single
office
industrial
college
communication
office
fundamental
office
transmission
branch
outside
campus
estate
systems
offices
automation
complex
systems
distance
world
systems
site
levels
media

4. WRITING
24
S khi ny m t h thng SPC. Ba b phn chnh ca h thng l: b phn chuyn mch,
b phn giao din, b phn iu khin.
- Khi m t nhng thnh phn cu to ta nn s dng nhng ng t v cm ng t c ngha
bao gm.
- Khi gii thch 1 t hay 1 cm t ta dng that means.
- ch s i lp gia 2 ta dng lin t whereas.
- ch mc ch ta dng:
to hoc in order to + V inf.
in order that hoc so that + mnh (cu)
- Mi ch trng c th in 1 t hoc 1 cm t, nu ng t th phi chia cho ph hp vi ch
ng.

3.1. Use the simplified block diagram of a Stored Programme Control system (SPC) to complete
the description below.

25

The SPC system

The subscribers ..................(1) a switching part. This .....................(2) wires and contacts over
which signals and speech connections are established .................(3) the switching network. It also
.......................(4) circuits for simple telephoning functions ....................(5) tone generators and
circuits for hook and key set signals. The control part is ....................(6) circuits and programs which
take care of the more intelligent functions in the exchange ...................(7) identification and
interpretation of state changes in the switching part.
The techniques ...................(8) in the switching part are mainly electromechanical
......................(9) in the control part, they are electronic. This difference in technique ....................(10)
that there must be an interface part in ...................(11) that the switching part can communicate with
the control part. The interface part ................. (12) electronic circuits whose function is ....................
(13) signal transfer.

3.2. Give the explanations for these words.
26
1. A multiplexor: ...
2. Analogue transmission: .....
3. An electromechanical exchange: ..
4. A duct: ...
5. A crossbar: ....
6. Electronic mail: .....................................
7. SPC: ..................
8. Telephone directory: .....
9. A wrong number: ......
10. A digital exchange: ...
III. TM TT
1. S dng cu trc ch ng hay b ng ph thuc vo iu bn mun nhn mnh. Trong
cu trc b ng, ch thi ca ng t be.
Cu trc: Ch ng: S + V + O
B ng: S + be + Ved + O
2. Cc c im ca mng s liu.
3. Cu kin ca mng s liu cng chc nng ca chng.
4. Mt s tin ch ca mng s liu cng cng.
5. Cu to ca h thng SPC.

VOCABULARY
alphanumeric adj. bng ch v s
charge advice n thng bo gi cc
component n b phn, cu kin
composition n kt cu, cu to
data circuit concentrator (DCC) n b tp trung mch s liu
data circuit terminating equipment n thit b u cui mch s liu
data reception facilities n nhng phng tin nhn s liu
data switching exchange (DSE) n tng i chuyn mch s liu
data terminal equipment n thit b u cui s liu
electromechanical switching n chuyn mch c in
electronic switching n chuyn mch in t
27
engaged adj. bn
equivalent adj. tng ng
facilities n tin ch, phng tin
function n chc nng
hook n kho, t hp
identification n nhn bit, nhn dng
interpretation n din gii, phin dch
key set n bn phm
link n tuyn, ng truyn
multiplexor n b ghp knh
predetermined number n s nh trc
public data network n mng s liu cng cng
signal n tn hiu
signal transfer n truyn dn tn hiu
speech connection n kt ni thoi
standardized interface n giao din chun
state changes n nhng thay i v trng thi
stored programme control system n h thng iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr
stream n lung
telex n in bo
time division multiplexed high speed
link
n ng truyn tc cao ghp knh phn chia
theo thi gian
to bar v cm
to clear down v gii phng
to hook on v t t hp
to monitor v gim st, ch huy, theo di
to put in a queue v xp hng
to set up v thit lp
tone generator n my/ b to m bo
visual display terminal n thit b u cui hin th
ANSWER KEYS
28
1. Reading 1
Mng s liu cng cng c thit k ch truyn s liu. V th, n trnh c s hn ch
v tc v.v. ca vic truyn dn qua mng in bo hay in thoi cng cng. Mng s liu cng
cng Bc u l mng s kiu chuyn mch v mc ch chnh ca n l cung cp mt phng tin
truyn dn s liu ng b.
Mng ny gm mt s b phn c kt ni vi nhau nh trnh by trong Hnh 1.
Tng i chuyn mch s liu (DSE) iu khin vic thit lp v gii phng cc cuc gi s
liu v gim st vic kt ni v cc chc nng ca mng. Tng i ny, vi dung lng x l 100
cuc gi mi giy, ti y c th s c b sung thm mt trung tm dch v c bit (SSC) nhm
gii thiu mt s phng tin mi. DSE c kt ni vi b tp trung mch s liu (DCC). Nhim v
ca b tp trung l tp hp lu lng t mt s mch thu bao ring. Lu lng ny c truyn
qua cc ng truyn tc cao ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM) ti tng i.
Cc TDM ny, gm cc lung ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (64kb/s), cng truyn dn
lu lng gia DCC v mt trong cc b ghp knh (RMX). Cc b ghp knh (RMX v DMX) kt
ni mt s ng dy thu bao trc tip ti DSE hoc qua DCC ri truyn lu lng ti DSE. Thit
b u cui mch s liu (DCE) c lp t ch thu bao, nm gia RMX, DMX v thit b u
cui s liu (DTE). Thit b ny ch yu cung cp giao din c chun ha gia DTE v mng.
Cui cng, DTE bao gm mt my in hay b thit b u cui hin th s-ch hay mt my tnh, s
cung cp cho thu bao nhng phng tin tip nhn s liu.
1.2. Complete Figure 1.
a. SSC b. TDM c. DCC d. TDM
e. DMX f. DCE g. DCE h. DTE
a. 1 c 2 d 3 f - h 4 g
5 a 6 e 7 b
b. It provides a means of fast, synchronous data transmission.
c. 100 calls per second.
d. a printing or alphanumeric visual display terminal or a computer.
1.4. Match the facilities with the appropriate description.
1 e 2 a 3 c
4 d 5 b 6 g 7 f
Practice 2.1. Make sentences from the table below.
a. The central exchange is expanded.
b. The junction circuits use PCM mainly.
PCM is used mainly on the junction circuits.
c. SPC exchanges serve both areas.
Both areas are served by SPC exchanges.
d. Cabinets are installed in the local area.
29
e. Traffic is routed direct to a GSC.
f. An open-wire line connects the subscriber to the DP.
The subscriber is connected by an open-wire line to the DP.
g. All non-local calls are set up via a GSC.
h. The road is dug up in order to lay a cable.
i. The exchange is sited near the old exchange.
j. The RSS switches the call to the designated cabinet.
The call is switched by the RSS to the designated cabinet.
3. Reading 2
Mng cc b (LAN) c th c nh ngha nh l cc h thng chuyn mch v truyn
dn cung cp ng truyn thng tin tc cao gia cc thit b ti mt im n l. c th l
mt t hp vn phng, khu cng nghip lin hp, trng i hc hoc bt k mt khu nh rt gn
nhau m trong cc trm lm vic khc nhau cn thit lin lc vi nhau. Mng LAN in
hnh c th tri di mt c ly trong khong t vi mt n 10 kilmt.
Do hu ht cng vic hng ngy ca bn trong vn phng i hi phi s dng cc loi
phng tin truyn tin khc nhau, cc mng LAN tng c s dng c bit c hiu qu
trong lnh vc t ng ha vn phng (OA) v x l d liu phn tn (DDP). Nhiu nghin cu
ch ra rng c bn mc c bn ca truyn tin trong cc h thng vn phng:
1. Truyn tin trong nhm c th l cc phng ban c bit trong mt cng ty. C ly truyn
trong phm vi t vi mt n khong 100 mt.
2. Truyn tin vi cc nhm ni b khc hay cc phng ban trong cng mt cng ty. C ly
truyn c th trong phm vi t vi trm mt n khong 2 hoc 3 kilmt.
3. Truyn tin vi cc vn phng chi nhnh ca cng mt cng ty. C ly truyn y trong
phm vi vi chc kilmt n hng trm kilmt.
4. Truyn tin vi th gii bn ngoi. C ly truyn trong phm vi t vi kilmt n hng
nghn kilmt.
Chng ta thy rng in hnh m ni, khong 50% tng s lin lc vn phng khoanh vng
trong mt khu vc a l v 70% tng s lin lc nm trong mt cng ty. Ch 30% l vt qu phm
vi mt cng ty ra th gii bn ngoi, v d ti cc khch hng v cc nh cung cp.
a. Transmission and switching systems that provide high-speed communication between
devices located on a single site.
b. An office complex, an industrial estate, a college campus, a closely linked group of
buildings.
Level 1: within a group or department or a company; a few metres to about one hundred metres;
50% (with level 2); LAN.
Level 2: between other groups or departments of the same company; a few hundred metres to 2 or
3 kilometres; 50% (with level 1); LAN.
30
Level 3: between branch offices of the same company in different geographic areas; a few dozen
to hundreds of kilometres; 20%; PABX.
Level 4: with the outside world; any distance; 30%; PABX.
3. 3. Match the two columns to make suitable phrases.
transmission systems switching systems
single site office complex
industrial estate college campus
communication media office automation
fundamental levels office systems
transmission distance branch offices
outside world
4. Writing
4.1. Use the simplified block diagram of a Stored Programme Control system (SPC) to complete
the description below.
1. are connected to 2. consists of 3. i.e 4. contains
5. such as 6. made up of 7. such as 8. used
9. whereas 10. means 11. order 12. consists of
13. mainly
4.2. Give the explanations for these words.
1. the device for combining a number of signals so that they can share a common transmission
medium.
2. a system in which a varying electrical current transmits the callers voice pattern.
3. a switching centre, the design of which is based on thousands of moving parts.
4. an underground pipe in which cables are installed.
5. an electromechanical switching system.
6. service that enables subscriber to send messages directly and instantaneously to one
another.
7. an electronic system using data processing and computer techniques for switching.
8. an alphabetical list of names and numbers.
9. a call is incorrectly routed.
10. an exchange which uses microchip technology.

Unit 3. The Basic Transmission Systems

31

UNIT 3. THE BASIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

I. GII THIU
Bi 3 gii thiu v cc h thng truyn dn c bn trong mng in thoi.

1. Mc ch yu cu
1. Nm c cch m t mt qu trnh.
2. Thnh lp cu s dng cu trc so snh gii thch cc mi tng quan gia cc yu
t.
3. Thnh lp hi thoi vi cc cu trc c s dng khi bn hi thng tin, yu cu gii
thch, cho li gii thch, t hiu.
4. Bit c cc phng php truyn dn lu lng in thoi c bn.
5. Bit c cc thng tin c bn v iu ch xung m (PCM).

2. Tm tt ni dung
1. Khi m t mt qu trnh c 2 im cn lu :
- dng thi hin ti n (ch ng hoc b ng)
- s dng cc lin t (sequence markers).
2. Gii thch cc mi tng quan
The greater the , the larger the
The greater the , the higher the
be double/ twice/ two times/ half/ a half of
Ch : khi ni v mc (degree) hay tn s (frequency) ta thng dng higher
hay lower.
3. Questions for information Responses
Questions for explanation Giving explanations
Showing understanding
4. Cc phng php truyn dn lu lng in thoi c bn: truyn dn bng ng dy
trn, cp treo, cp ngm, cp ng trc, v tinh.
5. Qu trnh c lng gi tr ca mu theo mt mc m ho gi l lng t ho v ton
b qu trnh ly mu v m ho c gi l iu ch xung m (PCM).

II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Many different transmission systems are used in telecommunications technology.
Transmission on open-wire lines was the earliest method used for telephone traffic, and this

32
method is still used in the local networks of many countries. Nowadays, due to the demands on
operating reliability, local networks are built up using aerial or underground cable.
Between the subscriber and the local exchange two-wire circuits are used, often placed in
symmetric cable pairs. Between the local and transit exchanges either two- or four-wire circuits
are used. On longer routes, it may be advantageous to use PCM on coaxial cable.
These cables are also used for FDM systems transmitting up to 10 800 telephone channels.
At regular intervals along the coaxial line, line amplifiers are provided; these are mounted in
underground housings and are called intermediate repeaters. In principle, the greater the number
of channels transmitted, the larger the number of repeaters required.
Since 1965, satellites have become increasingly important for long distance
communication, especially across the oceans. In principle, the satellite operates as an intermediate
repeater, signals are received, amplified and transmitted to the ground station on the receive side.
Satellites use the same frequency band as radio relay systems.
Radio relay links operate with line of sight between the send and receive stations. In
principle, the greater the diameter of the parabola in relation to the wavelength, the higher the
degree of directivity.
In terminal repeater stations, situated in ground stations and transit exchanges, speech
signals are modulated and combined before transmission. Each separate conversation is shifted to
a significantly higher frequency range. This is done in a number of steps. First, by selecting
suitable modulation frequencies, the conversations can be placed next to each other along the
frequency axis. Then, they are transmitted as a group to the receive side where a similar station
demodulates the signals and extracts the various conversations before they are transmitted in two-
or four-wire circuits to another transit exchange.

1.1. Main phrases
- transmission on open-wire lines: truyn dn trn dy trn
- the same as: ging nh l
- Transmission on open-wire lines was the earliest method used for telephone traffic:
Truyn dn trn dy trn l phng php sm nht c dng ti
- Local networks are built up using aerial or underground cable: Mng ni ht c xy
dng s dng cp
- either two or four wire circuits are used: hoc nhng mch 2 dy hoc 4 dy c
s dng

33

T/F 1. Local networks are built up using cable rather than open wire.
T/F 2. Aerial cables are used for systems which transmit up to 10 800 telephone channels.
T/F 3. Line amplifiers is another term for intermediate repeaters.
T/F 4. A satellite has got two functions.
T/F 5. The directivity of a radio relay system is proportional to the diameter of the parabola in
relation to the wavelength.

1.3. This is the simple process description of the function of a terminal repeater station. Put
the sentences in the right order.
transmission to another transit exchange
transmission as a group to the receive side
placing of signal on frequency axis
demodulation of signals
extraction of conversations

2.1. Process description
Hy xem s m t s lc cc qu trnh sau:
The height of the pulse is measured
and (it is) given a binary code.
Each code is then transmitted as the train of pulses.
First, by selecting suitable modulation frequencies.
the conversations can be placed next to each other.
Then, they are transmitted as a group to the receive side.
Where a similar station demulates the signals
and extracts the various conversations,
before they are transmitted to another exchange.
Lu 2 c im:
- Khi m t qu trnh: thng dng thi hin ti n, c th dng cch ni ch ng hoc b
ng.
V d: is measured, are transmitted, extracts...
- din t cc bc trong qu trnh, ta s dng cc lin t (sequence markers).
V d: first, then, after that, next, before, finally
Ta lu khi s dng cc lin t v t and trnh lp li. Bc th nht thng dng t first
u cu, nhng bc tip theo c th dng nhng t then, after that, next,, bc cui
cng c th s dng t finally hoc thm ch before.
V d: before they are transmitted to another exchange

34

Practice 2.1. A. Describe the processes by making full sentences (using the active way).
* subscriber A/ lift/ the handset
* wait for/ the dialling tone
* dial/ the number
* hear/ the ringing tone
* subscriber B/ pick up/ the receiver
* conversation/ take place
* the two subscribers/ replace/ the handsets

Practice 2.1. B. Describe the processes by making full sentences (using the passive way).
* the handset/ lift
* a signal/ send/ the exchange
* the exchange/ send/ a dialling tone
* the number/ dial
* subscriber B number/ select/ in the exchange
* subscriber A number/ connect/ subscriber B number
* conversation/ take place
* handsets/ replace
* connection/ break
2.2. Questions and Responses
* Question for information
- Khi mun bit thng tin v iu g ta c th hi cu hi bt u bng Can you? hoc Could
you ?
Can you give me some background information about ?
- Khi mun hi v khong cch thi gian thc hin cng vic no ta bt u bng How
often....
How often does it need to be sampled?
How often do you phone me?
* Question for explanation
- Khi khng r iu g ta c th ngh ngi khc gii thch thm.
What do you mean by ?
V d: Khi nghe thy ngi ni cp ti PCM nhng ta khng hiu PCM l g, ta c th hi:
What do you mean by PCM?
- Khi mun phn bit vt ny vi vt kia, ta c th s dng cu trc: What is the difference
between and ?
V d: Khi nghe ni v k thut s v k thut tng t, ta khng phn bit c 2 khi nim ny,
ta c th hi:
What is the difference between analogue and digital technique?

35
* Responses
Sau khi ngi nghe a ra ngh v ta ng gip th c th gii thch, bt u bng: Of
course. As you know Hoc bt u bng:
(Thats a) good question.
I was just coming to that.
* Giving explanations
Khi ta a ra cch gii thch khc cho 1 vn , ta c th ni:
In other words
Hoc ta c th ging gii thm vi hnh v minh ho:
Youll notice shown in black
* Showing understanding
Sau khi ngi ni gii thch xong v vn r rng, ta c th ni:
Thank you, thats a lot clearer.

Practice 2.2. Put the sentences or phrases into the right group.
1. Questions for information
2. Questions for explanation
3. Responses
4. Giving explanations
5. Showing understanding

a. Could you give me some background information about pulse code modulation?
b. How often does it need to be sampled?
c. Thank you, thats a lot clearer.
d. What do you mean by analogue?
e. Of course.
f. As you know in the simplest telephone system, speech is converted into electrical energy.
g. Well, analogue means that the current has the same waveform as the variations in air
pressure
h. I was just coming to that.
i. In other words
j. As you can see on the graph, the vertical axis is either current or air pressure.
k. Lets look at this graph.
l. You'll notice the gaps between the pulses.
m. I see.
n. Thats a good question.
o. So, thats what PCM is.
p. Let's look at this block schematic diagram.

36

3. READING 2
Customers complaints
A I waste hours trying to get through. No one ever seems to answer the phone.
B I run my business on my own. Ive no secretary. Im out a lot and my customers get
fed up listening to my telephone answering machine.
C We must spend a fortune on international calls. You get through to a big companys
switchboard and then you are left listening to the phone ringing in someones office. After
a minute or so, you put the phone down and call the switchboard again!
D The phones always engaged. I keep trying but never seem to catch you when youre
not already on the phone.
E I would like to use the phone more for bookings but it costs so much. If you call long
distance in the day, itll cost you a fortune!

Common Channel Signalling and the subscriber
During recent years, the dramatic progress made in the field of telecommunications has
paved the way for the introduction of new and improved services. It will be of vital importance for
TAs to be able to satisfy customer demands regarding such services. Whatever new services
come, and regardless of their implementation, one thing is certain: they will require signalling
resources which cannot possibly be provided by the conventional signalling systems in use today.
With conventional signalling, a large number of pieces and many types of signalling
equipment are required. With Common Channel Signalling (CCS), the signalling equipment is
limited to relatively few signalling links. These links are used for the transfer of signalling
messages between SPC exchanges. One link can be used for signalling many simultaneous
transactions and hence is called a common channel. The signalling information is digitally
coded and transmitted in the form of discrete block of binary coded data. Each message is
logically associated with the transaction concerned (e.g. the set up of a call on a certain circuit) by
means of a label (address).
To summarize, CCS makes it possible to transfer signalling information directly from one
digital exchange to another without setting up a speech-path.

3.1. Main phrases
- be of vital importance for...: diu quan trng sng cn/ c bit quan trng i vi...
- label = address: nhn, a ch

3.2. a. Look back at the customers complaints. Match the following service with their
problems (A - E)
i) Call to busy subscriber
ii) Diversion to subscriber
iii) INWATS (Inward Wide-Area Telephone Service)
iv) Diversion on no reply

37
v) Call diversion
b. Choose the right answer.
With Common Channel Signalling (CCS),
i) many types of signalling equipment are required.
ii) few signalling links are required.

4. LISTENING
Listen to the following extract from a training session in which an instructor is being asked about
PCM.

T/F 1. Electrical energy is speech in its raw state.
T/F 2. Mechanical energy is speech converted into for transmission.
T/F 3. More than 24 channels can be carried.
T/F 4. PAM pulses are not transmitted directly because they would become distorted.

4.2. Choose the right answers.
a. What is the best definition of the word analogue?
i) the form of waves
ii) something similar to something else
iii) something that can be analysed
b. If the highest frequency is 4 800 Hz, what should the sampling rate be?
i) 4 800 samples per second
ii) 10 000 samples per second
iii) 7 200 samples per second
c. What is the best definition of quantization?
i) the process of sampling and coding sound waves
ii) the process of measuring the height of a waveform
iii) the process of measuring the height and giving it a coded level

III. TM TT
1. Cch m t mt qu trnh.
2. Thnh lp cu s dng cu trc so snh gii thch cc mi tng quan gia cc yu
t.
3. Thnh lp hi thoi vi cc cu trc c s dng khi bn hi thng tin, yu cu gii
thch, cho li gii thch, t hiu.
4. Cc phng php truyn dn lu lng in thoi c bn.
5. iu ch xung m (PCM).

38

VOCABULARY
aerial cable n cp treo
binary code n m nh phn
channel n knh
current n dng in
degree of directivity n nh hng
dialling tone n m (tn hiu) mi quay s
diameter n ng knh
frequency band n bng tn
ground station n trm mt t
handset / receiver n ng nghe, t hp
intermediate repeater n b lp trung gian
interval n khong cch
line amplifier n b khuych i ng dy
line of sight n tuyn ngm, tm nhn thng
parabola n ngten parabol
pulse n xung
pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) n iu ch bin xung
radio relay link n ng chuyn tip v tuyn
radio relay system n h thng chuyn tip v tuyn
receive side n pha thu
receive station n trm thu
ringing tone n tn hiu chung reo
sampling rate n t l ly mu
send side n pha pht
send station n trm pht
symmetric cable pair n i cp i xng
terminal repeater station n trm lp u cui
time slot n khe thi gian
to amplify v khuych i
to break v kt thc m thoi, mt lin lc
to code v m ho

39
to decode v gii m
to demodulate v gii iu ch
to distort v lm mo
to lift = to pick up v nhc my
to modulate v iu ch
to quantize v lng t ho
to replace v t tr li ch c
to take place v din ra
train of pulses n chui xung
underground housing n hp t ngm
waveform n dng sng
wavelength n bc sng

ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Nhiu h thng truyn dn khc nhau c s dng trong k thut vin thng. Truyn dn
bng ng dy trn l phng php c in nht c dng truyn dn lu lng in thoi,
v phng php ny hin vn c s dng trong cc mng ni ht ca nhiu nc. Ngy nay, do
yu cu v tin cy khi vn hnh, cc mng ni ht c xy dng c s dng cp treo v cp
ngm.
Ni gia cc thu bao v tng i ni ht l cc mch hai dy v thng l nhng i cp
i xng. Ni gia cc tng i ni ht v chuyn tip l cc mch 2 dy hoc 4 dy. cc tuyn
xa hn, vic s dng cng ngh PCM trn cp ng trc s c nhiu thun li. Cc loi cp ny
cng c s dng cho cc h thng FDM truyn dn c 10 800 knh in thoi. Ti cc
khong cch u n dc theo ng cp ng trc l cc b khuych i ng dy. Cc b
khuych i ny c t cc hp chn di t v gi l "cc b lp trung gian". V nguyn
l, s lng knh dn cng ln th s b lp cn thit cng nhiu.
T nm 1965, v tinh ngy cng tr nn quan trng trong thng tin tm xa, c bit l tun
thng tin vt bin. V nguyn l, v tinh hot ng nh 1 b lp trung gian, cc tn hiu c
thu, c khuych i v c truyn ti trm mt t pha thu. Cc v tinh s dng cng mt
bng tn ging nh cc h thng chuyn tip v tuyn.
Kt ni v tuyn chuyn tip hot ng gia cc trm pht v thu trong tm nhn thng.
V nguyn l, ng knh ca anten parabol cng ln so vi bc sng th tnh nh hng ca
anten cng cao.
Ti cc trm lp u cui nm cc trm mt t v cc tng i chuyn tip, cc tn hiu
thoi c iu ch v trn trc khi truyn i. Mi mt tn hiu thoi ring r c dch ln
mt di tn s cao hn nhiu. Cng on ny c thc hin qua mt s bc. Trc tin, bng
cch la chn cc tn s iu ch thch hp, cc tn hiu thoi c th c xp lin cnh nhau dc
theo trc tn s. Sau , chng c truyn theo nhm n pha thu, ni c mt trm ging nh

40
vy s gii iu ch cc tn hiu v ly ra cc tn hiu thoi khc nhau trc khi chng c
truyn qua cc mch 2 dy hay 4 dy n mt tng i chuyn tip khc.
1T 2F 3T 4F 5T
1.3. Complete the following simple process description of the function of a terminal repeater
station.
placing of signal on frequency axis
transmission as a group to the receive side
demodulation of signals
extraction of conversations
transmission to another transit exchange
2. Language practice
Practice 2.1. A. Describe the processes by making full sentences (using the active way).
First, subscriber A lifts the handset and waits for the dialling tone.
Then he dials the number and hears the ringing tone.
Next subscriber B picks up the receiver and the conversation takes place.
Finally, the two subscribers replace the handsets.
Practice 2.1. B. Describe the processes by making full sentences (using the passive way).
When the handset is lifted, a signal is sent to the exchange where a dialling tone is sent back.
Then the number is dialled and subscriber Bs number is selected in the exchange.
Next subscriber As number is connected to subscriber Bs number and the conversation takes
place.
Finally, the handsets are replaced before the connection is broken.
Practice 2.2. Put the sentences or phrases into the right group.
1. Questions for information : a, b
2. Questions for explanation : d
3. Responses : e h, n,
4. Giving explanations : f, i, j, k, l, p
5. Showing understanding : c, g, m, o
3. Reading 2
A "Ti mt hng gi gi in thoi. Dng nh chng c ai tr li my c."
B " Ti phi t lo liu cng vic kinh doanh ca mnh. Ti li chng c th k. Ti hay
phi vng mt c quan v khch hng ca ti chn phi nghe my tr li in thoi."
C "Chng ti phi tiu tn c mt gia sn cho cc cuc gi quc t. Bn gi n mt my
trc tng i ca mt cng ty ln ri bn c nghe chung phng lm vic ca mt
ai . Sau mt lc bn li t my xung v li phi gi li n my bn trc tng i c
quan."
D "Cc my in thoi lun lun b bn. Ti c gi nhng dng nh chng th gi
c cho anh khi anh khng bn my."

41
E "Ti mun s dng in thoi t v trc nhng gi li qu t. Nu bn gi ng
di c ngy th iu s tiu tn ca bn c mt gia ti."
Bo hiu knh chung v thu bao in thoi.
Trong nhng nm gn y, s tin b ng k trong lnh vc vin thng m ng cho
vic a ra cc dch v mi v cc dch v cci tin. iu s v cng quan trng i vi
cc nh qun tr vin thng c th tho mn nhu cu ca khch hng ang mong ch cc dch
v nh vy. Bt k dch v mi no ra i, v khng cn quan tm n vic thc hin chng th
no th c mt iu chc chn l: cc dch v s i hi cc ngun bo hiu m cc h thng
bo hiu thng thng ang s dng hin nay khng th p ng c.
Vi bo hiu thng thng, th i hi phi c mt s ln cc b phn v rt nhiu chng
loi thit b bo hiu. Vi bo hiu knh chung (CCS), thit b bo hiu ch cn t cc kt ni bo
hiu. Cc kt ni ny c s dng truyn cc thng bo bo hiu gia cc tng i SPC. Mt
kt ni c th c s dng bo hiu cho nhiu giao dch ng thi v do vy c gi l
"knh chung". Thng tin bo hiu c m ha dng s v c truyn i dng cc thng bo
ri rc; mi thng bo l mt khi s liu m ha nh phn ri rc. Mi thng bo c kt hp
mt cch logic vi giao dch c lin quan bng phng tin nh nhn (a ch) (v d thit lp
mt cuc gi trn mt knh no .)
Tm li, CCS to ra kh nng chuyn thng tin bo hiu trc tip t mt tng i s
n mt tng i s khc m khng phi thit lp mt ng thoi.
3.2. a. Match the service with their problems (A-E)
a. i) D ii) C iii) E iv) A v) B
b. Choose the right answer.
ii)
A:

B:

A:
B:

A:
B:

A:
B:

A:
I'd like to ask you some questions about PCM or pulse code modulation. Could you give
me some background information to start with?
Of course. As you know, in the simplest telephone system, speech, in the form of air
pressure waves, in other words mechanical energy, is converted into electrical energy by
the telephone microphone. This electrical energy travels along a pair of wires to a receiver
which converts the electrical energy back into speech. Now, as you can see here in Figure
2g, in a traditional transmission system, the current is an analogue of the speech.
Sorry, what do you mean by analogue?
Well, that the current has the same waveform as the variations in air pressure. This is why
we call this method "analogue transmission". As you can see on the graph, the vertical axis
is either current or air pressure.
So, what's the difference with PCM?
Well, I was just coming to that. Let's look at this graph, Figure 2h. If the height of the
waveform is sampled and these samples are transmitted, then the original waveform can be
reconstituted at the receiver end.
I see. How often does it need to be sampled?
Good question. The sampling rate must be at least double the highest frequency component
present in the waveform.
So what's a typical sampling rate?

42
B:

A:
B:

A:
B:

A:

B:
For telephone, in which frequencies are limited to 3400 Hz, a sampling rate of 8000
samples per second is used.
So that's what PCM is.
No, that's not the whole story. This sampling process is known as pulse amplitude
modulation. PAM for short. You'll notice the gaps between the pulses - these can be used
for other channels. On this graph, Figure 2i, a second PAM channel, shown in black, has
been inserted between the original PAM channels. This now forms a simple time division
multiplex system, or TDM.
So, how many channels can you put on a line?
Well, the 24-channel system is widely used but you can have more. However, these PAM
pulses are not transmitted directly over lines, since they would become distorted. Instead,
the height of the pulse is measured and given a binary code. Each code is then transmitted
as a train of pulses within the sample time or time slot. The process of approximating the
sample value to a coded level is called "quantization" and the whole process of sampling
and coding is known as pulse code modulation or PCM.
Thank you. That's a lot clearer. Could you now explain the 24-channel system in more
detail?
Yes, let's look at this block schematic diagram...

A:

B:

A:
B:

A:
B:

A:
B:

A:
B:

A:
B:

Xin php c hi ng mt s cu hi v PCM hay iu ch xung m. ng c th ni t
u cho ti mt s thng tin c bn khng?
Tt nhin. Nh bn bit, trong h thng in thoi n gin nht, thoi dng sng p
sut khng kh, ni mt cch khc l nng lng c c chuyb thnh nng lng in
qua ng ni in thoi. Nng lng in ny truyn qua mt i dy ti pha thu, ti y
nng lng in c chuyn thnh thoi. By gi, nh bn c th thy hnh 2g, trong h
thng truyn dn truyn thng, dng in l tn hiu thoi tng t.
Xin li, tng t ngha l g?
, ngha l dng in c dng sng ng vi nhng thay i ca p sut khng kh. y l
iu m ti sao chng ta gi phng php ny l truyn dn tng t. Nh bn c th
thy trn th, trc tung l dng in hay thanh p.
Vy c g khc vi PCM?
, ti va ni n . Chng ta hy nhn vo th hnh 2h. Nu cao ca dng sng
c ly mu v nhng mu c truyn i th dng sng ban u c th c khi
phc u cui pha thu.
Ti hiu ri. Chu k ly mu nh th no?
Cu hi hay y. T l ly mu t nht phi gp i thnh phn tn s cao nht c trong
dng sng.
Vy t l ly mu in hnh th th no?
i vi in thoi, tn s c gii hn ti 3400Hz, t l ly mu l 8 000 mu/giy c
s dng.
Vy l ci gi l PCM ?
Khng, cha phi l ton b cu chuyn. Qu trnh ly mu ny c bit n nh l s
iu ch bin xung, gi tt l PAM. Bn hy ch n cc khe h gia cc xung - cc
khe h ny c th c dng cho cc knh khc. Trn th hnh 2i, knh PCM th hai
biu th bng mu en, c chn vo gia cc knh PAM ban u. By gi knh ny to

43

A:
B:

A:

B:
thnh mt h thng ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian n gin, hat TDM.
Vy ng c th t bao nhiu knh trn mt ng truyn ?
, h thng 24 knh c dng ph bin nhng ta c th c h thng gm nhiu knh hn.
Tuy nhin, cc xung PAM ny khng c truyn trc tip trn ng truyn v chng s
b mo. Thay vo , cao ca xung c o v c gn cho mt m nh phn. Sau ,
mi m c truyn nh mt chui xung trong thi gian ly mu hay l khe thi gian. Qu
trnh c lng gi tr ca mu theo mt mc m ho gi l "lng t ho" v ton b qu
trnh ly mu v m ho c gi l iu ch xung m hay PCM.
Xin cm n. Ti hiu hn nhiu ri. By gi ng c th gii thch chi tit hn v h
thng 24 knh c khng?
Vng, xin hy nhn vo gin hnh khi ny ...
1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T
a.ii b. ii c. iii

Unit 4. Optical Fibres

44

UNIT 4. OPTICAL FIBRES

I. GII THIU
Bi 4 gii thiu v cu to, s hu dng, cc u im ca si quang v gii thiu v h thng
FDM.

1. Mc ch yu cu
1. Nm r cu to, cc u im ca si quang, nguyn tc hat ng ca si quang.
2. Cng c cu trc m t mt qu trnh.
3. Hiu r v m t li c mt h thng FDM, nguyn tc hat ng ca PCM.

2. Tm tt ni dung
1. Si quang c 2 phn: phn li trong sut nm trung tm v phn v bao quanh.
u im ca si quang: chi ph vt liu thp; kh nng chng nhiu v xuyn m cao;
bng thng rt rng; cp nh v nh; hon ton cch in.
2. Khi m t mt qu trnh, ta thng s dng thi hin ti n v cc lin t (sequence
markers).
3. H thng FDM gm c b iu ch, b khuych i, b lc v b gii iu ch.
4. PCM: ly mu, lng t ho, m ho, gii m...

II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Fibre-optic communications, in which electrical signals are converted into pulses of light
that are squirted along very thin glass pipes, have several advantages over conventional copper
cables:
The signal fades (attenuates) less so repeaters can be more widely spaced.
Fibres can carry a lot of information.
Most fibres are made from silica, which is very cheap. At present a kilometre costs 1,000
or more but when they are produced in bulk, this figure should come down to as little as
25.
Fibres are immune to interference and crosstalk.
The material is lightweight and flexible. A 500m fibre weighs about 25kg; a coaxial cable
of the same length weighs 5 tons.
Although ordinary glass can only support effective light transmission for a few tens of
metres, optical fibres, which are made of pure glass, can carry light signals for up to 50 km
without amplification. Silica glass fibre has two components- the highly transparent core at the

45
centre and the opaque surrounding called cladding. Three main types of fibre are possible:
stepped-index monomode, stepped-index multimode and graded-index multimode. Stepped-index
fibres proceed from transparency to opaqueness in straight, defined bands while graded-index
fibres go progressively from transparency to opaqueness. Monomode fibre has a very narrow
core- such a fibre can support just one guided electromagnetic mode. In a multimode fibre, up
to 500 light rays, each of slightly different wavelengths, pass through.
Telecommunication engineers want to keep reflections in the core to a minimum so that
pulses of light do not overlap and make messages unintelligible. In the early days of fibres,
engineers used graded-index multimode fibre, rather than stepped-index, to keep overlapping to a
minimum. But it is more satisfactory to use monomode fibre, in which pulse spreading does not
occur.
Light sources can be either light- emitting diodes (LEDs) or lasers. The first give less
powerful signals but are considerably cheaper and last longer. Lasers, however, produce light of a
closely-defined wavelength and so are suitable for monomode fibres.
There are also two types of photodetectors - the silicon pin photodiode and the silicon
avalanche photodiode. The avalanche devices are generally more sensitive but they are also more
expensive.

1.1. Main phrases
- fibre-optic communications: thng tin si quang
- to have several advantages over: c nhiu u im so vi
- to produce in bulk: sn xut vi s lng ln

1.2. Complete the following tables.
Composition Types Main features Quality

Glass fibre
a. Stepped-index
multimode
overlapping *
b. c. d. e.
f. g. h.
Note: In Quality *** is better than ** and ** is better than *
Table 1

46

Types Features Applications
Light sources a. b. Multimode and
monomode
c. d. e.
Table 2

Types Features
Photodetectors a. b.
c. d.
Table 3

1.3. Below are the advantages of optical fibres. Match them with an appropriate
explanation.
Advantages
1. Potentially low material cost.
2. High immunity to interference and crosstalk.
3. Very large information bandwidth.
4. Small and light cable.
5. Complete electrical isolation.
Explanations
a. This means that they are suitable for crossing places which contain lots of electrical
apparatus that give off stray signals. A fibre-optic link is also difficult to tap.
b. This means that the signal faded less so that repeaters can be more widely spaced.
c. This means that fibre can carry a lot of information, 8,000 or more telephone
conversations.
d. This means that when manufacturers start to produce fibre in large quantities, the price
will be relatively low.
e. This means that the cables can easily be laid and that they will not occupy much duct
space.

2.1. Explaining relationships
Hy nhn 2 v d mu v cc mi tng quan.
V d: - The greater the number of channels, the larger the number of repeaters.
- The greater the diameter of the parabola in relation to the wavelength, the
higher the degree of directivity.
Note:

47
Khi m t cc mi tng quan, cc tnh t c dng cp so snh.
great v large: thng dng ch kch c hay s lng.
high ngc ngha vi low; great, large ngc ngha vi small hoc i khi: few
(m t s lng)
Khi ni v mc (degree) hay tn s (frequency) th thng dng higher hay lower
ni rng cng ln hay cng nh.
Practice 2.1. Make sentences for the following relationships.
a. Frequency and number of samples/sec. (t l thun)

b. Number of channels and cost of transmission. (t l nghch)

c. Degree of network digitalization and number of exchanges. (t l nghch)

d. Degree of automation and number of manual operators. (t l nghch)

2.2. Explain more precise relationships
Mun m t chnh xc cc mi tng quan phi cp ti t l (ratio).
V d: The sampling rate is double the frequency
The frequency is a half of/ is half the sampling rate.
Note:
T l 3:1 -> treble/ three times
T l 4:1 -> four times, 5:1 -> five times,...
T l 1:2 -> a half of / half
T l 1:3 -> one third of
T l 1:4 -> one fourth of = a quarter of,...

Practice 2.2. Now make sentences for more precise relationships. (In each case you can make
more than one sentence.)
a. Return on investment 2,000: original investment 500

b. New system 48 channels: old system 24 channels

c. Cable costs 1985 500 per kilometre: cable costs 1980 125 per kilometre

d. New distance between repeaters 2 km: old distance between repeaters 6 km

e. The pulse rate 8,000 per second: the capacity 16,000 per second

48

3. READING 2

PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)
The process of choosing measuring points on the analogue speech curve is called
sampling. The measurement values are called samples. When sampling, we take the first step
towards a digital representation of the speech signal as the chosen sampling instants give us the
time coordinates of the measuring points.
The amplitudes of the samples can assume each value in the amplitude range of the speech
signal. When measuring the sample amplitudes, we have to round off for practical reasons. In the
rounding-off process, or the quantizing process, all sample amplitudes between two marks on the
scale will be given the same quantized value. The number of quantized samples is discrete as we
have only a discrete number of marks on our scale.
Each quantized sample is then represented by the number of the scale mark, i.e. we know
now the coordinates on the amplitude axis of the samples. The processes of sampling and
quantizing yield a digital representation of the original speech signal, but not in a form best suited
to transmission over a line of radio path. This process is known as encoding. Most often the
sample values are encoded to binary form, so that each sample value is represented by a group of
binary elements. Typically, a quantized can assume one of 256 values. In binary form, the sample
will be represented by a group of 8 elements. This group is called a PCM word. For transmission
purposes, the binary values 0 and 1 can be taken as corresponding to the absence and presence of
an electrical pulse.

Figure 1. Pulse code modulation block

On the transmission line, the pulses in the PCM words will become gradually more
distorted. However, as long as it is possible to distinguish between the absence and the presence
of a pulse, no information loss has occurred. If the pulse train is regenerated, i.e. badly distorted
Sampling
Reconstruction
Decoding
Quantizing
Encoding
Regeneration
Regeneration Regeneration

49
pulses are replaced by fresh pulses at suitable intervals, the information pulses can be transmitted
long distances with practically no distortion at all. This is one of the advantages of digital
transmission over analogue transmission: the information is contained in the existence or not of a
pulse rather than in the form of the pulse.
On the receiving side, the PCM words are decoded, i.e. they are translated back to
quantized samples. The analogue speech signal is then reconstructed by interpolation between the
quantized samples. There is a small difference between the analogue speech signal on the
receiving side due to the rounding off of the speech samples. This difference is known as
quantizing distortion.

3.1. Main phrases
- rounding off = quantizing process: qu trnh lng t ha
- the same quantized value: cng mt gi tr lng t

3.2. Find the information to complete the sentences.
Example: The small difference between the analogue speech signal on the receiving side due
to the rounding off of the speech samples is known as: quantizing distortion.
1. The measurement values are called: ...
2. The process of choosing measuring points on the analogue speech curve: ...
3. Typically, a quantized can assume: ...
4. The PCM words are decoded, that means they are: ...
5. The processes of sampling and quantizing brings: ...
6. In binary form, the sample will be represented by: ...
7. In the quantizing process, all sample amplitudes between two marks on the scale: ...
8. Each quantized sample is: ...
9. On the receiving side, the PCM words are: ...
10. One of the advantages of digital transmission is: ...

4. WRITING
4.1. Use the Figure 2 to order the sentences below to form a text describing a simple FDM
system.

50

Figure 2. An FDM system

A. The second and the third channels cannot be transmitted directly over the line.
B. At the receiving end, filters separate the three channels and finally demodulators
restore channels 2 and 3 to their original frequency position.
C. To illustrate the principle of a frequency division multiplex (FDM) system, consider
the simple case of transmission of 3 telephone channels, of bandwidth 300- 3400 Hz,
over a common line.
D. Now, the three channels can be passed over the common line, boosted at intervals as
necessary.
E. First, they are passed through a modulator which frequency-shifts them to frequency
bands 4300 to 7400 Hz and 8300 to 11400 Hz respectively.
F. The first of these channels can be transmitted directly over the common line and
occupies the bandwidth 300- 3400 Hz.

4.2. Complete the description of a TDM system, using Figure 3 as a basis.

51

Figure 2. A TDM system

To (1) the principle of a (2) system, consider the simple
case of transmission of one ..(3) signal, of bandwidth 300- 4800 Hz, over a
..........(4) line. The audio signal cannot be transmitted directly over the line.
.(5) it is passed . (6) a low pass filter which restricts the upper
frequency to 3400 Hz.
......(7), a clock pulse is synchronized with the audio signal at the
.....(8) gate so that the output is a PAM waveform. The PAM waveform is then
converted to a quantized PCM waveform by the encoder. The waveform can now be
.(9) directly over the PCM line, regenerated at intervals as necessary.
At the receiving end, a decoder converts the PCM back to PAM which finally is passed
through a filter to restore the ....(10) audio signal.

III. TM TT
1. Cu to, cc u im ca si quang, nguyn tc hat ng ca si quang.
2. Cu trc m t mt qu trnh.
3. M t mt h thng FDM.
4. PCM: ly mu, lng t ho, m ho, gii m...
VOCABULARY
apparatus n dng c, thit b
avalanche photodiode n iot quang kiu thc

52
bandwidth n rng bng tn
booster n b khuych i
cladding n v bc
closely-defined wavelength n bc sng xc nh gn nhau
copper cable n cp ng
core n li, rut
crossing place n im ni ngang
crosstalk n xuyn m
device n thit b
duct space n khng gian trong ng cp
electrical isolation n cch in
filter n b lc
frequency division multiplex (FDM) n ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
glass pipe n ng thu tinh
graded-index multimode n si a mode chit xut bin i u
guided electromagnetic mode n mode in t c nh hng
immune to/against adj. trnh, chng c
interference n nhiu
light ray n tia sng
light-emitting diode (LED) n iot pht quang
opaque adj. m, c
optical fibre n si quang
original frequency position n v tr tn s ban u
photodetector n b/ thit b tch sng quang
pin photodiode n iot quang kiu pin
pulse of light n xung nh sng
pulse spreading n s gin xung, tn x xung
reflection n s phn x, hnh phn chiu
stepped-index monomode n si n mode chit xut phn bc
stepped-index multimode n si a mode chit xut phn bc
stray signal n tn hiu lc
to fade = to attenuate v bin i, suy hao
to give off v pht ra, gy ra

53
to overlap v chng cho, gi ln
to restore v khi phc
to space v cch nhau
to squirt v bn ra
to tap v nghe trm
transparent adj. trong sut
up to (sth) prep. s lng ti a

ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Thng tin si quang m trong cc tn hiu in c chuyn thnh cc xung nh sng
chy trong cc ng thu tinh rt mng, c mt s u im so vi cc cp ng thng thng:
Tn hiu bin i (suy hao) t hn, v th cc b lp c th t xa nhau hn.
Cc si c th mang nhiu thng tin hn.
Hu ht cc si c lm t silic ioxyt, gi rt r. Hin nay, 1km gi 1000 bng hoc t
hn, nhng khi sn xut vi s lng ln, gi c th gim thp ti 25 bng.
Si chng c nhiu v s xuyn m.
Vt liu nh v mm do. C 500m si nng khong 25kg; cp ng trc c cng di
nng ti 5 tn.
Mc d thu tinh thng thng ch c th truyn dn nh sng t cht lng trong vng
vi chc mt, nhng si quang c lm bng thu tinh nguyn cht, c th ti cc tn hiu nh
sng trn qung ng di n 50km m khng cn khuych i. Si thu tinh silic ioxyt c 2
phn- phn li c trong sut cao nm trung tm v phn c bao quanh gi l v. C th
phn thnh 3 loi si chnh: si n mode chit sut phn bc, si a mode chit sut phn bc v
si a mode chit sut bin i u. Cc si chit sut phn bc c chit sut thay i t li ti v
theo nhng bc thng xc nh cn cc si chit sut bin i u c chit sut bin i tng dn
t li ra v. Si n mode c li rt b- si nh vy ch c th truyn c 1 ch in t c
nh hng. Trong si a mode, c th lan truyn c 500 tia sng, mi tia c bc sng khc
nhau rt t.
Cc k s vin thng mun gi phn x li l b nht cc xung nh sng khng b
chng ln nhau v to ra cc thng ip khng r rng. T khi mi xut hin si quang, cc k s
hay s dng loi si a mode chit sut bin i u hn loi chit sut phn bc gim thiu
vic chng xung nh sng. Nhng s dng si n mode cho hiu qu cao hn, vi vic khng
xut hin s tn x xung.
Cc ngun sng c th l iot pht quang (LEDs) hoc laze. Loi ngun sng th nht to
ra cc tn hiu yu hn, nhng c coi l gi r hn v tui th lu hn. Tuy nhin, laze ra nh
sng c bc sng chnh xc hn v v vy n thch hp i vi cc si n mode.
Cng c 2 loi thit b tch sng quang - iot quang silic kiu pin v iot quang silic kiu
thc. Cc thit b kiu thc thng nhy hn nhng gi c cng t hn.
1.2. Complete the following tables.

54
Table 1: a. core b. cladding c. graded-index multimode
d. progressive transparency e. **
f. stepped-index monomode g. very narrow core, no pulse spreading h.
***
Table 2: a. LEDs b. less powerful, cheap, durable
c. lasers d. closely-defined wavelength e. monomode
Table 3: a. silicon pin photodiode b. less sensitive, cheaper
c. silicon avalanche photodiode d. sensitive, expensive
1.3. Match the advantages of optical fibres with an appropriate explanation.
1. d 2. a 3. c 4. e 5. b
Practice 2.2. Make sentences for the following relationships.
a. The higher the frequency, the higher the number of samples.
b. The greater the number of channels, the lower the cost of transmission.
c. The greater the degree of network digitalization, the fewer the exchanges.
d. The higher the degree of automation, the lower the number of manual operators.
Practice 2.2.Now make sentences for more precise relationships. (Modal answer)
a. The return on investment is four times the original investment.
b. The new system has double/ two times/ twice the number of channels.
c. 1980 cable costs per kilometre were a quarter of the 1985 costs.
d. The new distance between repeaters is a third of the old distance.
e. The pulse rate is half the capacity.
3. Reading 2
IU XUNG M
Qu trnh chn cc im o trn ng cong tn hiu ting ni tng t gi l ly mu.
Cc gi tr do c gi l cc mu. Ly mu l bc u tin th hin tn hiu ting ni di
dng s, v cc thi im ly mu chn s ch ra cc ta thi gian ca cc im o.
Bin ca cc mu tn hiu c th c nhn mt gi tr trong phm vi bin ca tn
hiu ting ni. Trong thc t khi o cc bin ca mu ta thng quy trn. Trong qu trnh quy
trn hoc lng t, tt c cc gi tr bin ca mu gia hai im trong mt bc c nhn mt
gi tr lng t ging nhau. S mu lng t l mt gi tr nht nh v ta ch c mt s lng
nht nh cc im trn thang lng t.
Mi mu xung c lng t c th hin bi mt im lng t trn thang lng t,
tc l ta bit c cc ta trn trc bin ca cc mu xung. Cc qu trnh ly mu v lng
t to ra th hin bng s cho tn hiu ting ni gc nhng cha phi dng thch hp nht
truyn dn theo ng dy hoc v tuyn. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh m ha. Thng
thng cc gi tr mu xung c m ha dng nh phn, mi mt gi mu xung c i din
bi mt nhm cc phn t nh phn. Thng l mi mu xung lng t c th mang mt trong
256 gi tr. Di dng nh phn, mu s c biu din bng mt nhm 8 thnh t. Nhm ny
c gi l mt t PCM. phc v mc ch truyn dn, cc gi tr 0 v 1 c th hin tng
ng vi trng thi khng xung v c xung.

55
Trn ng truyn, cc xung trong cc t PCM s dn dn b mo i. Tuy nhin, chng
no cn c th phn bit trng thi khng xung v c xung, th vn cha xut hin s mt mt
thng tin. Nu cc xung c ti to, tc l cc xung b bin dng nhiu s c thay th bi cc
xung mi vi cc khong thi gian thch hp; tin tc c th c truyn rt xa m khng b mo.
l mt trong cc u vit ca phng thc truyn dn s so vi phng thc truyn dn tng
t, (trng hp truyn dn s tin tc ch cha trng thi c hoc khng c xung m khng cha
dng xung.
pha thu, cc t m PCM c gii m, tc l chng c bin i tr li thnh cc mu
xung lng t. Sau tn hiu ting ni tng t c ti phc hi bng cch b sung thm phn
tn hiu gia cc mu lng t. Do qu trnh quy trn cc mu ting ni nn c s sai khc nh
gia tn hiu ting ni tng t pha pht v thu. S sai lch ny c gi l mo lng t.
3.2. Find the information to complete the sentences.
1. samples
2. sampling
3. one of 256 values
4. translated back to quantized samples
5. a digital representation of the original speech signal
6. a group of 8 elements.
7. will be given the same quantized value.
8. represented by the number of the scale mark.
9. decoded
10. the information pulses can be transmitted long distances with practically no distortion
4. Writing
4.1. Use the Figure 2 to order the sentences below to form a text describing a simple FDM
system.
1. C 2. F 3. A 4. E 5. D 6. B
4.2. Complete the description of a TDM system, using Figure 3 as a basis.
1. illustrate 2. time division multiplex (TDM) 3. audio 4. PCM
5. First 6. through 7. Next 8. AND
9. transmitted 10. original

Unit 5. Telephone Exchanges

56

UNIT 5. TELEPHONE EXCHANGES

I. GII THIU
Bi 5 gii thiu v lch s pht minh ra in thoi, cc loi tng i in thoi v u nhc im
chung ca chng.

1. Mc ch yu cu
1. Nm c s pht minh ra in thoi v cc giai on pht trin ca tng i in thoi.
2. Nm c cc c im chung ca cc tng i in thoi.
3. n luyn cch thnh lp cu s dng cu trc so snh.
4. n luyn cch thnh lp cu s dng cu trc hin ti hon thnh v qu kh n.
5. To danh t t tnh t gc.

2. Tm tt ni dung
1. in thoi c Alexander Graham Bell pht minh nm1876 ti M. Cc th h tng i
in thoi ln lt ra i: tng i nhn cng, tng i tng bc, tng i ngang dc,
tng i bn in t, tng i in t. Th h tng i sau c nhiu u im so vi tng
i trc.
2. Cu trc so snh ca tnh t chia thnh dng so snh bng, so snh hn v so snh nht.
Quy tc thnh lp chung: da trn c s tnh t ngn (c mt m) hay tnh t di (tr cc
trng hp bt quy tc).
3. Th hin ti hon thnh din t hnh ng trong qu kh c lin quan ti hin ti. Th
qu kh n din t hnh ng xy ra v kt thc trong qu kh, khng lin quan
ti hin ti.
4. Mt s danh t c th c thnh lp t gc tnh t bng cch thm hu t ity.

II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1

On March 10
th
1876, in Boston USA, Alexander Graham Bell spoke the first recognizable
words over what was certainly his most famous invention, the telephone. "Mr. Watson, come
here. I want you." he called out to an astonished assistant.
It quickly became necessary to link up people using the new invention. This was done
through the telephone exchange. In the first simple exchanges, all calls were handled manually by
the operator. Using the switchboard in front of her, she plugged the line of the subscriber calling
her into the line of the subscriber being asked for.

57

The idea of an automatic exchange was soon suggested. In 1892, three years after
patenting his ideas, Almon B. Strowger saw his system installed at La Porte, Indiana. Strowger, an
undertaker from Kansas City, found his business was becoming less and less profitable because
the operator always connected calls intended for him to other undertakers.
Strowger's automatic exchange underwent several modifications over the next fifty years,
but the principle has remained the same ever since. It is known as the "step-by-step" system and
there are still thousands of Strowger exchanges in service throughout the world today.
The next generation of exchanges was first developed in Sweden. Crossbar exchanges, as
they are called, consist of a series of vertically and horizontally crossed bars. For the first time a
common control system was used. This made crossbar exchanges cheaper than Strowger, for each
selector could now carry up to ten calls. They were not as noisy as Strowger, either. These
exchanges are electromechanically operated, using electromagnets. In 1948, the invention of the
transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories led to a revolution in electronics and to the creation of
semi-electronic telephone exchanges.
The old mechanical and electromechanical exchanges have now begun to disappear, and
since the 1970s they have started to be replaced by exchanges built around electronic components.
The latest digital switching centres have several advantages over other types of exchange, for they
provide: a substantial reduction in equipment cost; a large reduction in equipment size; shorter
procurement times; shorter installation and commissioning times; greater reliability and reduced
running costs; new services for the customer; and new facilities for the administration.

1.1. Main phrases
- speak on/ over the phone/ telephone: ni chuyn qua in thoi
- It + to be/ to become + adj + to do something: (tr nn) cn thit phi lm vic g
- to undergo modifications: to be changed: b thay i
- hundreds of/ thousands of/ millions of + N (plural)
- in service: ang hot ng/ ang c s dng
- throughout the world/ all over the world: trn ton th gii
- a substantial reduction in equipment cost = much cheaper equipment: s gim chi ph thit
b ng k, thit b r hn nhiu
- a large reduction in equipment size = much smaller equipment: s gim ln v kch c
thit b, kch c thit b nh i ng k
- greater reliability = more reliable: tin cy ln hn, ng tin cy hn

58
- reduced running cost = lower running cost: chi ph vn hnh gim, chi ph vn hnh thp
hn

Year System
1880
1892
1940s
1948
1970s

1. Who invented the telephone?
a. A. G. Bell b. Watson
2. When and where did he invent the telephone?
a. 1892, La Porte, Indiana b. 1876, Boston
3. What did the first operators do?
a. They always connected calls intended for him to other undertakers.
b. They connected calls manually.
4. Why did Strowger invent the automatic telephone exchange?
a. The operators always connected calls intended for him to other undertakers.
b. The operators connected calls manually.
5. What is a crossbar system?
a. a system with electronic components
b. A series of vertically and horizontally crossed bars
6. What advantages does crossbar offer over Strowger?
a. It is cheaper and less noisy. b. It is more expensive.
7. What important development took place in 1948?
a. The invention of the transistor
b. The replacement of exchanges built around electronic components
8. What are mechanical and electromechanical exchanges being replaced by?
a. Crossbar exchanges b. Electronic exchanges

T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
1. Watson invented telephone on March 10
th
1876, in Boston USA.
2. Telephone is Graham Bells most famous invention.
3. It quickly became necessary to link up people using telephones.
4. Linking up people using telephones is done through the telephone

59

T/ F

T/ F

T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F

T/ F

T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F

T/ F
exchange.
5. Manual system, in which calls were handled manually by the operator,
was used in 1770s.
6. With digital system, the operator plugged the line of the caller into the
line of the called subscriber, using the switchboard in front of her.
7. In 1989, Strowger patented his idea of automatic exchanges.
8. Strowger invented an automatic exchange because he was an engineer.
9. In 1892, Strowgers system was installed at La Porte, Indiana.
10. Strowgers system can be called step-by-step system.
11. Crossbar systems, which consisted of a series of vertically and
horizontally crossed bars, were installed in 1940s.
12. With crossbar systems, a common control system was used for the first
time.
13. Strowgers systems were cheaper and less noisy than crossbar ones.
14. Bell Telephone Laboratories invented transistors in 1958.
15. Electronic systems were installed in 1870s.
16. Since 1970s, the old mechanical and electromechanical exchanges have
started to be replaced by digital exchanges.
17. The latest digital exchanges are cheaper, smaller, more quickly to
procure, install and commission but they are less reliable than previous
systems.

2.1. So snh (so snh bng, so snh hn v so snh nht)
Comparison: Positive, Comparative and Superlative
a. Trng hp so snh bng:
AS ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB AS

Example: A Strowger exchange is not as reliable as crossbar.
b. Thnh lp so snh bng v so snh hn vi tnh t mt m tit v tnh t hai m tit kt thc
bng Y, OW, ET, LE, ER:
So snh hn : ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB + ER THAN
So snh nht : THE ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB + EST

* Note: Vi tnh t c ui Y, p dng cng thc:
y i + er y i + est
Example: This made crossbar exchanges cheaper than Strowger.
When the first telegraphs appeared, the fastest way of travelling was by rail.

60
c. Cch thnh lp so snh bng v so snh hn i vi hu ht cc tnh t c hai m tit hoc
nhiu hn:
So snh hn : MORE ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB THAN
So snh nht : THE MOST ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB

Example: Alexander Graham Bell spoke the first recognizable words over what was
certainly his most famous invention
Bell made a lot of inventions, but the telephone was the most important.
d. Mt s trng hp so snh bt qui tc:
Adjective Comparative Superlative
good better the best
bad worse the worst
far further the furthest
little less the least
many /much more the most
Example: This leads to a better product at a lower cost.
e. Cu trc so snh kp (Double comparatives): nhm nhn mnh im so snh
+ Cu trc: ngy cng hn
SHORT ADJECTIVE + ER AND SHORT ADJECTIVE + ER
MORE AND MORE ADJECTIVE

Strowger found his business less and less profitable.
More and more people want the new product.
After applying the new technology, he found that his business became more and
more profitable.
+ Cu trc: cng cng
THE + COMPARATIVE + S + V, THE + COMPARATIVE + S + V

Example: The more modern the equipment is, the more expensive it is.
The more difficult the task is, the harder we try.

Practice 2.1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences.
1. In my opinion, Bell is ......................... inventor of all time.
a. the greater b. the greatest
2. A Strowger exchange is.......................... a crossbar central office.
a. noisier than b. noisiest
3. A Strowger exchange is not ............................. crossbar.
a. as reliable as b. the most reliable

61
4. Your English accent is ............................ hers.
a. as good as b. better as
5. Bell made a lot of inventions, but the telephone was ................
a. more important than b. the most important
6. After inventing the automatic exchange, Strowger found that his business became .................
a. more profitable b. the most profitable
7. A digital exchange works........................ a crossbar one.
a. as fast as b. faster than
8. He speaks English ....................... his brother.
a. as good as b. better than

2.2. Th hin ti hon thnh phn bit vi Th qu kh n
a. Th hin ti hon thnh (Present Perfect tense)
- ngha: din t hnh ng bt u trong qu kh, tip tc ti hin ti v lin quan n
hin ti.
- Cu trc:

Example: The old mechanical and electromechanical exchanges have begun to disappear.
- Cc gii t thng c s dng:
+ For (a month, three years...) din t khong thi gian xy ra hnh ng.
+ Since (last week, 1970...) din t thi im bt u khong thi gian xy ra hnh ng.
Example: "Since the 1970s they have started to be replaced by exchanges built around
electronic components".
"They have started to be replaced by exchanges built around electronic
components for almost 30 years".
- Hai ph t "just" v "already":
+ Just: nhn mnh rng s vic va mi hon thnh. Trong cu, v tr ca "just" l ng gia
have/ has v qu kh phn t.
Example: I have just received a letter.
The new exchange has just been installed.
+ Already: nhn mnh s vic xy ra ri. V tr ca "already" gia have/ has v qu kh
phn t hoc cui cu.
Example: He has already done 6 exercises.
Hoc: He has done 6 exercises already.
b. Th qu kh n (Simple Past tense)
- ngha: Th qu kh n din t mt s vic xy ra trong qu kh v hon thnh
trong qu kh. Ta thng cp n thi gian xy ra s vic.
- Cu trc:
Subject + have/ has + V(past participle)

62
Subject + Verb (past simple)

Trng ng ch thi gian: in 1889, last year, on Saturday... ch thi im xy ra hnh ng.
c. Th hin ti hon thnh phn bit vi Th qu kh n
- Th hin ti hon thnh: ch trng kt qu hin ti ca hnh ng; lun c s lin h vi hin ti.
He has lost his key. (He cant get into the house.)
The old mechanical and electromechanical exchanges have been replaced by digital
exchanges.
- Th qu kh n: Khng lin quan n hin ti, ch cp ti s kin trong qu kh.
He lost his key yesterday. (He couldnt get into his house.)
Bell Telephone Laboratories invented transistors in 1948.

Practice 2.2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense. In some cases, both the simple
past and the present perfect are possible.
1. Bell ..................... the first word on the telephone in 1876.
a. spoke b. has spoken
2. Over the last few years, electromechanical exchanges ................... to disappear.
a. began b. have begun
3. It soon .................... necessary to find a way to link up subscribers.
a. became b. has became
4. He ..................... here all his life.
a. lived b. has lived
5. In the early exchanges, all calls .................... through the operator.
a. go b. have gone
6. He .................... in that office for two years.
a. worked b. has worked
7. With digital techniques, telephone exchanges ...................... another great change.
a. just underwent b. has just undergone
8. Strowger ..................... his idea in 1889.
a. patented b. has patented
9. I ...................... that film about Bell.
a. already saw b. have already seen
10. The operators always .................... calls for Strowger to other undertakers.
A. connected b. have connected

2.3. Thnh lp danh t t tnh t
Mt s danh t c th c thnh lp bng cch thm hu t -ITY vo sau tnh t:
ADJECTIVE+ITY -> NOUN

63

Example: rigid: tnh cng nhc -> rigidity (s cng nhc)
* Note: Tnh t gc c ui BLE:
ble -> bility
Example: flexible (mm do, linh hot) -> flexibility (s mm do, linh hot)
reliable: ng tin cy -> reliability (s ng tin cy)
profitable: c li nhun -> profitability (s em li li nhun)
Lu s bin i v trng m:
flexible ['fleksbl] -> flexibility [,fleks'biliti]
Practice 2.3. Give the noun form of the adjectives.
Adjectives Nouns Adjectives Nouns
electrical
simple
negotiable
objective
original

popular
dependable
normal
odd
prior

Practice 2.4. Complete the table below.
Verbs Nouns Verbs Nouns
1. agree
2. allocate
3.
4. collaborate
5. complete
6.
7. develop
8. eliminate
9.
10. extend

benefit

co-operate

estimate

11. implement
12. improve
13. invest
14.
15. produce
16. promote
17. provide
18.
19. spend
20.

maintenance

recruitment

training

3. READING 2

TECHNOLOGY FOR CHANGE
Telecommunications technology has changed the world since 1800s. Of course, many
things have changed in the world since that time. Just think of the development in transport,

64
medicine and energy supply, for example. Telecommunications was important for the
development of all these other technologies, because, using telecommunications, we can send and
receive the lifeblood of modern society - information. All we have to do is flick a switch or turn a
dial.
The telecommunications story starts with the electric telegraph. Today the telegraph
seems a simple piece of technology. But 150 years ago it was a great innovation. When the first
telegraphs appeared, the fastest way of travelling was by rail. Train accidents were very common,
because nobody could communicate with the drivers of moving trains. Then telegraphs were used
to send messages down the line to tell the drivers when it was safe to go, and when they had to
stop and wait. At first the owners of the railways did not want to use the new technology because
they said it was too expensive, but in the end they had to, in order to improve safety. Soon the
owners of newspapers became interested in telegraphy, and it became a worldwide success.
At first telephones were not popular either. There were so few of them that there was no
point in having one as the number of subscribers was so small. Besides, servants or messengers
could be employed to take messages for less than the cost of a telephone. Now, after more than a
century, there are about 28 million telephones in Great Britain, with a population of 56 million.
People usually resist new technology. Then little by little they begin to accept it. Slow
acceptance means that there is time for technical improvements to be made. This leads to a better
product at a lower cost. So more and more people want the new product. Finally there is rapid
change in the technology itself, and in the community that uses it.
Telecommunications has developed in this way. In the beginning, the telegraph and the
telephone were interesting novelties. Then they became necessary to everyday life. Now
telecommunications is a major industry which plans, builds, operates and maintains the greatest
system in the world - the networks used to transfer information, from telex messages and speech
to computer data and high quality television pictures.

3.1. Main phrases
- in the end: cui cng
- there is no point in doing something: (lm vic g ) cng chng tc dng g
- little by little: dn dn
- more and more: ngy cng nhiu


65
T/ F

T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F

T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
1. Telecommunications technology has changed the world more than
anything else.
2. Modern transport could not develop without telecommunications.
3. Modern society depends on the exchange of information.
4. Telegraphs were first used by the newspapers.
5. The owners of the railways were quick to use telegraphs to improve
safety.
6. Telephones were popular from the start.
7. Telephones have not improved in the last hundred years.
8. People are usually slow to accept new inventions.
9. Technical improvements lead to cheaper products.
10. Computer data can be sent on telecommunications networks.

4. WRITING
Read the dialogue carefully.
Gibbs :
Allison:
How do I transfer a call to someone else?
Well, obviously you answer the phone when it rings, let's say on line 1. When you
find out the call's not for you, but for your colleague at extension 3, say, you should
push the "HOLD" button. You'll see that the held exchange line lamp will then flash.
Then you simply call the required extension in the normal way, by pressing button 3.
When your colleague answers, you can transfer the held call in one of two ways. You
can either simply replace your handset, in which case extension 3 takes over the
original call from line 1, or your colleague at extension 3 can press the exchange line
button and he is automatically connected to line 1.
If no one answers at exchange 3, you should press the exchange line 1 button, to be
re-connected to the caller. You can then take the caller's message or ask him to call
back later.

4.1. Main phrases
- transfer a call to someone: chuyn cuc gi ti ngi khc
- in the normal way: theo cch thng thng
- replace your handset: t my, tr my
- to be reconnected to: c ni li ti
- take the caller's message: ghi li li nhn ca ngi gi

4.2. Complete the instructions for transferring a call, basing on the dialogue.
Instructions for call transfer
1. Lift handset when phone rings
2. ...
3. ...

66
4. a... OR b...
i... ii...

4.3. Decide if the statements are true or false. If false, say what is true.
T / F
T / F

T / F
T / F

T / F

T / F

T / F
1. You answer the phone when it rings.
2. If the call is for your colleague at extension 3, you shouldnt push the
"HOLD" button.
3. When you push the "HOLD" button, the held exchange line lamp will flash.
4. If your colleague answers, you can transfer the held call by replacing your
handset.
5. Your colleague at extension 3 can press the exchange line button and he is
automatically connected to line 1.
6. If no one answers at extension 3, replace your handset to be re-connected to
the caller.
7. You can take the caller's message by asking him to call back later.

III. TM TT
1. S pht minh ra in thoi v cc giai on pht trin ca tng i in thoi. Th h
tng i sau c nhiu u im so vi tng i trc.
2. Cc c im chung ca cc tng i in thoi.
3. Thnh lp cu s dng cu trc so snh (so snh bng, so snh hn v so snh nht).
4. Thnh lp cu s dng cu trc hin ti hon thnh v qu kh n, phn bit ngha
s dng hai th.
5. To danh t t tnh t gc: thm ui ity.

VOCABULARY
administration n s qun l
acceptance n s chp thun
affiliate v xc nh
astonished adj kinh ngc
automatic exchange n tng i t ng
common control system n tng i c h thng iu khin chung
community n cng ng, dn chng
crossbar exchange n tng i ngang dc
dial n, v a s (my in thoi) ; quay s
digital switching exchange n tng i s
diversified adj a dng ho
equitisation n s c phn ho

67
flick v g nh, n nh
innovation n s i mi, s cch tn
lead (to) v dn ti
lifeblood n huyt mch
manual exchange n tng i nhn cng
manually adv nhn cng, bng tay
messenger n ngi a tin
novelty n vt mi l
popularisation n s truyn b, ph cp, i chng ho
principle n nguyn tc, nguyn l
priority n quyn, s u tin
recognizable adj c th nhn bit c, c th cng nhn
reduction n s gim
remain v duy tr
resist v khng c, chng li
semi-electronic telephone exchange n tng i bn dn
step by step (SxS, step) system n tng i tng bc (tng i Strowger)
substantial adj ng k
transport v, n chuyn ch, s vn ti

ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Ngy mng 10 thng ba nm 1876, ti Boston, M, Alexander Graham Bell ni nhng
t u tin m nhn bit c qua chic my in thoi - vt chc chn l pht minh ni ting
nht ca ng - Anh Watson, hy n y, ti cn anh.
Nhu cu kt ni mi ngi thng qua vic s dng pht minh mi nhanh chng tr nn
cn thit. Vic ny c thc hin nh cc tng i in thoi. Trong nhng tng i n gin
u tin, tt c cc cuc gi c ngi nhn vin tng i x l bng tay. Bng vic s dng
bng chuyn mch trc mt mnh, c ta cm ng dy thu bao gi n vo ng dy thu
bao c gi.
tng v mt tng i t ng nhanh chng c a ra. Nm 1892, ba nm sau khi
ng k bn quyn sng ch, Almon Strowger c chng kin h thng tng i ca mnh
c lp t ti La Porte, Indiana. Strowger, mt ngi lm dch v mai tng ti Kansas City,
nhn thy doanh nghip ca mnh ngy cng km li do nhn vin in thoi lun kt ni cuc
gi ng nh n ng ta li ti nhng ngi lm dch v mai tng khc.

68
Trong vng nm mi nm tip theo, h thng tng i ca Strowger tri qua rt nhiu
ci tin, nhng nguyn tc vn gi nguyn. N c gi l tng i tng bc v ngy nay vn
cn hng ngn tng i Strowger ang hot ng trn th gii.
Th h tng i tip theo c pht trin u tin ti Thy in. Tng i ngang dc, nh
chng c gi, bao gm cc thanh dc v cc thanh ngang. Ln u tin, mt h thng kim sot
chung c s dng. iu ny khin cho tng i ngang dc r hn tng i Strowger, v gi
y mi thanh chn c th ti c ti mi cuc gi. Chng cng khng n nh tng i
Strowger. Nhng tng i ny hot ng theo nguyn tc c in, c s dng cc in t. Nm
1948, vic pht minh ra cc transitor dn n cuc cch mng trong in t v dn ti vic to
nn cc tng i in thoi bn dn.
Cc tng i c v in c gi y bt u bin mt, v t nhng nm 1970, chng bt
u c thay th bng cc tng i s dng cc linh kin in t. Cc tng i chuyn mch in
t mi nht c rt nhiu u im so vi cc loi tng i khc, do chng em li: s gim chi ph
ng k; s gim ln v kch c thit b; thi gian x l nhanh; thi gian lp t v i vo hot
ng nhanh; tin cy ln hn v chi ph vn hnh gim; cc dch v mi cho khch hng; v cc
thit b mi cho nh qun l.

Year System
1880
1892
1940s
1948
1970s
Manual system
Strowger system (step-by-step)
Crossbar system
Semi-electronic system
Electronic system
1. a 2. b. 3. b 4. a
5. b 6. a 7. a 8. b
1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F
6. F 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. T
11. T 12. T 13. F 14. F 15. F
16. T 17. F
Practice 2.1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences.
1. b 2. a 3. a 4. a
5. b 6. a 7. b 8. b
Practice 2.2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
1. a 2. b 3. a 4. a; b 5. a
6. a; b 7. b 8. a 9. b 10. a
Practice 2.3. Give the noun form of the adjectives.

69
electricity popularity simplicity dependability
negotiability normality objectivity oddity
originality priority
Practice 2.4. Complete the table below.
1. agreement 2. allocation 3. benefit
4. collaboration 5. completion 6. co-operation
7. development 8. elimination 9. estimate
10. extension 11. implementation 12. improvement
13. investment 14. maintain 15. product/ production
16. promotion 17. provision 18. recruit
19. exspense 20. train
3. Reading 2
Cng ngh vin thng thay i th gii t nhng nm 1800. Tt nhin l rt nhiu iu
thay i th gii t khi . V d, hy ngh n s pht trin trong giao thng, y hc v cung
cp nng lng. Vin thng quan trng i vi s pht trin ca tt c nhng cng ngh , v khi
s dng vin thng, chng ta c th gi v nhn huyt mch ca x hi hin i - l thng tin.
Cu chuyn v ngnh vin thng bt u vi in bo. Ngy nay, in bo c v l mt
cng ngh n gin. Nhng cch y 150 nm l mt pht minh ln. Khi nhng my in bo
u tin xut hin, cch i li nhanh nht l bng ng st. Cc tai nn tu ha rt ph bin, v
khng ai c th lin lc vi cc con tu ang chy. Ri cc my in bo c s dng gi i
cc bc in dc theo ng dy bo cho nhng ngi li tu bit khi no an ton c th i
c, khi no h phi dng li v i. Ban u cc ng ch ngnh xe la khng mun s dng
cng ngh mi v h ni rng n qu t, nhng cui cng h buc phi thc hin, nhm nng cao
an ton. Cc ng ch ngnh bo ch nhanh chng quan tm n k thut in bo v n tr
nn mt thnh cng trn ton th gii.
u tin in thoi cng khng ph bin. C t in thoi n ni c in thoi cng
khng c ch g v s thu bao qu nh. Ngoi ra, c th thu nhng ngi hu a nhng bc
in vi chi ph t hn chi ph cho mt chic in thoi. Gi y, sau hn mt th k, c 28
triu in thoi Anh, vi dn s khong 56 triu.
Ngi ta thng chng li k thut mi. Ri dn dn h bt u chp nhn chng. S
chp thun chm chp c ngha l c thi gian cho ci tin cng ngh. Vic ny mang li mt sn
phm tt hn vi gi c thp hn. Vy nn ngy cng nhiu ngi mun sn phm mi. Cui
cng c mt s thay i nhanh chng trong bn thn cng ngh, v trong cng ng s dng n.
Vin thng pht trin theo cch ny. u tin, in bo v in thoi l nhng iu mi
l th v. Ri chng tr nn cn thit i vi cuc sng hng ngy. Gi y vin thng l mt
ngnh cng nghip quan trng ang thit k, xy dng, vn hnh v bo dng h thng ln nht
trn th gii - cc mng c s dng chuyn thng tin, t cc bc in telex v ting thoi ti
d liu my tnh v cc hnh nh v tuyn cht lng cao.
1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F
6. F 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. T
4. Writing

70
4.2. Complete the instructions for transferring a call.
(Model answer)
1. Lift handset when phone rings.
2. Push HOLD button.
3. Push button 3.
4. a Replace your handset. OR b Push exchange line button 1.
i. Take caller's message. ii. Ask him to call back later.
4.3. Decide if the statements are true or false. If false, say what is true.
1. T.
2. F. If the call is for your colleague at extension 3, you should push the "HOLD" button.
3. T 4. T 5. T
6. F. If no one answers at extension 3, press the exchange line 1 button to be re-connected to
the caller.
7. F. You can take the caller's message or ask him to call back later.

Unit 6. Digital Telephone Exchanges

71
UNIT 6. DIGITAL TELEPHONE EXCHANGES

I. GII THIU
Bi 6 gii thiu cc c im ca tng i s, nguyn tc chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian
v thi gian

1. Mc ch yu cu
1. Nm c cc c im ca tng i in t (tng i s).
2. Nm c cc u im tng i in t so vi tng i th h c.
3. So snh nguyn tc chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian v thi gian.
4. Thnh lp cu hi thng tin v cu cung cp thng tin.

2. Tm tt ni dung
1. Tng i s c u im hn hn so vi tng i tng t.
2. Cc c tnh ca tng i s: iu khin theo chng trnh ci t sn, bo hiu knh
chung, cng ngh vi in t, truyn dn v chuyn mch s tch hp.
3. Ma trn chuyn mch, cng ngh chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian v thi gian.
4. Nguyn tc vn hnh PABX.
5. Cu hi thng tin c th dng nhng hnh thc cu lch hi mang tnh gin tip, s dng
Could you tell me/ Would you mind explaining/ Perhaps you would let me know
6. Cu ch dn c th s dng thc mnh lnh hay s dng cu thng. Tr ng t Do
c s dng khi nhn mnh.

II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1

Much of the world's telephone traffic is still handled by exchanges of electromechanical
design, each with thousands of wear-prone exposed moving parts. Analogue exchanges of this
type are costly to install and maintain, and are subject to familiar faults such as crossed lines,
noise and wrong numbers.
Many of the world's telecommunications administrations have explored other, digital,
solutions. They are designing networks that offer: a much higher quality of service than before,
using the latest microchip technology with few or no moving parts; less interference than
previously; lower installation and maintenance costs; and much faster connection speed for calls
and fewer wrong numbers than in the past.
The main characteristics of a digital exchange are:
1. Integrated Digital Transmission and Switching

72
Speech and other signals are digitally encoded and a common method of time division
multiplexing is used in both transmission and switching equipment. The main advantage of this
system is that the transmission loss encountered by speech becomes more or less independent of
both distance and the number of exchanges through which a call is routed.
2. Stored Program Control (SPC) is the application of data processing and computer
techniques to an exchange, thus providing a powerful, flexible method of controlling the operation
of the exchange.
3. Common Channel Signalling (CCS) uses just one (go and return) pair of signalling
channels, not directly associated with the traffic circuits, for performing all the signalling
functions of an entire route which may contain several hundred traffic circuits.
4. Microelectronics technology is the application of solid-state semiconductor
technology to provide components which range in function from a single active element (e.g. a
transistor) to large scale integrated circuits. Use of this technology offers small physical size and
reliability, together with automated design, manufacture and testing. The components are fixed
onto printed circuit boards, and if there is a fault, the defective printed circuit board can be taken
out and replaced by another in matter of seconds.

1.1. Main phrases
- be subject to: phm, chu, gp phi
- more or less: phn no
- in a matter of seconds: ch sau/ trong vng vi giy
- digitally encoded: m ho thnh s
- range in function: c nhiu chc nng khc nhau
- single active element: phn t kch hot n

1.2. Decide whether the statements are about Disadvantages of Electromechanical exchanges
(DE) or Advantages of Digital exchanges (AD).
Example: 1. High cost of installation and maintenance. DE
DE
...
1. High cost of installation and maintenance
2. Interference

73
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3. Virtually no transmission loss
4. Crossed lines
5. Wrong numbers
6. Data-processing techniques used
7. Lower installation and maintenance costs
8. Easy replacement of printed circuit boards
9. Much faster connection speeds
10. Replacement of wear-prone exposed moving parts (maintenance)
11. Greater reliability
12. Fewer wrong numbers
13. Greater network flexibility

1.3. Give each set of functions one main characteristic of digital exchanges.
Functions of digital exchanges Main characteristic
1. The application of solid-state semi-conductors to provide
greater reliability, smaller size and automated design.
2. The application of data-programming techniques to an
exchange, providing greater control and flexibility in
the operative of an exchange.
3. The use of one pair of channels not directly associated
with the traffic circuits, to perform all signalling
functions on a complete route.
4. Speech and other signals are digitally encoded and a
common method of time-division multiplexing is used.
e.g. Microelectronics
Technology

1.4. Match the following terms with a suitable explanation.
Example: 1. an electromechanical exchange
f. a switching centre, the design of which is based on thousands of moving
parts
1. an electromechanical exchange
2. a digital exchange
3. a wrong number
4. a crossed line
5. analogue transmission
6. call charges
a. a call is incorrectly routed
b. a system in which a varying electrical current
transmits the caller's voice pattern
c. an exchange which uses microchip technology
d. the cost of a telephone call
e. during a telephone conversation, you hear another
conversation at the same time
f. a switching centre, the design of which is based on
thousands of moving parts

1.5. Complete the table, basing on the text.

74
Classification Electromechanical exchange Digital exchange
Transmission type Analogue transmission
Digital transmission and
switching
Installation a... b...
Maintenance
High maintenance cost
c...
Lower maintenance cost
d...
Technical comments
crossed lines
e...
rigidity of design
wrong numbers
f...
g...
h...
j...
j...
k... higher
evolutionary
potential
l...

2.1. Hi thng tin v ch dn (Asking for information and Giving instructions)
Mun ngh ngi khc cung cp thng tin hay hng dn, c th bt u cu ngh bng:
Could you tell me where/ how to...?
Would you mind explaining how...?
Perhaps you would let me know what...?
Example: Could you tell me how to make an external call?
In what way does the PABX help the operator?
Would you mind explaining how I can be called back automatically if my
correspondent's line is engaged when I phone?
Perhaps you would let me know what services the new system offers.
Khi cn hng dn ngi khc thc hin mt cng vic, c th s dng thc mnh lnh
(imperative) hoc s dng cu thng.
Example: Pick up the handset.
Wait for instructions.
You should pick up the handset.
You dial the outside number.
Khi nhn mnh cho cu mnh lnh c th dng tr ng t "Do" trc ng t chnh.
Example: Do push button number 2.
Do make sure you...
Th ph nh (yu cu khng lm g) s dng "Don't" trc ng t.
Example: Don't forget to dial number 8.

75

Practice 2.1. A. Identify phrases to ask for information and to give instructions.
Lets make sure you... You dial the outside number.
Could you tell me where...? Pick up the handset.
Could you tell me how to...? Would you mind explaining how?
Wait for instructions. Push button number 8.
You should pick up the handset. Do make sure you...
Perhaps you would let me know what...? Dont forget to dial number 8.
In what way does the PABX help the operator?

Asking for information

Giving instructions

B. Match these comments to their replies.
Comments
1. Sorry, could you spell that?
2. Could I speak to Mrs Fenton, please?
3. Could you take a message?
4. I'm afraid the line's busy at the moment.
5. I'm sorry but he's away this week.
6. Could you repeat that?
7. Good morning. Cathay Pacific Airlines.
Replies
a. Yes, It's 081 432 9191.
b. That's OK. I'll hold.
c. The reservations department, please.
d. Speaking
e. Yes, of course. I'll get a pen.
f. Yes it's M-E-E-W-S.
g. Ill call back next week then.
2.2. Kt hp cu (Combining sentences)
C th lin kt cc cu n bng cch s dng du hai chm :, which hoc who. Hy
nghin cu cc v d sau:
a. A. Two main types of switching technology have evolved.
B. The two main types are space division switching and time division switching.
-> The two main types of switching technology have evolved: space division
switching and time division switching.
b. A. This was confirmed by Shannon.
B. Shannon developed a theory.
C. Shannons theory states a formula for finding the correct sampling frequency.
-> This was confirmed by Shannon who developed a theory which states a formula
for finding the correct sampling frequency.

Practice 2.2. Now join the following sentences.
1. A. The switching matrix consists of a number of connection points.

76
B. The connection points are made up of a horizontal and a vertical wire joined by a relay.
2. A. Two types of switching equipment predominate in Sweden.
B. These two types are crossbar equipment and digital systems.
3. A. This technique has one great drawback.
B. A lot of money has been invested in this technique.
4. A. The first rotary switch was invented by Almon Strowger.
B. This switch is still in use today.
C. Strowger was an undertaker in Kansas City.
5. A. The analogue signals are transmitted to the exchange.
B. The analogue signals are in the 300 - 3400 Hz range.
C. The signals are sampled using PAM.
6. A. The principles of these two types of switching are illustrated in the following figures.
B. In the following figures we follow the speech paths of two subscribers through a small
exchange.

3. READING 2

The purpose of every switching system is to establish a temporary circuit or link between
the caller and the subscriber being called. This circuit must be terminated when one of the
subscribers decides to replace his/ her handset. In handling a telephone call an exchange performs
three essential functions:
it establishes a path enabling a signal to be transmitted between two subscribers.
it dialogues with other parts of the network.
it processes all other information from the network and decides whether calls can be
established or not.
Two main types of switching technology have evolved: space division switching and time
division switching. The principles of these two types of switching are illustrated in the following
figures in which we follow the speech paths of two subscribers through a small exchange.

Fig 1

The switching matrix consists of a number of cross points made up of a series of
horizontal and vertical wires at the intersection of which a relay is installed. The relay has two
positions, on or off. If two subscribers are to converse, a two-wire channel must be established
capable of transmitting a signal in the 300 - 3400 Hz band in both directions. The physical path of
each conversation can be clearly distinguished. As soon as one of the subscribers hangs up, the

Switching
matrix


77
physical link is broken and the call is terminated. The technique used in this exchange is known as
space division switching.
Time division switching has begun to replace space division techniques in nearly all the
most modern systems. If we imagine two conversations between four subscribers, we can see that
they no longer share the physical space in the switching matrix but that time slots are allocated to
each party. During their conversations, none of the subscribers will, of course, be aware that their
speech is being broken up into small batches of time.
When subscriber A speaks to subscriber B, the analogue signals in the 300 -3400 Hz range
are transmitted to the exchange, sampled (using Pulse Amplitude Modulation) and are then
transported on the bus before being reconverted into analogue form and sent on to subscriber B.
The sampling rate is determined by using Shannon's Theory which states that the sampling
frequency must be double the maximum frequency of the signal. In practice, sampling is done at 8
kHz. The time slot between two samples is thus 125 microseconds (1 second 8 000 = 0.000125
seconds). In other words, the signal is sampled once every 125 microseconds. In the conversation
between subscribers A and B, 16 000 samples are transported every second, 8 000 in each
direction. When two conversations take place at the same time, 32 000 samples have to be
transported per second. An observer with an oscilloscope connected to the bus would see the
samples corresponding to these two conversations in the form opposite.
This technique, known as time division switching, appears to be very attractive but has
one great drawback: the PAM samples can only be transmitted over relatively short distances, and
the capacity of the bus is limited. When an exchange handles more than 30 simultaneous calls, the
PAM sample itself must be encoded so that it can be transmitted within the exchange without
distortion. This is known as digital time division switching for each sample is encoded into eight
bits (one byte).
In a digital time division switching exchange, all internal links are performed using four-
wire PCM which allocates a time slot to each subscriber who is talking at a rate of 64 000 bits per
second (bps), since 8 000 samples x 8 bps = 64 000 bps. If subscriber A talks to subscriber B, he
is allocated a time slot on the PCM 1 line, while subscriber B has a time slot on the PCM 2 line.
Every 125 microseconds, a double transfer of bytes takes place. This operation can be seen in the
diagram below in which we see the incoming PCM links on the left and the outgoing links on the
right.

DC = Digital Channel

Fig 2

By associating digital transmission and switching techniques, an integrated digital
network is created. This will lead, in time and with the fusion of different digital networks, to an
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).

Switching network
PCM 1
DC A
PCM 2
DC A
PCM 1
DC B
PCM 2
DC B

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3.1. Phrases
- be to converse: ni chuyn, lin lc qua in thoi
- no longer: khng na

1. What is the objective of every switching system?

2. Match the exchange function with the definition.

Definition Function
1. Establishing a signalling path between
subscribers through an exchange.
2. Dialoguing with other parts of the network.
3. Processing network information and
deciding whether to establish a call or not.
a. Control

b. Subscriber connection

c. Signalling

3. What are the cross points composed of?

4. What are the main differences between space and time division systems?

5. What is Shannon's Theory?

6. What are the two main characteristics of a digital time division switching exchange?

7. What will enable the creation of an ISDN?

3.3. Complete the key.

1. = .............................in ................. Hz frequency band

2. =

3. =

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4. Time slot between two samples =
5. Number of samples per second =

4. LISTENING
Listen to the following conversation about a call connect system, or PABX (Private
Automatic Branch Exchange). The conversation is between Tim Allison, a sales representative,
and John Gibbs, manager of company in the south of England.

4.1. Complete the table.
Functions Instructions
a. Internal calls i. Pick up the handset
ii ...
iii Dial the four digits of the extension
b. External calls i Pick up the handset
ii ...
iii Push button 2
iv ...
v ...
c. Transferring calls i Pick up the handset
ii Wait for the internal dial-tone
iii ...
iv ...
v ...
d. Automatic call- back i Dial your internal correspondent
ii ...
iii Push button 4
iv ...

4.1. Indicate which of the following sentences are true (T) or false (F).
T / F
T / F
T / F
T / F

T / F

T / F
1. For internal calls, you can dial the extension number immediately.
2. You push button 2 to get an outside line.
3. An operator isn't necessary with such a PABX.
4. You will hear two different dial tones when you transfer your number to
another extension.
5. To transfer calls back to your own office, you dial 8 and then your
extension number.
6. If your correspondent's line is engaged, you can press button 4. Your
phone and his phone will then ring simultaneously when he hangs up.


80
4.3. Fill in the following spaces with suitable words or phrases.
Using the PABX, it is quite easy to transfer a call to your colleague. When the phone rings,
for example, on line 1, obviously you answer it. In this situation, the call is not for you, but for
your (1) ........................ at extension 3, you should (2) ............................ 4. You will see that the
held exchange line lamp wills then (3) .............................. Then you simply call the required
(4) ......................... in the normal way, by (5)..............................
When your colleague answers, you can transfer the held call in one of two ways. You can
either simply (6) .......................... , in which case extension 3 takes over the original call from line
1, or your colleague at extension 3 can (7) ......................... and he is automatically connected to
line 1. If no one answers at exchange 3, you should (8) ......................... button, to be re-connected
to the caller. You can then (9) ........................... or (10) ........................... later.
1. a. colleague b. caller
2. a. push the HOLD b. push button
3. a. flash b. off
4. a. caller b. extension
5. a. pressing button 3 b. press button 3
6. a. replacing the receiver b. replace the handset
7. a. press the exchange line button b. pressing the exchange button
8. a. pressing the exchange line 1 button b. press the exchange line 1 button
9. a. take the callers message b. leave the message
10. a. ask him to call back b. asking him to call back

III. TM TT
1. Cc c im ca tng i in t (tng i s).
2. Cc u im tng i in t so vi tng i th h c (tc x l nhanh hn, t sai s
hn)
3. So snh nguyn tc chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian v theo thi gian.
4. Ma trn chuyn mch, cng ngh chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian v thi gian.
5. Nguyn tc vn hnh PABX.
6. S dng cu mnh lnh hay cu trn thut bnh thng vi mc ch ch dn.
7. Thnh lp cu hi thng tin v cu cung cp thng tin (di hnh thc gin tip).

VOCABULARY
"HOLD" button n nt/ phm ch
allocated adj c nh v
automated adj t ng
automatically adv mt cch t ng
batch of time n mu, phn (thi gian)

81
corresponding adj tng ng
data processing phr x l d liu
defective adj b li
drawback n nhc im
entire ajd ton b
extension n my nhnh, my l
familiar faults phr cc li thng thng
flash v sng (n)
fusion n s trn ln
integrated adj tch hp
intersection n im giao nhau
latest technology phr cng ngh mi nht
observer n thit b quan st
obviously adv r rng, hin nhin
original adj (thuc) gc
oscilloscope n my hin sng
physical adj thc th, vt l
reconverted adj c bin i ngc li
relay n r le
signalling function phr chc nng bo hiu/ cnh bo
simultaneous adj ng thi
switching matrix n ma trn chuyn mch
take over v tip qun
temporary adj tm thi
terminated adj c kt cui

ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Rt nhiu lu lng in thoi trn th gii vn ang c iu khin thng qua cc tng i
in c, mi tng i bao gm hng ngn b phn chuyn ng d hng. Cc tng i tng t ny
lp t v bo dng th tn km, v c nhng li thng thng nh xuyn m, nhiu v sai s.
Rt nhiu nh khai thc ngnh vin thng khai thc cc gii php s. H ang thit k
nhng mng mang li: cht lng dch v cao hn trc nhiu, s dng cng ngh vi mch mi nht
cho php s dng t hoc khng s dng cc b phn ng; t nhiu hn trc kia; chi ph lp t v
bo dng thp hn; tc kt ni cuc gi nhanh hn nhiu v t sai s hn trc kia.

82
Cc c tnh ch yu ca mt tng i s l:
1. Truyn dn v chuyn mch s tch hp. Tn hiu thoi v cc tn hiu khc c m ha
thnh s v phng php chung l ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian c s dng c trong thit
b truyn dn v chuyn mch. u im ch yu ca h thng ny l tn hao ng truyn ca tn
hiu thoi t nhiu tr nn khng ph thuc vo c khong cch v s tng i m mt cuc gi i qua.
2. iu khin theo chng trnh lu tr (SPC) l vic ng dng x l d liu v k thut
my tnh vo mt tng i, vy nn cung cp mt phng php y tim nng v linh hot trong vic
iu khin vn hnh ca tng i.
3. Bo hiu knh chung (CCS) s dng mi mt cp knh bo hiu (i v v), khng kt hp
trc tip vi knh lu lng, thc hin mi chc nng bo hiu cho c mt tuyn lu lng m c
th cha ti vi trm knh lu lng.
4. Cng ngh vi in t l vic p dng cng ngh cht bn dn th rn cung cp cc linh
kin vi nhiu chc nng khc nhau, t mt phn t kch hot n (v d transitor) ti cc bn mch
tch hp din rng. Vic s dng cng ngh ny cho ta vt c kch c vt l nh hn v tin cy,
cng vi thit k, sn xut v th nghim c t ng ho. Cc linh kin c c nh trn nhng
bng mch in, v nu c li th bn mch in c li c th tho b ra v thay bng mt bng mch khc
trong vi giy.
1.2. Decide whether the statements are about Disadvantages of Electromechanical exchanges
(DE) or Advantages of Digital exchanges (AD).
DE: 1; 2; 4; 5; 10
AD: 3; 6; 7; 8; 9; 11; 12; 13
1.3. Give each set of functions one main characteristic of digital exchanges.
1. Microelectronics Technology
2. Stored Program Control
3. Common Channel Signalling
4. Integrated Digital Transmission and Switching
1.4. Match the following terms with a suitable explanation.
1. f 2. c 3. a
4. e 5. b 6. d
1.5. Complete the table, basing on the text.
a. High cost of installation b. Lower installation cost
c. Replacement of wear-prone exposed moving parts
d. Reliability and easy replacement of printed circuit boards
e. interference f. slow connection speeds
g. virtually no transmission loss h. less interference than previously
i. greater network flexibility j. fewer wrong numbers
k. much faster connection speeds l. data-processing techniques used.
Practice 2.1.A. Identify phrases to ask for information and to give instructions.
Asking for information Giving instructions

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Could you tell me where...? Pick up the handset.
Could you tell me how to...? Wait for instructions.
In what way does the PABX help You should pick up the handset.
the operator? You dial the outside number.
Would you mind explaining Push button number 8.
how...? Do make sure you...
Perhaps you would let me know Lets make sure you...
what...? Dont forget to dial number 8.
B. Match these comments to their replies.
1. g 2. d 3. f
4. b 5. h 6. a 7. c
Practice 2.2. Join the following sentences.
1. The switching matrix consists of a number of connection points which are made up of a
horizontal and a vertical wire joined by a relay.
2. Two types of switching equipment predominate in Sweden: crossbar equipment and
digital systems.
3. This technique, in which a lot of money has been invested, has one great drawback.
4. The first rotary switch, which is still in use today, was invented by Almon Strowger who
was an undertaker in Kansas City.
5. The analogue signals, which are in the 300 - 3400 Hz range, are transmitted to the
exchange in which they are sampled using PAM.
6. The principles of these two types of switching are illustrated in the following figures in
which we follow the speech paths of two subscribers through a small exchange.
3. Reading 2
Mc ch ca mi h thng chuyn mch l thit lp mt knh hoc mt tuyn kt ni tm
thi gia ngi gi v thu bao c gi. Knh ny phi c kt thc khi mt trong hai thu bao
quyt nh t t hp xung. Khi x l mt cuc gi, mt tng i thc hin ba chc nng ch
yu sau:
thit lp mt knh cho php mt tn hiu c truyn i gia hai thu bao.
i thoi vi cc b phn khc ca mng.
x l tt c cc thng tin khc t mng v quyt nh xem liu cuc gi c c thit lp
hay khng.
Hai loi cng ngh chuyn mch chnh c pht trin l: chuyn mch phn chia theo
khng gian v chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian. Nguyn l ca hai loi chuyn mch ny
c th hin trong cc hnh sau m chng ta i theo ng dn ting thoi ca hai thu bao i
qua mt tng i nh.
Ma trn chuyn mch bao gm mt s cc im giao nhau c to bi mt lot cc dy
dn dc v ngang m ti cc giao im ca chng c t mt rle. Rle c hai v tr: ng hoc
ngt. Nu hai thu bao i thoi vi nhau, mt knh hai dy s c thit lp c kh nng ti
c tn hiu trong di tn 300 - 3400 Hz theo c hai hng. ng vt l ca mi cuc gi c

84
th hin rt r rng. Ngay khi thu bao t my, kt ni vt l b hy b v cuc gi kt thc.
K thut s dng trong tng i ny c gi l chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian.
Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian thay th chuyn mch phn chia theo khng
gian trong hu ht cc h thng tng i hin i. Nu chng ta tng tng hai cuc gi gia bn
thu bao, ta s thy rng chng khng cn chia khng gian vt l trong ma trn m cc khe thi
gian c cp cho mi bn. Tt nhin, trong cuc thoi, khng ai trong mi thu bao s nhn thy
rng ting ni ca mnh ang b ngt qung ra tng on nh theo thi gian.
Khi thu bao A ni chuyn vi thu bao B, cc tn hiu tng t trong di tn 300 - 3400
kHz c truyn ti tng i, c ly mu (s dng phng php iu bin xung - PAM) v ri
c truyn trn bus trc khi c ti phc hi tr li dng tng t v tip tc gi ti thu bao
B. Tc ly mu c tnh da vo hc thuyt Shannon. Hc thuyt xc nh rng tn s ly
mu phi gp i tn s cao nht trong tn hiu. Trong thc t, vic ly mu c thc hin 8
kHz. Vy nn khe thi gian gia hai mu l 125 microgiy (1 giy: 8000 = 0,000125 giy). Ni
cch khc, c cch 125 microgiy th tn hiu c ly mu mt ln. Trong cuc thoi gia thu
bao A v B, 16 000 mu c ti i mi giy, 8000 mu i mi hng. Khi hai cuc thoi din ra
ng thi, 32000 s c ti i mi giy. Mt ngi quan st s dng my hin sng ni vi bus
s thy rng cc mu tng ng vi hai cuc thoi dng ngc nhau.
K thut ny, c gi l chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian, c v rt hp dn nhng
li c mt nhc im rt ln: cc mu PAM ch c th truyn i nhng khong cch tng i
ngn, v dung lng ca bus th hn ch. Khi mt tng i x l trn 30 cuc gi ng thi, bn
thn mu PAM phi c m ha n c th c truyn i trong tng i m khng b mo.
iu ny c gi l chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian s ha v mi mu c m ha thnh
8 bit (mt byte).
Trong mt tng i s s dng chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian, tt c cc kt ni
bn trong c thc hin s dng k thut PCM bn dy cp pht mt khe thi gian ti mi thu
bao ang ni chuyn vi tc 64 000 bit trn giy (bps), v 8 000 mu x 8bps = 64000 bps. Nu
thu bao A ni chuyn vi thu bao B, thu bao ny c cp mt khe thi gian (DC A) trn
ng PCM 1, trong khi thu bao B c mt khe thi gian (DC B) trn ng PCM 2. C mi 125
microgiy, xy ra vic truyn gp i cc byte thng tin.
Mt mng s tch hp c to ra bng s kt hp k thut truyn dn v chuyn mch s.
Theo thi gian v vi s hp nht cc mng s khc nhau, mt mng thng tin s a dch v
(ISDN) hnh thnh.
1. To establish a temporary circuit or link between the caller and the subscriber being called.
2. 1b 2c 3a
3. A horizontal and a vertical wire at the intersection of which a relay is installed.
4. A physical path is established between two subscribers in a space system. Several
conversations use the same circuit in a time division system.
5. The sampling frequency must be double the maximum signal frequency.
6. 4-wire PCM links and the allocation of time slots at a rate of 64 000 bits per second.
7. The fusion of several integrated digital networks.
1. Analogue signal in 300 - 3400 Hz frequency band

85
2. PAM sampling 3. bus
4. 125 microseconds 5. 8,000 per subscriber
Gibbs: Good morning, Mr Allison. Could you tell me how the user at any extension on our
new PABX will benefit from its greater number of facilities?
Allison: Of course. First you must make a clear distinction between internal and external
calls. For internal calls, pick up the handset, wait for dial-tone - which is almost
instantaneous with this electronic system - then simply dial the four numbers of the
extension.
Gibbs: How do you obtain an outside number?
Allison: You pick up the handset, wait for the internal dial-tone, then push button number 2,
which will send you the dial-tone of the outside network. After that, you dial the
outside number in the usual way, using the appropriate local, regional or
international codes.
Gibbs: In what way does the PABX make the switchboard operator's work easier?
Allison: Well, you've probably noticed that each extension has four digits. The preceding two
digits, which make up the full six-figure number, are the same for every extension in
the company, in this case, 55. So anyone outside can dial 55 followed by the four
digits of the internal number, and the call is switched directly to the internal
extension without disturbing the operator.
Gibbs: I see. So the operator isn't really necessary?
Allison: Yes, she is, because she can still be contacted directly - her own number is 552222 -
and, if the phone rings more than 15 seconds at any extension without being
answered, the call is switched automatically to the operator.
Gibbs: How do you transfer your number to another extension if you leave your office for a
long period?
Allison: Pick up the handset, wait for the internal dial-tone, push 8, and you'll receive another
lower-pitched dial-tone, after which you dial the number of the extension in the
office you're going to. You'll then get a short dial-tone informing you that your
"new" number has been recognized and stored in the PABX.
Now, when you come back to your office, don't forget to dial 8 followed by your
own extension number, so that your own number is returned to your office. Do make
sure you do that, or all your calls will continue to be transferred to the office where
you were before! Well, let's make sure you've understood all that, shall we?
Gibbs: OK. Pick up the handset. Internal dial-tone. Dial 8. Short recognition dial-tone.
Extension number of the other office. On returning to my own office, I dial 8 then
my own number.
Would you mind explaining how I can be called back automatically if my
correspondent's line is engaged when I phone?
Allison: Right. Don't forget this system only works if both you and your correspondent go

86
through the same exchange. For internal calls, this is obviously the case with the
PABX, you dial your correspondent and receive the engaged tone. Then, you simply
press button 4 and hang up. When your correspondent hangs up, the phone will ring
in your office, which, in turn, causes the phone in your correspondent's office to
ring! Simple, isn't it?
Gibbs: I suppose so! Could you also let me know what detailed billing facilities exist for the
PABX?
Allison: Of course. Each call is registered...

Gibbs:

Allison:

Gibbs:
Allison:

Gibbs:

Allison:

Gibbs:
Allison:

Gibbs:

Allison:

Gibbs:
Xin cho ng Allison. ng c th ni cho ti bit ngi s dng ti bt k s my
no ca h thng PABX mi ca chng ti s khai thc nh th no cc thit b ca
h thng?
Tt nhin ri. Trc tin xin ng hy phn bit r rng gia cuc gi ni b v cuc
gi ra ngoi. i vi cuc gi ni b, hy nhc ng nghe, i m mi quay s - trong
h thng ny gn nh ng thi - ri ch n gin quay bn s ca my con.
Lm th no quay s ngoi?
ng nhc ng nghe, i m mi quay s, ri nhn s 2, s nghe thy m mi quay s
ca bn ngoi. Sau , ng quay s bn ngoi theo cch thng thng, s dng m
ni ht, m vng hay m quc t ph hp.
Lm cch no m PABX li gip cho cng vic ca ngi nhn vin tng i d
dng hn?
, c l ng nhn thy rng mi my l gm bn s. Hai s u tin - to nn
mt s my su s y - ca bt k my con no trong cng ty u ging nhau,
trong trng hp ny l 55. Vy nn bt k ai bn ngoi u c th quay s 55 tip
theo l bn s ca s my ni b, v cuc gi s c chuyn mch trc tip ti s
my bn trong m khng lm phin g ti nhn vin tng i.
Ti hiu ri. Vy ngi nhn vin tng i khng thc s cn thit?
C, c cn thit. V c y vn c th c lin lc trc tip - s my ca c y l
552222 - v nu my reo chung qu 15 giy ti bt k my con no m khng c
ngi tr li, th cuc gi s c chuyn mch trc tip ti nhn vin tng i.
Lm th no ng chuyn s my ca mnh ti mt s my khc nu ng ri vn
phng trong mt thi gian di?
Nhc ng nghe, i m mi quay s, nhn s 8, v ng s nhn c mt m mi
quay s m thp hn, sau ng nhn s my trong vn phng ng s ti. ng s
nhn c mt m quay s ngn thng bo cho ng bit rng s mi ca ng
c xc nhn v lu trong PABX.
By gi, khi ng quay li vn phng, ng qun nhn s 8 ri n s my ca ng,
cho s my ca ng li tr v vn phng ca mnh. Hy chc chn rng ng
lm iu , nu khng tt c cc cuc gi ca ng s tip tc c chuyn ti vn
phng ng trc . No, chng ta hy chc chn rng ng hiu tt c, c
khng?
c ri. Nhc ng nghe. m mi quay s ni b. Quay s 8. m bo xc nhn
ngn. S my ca vn phng kia. Khi tr v vn phng, ti quay s 8 ri s ca ti.
ng c th vui lng cho ti bit lm th no ti c th c gi li mt cch t

87

Allison:

Gibbs:

Allison:
ng nu ng dy ca ngi ti gi n ang bn khi ti gi?
c. Xin ng qun rng h thng ny ch lm vic nu c ng v my ng gi ti
cng nm trong mt h thng. i vi cuc gi ni b, y hin nhin l trng hp
PABX. ng quay s my kia v nhn c m bo bn. Ri ng ch cn n gin
nhn s 4 v t my. Khi ngi kia t my, my trong vn phng ng s rung
chung, iu ln lt cng khin cho my trong vn phng ngi kia cng rung
chung. Tht n gin, phi khng?
Ti ngh vy. ng cng c th cho ti bit cc chi tit v cc thit b tnh cc hin
c trong PABX?
Tt nhin...
4.1. Complete the table.
a. ii) Wait for the dial tone.
b. ii) Wait for the internal dial tone. iv) Wait for the dial tone of the outside network.
v) Dial the outside number.
c. iii) Push button 8.
iv) Wait for the lower pitch dial tone v) Dial other extension number.
d. ii) You receive the engaged tone. iv) Replace your handset.
4.2. Indicate which of the following sentences are true or false.
1. F 2.T 3. F
4. T 5. T 6. F
4.3. Fill in the following spaces with suitable words or phrases.
1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. a
6. b 7. a 8. b 9. a 10. b

Unit 7. Computer Communications

88

UNIT 7. COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS

I. GII THIU
Bi 7 gii thiu mt s dch v trn nn tng hp tc v pht trin song song hai lnh vc vin
thng v x l d liu.

1. Mc ch yu cu
1. Nm c nh ngha mt s dch v - kt qu ca s kt hp gia vin thng v x l s
liu.
2. Nm c qu trnh pht trin dch v videotex.
3. Thnh lp cu s dng cu trc d bo.
4. Nm vng ngn ng s dng trn in thoi lin h cng vic.
5. Thnh lp cu nh ngha v thit b, sn phm hay dch v.

2. Tm tt ni dung
1. Cc dch v nh videotex, fax, th in t v ang c s dng rng ri.
2. Mng s lin kt a dch v (ISDN) l s kt hp nhiu mng vin thng khc nhau.
3. Dch v videotex - truyn vn bn bng hnh nh ca Anh - qua mt qu trnh pht trin
v thnh cng vi mc tiu hng v ngi s dng.
4. Cu d bo thng c chia thnh ba cp : chc chn (certainty), c th (probability)
v c l (possibility).
5. Ngn ng trn in thoi c cc cm t hu dng theo cc mc ch c th nh: khng
nh mnh, xc nh ngi gi, nu l do gi, li li nhn
6. T cc t ch tn, phn loi v c im ca mt thit b, sn phm hay dch v, c th to
thnh cu nh ngha hon chnh.

II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Read the following extract from a speech about "Trends in Computer Communications.

The present status of telecommunications is a result of a long evolution through more than
a hundred years. It is interesting to note that the old telegraph system used digital transmission.
When, many years later, telephony was introduced, analogue transmission was used. Telex, on the
other hand, worked with a digital technique while video transmission in principle uses analogue
transmission. Data communication is digital and a transition is now taking place where all
services, voice, text, data and picture - will be integrated in a basic digital network. This digital

89
network will be an ideal carrier of data communications and will promote the growth of such
communications.
The development of data communications depends, to a great extent, on the development
of data processing. So far, all the signs indicate a trend towards remote data processing which
means a greater usage of data communications services. Indeed, a "marriage" of
telecommunications and data processing will be the result. This "marriage" will hopefully result in
a number of useful products. Already a range of specialized services is foreseen - in particular in
the text and picture communication field.

A number of new text services have been, or will be, introduced shortly:
Teletex is an international service enabling subscribers to exchange correspondence on an
automatic memory to memory basis, via telecommunications networks. As a successor to telex it
will use specially adapted word processors and electronic typewrites and enable a 3-page A4 letter
to be sent almost instantaneously from one end of the country to the other.
The Telefacsimile service is well established. This service provides for the transmission
and reproduction of still pictures and printed matter. Telefax has its biggest market in Japan where
the complexity of Japanese script makes this an ideal medium of transmission.
Videotex, viewdata in Britain, is now available in many countries. Videotex is a service
enabling a subscriber to obtain information over the public switched telecoms network (PSTN) for
presentation in alphanumeric and and/ or graphic form on a VDU - usually a specially adapted TV
receiver.
Videotex subscribers may choose to have an additional service - electronic mailbox
enabling them to send messages directly and instantaneously to one another. The UK viewdata
system, which is an interactive service, should not be confused with Teletext, a one-way
information service which TV companies broadcast.
Technically it will be possible to integrate various types of telecommunications networks
(private and public, data and telephony) to form an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).
In Germany the BIGFON experiment has been launched. BIGFON is a wide-band integrated
services local communications system, offering the subscribers the complete spectrum of
telecommunications services, including a new video telephone service as well as radio and TV
broadcasts, all transmitted via optical fibre cables.
Despite this development towards ISDN, a number of specialized networks will have to
live side by side for many years to come. From the customer's point of view, it is therefore
essential that networks and services are compatible. It should be possible to use one and the same
terminal for different services and to send traffic over different networks. The question is how can
this be realized? Could an integrated network be developed?

3.1. Phrases
- to a great extent: xt phm vi rng
- a 3-page A4 letter: l th ba trang A4
- especially adapted TV receiver: thit b thu truyn hnh tng thch c bit
- exchange correspondence: trao i th tn

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- to live side by side: tn ti song song

1.2. Classify the following services under Digital (D) or Analogue (A) transmission.
Transmission Services Transmission Services
A / D
A / D
A / D
1. telegraph
2. telephony
3. telex
A / D
A / D
3. video
4. data

1.3. Choose the best answers.
1. What does "remote data processing" mean?
a. data processing is carried out in one central place
b. the processing of different types of data
c. data processing is carried out in different geographical locations.
2. What feature which distinguish teletex from telex is mentioned?
a. Memory to memory transmission.
b. It provides for the production of still pictures and printed matter.
c. It enables subscribers to obtain information over the public switched telecoms network.
d. It is one-way information service which TV companies broadcast.
3. What other feature which distinguish teletex from telex is also mentioned?
a. Subscribers may choose to have an additional service - electronic mailbox.
b. Faster transmission speed.
c. It enables subscribers to obtain information over the public switched telecoms network
d. It is one-way information service which TV companies broadcast.
4. Why is Japan such a big market for Telefax?
a. Because it enables a 3- page A4 letter to be sent almost instantaneously from one end of
the country to the other.
b. Because of the complexity of Japanese script (i.e. it is not suitable for conventional
typewritten text communication).
5. What is the main difference between Viewdata and Teletext?
a. Viewdata is broadcast (one-way), Teletext is interactive.
b. Viewdata is interactive, Teletext is broadcast (one-way)
6. Why is it necessary for networks and services to be compatible?
a. Because they will have to live side by side for many years.
b. Because this can be realized.


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1.4. Match the names and the definitions.
Names Definitions
1. Telefacsimile
2. Videotex
3. BIGFON
4. Teletex
5. Teletext
6. Electronic
mailbox

a. one-way information service which TV companies broadcast.
b. a wide-band integrated services local communications system,
offering the subscriber the complete spectrum of
telecommunications services, all transmitted via optical fibre
cables.
c. provides for the transmission and reproduction of still pictures
and printed matter.
d. enables videotex subscribers to send messages directly and
instantaneously to one another.
e. an international service enabling subscribers to exchange
correspondence on an automatic memory to memory basis, via
telecommunications networks.
f. enables subscribes to obtain information over the public
switched telecoms network for presentation in alphanumeric
and and/ or graphic form on a VDU.

2.1. D bo (forecasting)
Khi ni v thi tng lai, ta ch ra mc c th s xy ra ca s kin theo ba cp :

1. Certainty (chc chn) will/ won't + do
- More advanced systems will be introduced.
- It won't (will not) work out more than the existing telex.
- You will be getting a lot of new facilities.

2. Probability (c th) should, will probably + do
ought to, to be likely to
- All the signs indicate that...
- It should be possible...
- The cost is likely to be a bit higher.
- We ought to be able to install a new system.

3. Possibility (c l) might, could + do
- You might be interested...
- That could be useful...


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Practice 2.1. Now use the table below to do the exercises.
Installation Schedule for Extension Telephones.
Type of telephone
Special fast-rate
(15 pounds extra fee)
Business customers
Residential
customers
DIAVOX 3 - 5 days * 2 - 4 weeks 5 - 10 weeks
AMBASSADOR 3 - 5 days 3 - 5 weeks 4 - 6 weeks
MICKEY MOUSE 10 - 15 days ----------- 10 - 12 weeks
REGENCY 3 - 5 days 4 - 6 weeks 5 - 7 weeks
* In all cases: - first figure (3) represents a minimum waiting time for installation.
- last figure (5) represents a maximum waiting time for installation.
A. Match the two columns.
(1) If you need one in a hurry, we could deliver a Diavox in 3 days,
but you will have to pay 15 pounds extra.
(2) For a business customer we should/ought to be able to deliver an
Ambassador in 4 weeks.
(3) For a residential customer, we will install a Mickey Mouse
extension phone in 12 weeks.
Possibility
Probability
Certainty
B. Complete the sentences.
1. If you need an Ambassador soon, we ..................... deliver one in 5 days.
2. For a business customer, we .................... deliver a Regency extension in 4 weeks.
3. It's .................... be 6 weeks before we can install a Regency extension for a residential
subscriber.
4. We ................... be able to deliver a Mickey Mouse extension set before 10 weeks.
5. All .................. that delivery time will be around 7 or 8 weeks for the Diavox if you are a
residential subscriber.
6. We .................. be able to install the Mickey Mouse in your house in 11 weeks time.
7. You .................. receive the new Ambassador before 4 weeks if you are a residential
customer.

2.2. Lin lc qua in thoi (Telephoning)
Hy lu cc cm t cn thit trong lin lc qua in thoi.
Identifying yourself Mr Binns speaking.
(khng nh mnh) This is Mr Binns.
Identifying your caller Who's speaking, please?
(xc nh ngi gi)
Getting connected Could you put me through to...?

93
(c kt ni) Could I have extension 283?
Waiting Hold on a moment, please.
(ch my) Would you mind holding?
I'll hold on.
Taking a message I'm afraid Mr X is out at the moment.
( ngh li li nhn) Can I take a message?
Leaving a message Could you give him a message?
Could you ask him to call me back on York 20042?
Could you tell him I'll call again later?
Reason for phoning I'm phoning about... / because...
(l do gi in)
Communication problems I'm sorry, I didn't catch your number /your name.
(vn trong lin lc) Could you spell that, please?
It's a bad line, I'll call you back.
Could you/ repeat that? / speak up? (a little louder)
/speak more slowly?
Singing off Thanks, goodbye.
(kt thc cucgi) Bye. (more informal).

Practice 2.2. A. Put the following jumbled telephone conversation in the correct order.
y l mt cuc ni chuyn qua in thoi gia 3 ngi (A, B, C). Trong A l in thoi vin
ti tng i c quan Amway International, B l ng Jackson (ngi gi n) v C l ng Barker
(ngi c gi). Hy c k cc cu v sp xp li theo ng trt t, bt u bng cu 6a:
"Amway International. Can I help you?"
1 B: Hello, Mr Baker, this is Mr Jakeson. How are you?
2 C: Of course, I'll ring you as soon as my secretary gets back from lunch. Can I have your
number?
3 B: It's Mr Jakeson of Rushfords.
4 C: How do you spell Eindhoven?
5 B: Yes, but can you make it before 5?
6 A: Amway International. Can I help you?
7 B: Good, Goodbye.
8 C: M for Michael?
9 B: E, I, N...
10 C: Fine, thanks. How can I help you?
11 B: Well, I'm phoning about our order no. 541.
12 A: Hold on a moment Mr Jakeson. I'll put you through.
13 C: Just a moment, I'll find the file... I can't seem to find it. Can I call you back?
14 B: double O, two.

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15 C: Eindhoven 4, 8, 3... ?
16 A: Who's speaking, please?
17 C: Bye.
18 B: Yes, could you put me through to Mr Barker, please?
19 C: Thank you, I'll call you within the next hour or so.
20 B: Yes, it's Eindhoven 483002.
21 C: Barker speaking.
22 B: No, N for Nicholas, D, H, O, V, E, N.
1. 6A 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
21. 22.

B. These are standard phrases to start and finish telephone calls. Put them in suitable
purposes.
Example: 5. Confirming future plans: m. See you on the 26th, then.
a. Anyway...
b. I'll look forward to seeing you on Tuesday,
then.
c. How are things?
d. Let me know if theres anything I can do.
e. I'm phoning to ask...
f. Thank you for calling.
g. The reason Im phoning is...
h. Nice to hear from you.
i. How are you?
j. Give me a ring if you have a problem.
k. Until Friday, then.
l. Have a nice day.
m. See you on the 26th, then.

Purposes Phrases
1. Welcoming the call
2. Polite enquiries
3. Saying why you're phoning
4. Indicating you're ready to finish
5. Confirming future plans m
6. Ending on a friendly note

2.3. nh ngha (Definitions)
C th tp hp cc phn: tn, phn loi v c im ca mt thit b, sn phm hay dch v to
thnh cu nh ngha hon chnh.
V d: Name: Lasers

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Classification: light sources
Characteristics /Function: They produce light of a closely defined wavelength.
-> Lasers are light sources producing light of a closely defined wavelength.

Practice 2.3.A. Use the table below to put together the definitions.
Example: 1. f E
Name Classification Characteristics /Function
1. Lasers
2. PCM
3. Electronic
mail
4. Telefax
5. CCS
6. SPC
7. Remote
concentrators
8. Nordic Public
Data
network

a. Means of
transmission
b. Service
c. Circuit
switched
network
d. Method of
signalling
e. Electronic
system
f. Light sources
g. Remote part of
an exchange

A. It provides a means of asynchronous data
transmission.
B. It uses one pair for performing all signalling
functions of one route.
C. It involves the sampling and coding of analogue
signals.
D. They enable PCM transmission to be used further
out in the local network.
E. They produce light of a closely defined wavelength.
F. It uses data processing and computer techniques for
switching.
G. It enables videotex subscribers to send messages
directly and instantaneously to one another.
H. It provides for the transmission and reproduction of
still pictures and printed matters.

B. Analyse the following definitions. Identify whether the underlined parts are Term (T),
Group (G) or Characteristics (C).
Example: A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that
Term (T) Group (G) Characteristics (C)
operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores.
1. Silicon is a nonmetallic element with semiconductor characteristics.
2. An abacus is a bead frame in which the beads are moved form left to right.
3. Input is the information presented to the computer.
4. The term computer includes those parts of hardware in which calculations and other
data manipulations are performed, and the high-speed interval memory in which data and
calculations are stored during actual executions of programs.
5. A system is a good mixture of integrated parts working together to form a useful whole.
6. Large computer systems, or mainframe, as they are referred to in the field of computer
science, are those computer systems found in computer installations processing immense
amounts of data.
7. Although there is no exact definition for a minicomputer, it is generally understood to
refer to a computer whose mainframe is physically small, has a fixed word length between
8 and 32 bits, and costs less than $100,000 for the central processor.
8. A core is a ferrite ring which is capable of being either magnetizes or demagnetized.

96

2.4. T ng ngha v tri ngha (Synonyms and Antonyms)
Khi hc t vng cn nm c cch vit, cch c, ngha t v t loi. Mt trong nhng cch hc
t vng l thng qua t ng ngha v tri ngha.
Example: 1. called (verb; past form) -> synonym: d. termed (verb; past form)
9. immovable (adjective) -> antonym: j. portable (adjective)

Practice 2.4. Find synonyms (1 - 5) and antonyms (6-10)
1. termed
2. tremendous
3. intermediate repeaters
4. boost
5. handset
a. line amplifiers
b. amplify
c. receiver
d. known as
e. enormous
6. send
7. input
8. limited
9. modulate
10. analogue
h. output
i. infinite
g. receive
k. digital
j. demodulate

3. READING 2
Read the following article about the evolution of Prestel, the British videotex service.

The strategy pursued by Prestel in the business field has been simple and successful - that
of initially marketing specific information services to key business areas with defined and special
needs. The case of the travel industry, where 80 percent of travel agents now use Prestel, is a good
and telling example of how Prestel can become indispensable in a business context.
However, the hurdle of gaining mass public acceptance of Prestel was still to be
overcome. The British public would not buy Prestel simply for information but would do so for a
joint package of information and interactive services. The first move towards a full range of
interactive services aimed directly at the ordinary person was the "Homelink" system.
Banking, and the problems of transferring and disposing of money, is a chore that is
universal. At a time of increased automation in a traditionally conservative industry and as the
traditional roles of both building societies and banks become blurred, Prestel launched the most
ambitious home banking scheme in the world - Homelink.
Together with the entrepreneurial Nottingham Building Society and the Bank of Scotland,
Homelink offers its customers a wide range of financial services which previously had to be
carried out in person at a branch. Through Homelink pages, bank and building society accounts
can be securely seen on the screen, money transferred electronically and simple tasks like paying
a telephone bill easily performed.

97
Prestel's other major initiative to promote home usage this year revolves around another
piece of technology - the microcomputer. Millions of micros are now in use in the UK and all
require programs before they can function. The broadcasting of computer programs over viewdata
and teletext systems - known as telesoftware - is not a new idea, but Prestel's Micronet 800 Series
is the largest telesoftware facility in the world.
Together with East Midlands Allied Press, a publisher of computer magazines, Prestel
provides a library of some 2,000 programs on a wide range of subjects - from the obligatory
games to complex educational and business programs.
Most microcomputers can be connected to Micronet 800 using a simple modem and
associated software. Having selected the program required, the pages are simply called up on
Prestel and the screenfuls of software then activate the microcomputer. As well as supplying more
lighthearted programs, Micronet 800 provides plenty of scope for educational purposes. Schools
can link in with other schools and educational users around the country to swap ideas, techniques
and even programs they have written themselves. Business users are equally well catered for with
special closed areas of Micronet that can be used for private business communication.
In short, Prestel's move towards the residential market marks another revolutionary stage
in the service. What was originally perceived as a "world of information at your fingertips has
become a series of very specialized information services allied to a growing series of interactive
facilities.
Prestel meant the supply of fast, updated information for travel agency users but with the
introduction of "Skytrack", Prestel's airline reservation service, there is a move towards
interaction. Linking up the Prestel customer through a series of computer systems to US-based
airline computers may seem technically advanced - and it is. But for the end-customer the
interactive benefits of Prestel are that simplicity and user-friendliness are the two keystones of
commercial success.
Prestel will continue to evolve, and the interaction of interfaces with other networks is no
longer test bench dreams. The interconnection of first private computers with Prestel and later this
year, with overseas viewdata systems, will form part of what is the next evolutionary stage.

3.1. Phrases
- user-friendliness: tnh thn thin
- test bench dream: c m th nghim
- be equally well catered for: c cung cp bnh ng
- "world of information at your fingertips: "th gii thng tin ngay u ngn tay bn"

98
- the hurdle of gaining mass public acceptance: cuc chy ua ginh c s chp nhn
ca qung i qun chng
- money transferred electronically: chuyn tin in t

3.2. Fill in the table with the suggested words and phrases.
Micronet 800 Skytrack
Travel industry Homelink
East Midlands Allied Press Interworking with telex
Overseas viewdata systems.
Nottingham Building Society & Bank of Scotland

Original perception: "A world of information at
your fingertips"
___
Stage 1: Specialized
business sectors
Example:
a
Co-operators
Stage 2: Residential
sector
Service :
b
g
Stage 3: Residential &
business sector
Service :
c
h.
Stage 4: Business sector Service :
d
U.S. Airline Companies
Stage 5: Business sector
o
Service :
e
___
Stage 6. Residential &
business sector
Service :
f
Foreign Telecommunication
Administrations

1. How was the "hurdle of gaining mass public acceptance of Prestel" to be overcome?
a. by providing more information on Prestel
b. by providing only interactive services
c. by providing both interactive and information services
2. What do you think "chore" means in the sentence "banking is a chore that is universal"?
a. a task b. a pleasant task
c. an unpleasant/ inconvenient task
3. Which of the following are examples of the statement: "Banking is a traditionally
conservative industry"?
a. banks have been slow to introduce automation

99
b. banks support the Conservative party in Britain
c. banks insist that their male employees wear ties
d. banks encourage investment in new technologies.
4. What are Prestel's two major initiatives in order to promote usage in the residential sector?
a .............................. b ................................
5. Which of the following are examples of "light-hearted" programs?
a. space invaders b. computer chess
c. simple home accounting d. teach yourself German
e. computer tennis
6. The evolution of Prestel has been from a general information concept to
a. specialized information services b. interactive services
7. The evolution of Prestel has been from information services to ...
a. specialized information services b. interactive services
8. Who is the end-customer for their new "Skytrack" service?
a. schools and educational users b. building societies and banks
c. travellers
9. What does interfaces with the telex network are no longer a test bench dream" mean?
a. This development will certainly happen. b. This development is likely to happen.
c. This development has happened.

4. LISTENING
on trch di y l t mt t ri gii thiu dch v mua sm v ngn hng gia nh.
Homelink is the first service of its kind in the world. It links your home to the
Nottingham Building Society, the Bank of Scotland and a range of shopping services,
via your ordinary television set. Not surprisingly, it has aroused enormous interest
and comments.
Di y l nhng cu tr li ca ngi nhn vin cho cc cu hi ca khch hng v dch v
ny. Sau khi nghe cc cu hi ca khch hng, hy xc nh cu tr li ph hp.
Listen to the questions carefully. Find out the suitable answer to each question you hear.
(The first one has been done for you as an example.)
Example: Question: a. Can I use the Homelink service twenty-four hours a day?
Answer: 7. No, 18 hours a day.
1. Payment of bills, direct debiting and crediting correspondence with banks, applications for
mortages, loan quotations.
2. Nothing, its free.
3. No, any ordinary colour or black and white TV will do.
4. No, its as simple to use as a calculator or video.
5. A minimum of 1000 as deposit.

100
6. Yes, theres a 5 for use the Prestel computer network and local telephone charges each
time you use Homelink.
7. No, 18 hours a day.
8. Yes, you can make electronic holiday reservations with Thomas Cook.
9. Nearly all information.
10. No, it plugs straight into the aerial socket of your TV.
11. Theres no need to worry. Homelink uses 10 different security checks to safeguard your
account.
12. Nothing. Not any other charges.
13. Well, beside a 5 rental a quarter and local telephone charges, you will also have to pay
Prestel computer charges if you use Homelink during the day.
a. 7 b. c. d. e.
f. g. ... h. ... i. j.
k. l. m
III. TM TT
1. Khi nim mt s dch v nh videotex, fax, electronic mailbox l kt qu ca cuc
hn nhn gia vin thng v x l s liu.
2. Xu hng pht trin ca mng s lin kt a dch v (ISDN).
3. Qu trnh pht trin v thnh cng ca dch v videotex.
4. Thnh lp cu s dng cu trc d bo (should, will probably, ought to, to be likely to...)
5. Ngn ng trn in thoi lin h cng vic (Identifying yourself, Reason for phoning...)
6. Thnh lp cu nh ngha v thit b, sn phm hay dch v t cc t ch tn, phn loi v
c im.

VOCABULARY
activate v kch hot
alphanumeric adj (dng) ch, s
associated software n phn mm lin quan, phn mm i km
blur v lm cho m, khng r rng
central processor n b x l trung tm
demagnetize v kh t
end customer n khch hng ch, i tng khch hng
entrepreneurial
adj thuc ngh thu khon
ferrite n (ho) cht ferit
function v phc v
graphic form n dng ha
initiative n sng kin

101
keystone
n nguyn tc c bn, yu t ch cht
magnetize
v t ho
microcomputer / micro
n my vi tnh
modem n mdem
obligatory
adj theo lut nh
perceive v nhn thy, hiu c, lnh hi
presentation n s th hin
promote v thc y
safeguard n b phn bo v
successor n th h k tip, theo sau
swap v trao i
telesoftware n phn mm truyn thng
text service n dch v vn bn
transition n s chuyn tip, qu
updated
adj cp nht

ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Tnh trng ca ngnh vin thng ngy nay l kt qu ca mt cuc pht trin lu di. iu
th v l h thng telegraph c l s dng k thut s. Trong khi , nhiu nm sau in thoi li
s dng k thut tng t. Mt khc, telex s dng k thut s trong khi truyn dn video v
nguyn tc s dng k thut tng t. Truyn d liu s dng k thut s v ngy nay, ang din
ra mt s bin i trong cc dch v, thoi, vn bn, d liu v hnh nh - s c kt hp trn
mt mng s c bn. Mng s ny s l mt phng tin truyn thng s liu l tng ca truyn
d liu v s thc y s pht trin ca ngnh thng tin ny.
S pht trin ca truyn thng d liu ty thuc rt ln vo s pht trin ca x l d liu.
Cho n nay, tt c cc du hiu ch ra mt xu hng tin ti x l d liu t xa iu c ngha
l vic s dng cc dch v truyn thng d liu nhiu hn. Qu thc, kt qu s l mt cuc hn
nhn gia vin thng v x l d liu. Hy vng l cuc hn nhn ny s em li mt s cc sn
phm hu dng. Hin thy trc mt lot cc dch v c bit - c bit l trong lnh vc
truyn vn bn v hnh nh.
Mt s cc dch v vn bn mi hoc s sp c gii thiu:
Teletex l mt dch v quc t cho php thu bao trao i th tn trn c s b nh ti b
nh, thng qua mng vin thng. L th h sau ca telex, n s s dng nhng b x l vn bn
c bin i c bit v nhng my ch in t v cho php nhng bc th ba trang A4 c
gi i gn nh ngay lp tc t u n cui t nc.

102
Cc dch v Telefacsimile c thit lp vng chc. Dch v ny cung cp kh nng
truyn dn v ti to cc hnh nh tnh v vic in n. Telefax c th trng ln nht Nht bn ni
do s phc tp ca ch Nht khin cho dch v ny tr thnh mi trng truyn dn l tng.
Videotex, Anh c gi l viewdata, hin nay c mt nhiu nc. Videotex l mt
dch v cho php thu bao nhn c thng tin thng qua mng vin thng chuyn mch cng
cng (PSTN) th hin di dng alphanumeric v/ hoc ha trn mt VDU - thng l mt b
thu truyn hnh tng thch ph hp.
Cc thu bao videotex c th chn mt dch v thm - th in t, cho php h gi cc
bc in trc tip v ngay lp tc vi nhau. Khng nn nhm dch v viewdata Anh, mt dch
v tng tc, vi Teletext, mt dch v thng tin mt chiu do cc cng ty v tuyn truyn hnh
qung b.
V mt k thut, c th kt hp cc loi mng vin thng khc nhau (mng t nhn v
cng cng, d liu v thoi) to nn mt mng dch v s kt hp (PSTN). c, th nghim
BIGFON c trin khai. BIGFON l mt h thng tin ni ht cc dch v tch hp bng rng,
cung cp cho thu bao phm vi y cc dch v vin thng bao gm dch v in thoi thy
hnh mi cng nh pht thanh truyn hnh, tt c u c truyn qua cp si quang.
Mc d, s pht trin ny theo hng ISDN, nhng mt s mng chuyn dng vn s cn
tn ti song song vi n trong nhiu nm ti. Theo quan im ca khch hng, vn trn cn c
s tng thch gia cc mng v cc dch v. C l nn s dng mt hoc cng mt u cui cho
nhiu dch v khc nhau. Vn t ra l lm th no c th thc hin c iu ny? Liu
mt mng tch hp c th pht trin c khng?
1.2. Classify the services under Digital (D) or Analogue (A) transmission.
1. D 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. D
1.3. Choose the best answers.
1. c 2. a 3. b
4. b 5. b 6. a
1.4. Match the names and the definitions.
1. c 2. f 3. b
4. e 5. a 6. d
Practice 2.1. Use the table to complete sentences.
A. Match the two columns.
1. Possibility 2. Probability 3. Certainty
B. Complete the sentences.
1. will 2. could 3. likely to 4. won't
5. the signs indicate 6 should/ ought to 7. won't
Practice 2.2.A. Put the jumbled telephone conversation in the correct order.
1. 6A 2. 18B 3. 16A 4. 3B
5. 1A 6. 21C 7. 1B 8. 10C
9. 11B 10. 13C 11. 5B 12. 2C
13. 20B 14. 15C 15. 14B 16. 4C

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17. 9B 18. 8C 19. 22B 20. 19C
21. 7B 22. 17C
B. Put the phrases in suitable purposes.
1. c; h 2. d; j 3. e; g
4. a; i 5. b; k 6. f; l
Practice 2.3.A. Put together the definitions.
1. f E 2. a C 3. b G 4. b H
5. d B 6. e F 7. g D 8. c A
B. Analyse the definitions.
1. Silicon: T nonmetallic element: G with semiconductor characteristics: C
2. abacus: T bead frame : G the beads are moved form left to right: C
3. Input: T information: G presented to the computer: C
4. computer: T calculations and other data manipulations are performed: G
memory: B data and calculations are stored during actual executions of programs: C
5. system: T good mixture of integrated parts: G
working together to form a useful whole: C
6. Large computer systems: G mainframe: T
those computer systems found in computer installations processing immense amounts of
data: C
7. minicomputer: T computer: G
mainframe is physically small, has a fixed word length between 8 and 32 bits, and costs less
than $100,000 for the central processor: C
8. core: T ferrite ring: G is capable of being either magnetizes or demagnetized: C
Practice 2.4. Find synonyms (1 - 5) and antonyms (6-10)
1. d 2. e 3. a 4. b 5. c
6. g 7. h 8. i 9. j 10. k
3. Reading 2
Chin lc m Prestel theo ui trong lnh vc kinh doanh tht n gin v rt thnh cng
- l s tip th ban u ca cc dch v thng tin c bit i vi cc th trng kinh doanh ch
cht c cc nhu cu c bit v c xc nh. Trong trng hp ca cng nghip du lch, ni
m 80% cc hng du lch hin ti s dng Prestel l mt minh chng tt v gy n tng mnh,
ni ln v sao Prestel c th tr nn khng th thiu trong khung cnh kinh doanh.
Tuy nhin, cuc chy ua ginh c s chp nhn ca qung i qun chng i vi
Prestel vn cn tip din. Dn chng Anh mua Prestel khng ch n gin l thng tin m cn
mong mun tham gia vo mng thng tin chung v cc dch v tng tc khc. H thng
Homelink l bin php u tin ca a mt loi dch v tng tc trc tip ti ngi dn lao
ng bnh thng.
Cng vic ngn hng, nhng vn chuyn v gi tin, l cng vic chng my th v
nhng li hay phi thc hin. Vo thi im m t ng ho c tng ln nhanh chng trong mt
nn cng nghip bo th truyn thng v khi vai tr truyn thng ca c cng ty cho vay mua nh

104
v ngn hng ang b lu m, th Prestel tung ra th gii mt k hoch t chc ngn hng gia
nh y tham vng l Homelink.
Cng vi cng ty kinh doanh cho vay mua nh Nottingham (N.B.S) v Ngn hng
Scotland (B.S), Homelink cung cp cho cc khch hng cc dch v ti chnh a dng m trc
y tng khch hng phi trc tip giao dch ti chi nhnh ngn hng. Thng qua cc trang
Homelink, cc ti khon ti ngn hng v cng ty cho vay mua nh c th xem mt cch an ton
trn mn hnh, vic chuyn tin in t v cc cng vic n gin nh tr tin ho n in thoi
c thc hin mt cch d dng.
Sng kin c bn khc ca Prestel l xc tin ngay trong nm vic s dng my vi tnh ti
gia nh. Hng triu my vi tnh hin nay c s dng ti Vng quc Anh u cn c cc
chng trnh trc khi chng c th hot ng c. Vic truyn chng trnh my tnh trn cc
h thng hin th d liu v truyn vn bn t xa, c bit n nh l cc phn mm truyn
thng - khng phi l mt tng mi, nhng mt lot Micronet 800 ca Prestel l phng
tin phn mm truyn thng ln nht th gii.
Cng vi East Midland Press - mt nh xut bn cc tp ch v my tnh, Prestel cung cp
mt th vin vi khong 2.000 chng trnh vi nhiu ch - t cc chng trnh tr chi theo
lut nh n cc chng trnh kinh doanh v gio dc tng hp.
Hu ht cc my vi tnh u c th ni ti Micronet 800 bng mt modem n gin vi
cc chng trnh phn mm lin quan. Sau khi chn c cc chng trnh cn thit, cc trang
c ly mt cch n gin t Prestel tip cc mn hin th ton phn ca phn mm s kch
hot my vi tnh. Cng nh vic cung cp cc chng trnh gii tr ngy mt nhiu hn, Micronet
800 cn cung cp phm vi phong ph cho cc mc ch gio dc. Cc trng hc c th kt ni
vi nhau v nhng ngi s dng chng trnh gio dc trn khp t nc u c th trao i
tng, k thut v thm ch cc chng trnh m do chnh h t vit.
Nhng ngi s dng vi mc ch kinh doanh cng c cung cp bnh ng vi cc
khu vc gn nh c bit ca Micronet - ni dnh cho cc thng tin thng mi t nhn. Ni mt
cch ngn gn, s nng ng ca Prestel hng v th trng dn c nh du mt giai on
pht trin khc trong dch v. Quan im c t xa xa - Th gii thng tin ngay chnh u
ngn tay bn - tr thnh mt chui cc dch v thng tin rt c bit kt hp vi mt lot cc
phng tin tng tc ang pht trin.
Prestel c nh cung cp thng tin nhanh t lu, nhm cp nht cho ngi s dng
trong hng du lch, song vi s xut hin ca Skytrack - dch v t ch trn my bay ca
Prestel, c s hng ti vic tch hp. Vic kt ni khch hng ca Prestel thng qua mt lot
cc h thng my tnh kt ni my tnh ti Hng khng Hoa k, c th xem nh l s tin b
k thut. Nhng i vi cc khch hng ch th li nhun tng tc ca Prestel chnh l s n
gin v tnh d s dng cho ngi dng, chnh l hai yu t ch cht cho s thnh cng thng
mi.
Prestel s tip tc pht trin v s tng tc cc giao din vi cc mng khc t lu
khng cn l nhng c m trn bn th nghim na. S kt ni gia cc my tnh n l u
tin vi Prestel v trong cui nm nay vi cc h thng hin th d liu nc ngoi s to ra giai
on pht trin tip theo.
a. Travel industry b. Homelink
c. Micronet 800 d. Skytrack

105
e. Interworking with telex f. Overseas viewdata systems.
g. Nottingham Building Society & Bank of Scotland
h. East Midlands Allied Press
1. c 2. c 3. a
4. a. Homelink b. Micronet 800 5. a b e 6. a
7. b 8. c 9. b
4. Listening
Tapescript
a. Can I use the Homelink service twenty-four hours a day?
b. I understand that I can use it for normal banking services like account statements and
transferring funds. What other financial services does it offer?
c. Beside the financial services, what about travel? I believe theres something on offer here?
d. How much does it cost to advertise something through Homelink - my car, for example?
e. If I join, will I get the Prestel information service?
f. Now, coming to the equipment. Do I have to buy a special TV?
g. Do I need a special adaptor for the Home Deck?
h. What about training? I suppose Ill need something on how to operate the Home Deck?
i. Im worried about the other people getting access to my bank account. What safeguards
are there to prevent this?
j. Finally, the cost. How much do I have to invest with the Nottingham Building Society?
k. How much do I have to deposit in the Bank of Scotland. Are there any other charges?
m. I see, so theres a 5 rental a quarter and local telephone charges each time I use it.
Anything else?
n. Right, thanks very much. Thats all for now. Ill be in touch soon.
Find the suitable answers to the questions you hear.
a. 7 b. 1 c. 8 d. 2 e. 9
f. 3 g. 10 h. 4 i. 11 j. 5
k. 12 l. 6 m. 13

Unit 8. Internet and Computer

106

UNIT 8. INTERNET AND COMPUTER

I. GII THIU
Bi 8 gii thiu v truy cp Internet, lch s pht minh my tnh, cc chng trnh v ngn ng
lp trnh.

1. Mc ch yu cu
1. Nm c lch s pht minh my tnh.
2. Nm c mt s vn trong truy cp Internet.
3. Nm khi qut v chng trnh v ngn ng lp trnh.
4. To cc bin th ca t.
5. Thnh lp cc dng cu ngha thi tng lai.
6. n luyn cch thnh lp cu hi ui.

2. Tm tt ni dung
1. My tnh c pht trin qua cc th h, t nhng chic th s ti nhng chic my tnh
hin i ngy nay.
2. Mt s vn trong truy cp mng Internet: khi nim phn truy cp trong mng, cc gii
php truy cp
3. Khi qut v chng trnh v ngn ng lp trnh nh COBOL, BASIC
4. Thnh lp cc bin th (danh t v tnh t) t mt ng t gc bng cch thm hu t.
5. Thnh lp cu s dng th hin ti tip din din t nhng k hoch sp xp, cc
cch din t nhng d nh trong tng lai.
6. Cc phn ui cu hi c ghp thm vo cui cu k. Cu hi ui c phn thnh hai
loi, theo mc ch v cch c: cu khng nh hay cu hi.

II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Read the following text on Internet Access.

Where is Access in the Network?
Internet access has different meanings to different people. In this text, the concept of
access can be explained as follow. There are three major entities in the provision of Internet
service:
End users who want to have Internet service as well as other services, such as telephony or
cable TV

107
Data service providers who want to supply Internet access, content services, or other data
services, such as virtual private networking
Telephony, wireless and cable service providers who want to provide connectivity
between end users and data service providers
Note that, at times, the last two entities are combined. For example, several companies
such as MCI, AT&T or Pacific Bell provide both telephony and Internet access.
Now to the question: What is access? To the telephony, wireless or cable service
provider, access is the network connection from the end users home or business to the outside-
plant termination points within the service node. In traditional telephony architecture this is most
commonly thought of as the twisted-pair, cross-connect point and is referred to as the main
distribution frame (MDF). The remainder of the telephonys providers network would be referred
to as the switching and transport network.
In contradistinction, an Internet service provider (ISP) views access as the connection
from its customer to its network. Here, access is the connection from the end-users home or
business to the gateway-access node belonging to the ISP. Thus, to the ISP, the telephonys
access, switching and transport network are all parts of access.

Access Evolution
Access evolution is being driven primarily by strong demands for increasing bandwidth to
support a growing variety of user services. In the past, traffic sent over the Internet was largely
text-based information with file transfer and e-mail being among the most popular services. The
surge in growth of the Internet during 1995 was in part due to the graphical nature of the World
Wide Web (WWW).
A significant aspect of this shift is that graphical images generally consist of a large
number of bits. To transfer large graphical image files quickly with satisfactory performance
meant that higher-speed access technologies were needed than those used to deliver relatively
small text files. The WWW also became the base for nurturing other capabilities such as animated
graphics, audio, and low-rate video. Each of these capabilities has been pushing the need for
increasingly higher-speed access.

An Overview of Access Alternatives
Internet-access technologies fit into four broad categories:
Twisted pair
Fiber/coax
Wireless
All fiber
Several technologies and implementations exist within each of these broad categories.
Twisted-pair telephone lines are the access media used in the vast majority of individual
residential subscribers today. Over time, a number of technologies have been introduced to
provide faster data speeds over this medium.

108
Fiber/ coax systems were originally introduced for video-broadcast applications. Because
these systems are inherently broadband, techniques have been developed to use this advantage to
provide high-speed data transmission, principally for residential Internet access.
Wireless Internet access has two origins: satellite systems established for broadcast video
have the ability to distribute Internet data at high speed, and cellular/ personal communications
service (PCS) systems are designed to serve mobile users.
The predominant access systems for business users are optical-fiber synchronous optical
network (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) systems. In the future, passive optical
network (PON) systems are expected to become an all-fiber access medium for residential users
as well.

1.1. Phrases
- in contradistinction: tri ngc li
- fiber/ coax system: h thng cp quang kt hp cp ng trc
- the base for nurturing: c s nui dng
- data service provider: nh cung cp dch v d liu
- end user: khch hng ch, ngi s dng ch
- outside-plant termination points: cc im kt cui ngoi vi

1.2. Match the beginnings with the endings.
Names Wants
1. Telephony, wireless, and
cable service providers
2. Data service providers
3. End users
a) want to have internet service as well as other
services, such as telephony or cable TV.
b) want to supply Internet access, content
services, or other data services, such as
virtual private networking.
c) want to provide connectivity between end
users and data-service providers.
U N I V E R S I T Y U N I V E R S I T Y

109

1.3. Give the full forms of the acronyms.
1. SDH
2. ISP
3. PON
4. MDF
5. WWW
6. PCS
..
..
..
..
..
..

1.4. Find synonyms (1 - 5) and antonyms (6-10)
1. cellular communications
2. connected
3. moderate
4. scope
5. intended
a. destinated
b. personal communications
c. hooked
d. medium
e. range
6. business users
7. in part
8. worsens
9. broadband
10. increase
h. entirely
i. improves
j. decreases
k. narrowband
l. residential users

2.1. Cc bin th ca t (Derivations)
T mt ng t c th c cc bin th thnh nhiu t loi khc nhau. Hy nghin cu k cc v d
di y.
Example: to compete -> competition (danh t tru tng): s cnh tranh
competitor (danh t ch ng) : i th cnh tranh
competitive (tnh t) : (thuc) cnh tranh
to profit -> profitability (danh t tru tng) : li nhun
profitable (tnh t) : sinh li, c li

Practice 2.1. Complete the parts of the table below where you see three dots.
Verb Abstract noun Noun agent Adjective
1. to emerge
2.
3.
4.

liberalization

politics

emerging

private


110
5. to install
6.
7. to subsidize
8. to legislate
9. to approve
10. to rely
11.

profitability

regulative

2.2. K hoch v d nh (Plans and intentions)
Ta c th s dng th hin ti tip din din t nhng k hoch sp xp.
Were flying via New York.
Chng ta hy xem mt s cch din t nhng d nh trong tng lai.
I intend to buy ten telephone sets.
I aim to be there before 6 oclock.
We are going to reuse the shuttle about 100 times.
Ta cng lu cch din t s sp xp mang tnh thng l.
Well be looking at the effects of propagation delay.
Will you be informing the Danes of your progress?

Roland Lei represents Sweden on one of the CCIR (International Consultative Committee on
Radio) working groups. He is going to visit Geneva for one of the groups regular meetings.

Details of Visit
1. Leave Stockholm : 10.20 on Monday 17 September
2. Length of stay : 3 days
3. Hotel : Hotel Bristol, Geneva
4. Date of return : 20 September at 19.15
Routine tasks
5. Review previous meetings minutes
6. Present actions taken since last meeting
7. Assign tasks to various members of the group
Special objectives
8. Discuss frequency distribution in the 11.7 to 12.5 GHz band
9. Have a meeting with the Nordic delegates
10. Present latest details of Tele-X project


111
Practice 2.2. A. Ask Mr Lei about his fixed plans (1 - 4), the routine tasks hell be
performing (5 - 7) and anything special he intends to do (8 - 10).
Example: 1. When are you leaving Stockholm?
B. Now you are Mr Lei. Answer the questions in Practice 2.2. A.
Example: 1. Im leaving Stockholm (at 10.20) on Monday 17 September.

2.3. Cu hi ui (Tag questions)
Cu trc:
Tag questions : Statement, + Tag ?

Phn loi: Cc phn ui cu hi c ghp thm vo cui cu k. Cu hi ui c phn thnh
hai loi, tu theo mc ch v cch c:
1. nhm ngh khng nh cho cu k (xung ging cui cu) (A).
2. lm hon thin cu vi ngha hi (ln ging cui cu) (B).

Example: A. The E 10 was one of the earliest TDM systems, wasnt it?

B. I dont suppose the subscribers line uses PCM, does it?
Ch ng v th trong cu k v phn ui phi ging nhau. Th ng t trong phn ui ngc
vi th cu k.
Example: It must be an advantage to have greater capacity, mustnt it?
They didnt call us yesterday, did they?
Cc tr ng t (do, have, be, must, can, should) lun c nhc li phn cu hi ui.
Nu khng c tr ng t trong cu k, ta phi chn tr ng t ph hp (do, does, did) cho
phn ui.
Example: Those exchanges seem to be rather expensive, dont they?

Practice 2.3. End the following sentences with the correct form of tag.
1. A new electronic exchange has just been installed,..?
2. The processor is the central component of a computer system,.?
3. Computers have changed a lot our working conditions,..?
4. The PAM sampling unit samples the signals, ?
5. A Strowger exchange isnt as noisy as a crossbar central office,?
6. The telephone company handling this function is called the local exchange carrier,
?
7. In days of old there was only one long-distance carrier -AT&T, ?
8. A wide-area network (WAN) links metropolitan or local networks, usually over common
carrier facilities,.?

112
9. A synchronous optical network (SONET) usually embodies a fiber-optic ring that will
permit transmission in both directions,?
10. The common channel signaling network works closely with the PSTN, ..?

3. READING 2

PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Computers can deal with different kinds of problems if they are given the right
instructions for what to do. Instructions are first written in one of the high-level
languages, e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL PL/1, PASCAL or BASIC, depending
on the type of problems to be solved. A program written in one of these languages is
often called a source program, and it can not be directly processed by the computer
until it has been compiled, which means interpreted into machine code. Usually a
single instruction written in a high-level language, when transformed into machine
code, results in several instructions. Here is a brief description of some of the many
high-level languages.
FORTRAN acronym for FORmula TRANslation. This language is used for
solving scientific and mathematics problems. It consists of algebraic formulae and
English phrases. It was first introduced in the United States in 1954.
COBOL acronym for Common Business-Oriented Language. This language is
used for commercial purposes. COBOL which is written using English statements,
deals with problems that do not involve a lot of mathematical calculations. It was first
introduced in 1959.
ALGOL acronym for ALGOrithmic Language. Originally called IAL which
means International Algebraic Language. It is used for mathematical and scientific
purposes. ALGOL was first introduced in Europe in 1960.
PL/1: Programming Language 1. Developed in 1964 to combine features of
COBOL and ALGOL. Consequently, it is used for data processing as well as scientific
applications.
BASIC acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
Developed in 1965 at Dartmouth College in the United States for use by students who
require a simple language to begin programming. Other such languages are APL
(developed in 1962), PASCAL (named after Blaise Pascal and developed in 1971).
When a program written in one of these high-level languages is designed to do
a specific type of work such as calculate a company's payroll or calculate the stress
factor on a roof, it is called an application program. Institutions either purchase these
programs as packages or commission their own programmers to write them to meet the
specifications of the users.
The program produced after the source program has been converted into
machine code is referred to as an object program or object module. A computer
program called the compiler, which is unique for each computer, does this.
Consequently, a computer needs its own compiler for the various high-level languages
if it is expected to accept programs written in those languages. For example, in order

113

9

10

that an IBM system 370 may process a program in FORTRAN, it needs to have a
compiler that would understand that particular model and the FORTRAN language as
well.
The compiler is a systems program, which may be written in any language, but
the computer's operating system is a true systems program, which controls the central
processing unit (CPU), the input, the output, and the secondary memory devices.
Another systems program is the linkage editor which fetches required systems routines
and links them to the object module (the source program in machine code). The
resulting program is then called the load module, which is the program directly
executable by the computer. Although systems programs are a part of the software, the
manufacturer of the machine usually provides them.
Unlike systems programs, software packages are sold by various vendors and
not necessarily by the computer manufacturer. They are a set of programs designed to
perform certain applications, which conform to internationally accepted rules,
irrespective of the particular specifications of the user. Payroll is an example of such a
package which allows the user to input data - hours worked, pay rates, special
deductions, names of employees - and get salary calculations as output. These
packages are coded in machine language (0s and 1s) on magnetic tapes or disks which
can be purchased, leased or rented by users who choose the package that most closely
corresponds to their needs.

3.1. Phrases
- commission their own programmers to write the programs: giao nhim v cho nhng nh
lp trnh ring ca h vit cc chng trnh
- instruction for what to do: lnh yu cu thc hin vic g.

3.2. Decide whether these statements are true or false (T/ F), referring to the information in
the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true.

T/ F
T/ F

T/ F

T/ F
1. BASIC was developed to help students.
2. FORTRAN is not as efficient a computer language as COBOL in solving
scientific problems.
3. All high-level programs must be translated to machine code before the
computer can execute them.
4. The best place to buy software packages is from the manufacturer.

114
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F

T/ F

T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
5. An example of an applicant program is calculating the stress on a roof.
6. An operating system program controls input and output operations.
7. Software packages are not written in high level languages.
8. Different high-level languages suit different problems.
9. BASIC was developed to help students.
10. FORTRAN is not as efficient a computer language as COBOL in solving
scientific problems.
11. All high-level programs must be translated to machine code before the
computer can execute them.
12. The best place to buy software packages is from the manufacturer.
13. An example of an applicant program is calculating the stress on a roof.
14. An operating system program controls input and output operations.
15. Software packages are not written in high level languages.
16. Different high-level languages suit different problems.

3.3. Find out what the words in BOLD typeface refer to.
Paragraph 1 1. If they are given the right
2. it cannot be directly processed
Paragraph 7 3. it is called an applications program
4. commission their own programmers
5. to write them to meet
Paragraph 8 6. that would understand
Paragraph 9 7. which controls the central
8. links them to the object
Paragraph 10 9. They are a set of programs
10. which can be purchased
a. program/ source
program
b. program
c. institutions
d. programs
e. compiler
f. routines
g. tapes or disks
h. packages
i. computers

3.4. Choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences.
1. A. instructions B. instructed C. instructor
a. Our maths ........................ explained to us the principles of binary arithmetic.
b. We were ......................... to document our programs very carefully.
c. Both ..................... and data have to be changed to machine code before the computer
can operate on them.
2. A. compiler B. compiled C. compiles
a. Our university computer does not have a PASCAL ......................
b. Usually, a programmer .......................... his program before he puts in the data.

115
c. A source program cannot be directly processed by the computer until it has been
.............................
3. A. describe B. description
a. Our introductory programming text included a brief .......................... of the many high-
level languages.
b. It is difficult to ...................... the memory of a microcomputer without referring to
"chips".
4. A. result B. resulting
a. The linkage editor links systems routines to the object module. The ..........................
program, referred to as the load module, is directly executable by the computer.
b. The ......................... of these mathematical operations were obtained from the university
mainframe and not from my micro.
5. A. specifications B. specific
a. Our company brought three packages with very .......................... applications: payroll,
accounts receivable and accounts payable.
b. An applications program is designed to do a ............................ type of work, such as
calculating the stress factor on a roof.
c. Did the analyst give the new programmer the ........................ necessary to start on the
project?

Paragraphs Given words or phrases Synonyms
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 7
Paragraph 9
Paragraph 10
Paragraph 10
1. converted
2. buy
3. brings
4. agreed with, comply with
5. rented

Paragraphs Given words or phrases Antonyms
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 8
Paragraph 9
Paragraph 10
Paragraph 10
6. lengthy
7. uncharge
8. separate
9. reject
10. depending on

4. WRITING
Note taking l k nng ghi vn tt cc thng tin, c th t mt bi c hay mt bi nghe. Hy
c cc thng tin sau v lch s my tnh, nghin cu k v d v lm bi tp.
Example: The very first calculating device used was ten fingers of a mans hand.

116
-> primitive times: first calculating device: ten fingers of mans hand
In 1830, an Englishman, Charles Babbage designed a machine called Analytical
Engine.
-> 1830: Charles Babbage designed Analytical Engine

4.1. Read the following information on the history of computers and match the notes with
the time.
The very first calculating device used was ten fingers of a mans hand.
Then the abacus was invented, a bead frame in which seeds are moved from left to right.
During the 17
th
and 18
th
centuries, J. Napiver, a Scotsman, devised mechanical way of
multiplying and dividing. Henry Briggs used Napivers ideas to produce logarithm tables
which all mathematicians use today. Calculus was independently invented by Newton, an
Englishman and Leibnitz, a German mathematician.
The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820.
In 1830, an Englishman, Charles Babbage designed a machine called Analytical Engine.
In 1930, the first analog computer was built by an American named Vannevar Bush.
Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944.
In 1946, two engineers J. Eckert and J. Mauchly, built the first digital computer using
parts called vacuum tubes.
Another important advancement in computers came in 1947, when John von Newman
developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computers
memory.
The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950.
In 1960 the second generation of computers was developed, using transistors instead of
vacuum tubes.
The fourth generation of computers has now arrived, which have been reduced greatly in
size, due to microminiaturization.
At the rate computer technology is growing, todays computers will be obsolete in the
future.
Time Notes
primitive times 1. first calculating device: ten fingers of mans hand
later 2. abacus invented
17
th
and 18
th

centuries
3. J. Napiver devised mechanical way of multiplying and dividing
Henry Briggs produced logarithm tables
Newton and Leibnitz invented calculus
4. first calculating machine appeared
5. Charles Babbage designed Analytical Engine
6. Bush built first analog computer

117
. 7. first digital computer completed
8. first use of vacuum tubes in digital computer
9. Newman developed ideas of keeping instructions inside memory
10.first-generation computers controlled by vacuum tubes
11.second-generation computer using transistors
12. third-generation computers controlled by tiny integrated circuits
13. fourth-generation computers, reduced in size due to
microminiaturization
future 14. todays computers will be obsolete

4.2. Fill in the blanks.
Computers are helpful in many ways. First, they are fast. They can work with information
(1) ................... more quickly than a person. (2) ...................., computers can work with a lot of
information at (3) ................ same time. Third, they can keep information ( 4) ............... a long
time. They do not forget things the (5) .................... people do. Also, computers are almost always
correct. They are not perfect, (6) ................. course, but they usually do not make mistakes.
These days, it is important to know about computers. There are a number of (7) ................
to learn. Some companies have classes (8) ................... work. Also, most universities offer day
and night courses in computer science. Another way to (9) .................. is from a book, or from a
friend. After a (10) ..................... hours of practice, you can work with computers. You may not be
an expert, but you can have fun.

III. TM TT
1. Lch s pht minh my tnh.
2. Mt s vn trong truy cp Internet.
3. Khi qut v chng trnh v ngn ng lp trnh (COBOL, BASIC, ALGO,
FORTRAN...)
4. Ch thnh lp cc bin th ca t (ng t -> danh t...)
5. Thnh lp cu ngha thi tng lai (intend to do, aim to do, we are going to...)
6. Cc phn ui cu hi c ghp thm vo cui cu k. Cu hi ui c phn thnh
hai loi, theo mc ch v cch c.


118
VOCABULARY
abacus n bn tnh
access
v truy cp
alternative
n gii php
animated adj (hnh nh) ng
arithmetic n. adj s hc
broadband n bng rng
calculus n php tnh tch phn
compile v bin dch
compiler n b bin dch, trnh bin dch
conform v lm cho ph hp, lm cho thch hp
correspond v ph hp, tng ng
driver n ng dn, trnh iu khin
emission n s pht (nh sng)
formulae n th thc, cch thc, cng thc
implementation
n s thi hnh, thc hin, b sung
incredibly adv ng kinh ngc
inherently adv vn
logarithm table n bng logarit
obsolete adj c xa, li thi
outside-plant
n b phn ngoi vi
payroll n bng lng
peripheral adj (thuc) ngoi vi
predominant adj tri hn hn, ni bt
primary memory n b lu tr s cp, b nh s cp
remainder n phn, b phn cn li
secondary storage n b lu tr th cp
special deduction n khu tr ring
specification n c im, chi tit k thut
surge
v dy ln, tro ln
ten-fold suffix gp mi ln
vacuum tube n ng chn khng
vendor n i l, nh cung cp

119

ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Khi nim truy cp trong mng
Vi nhng i tng khc nhau, truy cp Internet c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau. Trong
bi c ny, khi nim truy cp c th c din gii nh sau: C ba thc th ch yu trong vic
cung cp cc dch v Internet.
Khch hng ch, nhng ngi mun c dch v Internet cng nh cc dch v khc, nh
in thoi hay truyn hnh cp.
Nh cung cp dch v d liu, nhng ngi mun cung cp truy cp Internet, cc dch v
ni dung, hay cc dch v d liu khc nh mng ring.
Nh cung cp dch v thoi, v tuyn v cp, nhng ngi mun cung cp kt ni gia
khch hng v nh cung cp dch v d liu.
Lu rng, c nhng khi hai thc th cui kt hp vi nhau. V d, nhiu cng ty nh
MCI, AT&T hay Pacific Bell cung cp c truy cp thoi v Internet.
By gi n cu hi: Truy cp l g? i vi nh cung cp dch v thoi, v tuyn hay
cp, truy cp l s kt ni mng t nh ca ngi s dng ch hay doanh nghip ti cc im kt
cui ngoi vi trong phm vi phc v. Trong cu hnh in thoi truyn thng ngi ta thng ngh
n cp dy xon, im ni cho v c gi l gi phi dy (MDF). Phn cn li ca mng in
thoi ca nh cung cp c gi l mng chuyn mch v truyn dn.
Ngc li, nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) coi truy cp l vic kt ni t khch hng
ca h ti mng ca h. y, truy cp l vic kt ni t nh ca khch hng ch hay doanh
nghip ti cng truy cp thuc v nh cung cp. Vy nn, i vi nh cung cp, ton b vic truy
cp in thoi, mng chuyn mch v truyn dn u l cc b phn ca truy cp.
Cc ng dn truy cp
Nhng tin ho v ng truy cp c dn dt trc tin do bi nhu cu mnh m v
rng bng thng ti cc dch v phc v ngi s dng ngy cng a dng. Trc y, lu
lng gi trn Internet ch yu l thng tin dng vn bn cng vi vic chuyn file v e-mail l
nhng dch v ph bin nht. S ln mnh t bin ca Internet trong nm 1995 mt phn do bn
cht ho ca World Wide Web (WWW).
Mt kha cnh ni bt ca s thay i ny l cc hnh nh ho ni chung cha lng bit
ln. chuyn cc file hnh nh ho ln mt cch nhanh chng v cht lng tho mn c
ngha l cn cc cng ngh truy cp tc cao hn so vi nhng cng ngh s dng truyn
nhng file vn bn kh nh. WWW cng tr nn c s mang li cc kh nng khc nh ho
ng, m thanh v hnh nh tc thp. Cc kh nng ny ang y mnh nhu cu truy cp tc
ngy cng cao.
Tng quan v cc gii php truy cp
Cc cng ngh truy cp Internet phn loi thnh bn mng rng:
Dy i xon
Cp quang/ cp ng trc
V tuyn

120
Cp quang ton b
Trong mi mng ln ny tn ti nhng cng ngh v s p dng khc nhau. Cc ng
dy in thoi i xon l nhng phng tin truy cp c s dng cho i a s cc thu bao
dn c c nhn. Qua thi gian, mt s cng ngh c a ra cung cp tc truyn d liu
nhanh hn so vi phng tin truyn dn ny.
Lc u, cc h thng cp quang/ cp ng trc c s dng cho ng dng pht hnh. V
nhng h thng ny vn c c im bng rng, cc k thut c pht trin nhm s dng li
th ny cung cp truyn d liu tc cao, v nguyn tc l dnh cho truy cp Internet dn c.
Truy cp Internet v tuyn c hai gc: cc h thng v tinh c thit lp pht hnh c
kh nng phn phi d liu Internet vi tc cao, v cc h thng dch v thng tin t bo/ c
nhn (PCS) c thit k phc v ngi s dng di ng.
H thng truy cp ti u trong phc v i tng khch hng kinh doanh l mng cp
quang ng b v h thng cu hnh s ng b (SDH). Ngi ta mong trong tng lai, cc h
thng mng cp quang thu s l phng tin truy cp s dng ton b cp quang cho i tng
ngi s dng dn c.
1.2. Match the beginnings with the endings.
1. c 2. b 3. a
1.3. Give the full forms of the acronyms.
1. synchronous digital hierarchy 2. Internet service provider
3. passive optical network 4. main distribution frame
5. world wide web 6. cellular/ personal communications service
1. b 2. c 3. d 4. e 5. a
6. l 7. h 8. i 9. j 10. k
Practice 2.1. Complete the parts of the table below where you see three dots.
1. emergence 2. to liberalize liberal
3. to privatize privatization 4. politician political
5. installation 6. to profit/ to make a profit profitable
7. subsidy 8. legislation legislative
9. approval 10. reliability reliable
11. regulate regulation
Practice 2.2.A. Plans and intentions (questions)
1. When are you leaving Stockholm?
2. How long are you staying?
3. Which hotel are you staying at?
4. When are you returning?
5. Whatll you be reviewing?
6. Whatll you be presenting?
7. Whatll you be assigning to members of the group?

121
8. Do you aim to discuss frequency distribution in the 11.7 to 12.5 GHz band?
9. Are you going to have a meeting with the Nordic delegates?
10. Do you intend to present latest details of Tele-X project?
B. Plans and intentions (answers)
1. Im leaving Stockholm (at 10.20) on Monday 17 September.
2. Im staying for four days.
3. Im staying at Hotel Bristol.
4. Im returning on 20 September at 19.15.
5. Ill be reviewing previous meetings minutes.
6. Ill be presenting action taken since last meeting.
7. Ill be assigning tasks to various members of the group.
8. Yes, I do. 9. Yes, I am. 10. Yes, I do.
Practice 2.3. End the following sentences with the correct form of tag.
1. hasnt it 2. isnt it 3. havent they 4. doesnt it 5. is it
6. isnt it 7. wasnt it 8. doesnt it 9. doesnt it 10. doesnt it
3. Reading 2
CHNG TRNH V NGN NG LP TRNH
1. My tnh c th gii quyt nhiu vn khc nhau nu cung cp ng lnh yu cu thc
hin. Trc ht cc lnh c vit bng mt trong nhng ngn ng bc cao c th l FORTRAN,
COBOL, ALGO, PL/1, PASCAL hay BASIC, tu thuc vo kiu vn c gii quyt. Chng
trnh c vit bng mt trong nhng ngn ng ny gi l chng trnh ngun, my tnh khng
th x l trc tip chng trnh ngun chng no chng trnh ny cha c bin dch thnh m
my. Thng thng mt lnh n l c vit bng ngn ng cp cao khi chuyn sang m my s
tr thnh nhiu lnh. Sau y s m t s lc mt s ngn ng cp cao:
2. FORTRAN: c cu to t cc ch u FORmula TRANslation. Ngn ng ny dng
gii quyt nhng vn lin quan n khoa hc v ton hc. N gm c cng thc i s v
cm t ting Anh. Ngn ng ny c gii thiu ln u tin ti Hoa K nm 1954.
3. COBOL: c cu to t cc ch u COmmon Business - Oriented Language. Ngn
ng ny dng vo mc ch thng mi. COBOL c vit bng ting Anh, gii quyt cc vn
t lin quan n php tnh ton hc. N c gii thiu ln u tin nm 1959.
4. ALGO: c cu to t cc ch u ALGOrithmic Language. N dng vo mc ch
ton hc v khoa hc. ALGO c gii thiu ln u tin ti chu u nm 1960.
5. PL/1: Programming Language 1. c pht trin nm 1964 kt hp cc c tnh ca
COBOL v ALGOL. Do n dng x l d liu cng nh cc ng dng khoa hc.
6. BASIC: c cu to t cc ch u Beginners All-purpose Symbollic Instruction
Code. c pht trin nm 1965 ti i hc Dartmouth Hoa K sinh vin s dng khi cn
mt ngn ng gin n khi bt u lp trnh. Nhng ngn ng khc nh ALP (pht trin nm
1962) v PASCAL (t theo tn Blaise Pascal v pht trin nm 1971).
8. Khi mt chng trnh vit bng mt trong nhng ngn ng cp cao ny c thit k
thc hin mt cng tc c bit nh tnh bng lng cho cng ty hay tnh yu t chu lc trn mi
nh th chng trnh ny gi l chng trnh ng dng. Cc hc vin mua bn nhng chng trnh

122
ny lm b chng trnh hoc giao nhim v cho lp trnh vin ca vin vit chng trnh p
ng cc c tnh ca ngi s dng.
9. Chng trnh sn xut theo chng trnh ngun c chuyn i thnh m my gi
l chng trnh i tng hay mun i tng. Cng vic ny do mt chng trnh my tnh
thc hin gi l b bin dch, b phn c nht cho mi my tnh. V th my tnh cn c b bin
dch ring cho cc ngn ng cp cao khc nu mun s dng c cc chng trnh vit bng
ngn ng . V d, my IBM 370 c th x l mt chng trnh bng ngn ng FORTRAN,
n cn phi c mt b bin dch thng hiu m thc c bit cng nh ngn ng FORTRAN.
10. B bin dch l mt chng trnh h thng c th c vit bng bt k ngn ng no,
nhng h thng vn hnh my tnh l mt chng trnh cc h thng thc iu khin b x l
trung tm (CPU), u nhp, u xut v nhng thit b b nh ph. Mt chng trnh cc h
thng khc l b son tho lin kt chn nhng chng trnh h thng theo yu cu v ni chng
vi mun i tng (chng trnh ngun trong m my). Chng trnh nhn gi l mun np,
l chng trnh c th vn hnh trc tip bng my tnh. Mc d cc chng trnh h thng l mt
phn ca phn mm, nhng chng thng c cc nh sn xut my tnh cung cp.
3.2. Decide whether these statements are true or false. Make the necessary changes so that
the false statements become true.
1. 1. T
2. F. Cobol is wordy. Fortran is used in scientific applications.
3. T
4. F. Systems software is usually provided by their manufacturer. Applications software must
be purchased elsewhere.
5. T 6. T
7. F. Most software packages are written in high-level languages.
8. T
9. F. Machine codes differ from one machine to another.
10. F. It is advisable for a programmer to be able to understand machine code.
3.3. Find out what the words in BOLD typeface refer to.
1. i 2. a 3. b. 4. c 5. d
6. e 7. f 8. i 9. h 10. g
3.4. Choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences.
1. a. C. instructor b. B. instructed c. A. instructions
2. a. A. compiler b. C. compiles c. B. compiled
3. a. B. description b. A. describe
4. a. B. resulting b. A. result
5. a. B. specific b. B. specific c. A. specifications
1. transformed 2. purchase 3. fetches 4. conform
5. leased 6. brief 7. converted 8. links
9. accepted 10. irrespective of
4. Writing

123
4.1. Match the notes with the time.
1. primitive times 2. later 3. 17
th
and 18
th
centuries 4. 1820
5. 1830 6. 1930 7. 1944 8. 1946
9. 1947 10. 1950 11. 1960 12. 1965
13. now 14. future
4.2. Fill in the blanks.
1. much 2. Second 3. the 4. for 5. way
6. of 7. things 8. at/ after 9. learn 10. few

Unit 9. Radio Communications

124

UNIT 9. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

I. GII THIU
Bi gii thiu khi qut v thng tin v tuyn.

1. Mc ch yu cu
1. Nm c nh ngha thng tin v tuyn, cc dng thng tin v tuyn, cc c im chung
ca thng tin v tuyn.
2. Nm c qu trnh thit lp cuc gi di ng, nguyn tc hot ng ca mt h thng
in thoi di ng.
3. n luyn cu s dng cc gii t ch ni chn, cu hi lch s.
4. Nm c k nng trao i cng vic v thu nhn thng tin qua in thoi.
5. S dng chnh xc tnh t v trng t.

2. Tm tt ni dung
1. Thng tin v tuyn l phng php pht v thu m thanh, hnh nh v d liu qua khng
gian bng sng in t.
2. Cc dng thng tin v tuyn cp trong bi: thng tin v tinh, thng tin tu ti b
Thng tin v tuyn vi cc u im v nhc im.
3. H thng in thoi di ng Bc u.
4. Cc gii t ch ni chn i vi ng t ch hng hay i vi danh t ch v tr.
5. Cu hi lch s: Cu hi bt u bng Could you tell me, Would you mind telling me...
nhm tng phn lch s.
6. S dng chnh xc tnh t v trng t, kt hp nhiu tnh t; tnh t kt hp vi trng t.

II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Read the following description of certain types of radio communications.
Transmission medium

Communicating by radio is a method of sending or receiving sounds, pictures and data
through the air by means of electrical waves. We use the airwaves for many purposes:
broadcasting most of our local and national radio and TV stations, in our mobile radio and
Space
Information
Information
Radio
wave
Radio
wave

125
telephone services, and to communicate on a global scale through distant satellites, which act as a
kind of reflector in the sky, redirecting the information we send up to them.

Another important use of this means of communicating is in shipping. A ship that is in
difficulty can call the nearest coast station, giving details of its situation and, if necessary, ask for
help. We call this "ship to-shore" radio. Radio can ensure greater safety in navigation (for
example, to warn of bad weather or of hazards in the shipping lanes) and it enables large amounts
of information to be sent over land or water without the support of several hundred kilometres of
wires and cables. Radio networks can, therefore, be cheaper to install but often have fewer circuits
than cable links. Radar systems also enable air-traffic controllers to follow and guide the flight
paths of planes from take-off to landing.

1.1. Phrases
- on a global scale: trn phm vi ton cu
- to act as: ng vai tr
- means of communicating: phng tin thng tin lin lc
- to be in difficulty = to be in danger

1. How does the text define radio communications?
a. a method of sending sounds, pictures and data through the air by means of electrical
waves.
b. a method of sending or receiving sounds, pictures and data through the air by means of
electrical waves
2. What do satellites work as?
a. reflector b. switching exchange
3. Is ship-to-shore radio an example of radio communications?
a. No b. Yes
4. How can radio ensure greater safety in navigation?
a. It enables large amounts of information to be sent over land or water.
b. It warns of bad weather or of hazards in the shipping lanes.
5. Why can radio networks be cheaper to install?
Radio wave
Antenna

Throw a stone into a pond
Water surface wave

126
a. It doesnt need wires and cables.
b. It needs wires and cables.
6. What is the disadvantage of radio network in comparison with cable links?
a. It often has more circuits than cable links.
b. It often has fewer circuits than cable links.
7. How do radio systems help air-traffic controllers?
a. They enable air-traffic controllers to follow and guide the flight paths of planes.
b. They can follow the flight paths of planes.

2.1. Cu vi mnh ch nguyn nhn v kt qu (Reasons and Results)
Cc t i vi mnh ch nguyn nhn: for/ since / as / because.
Example: Low orbit satellites are of little use for telecommunications.
Reasons: They are only in line of sight for about 15 minutes.
Low orbit satellites are of little use for telecommunications for/ since / as / because
they are only in line of sight for about 15 minutes.
(Cc v tinh qu o tm thp thng t c s dng trong vin thng do/ bi (v)
chng ch nm trong tm quan st khong 15 pht.)
Cc t i vi mnh ch kt qu: therefore / consequently / as a result.
Example: The cost of satellite communication began to fall.
Result: Satellites began to compete with undersea cables.
The cost of satellite communication began to fall and, therefore / consequently / as
a result, satellites began to compete with undersea cables.
(Gi ca v tinh bt u gim v vy/ do vy / kt qu l cc v tinh bt u cnh tranh
vi cp ngm di bin.)

Practice 2.1. Fill in the sentences below with either a reason marker or a result marker.
1. Digital transmission and multiplexing techniques have developed considerably; .
the capacity of satellites has increased enormously.
a. therefore b. because

127
2. There is a 270 millisecond propagation delay, .. the signal has to travel
thousands of kilometres.
a. consequently b. since
3. The rockets were lost at sea and, .., the launches were expensive.
a. as a result b. for
4. The shuttle heralds a new era of space travel it can perform at least 100
separate missions.
a. consequently b. as
5. The Kennedy Space Centre was fog-bound and, , the launch was delayed by
24 hours.
a. as a result b. because
6. Mr Leijon is not prepared to answer questions on financial matters he is
not a financial expert.
a. therefore b. for
7. Geosynchronous satellites travel at the same speed as the earth; , they are
much used for telecommunications.
a. consequently b. as
8. The list of private companies involved in the project is long and, .., Mr
Leijon will not give the names of all the companies involved.
a. as a result b. since

2.2. t cu hi (Questions)
Hy ch hai cch th hin cu hi: Cu hi trc tip (Direct questions) v Cu hi lch s (Polite
questions)
a. Cu hi trc tip: C th dng cu hi bt u bng t hi (Wh-question) hay cu hi dng
o (Yes/ no-question).
When are you installing the new system?
Is she an operator?
b. Cu hi lch s: Cu hi thng c th hin km theo mt cm t ng u cu khin cu
hi tng phn lch s nh:
Could you tell me...? / Would you mind telling me...?
Phn ni dung chnh ca cu hi:
+ Cu hi bt u bng t hi
- > Could you tell me Wh - word + S + V ?

Example: How many manufacturing divisions have you got?
- > Would you mind telling me how many manufacturing divisions you have got, please?
+ Cu hi dng o
- > Could you tell me ... if / whether + S + V ?

128

Example: Do I have to deliver the electronic equipment?
- > Could you tell me whether I have to deliver the electronic equipment, please?

Practice 2.2. Now read the following dialogue and put in suitable questions.
The information after each blank will help you decide what the question should be. In the
dialogue, Chris Bradley (CB) is talking on the phone to Tom Davies (TD) about Bradfield
Electronics' RPH system.
CB: Good morning. Bradfield Electronics. Research Division
TD: 1...
CB: Chris Bradley speaking.
TD: Hello Chris. It's Tom Davies from Swanford Tools here.
CB: 2...
TD: I'm very well, thanks. I'm phoning about your latest RPH system. I'd like a bit more
information.
CB: 3...
TD: There's quite a lot I'd like to know, actually.
CB: OK, off you go!
TD: 4
CB: No, very little. Just a small device.
TD: 5...
CB: In his pocket, because it's very small.
TD: 6...
CB: Oh, about the size of a packet of cigarettes.
TD: 7...
CB: No problem at all. We've got a large amount in stock.
TD: 8
CB: No, fine. We could organize a demonstration next week. Would next Thursday at 2 p.m.
be all right for you?
TD: 9.
CB: i) Good.
ii) ) 10... ?
TD: No, there'll be several other people with me, mainly from the Sales
Department.
CB: 11

129
TD: Of course. It's 53260. Extension 208.
CB: Good. I look forward to seeing you next Thursday at 2 p.m
TD: 12...
CB: Yes. Come straight up. My office is on the second floor.
TD: Fine. Goodbye Chris.
CB: Bye Tom.

2.3. Tnh t v Trng t (Adjectives and adverbs)
Hy nghin cu mt s trng hp s dng tnh t v trng t.
Cch s dng tnh t
Prestel has launched an ambitious scheme.
Cch s dng trng t
Money can be transferred electronically.
Cch s dng kt hp hai tnh t
Prestel meant the supply of fast, updated information.
Cch dng kt hp trng t v tnh t
Banking is a traditionally conserve industry.

Practice 2.3. Now use the table below to build up acceptable combinations.
Example: 1. a well qualified candidate

Adjective or adverb Adjective Noun
1. good
2. slow
3. poor
4. simple
5. stringent
6. efficient
7. continuous
8. cheap
9. direct
10. extreme
qualified
complex
planned
successful
tested
secure
monitored
old-fashioned
transferred
experienced
candidate
technique
scheme
strategy
equipment
system
status
product
information
salesman

2.4. K thut dch t vit tt (Translation of Abbreviations)
C th phn thnh ba loi t vit tt:
Vit tt tn ring: khi dch nn gi nguyn tn vit tt v m ngoc dch tn t chc .

130
WB (World Bank) = Ngn hng th gii
Mt s t vit tt theo c l: c th dch v vit y .
i.e. (that is) = ngha l
Gp (Group) = nhm
HO (Head Office) = c quan u no
T vit tt v mt hot ng, mt s kin thng dng trong mt ngnh, mt lnh vc. C
hai k thut dch:
- nu l bn dch cho gii chuyn mn c: nn gi nguyn t, v cc chuyn gia thuc
lnh vc u rt quen thuc vi nhng t vit tt ny.
MUX (Multiplexor) GDP (Gross Domestic Products)
- nu l bn dch cho i a s qun chng: gi nguyn t vit tt nu t thng dng
trong x hi (v d: GDP) hoc dch sang ting Vit (v d: CO = tng i).

Practice 2.4. Give the full forms of the abbreviations. Translate them into Vietnamese.

1. ADM:
2. ADSL:
3. APD:
4. asap:
5. AT & T:
6. ATM:
7. CATV:
8. CCITT:
9. CDMA:
10. DSB:
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

3. READING 2
Read the description of the Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMT).

Description of System
The NMT system made up of the following component parts:
MTX (Mobile Telephone Exchange) is the brain of the system and is technically the most
complicated part. The MTXs form the interface between the NMT system and the fixed
telephone network. Whereas signalling and other system components of NMT are the
same in all Nordic countries, their telephone networks differ in some respects. One of the
functions of the exchanges is therefore to compensate for these differences.
The Base Stations are intermediary links without switching function between the wire and
radio transmission. There will be about 1,000 base stations when the system is developed
to full capacity.

131
The Mobile Stations i.e. the subscriber equipment, will be available in various forms, e.g.
vehicle-borne, portable or of coin-box type. A mobile station is owned or leased by the
subscriber and must be type-approved by the Administrations.
Each country is divided into a number of traffic areas. In a traffic area there are a number
of base stations spaced between about 8 and 80 km apart. Each traffic area belongs to a single
exchange. This means that all base stations in the area are connected to this exchange and that all
traffic in the area is channelled through it. The exchange communicates with the telephone
network via the trunk exchanges. Every mobile subscriber is registered in a so-called home MTX,
usually the MTX controlling the traffic area in which the subscriber normally resides.

Setting up of calls
A call from an ordinary telephone subscriber is connected on the basis of the first digits of
the mobile subscriber's number to his home MTX. The latter stores data of his present location
and transmits a call signal via all base stations in that traffic area. The mobile system answers
automatically with a call acknowledgement and the MTX then assigns the mobile station a traffic
channel. The call is set up.
If the mobile subscriber is in a traffic area not belonging to his home MTX, the home
MTX hands over the call to the MTX controlling the visited traffic area, and the latter MTX takes
over the subsequent setting up of the call.

3.1. Phrases
- be available: sn sng, c sn
- in some respects: v mt s kha cnh
- be developed to full capacity: pht trin ti dung lng ti a

3.2. Match the names with the explanations.
1. The Base Stations
2. home MTX
3. Mobile Telephone
Exchange
4. The Mobile Stations
a. the brain of the system
b. intermediary links without switching function
c. subscriber equipment
d. the MTX controlling the traffic area in which the
subscriber normally resides.


132
1. Where does the NMT system compensate for the differences in the four countries' telephone
networks?
a. the exchanges b. The Base Stations
2. What does the distance 8 - 80 km refer to?
a. space between traffic areas b. space between base stations
3. How many exchanges does each traffic area have?
a. 1 b. 2
4. What happens right after the mobile station transmits a call acknowledgement?
a. The call is set up.
b. MTX assigns the mobile station a traffic channel.
5. When does the home MTX hand over calls to another MTX?
a. When the mobile subscriber is in a traffic area not belonging to his home MTX.
b. When the MTX assigns the mobile station a traffic channel.

3.4. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences below.
1. Transmission between exchanges...
2. "Hop length" means...
3. Radio link systems...
4. In the telephone network...
5. With radio links we can send and receive...
6. Radio is an important means of communication...
7. Radio networks may be cheaper to install than...
8. Although cheaper to install than cable networks...

a. sound, pictures and data through the air.
b. may be either digital or analogue.
c. in shipping and air-traffic control.
d. the cable networks which may need thousands of kilometres of wires.
e. may be by radio link.
f. radio networks often have fewer circuits.
g. "distance between antennae".
h. frequencies between 300 MHz and 20 GHz are used.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.

133

4. LISTENING
Listen to the following radio telephone conversation between Peter Needham (PN), a
salesman from Bradfield Electronics Ltd., Nutley, and John Brown (JB), area manager for
Bradfield, who is in the factory at Nutley. Peter Needham is in his car heading for Greenwood,
where he has to deliver some electronic equipment.

4.1. Phrases
- off you go = go ahead: xin c ni, mi anh/ ch c ni
- about the size of: khong bng c
- free of charge: khng tnh cc, min cc
- quarterly rental: tin thu hng qu
- in stock: tn kho, ct trong kho

1. Where is PN during the conversation?
a. In his car on the A 207 heading towards Greenwood.
b. In his car on the A 217 heading towards Greenwood.
2. Why did JB get a call from Swanford Tools at Thurby?
a. Because they were interested in Bradfield Electronics equipment modernization
scheme.
b. Because they were interested in one of Bradfield Electronics products.
3. What road must PN take to Slingdon and where must he turn right?
a. He must take the B 2378 and turn opposite the Bear Inn.

134
b. He must take the B 2378 and turn opposite the golf-course.
4. What does Derek Salvage do at Swanford Tools?
a. Hes in charge of delivering the equipment.
b. Hes in charge of their equipment modernization scheme.
5. What must PN not do when he meets Derek Salvage?
a. He must not talk about the advantages of the RPH phone.
b. He must not talk about the French contract.
6. Why must he not do so?
a. John Brown does not want it to be public knowledge.
b. John Brown wants it to be public knowledge.
7. What two first arguments must PN bring out concerning the advantages of the RPH phone?
a. Efficient businesses need good communication; its profit-making capacities;
b. It saves on fuel costs; it meets the customers needs.
8. PN says he will be back in Nutley by:
a. 3.30 b. 4.30 c. 4.15

4.3. Fill in the sentences with appropriate prepositions, basing on the figure.
1. Peter Needham's ..................... the A217.
a. on b. in c. at
2. He's coming ....................... Nutley.
a. to b. from c. towards
3. He's going ....................... Greenwood.
a. to b. past c. from
4. When he's ...................... Slingdon, he'll turn right ................ Thurby.
a. at to b. in towards c. in into
5. Just after he's gone ............................ Slingdon, he'll see the Bear Inn.
a. on b. towards c. into
6. When he comes ................... Slingdon, he'll see the golf course ...................... his right.
a. out of on b. into on c. into in


135
The Bear Inn

B2378

Golf B 379
course
PNs car

SwanfordTool

Bradfield Electronics

A 19

Example: When he's in Slingdon, he'll turn right towards Thurby.
When you come out of Slingdon, you'll see the microwave tower on your right.

III. TM TT
1. nh ngha thng tin v tuyn, cc dng thng tin v tuyn. Cc c im ca thng tin v
tuyn (u im v nhc im).
2. Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi di ng, nguyn tc hot ng ca mt h thng in thoi di
ng.
3. Thnh lp c cu s dng cc gii t ch ni chn (in, on, at...), cu hi lch s (Could
you tell me...)
4. K nng giao tip bn cng vic v thu nhn thng tin qua in thoi.
5. S dng kt hp nhiu tnh t hay tnh t kt hp vi trng t.

VOCABULARY
airwave; radio wave n sng radio, sng v tuyn
antenna (plu: antennae) n ng ten
automatically adv mt cch t ng
base station n trm gc
broadcast v qung b
call acknowledgement n thng bo v cuc gi
compensate v b
demonstration n s th hin, s thuyt minh
Greenwood
Slingdon
Nutley
Thurby
A

2
1
7


136
digital links n tuyn ni s
economic efficiency n hiu qu kinh t
electrical wave n sng in t
exclusively adv c quyn, ginh ring
gigahertz = one billion hertz n Gigahec
hertz (Hz) n hec (n v o tn s)
hop n bc nhy
kilohertz = one thousand hertz n Kilohec
leased adj c thu
manufacture v sn xut
megahertz = one million hertz n Megahec
microwave tower n thp vi ba
original signal n tn hiu gc
radiate v bc x
redirect v ti nh hng
reflector n b phn x
simultaneously adv ng thi
stationary adj tnh, khng chuyn ng
stringent
adj nghim ngt, nghim khc, cht ch
(v ni quy, lut php...)
subsequent adj tip theo, xy ra sau
take over v tip qun
terahertz = one trillion hertz n Terahec
transmission medium n mi trng, phng tin truyn dn
type-approved adj c chp thun bng vn bn
vehicle-borne adj gn trn xe

ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Thng tin v tuyn l mt phng php pht hay thu m thanh, cc hnh nh v s liu
trong khng gian nh cc sng in t. Chng ta s dng sng khng trung cho nhiu mc ch:
thng tin qung b i vi hu ht cc trm v tuyn v truyn hnh a phng cng nh quc
gia, trong cc dch v in thoi v v tuyn di ng, v thng tin lin lc trong phm vi ton
cu nh cc v tinh tm xa, cc v tinh ny ng vai tr nh mt vt phn x trn tri, chuyn tip
nhng thng tin chng ta gi ln .

137
Mt ng dng quan trng khc ca phng tin thng tin ny l i vi tu thuyn. Mt
con tu gp kh khn c th gi ti trm b bin gn nht, thng bo chi tit tnh trng ca n v
nu cn, yu cu c gip . Chng ta gi l lin lc v tuyn tu ti b. Lin lc v
tuyn c th m bo s an ton cao hn trong hng hi (v d: cnh bo thi tit xu hoc nhng
nguy him trn cc tuyn ng bin) v n cho php truyn ti mt lng thng tin ln trn mc
t hay mt nc m khng cn s tr gip ca hng trm ki l mt cp v dy. V vy, mng lin
lc v tuyn lp t c th r hn tuy nhin thng c t knh hn so vi kt ni dng cp. Cc h
thng ra a cng cho php cc nhn vin iu khin giao thng hng khng theo di v hng dn
cc ng bay cho cc my bay t khi ct cnh n khi h cnh.
1. b 2. a 3. b 4. b
5. a 6. b 7. a
Practice 2.1. Join the sentences below with either a reason marker or a result marker.
1 a 2. b 3. a 4. b
5. a 6. b 7. a 8. a
Practice 2.2. Now read the following dialogue and put in suitable questions.
1. Good morning. Could I speak to Chris Bradley, please?
2. Hello Tom. How are you?
3. Oh yes. What would you like to know exactly?
4. Does the user need a lot of equipment? / Is there a lot of equipment in the system?
5. Where does the user keep it?
6. How small (is it) exactly?
7. Whats the availability like? / Do you have many in stick at the moment?
8. Would you mind giving me a demonstration as soon as possible?
9. Yes, that would be fine.
10. Will you be alone?
11. Would you mind giving me your phone number?
Could you remind me of your phone number?
12. Shall I come straight to your office?
Practice 2.3. Now use the table below to build up acceptable combinations.
1. a well qualified candidate 2. a slow (and/ ,) complex technique
3. a poorly planned scheme 4. a simple (and/ ,) successful strategy
5. stringently tested equipment / a stringently tested piece of equipment
6. an efficient (and/ ,) secure system
7. a continuously monitored status 8. a cheap (and/ ,) old-fashioned product
9. directly transferred information 10. an extremely experienced salesman
Practice 2.4. Give the full forms of the abbreviations. Translate them into Vietnamese.
1. ADM: Add - Drop Multiplexor - B ghp knh Add - Drop/ B xen tch knh
2. ADSL: Asymmetric digital subscriber line - ng dy thu bao s i xng

138
3. APD: Avalanche Photo Diode - it quang thc
4. asap: as soon as possible - Cng sm cng tt
5. AT & T: American Telephone and Telegraph - Cng ty in bo in thoi M
6. ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode - Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b
7. CATV: Cable Television - Truyn hnh cp
8. CCITT: International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee - U ban t vn
in bo in thoi quc t
9. CDMA: Code Division Multiplex Access - a truy nhp phn chia theo m
10. DSB: Double Sideband - Bin kp (hai bin)
3. Reading 2
M t h thng
H thng NMT c to bi cc cc phn t sau: MTX (tng i in thoi di ng) l
b no ca h thng v v mt k thut l phn phc tp nht. MTX hnh thnh giao din gia
h thng NMT v mng in thoi c nh. Trong khi phn h thng bo hiu v cc h thng
khc ca NMT ti cc nc Bc u l ging nhau th cc mng in thoi ca cc nc ny c
mt s im khc nhau. V vy, mt trong nhng chc nng ca cc tng i l b p cho nhng
im khc bit .
Cc trm gc l cc ng ni trung gian gia truyn dn v tuyn v hu tuyn, khng
c chc nng chuyn mch. Khi h thng c s dng ht cng sut th s c khong 1000 trm
gc.
Cc trm di ng, tc l thit b thu bao a dng v sn c, v d nh: loi thit b gn
trn phng tin giao thng, loi b ti hoc cng cng. Mt trm di ng do thu bao mua hoc
thu v phi c chp thun bng vn bn ca cc nh qun l.
Mi nc c phn chia thnh mt s vng lu lng. Trong mi vng lu lng c mt
s cc trm gc t cch nhau 8 n 80 km. Mi vng lu lng li c mt tng i. iu ny c
ngha l tt c cc trm gc trong vng c kt ni ti tng i ny v tt c cc lu lng trong
vng u c kt ni qua . Tng i ny lin lc vi mng in thoi thng qua cc tng i
trung k. Mi thu bao di ng c ng k trong mt tng i c gi l MTX thng tr,
thng l MTX iu khin vng lu lng m thu bao thng tr.
Thit lp cuc gi
Cuc gi t mt thu bao in thoi thng c kt ni ti MTX thng tr trn c s
ca nhng con s u tin ca s thu bao di ng. MTX thng tr lu tr d liu v v tr hin
ti v truyn mt tn hiu cuc gi qua mi trm gc trong vng lu lng . H thng di ng
s t ng tr li bng vic xc nhn cuc gi v khi MTX gn cho trm di ng mt knh lu
lng. Cuc gi c thit lp.
Nu thu bao di ng nm trong vng lu lng khng thuc MTX thng tr th MTX
thng tr s chuyn cuc gi ti MTX ang iu khin vng lu lng m khch hng ang lu
tr v MTX ang iu khin ny s tin hnh tip vic thit lp cuc gi.
3.2. Match the names with the explanations.
1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c
1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. a

139
3.4. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences below.
1. e 2. g 3. b 4. h
5. a 6. c 7. d 8. f
4. Listening
Tapescript
Peter:
John:
Peter:
John:

Peter:

John:
Peter:
John:
Peter:
John:

Peter:

John:

Peter:

John:
Hello. Peter Needham speaking.
Hello Peter. Its John here. Where are you now exactly?
Im on the A 217 heading towards Greenwood. Ive just gone past Chertsey windmill.
Right. Well, Ive got some good news for you. Ive just had Swanford Tools on the
phone you know, the company over at Thurby. Apparently theyre very interested in
the RPH radiophone documentation I left with them about a month ago, and would like
someone to visit them as soon as possible. On the phone I got the impression theyre
ready to bite.
Good. Weve had several inquiries about the radiophone recently. Our research is
beginning to pay off. What do you want me to do then deliver the equipment to
Greenwood or get straight over to Thurby?
I think itd be a good idea to get straight over to Thurby.
Can you give me some information on the best route?
You said youd just gone past Chertsey windmill, didnt you?
Yes, thats right.
Well. take the next turning on your fight, the b 2378 to Slingdon. When youre in
Slingdon, youll see a pub on your left called The Bear Inn, and right opposite the pub
youll see the B 379 the Thurby. So turn right at the pub, and carry on for about 5
kilometres. Swanford Tools is on your left, just after the golf-course. Its very close to
the A 19 which you can take to come back to Nutley.
Fine. Ill be in Thurby in about 20 minutes. Whats the name of the chap Ive got to see
there?
Dereck Salvage. Hes in charge of their equipment modernization scheme. Oh, one word
of advice. Dont mention the French contract to him. Few people know it yet, and I
wouldnt like it to become public knowledge.
Oh, and when you talk about the RPH radiophone, bring out all of the usual arguments:
efficient businesses needing good communication, RPHs profit-making capabilities,
saving on fuel costs, and meeting the customers needs. You know the sort of things I
mean.
Of course. Ill deliver the equipment to Greenwood first thing tomorrow morning. I
should be back in Nutley by 4.30. The A 19 from Thurbys a fast road and a lot of people
will be going the other way towards Slingdon at about 4. See you later at the office then.
Bye John.
Bye.
1. b 2. b 3. a 4. b.

140
5. a 6. a 7. a 8. b
4.3. Fill in the sentences with appropriate prepositions, basing on the figure.
1. a 2. b 3. a
4. b 5. c 6. a

Unit 10. Satellite Communications

141
UNIT 10. SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

I. GII THIU
Bi gii thiu v v tinh v thng tin v tinh.

1. Mc ch yu cu
1. Nm c cc loi v tinh v mt s c im chung ca thng tin v tinh.
2. Thnh lp cu s dng cc t ch lng, s lng.
3. Lp cc vn bn (fax, letter) trao i trong cng vic.

2. Tm tt ni dung
1. C cc loi v tinh nh Low orbit satellites, Medium altitude satellites v
Geostationary satellites. Thng tin v tinh c cc c im chung: Rotating with the
earth, Large range
2. Cc t ch s lng, khi lng b ngha cho cc danh t (m c v khng
m c). Mt s i c vi c hai loi danh t (all, most, a lot of, some, no,
none). Many, every, several, a few, few i vi danh t m c. Much, a little,
little i vi danh t khng m c.
3. Cc vn bn (fax, letter) trao i trong cng vic dng ngn ng trnh trng. Cc bn
fax, telex c s dng nhng thut ng vit tt.

II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1

SATELLITE SYSTEMS
In our world of TV media, satellite communications is an everyday occurrence. We get
news reports from the whole world straight into our living room. Perhaps fewer of us realise that
telephone traffic also uses satellite links. Satellite technology, however, involves high initial costs,
and for them to be profitable, at least some of the following points need to be fulfilled:
Traffic over long distances between a few stations.
Geographical obstacles cause even greater costs for corresponding ground connections.
High traffic intensity between stations in the satellites network.
"Point-to-multi point" distribution.
Rotating with the earth
Satellite transmission is strongly reminiscent of an ordinary radio link. But instead of
having all the stations earthbound, we send some of them up into space. Communications
satellites rotate at almost exactly the same rate as the earth in so-called geostationary orbits.

142
Large range
The satellite has a considerable range. Theoretically, almost half the globe would be
covered by a single satellite. Satellites are used both in the international network and in national
network. Oil platforms also use communication satellites for their telephone connections to the
mainland.
Transmission characteristics
The transmission characteristics of the satellite links are excellent, and problems are few.
The long distance, however, causes a delay (echo) which must be counteracted using echo-
suppressors or similar.
It always has to be recognised that this is a question of communication between two
bodies floating in space. There is always a relative movement between the earth and the satellite
which can cause errors in digital transmissions. However, this may be compensated for by
intermediate storage of the information in buffer memories.

1.1. Phrases
- point-to-multi point: im ti a im
- the same rate as: cng tc vi
- be compensated for: c b
- high traffic intensity: s tp trung lu lng thng tin cao

1.2. Choose TRUE or FALSE.
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
1. Satellite links are used for TV but not for the telephone.
2. It costs a lot to develop, produce and launch a satellite.
3. Satellites are always more expensive than ground connections.
4. Satellites will never make a profit for telecom companies.
5. A satellite is like an earth station in space.
6. Satellites in space do not move at all - they are stationary.
7. One satellite can transmit to the whole world.
8. Satellites are used for overseas, domestic and sea-to-land communication.
9. The quality of speech transmitted by satellite is very poor.

143
T/ F 10. When you talk to someone by satellite you do not hear their answers
immediately.

2.1. T ch s lng i vi danh t m c
Khi din t s lng, lng, phi xc nh xem danh t cp ti l danh t m c
(countable noun) hay khng m c (uncountable noun).
Countable nouns
- Call calls
- Company companies
- Telephone set telephone sets
Uncountable nouns
- News
- Equipment
- Information

* Din t s lng i vi danh t m c c th s dng nhng t hoc cm t sau:
All; Most (tt c, hu ht)
Most hospitals use telephone service.
Every (mi)
Every doctor has got a mobile phone.
Many/ A lot of (nhiu)
A lot of customers are pleased with the new service.
Some; Several /A few: (vi, mt s)
Some telephone sets are in red.
Few (t) No; None of (khng)
No calls were made yesterday.
Note: Danh t m c c th mn mt danh t m c khc s dng lm n v.
Countable noun + of + countable noun (plural)
The two kinds of telephones are quite different from each other.

Practice 2.1. Fill in the sentences with appropriate words of quantifiers.
Examples: In 1960, no calls were transmitted by satellite.
In 2050, most calls will be transmitted by satellite.

Year 1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
Calls going via satellite 0% 10% 70% 90% 100%
Calls going via sub-ocean cable 100% 90% 30% 10% 0%

1960 1. ... calls were
transmitted by

144
1980 2. ...
2000 3. ...
In 2050 4. ...
2100 5. ...
will be satellite.

2.2. T ch lng i vi danh t khng m c
All (tt c) ; Most (hu ht)
Most equipment is modern.
Much / A lot of (nhiu)
I've received a lot of good news.
Some; A little (mt s, mt t)
Can I have some information on your latest series?
Little (t)
I've got little information on it.
No / None of (khng)
No information was given.

Note: Danh t khng m c c th mn mt danh t m c s dng lm n v.
Countable noun + of + Uncountable noun
Four pieces of equipment
One type of equipment
Bng di y tp hp cc t v ngha ca chng khi i vi danh t m c v danh t khng
m c.

Approx Countable Uncountable
100%
85%

5%
0%
every /all
most
many/ a lot of
some
several
a few
few
no/ none
all
most
much/ a lot of
some
_
a little
little
no/ none

Practice 2.2. A. Fill in the sentences with appropriate words of quantifiers.
Examples: In 1980, a little information was transmitted by satellite.

145
In 2100, all information will be transmitted by satellite.
1960 1. ...
1980 2. ...
2000 3. ...
2050 4. ...

In
2100 5. ...
information
was

will be
transmitted
by
satellite.

B. Choose the correct answers.
Examples: A lot of digital equipment will be used.
Much digital equipment will be used.
1. By the year 2000 . digital equipment will be used.
a. a lot of b. much c. both a and b
2. .. information was given about that . equipment.
a. Little few b. much piece of c. few piece of
3. The switchboard received .. calls from satellites.
a. a little b. a few c. a little
4. . good weather can normally be expected in England during August.
a. A little b. Some c. both a and b
5. . people think that knowledge is a good thing.
a. Many / b. much b. A few / b. a little c. both a and b
6. news came in concerning . engineers.
a. A lot of many b. Many a piece of c. both a and b

2.3. Prefixes, Suffixes, Affixes and Stems.
Nhiu t ting Anh c th phn thnh cc b phn: tin t (prefix), thn t (stem) v hu t
(suffix). Cc tin t v hu t c th gi chung l ph t (affixe). Vic nm vng ngha ca ph
t v thn t c th gip ta on ngha ca nhng t l.

Example:

PREFIX STEM SUFFIX

Practice 2.3. Match the first two columns (1 and 2), basing on the suggestive examples in
column 3.
1. Prefixes 2. Meanings 3. Examples
1. com-,con-, co- a. in, into co-operate, connect
SUB SCRIB ER

146
2. in-, im-
3. In-, im-, ir-, il-
4. micro-
5. pre-
6. re-
b. not
c. small
d. before
e. back, again
f. together, with
invade, immerse
impossible, illegal
microscope, microcomputer
prepare, pre-war
return, re-read
1. Stems 2. Meanings 3. Examples
7. -audi-, -audit
8. -chron-
9. -dic-, -dict-
10. -graph-, -gram-
11. -log-, -logy
12. -phon-
13. -scrib-, -script-
14. -spect-
15. -vid-, -vis-
g. study of
h. hear
i. time
j. say, speak
k. write, writing
l. sound
m. write
n. look at
o. see
audience, auditorium
chronological
dictation
telegram
biology
telephone
inscription
inspect
vision, video
1. Suffixes 2. Meanings 3. Examples
16. -er, -or
17. -ist
18. -tion, -ation
p. forms noun
q. a person who
teacher, spectator
typist, biologist
information

3. READING 2

The launching of the first satellite by the Russians in 1957 began what has become known
as the "space race", the first stage of which culminated with the Americans landing on the moon
twelve years later. A whole range of satellites now orbit the Earth and are used for a variety of
purposes.
Low orbit satellites, the typical height of which varies from 150 to 450 kilometres, are of
little use for telecommunications for they are only in line of sight of each earth station for about
15 minutes. Their rotation period around the Earth is about one and a half hours and their main
use is for remote sensing, a field in which digital processing techniques are proving especially
valuable. A low orbit satellite, equipped with a multispectral scanner system (MSS), can observe
the Earth in great detail providing us with extremely accurate information about agriculture,
forestry, water resources and pollution patterns. It also has a multitude of applications in such
fields as weather forecasting, environmental monitoring, geology, oceanography and cartography.
There are important defence implications too, since they can be used to "spy" on the activities of a
potential enemy.
Medium altitude satellites are used for telecommunications, especially in countries
which cover a vast geographical area like the USSR. They "fly" at a typical height of 9 000 to 18

147
000 kilometres, orbiting the Earth in a period of five to twelve hours. They are in line of sight of
the earth station for between two and four hours.
The most important type of satellite for telecommunications is the geosynchronous, or
geostationary, satellite positioned over the Equator at a height of 35 800 kilometres. Its rotation
period is 24 hours, the same as the Earth's and consequently, seen from the Earth, this type of
satellite appears to remain motionless in the sky. It is within line of sight of an earth station for its
entire life.
A communication satellite is, in essence, a microwave relay station which receives signals
in a given frequency band and retransmits them at a different frequency to avoid problems of
interference between the weak incoming signal and the powerful retransmitted signal. The
equipment which receives a signal, amplifies it, changes its frequency and then retransmits it, is
called a transponder. A satellite can handle large amounts of traffic which it can send over vast
areas of the Earth. It therefore represents a relatively cheap way of transmitting information over
long distances. For countries which do not already have sophisticated cable or microwave
networks the use of a satellite can be extremely beneficial as it can be used in their place.
The first satellites were seen as a way of communicating with people who lived in isolated
area of the world. As a result, earth stations began to appear in the remotest parts of the globe. The
cost of satellite communications began to fall steadily and consequently, satellites have to
compete with submarine cables as a way of linking continents cheaply. With the arrival of optical
fibre undersea cables, however, a more balanced division of intercontinental circuits between the
two is likely. Satellites were soon used to broadcast TV programmes "live" from one side of the
Earth to the other, and then to link up computer terminals in different parts of the world. The use
of digital transmission and multiplexing techniques has led to an enormous increase in the
capacity of satellites.
The international organization INTELSAT was created in 1964 to provide international
communication services by satellite. In 1983 it operated and owned 16 spacecrafts in
geosynchronous orbit representing an investment of over three billion US dollars. In 1983 it
handle two thirds of all international telephone and data communications and transmitted virtually
all "live" international television broadcasts. 109 nations are members of INTELSAT. Between
1979 and 1983 INTELSAT's traffic doubled, yet its communications charges decreased, despite a
73% rise in the worldwide cost of living index.
Satellites are not simply replacements for point-to-point terrestrial lines. They have
several unique properties, among which the most important are:
270 millisecond propagation delay caused by the distance the signal has to travel (80 000
km - 300 000 km /sec = 0.27 seconds).
the possibility of very high bandwidths or bit rates if the users can avoid local loops by
having an antenna on his premises, or a radio link to an earth station antenna.
the special security problems that are posed when information is broadcast through a
satellite.


148

3.1. Phrases
- what has become known as: iu tr nn c bit n nh l
- a variety of purposes: nhng mc ch khc nhau.
- be of little use: t tc dng
- cost of living index: ch s mc sng
- in essence: v bn cht

1..............
a. height:
b. rotation period:
c. time in line of sight of earth station:
d. use:
2...............
a. height:
b. rotation period:
d. use:
3................
a. height:
b. rotation period:
d. use:
e. exact position:

1. Which event sparked off the "space race"?
a. the Americans landing on the moon
b. The launching of the first satellite by the Russians in 1957
2. Which event ended the first stage of the "space race"?

Earth

Earth

Earth

149
a. In 1969 b. In 1977
3. What does a transponder do?
a. It receives a signal, amplifies it, changes its frequency and then retransmits it.
b. It receives signals.
4. Why are developing countries particularly interested in satellite communications?
a. They do not already have sophisticated cable or microwave networks and the use of a
satellite can be extremely beneficial.
b. Satellites were seen as a way of communicating with people who lived in isolated area of
the world.
5. What are the three main stages in the way satellites have been viewed?
a. Satellites are used as a way of communicating with people who lived in isolated areas; a
way of broadcasting "live" TV programmes; a way of linking computer terminals.
b. Satellites were used to broadcast TV programmes "live" and to link up computer
terminals in different parts of the world.

3.4. Match the two columns.
1. 1. Year of creation
2. Number of spacecraft owned and operated in
1983
3. Investment value of the above spacecraft
4. Number of member nations
5. Proportion of all international telephone and
data traffic handled in 1983.
6. INTELSAT's traffic between 1979 and 1983
a. two thirds
b. 109
c. over three billion US dollars
d. 16
e. 1964
f. doubled

4. WRITING
4.1. Writing letters
Sau cuc ni chuyn qua in thoi bn v cng vic, ngi th k ca khch hng c th vit th
cho bn bn hng khng nh li thng tin. Hy c k cc thng tin cn vit l th .
Company: Swanford Tools Ltd.,
Address: Slingdon Road, Thurby. TH2 SY3
To: Mr. Bradley
Main ideas:
to confirm that Mr. Davies will visit Mr. Bradley at Bradfield Electronics (Date
of meeting: Thursday 26
th
April at 2 p.m.)
Mr. Davies hopes Mr. Bradley will provide a demonstration of the mobile phone
series
to confirm that three other members from Sales department will be with Mr.
Davies

150
From: Ms. J. Whitfield (Secretary)

Put the jumbled letter from Mr. Davies to Chris Bradley confirming the subject matters of
their telephone conversation.
Example: Beginning: 1. B
Ending: 8. G
A Tel : 0432 - 53260
Ref : TD/368
Mr. C. Bradley
Bradfield Electronics,
Nutley, NU6 SR7
B Swanford Tools Ltd.,
Slingdon Road
Thurby. TH2 SY3
C Yours sincerely,
D 19
th
April,...
E Following your telephone conversation yesterday with Mr. Tom Davies, I
should like to confirm that Mr. Davies will visit you at Bradfield Electronics
on Thursday 26
th
April at 2 p.m.
F Mr. Davies hopes that you will be able to provide a demonstration of the
mobile phone series which is of great interest to Swanford Tools ltd.
G Ms. J. Whitfield,
(Secretary)
p.p. Mr. T. Davies
H I can also confirm that three other members of our Sales department will be
present with Mr. Davies.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.

4.2. Writing fax
Trong trao i cng vic ta cng c th dng bn fax. Hy nghin cu tnh hung v lm bi tp.
On Monday, April 30
th
, Ms Whitfield received the following fax from Mr Tom Davies, who was
on a business trip to Spain.
Note: Cc bn fax, telex c th dng mt s cm t vit tt thng dng
- ref: with reference to...: tham chiu
- tel: telephone: in thoi
- re: regarding, on the subject of...: v vic
- pls: please: xin vui lng

151
- asap: as soon as possible (often "soonest"): cng sm cng tt
- info: information: thng tin

Put the jumbled fax from Mr. Davies to Ms. J. Whitfield, enquiring her to write a fax to Mr.
Bradley.
Example: Beginning: 1. D
Ending: 8. A
A T. DAVIES
64032 SPANCOM
43751 SWANTOOL
B Ref: My visit to Bradfield re mobile phone. Pls send letter Bradley
confirming:
C 2. Finalize details at meeting 29.5 at Swanford 15.30
D 43751 SWANTOOL
Fax. No3624
E Thanks,
F Attention: J. WHITFIELD
G 1. Interesting demonstrat. Bradfield 26.4. confirm order ten mobile phones
for salesmen.
H 3. Hope above time and date convenient.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.

4.3. Now you are Ms. Whitfield. Write a letter to Chris Bradley, including all the
information in the fax and basing on the letter in Writing 4.1. (the beginning and the ending
have been done for you).
Tel: 0432 53260 Swanford Tools Ltd.,
Slingdon Road, Thurby.
16
th
May,
Mr. C. Bradley,
Breadfield Electronics,
Nutley, NU6 SR7
Dear Mr. Bradley,

Yours sincerely,
Ms, J. Whitfield
(Secretary)

152
p.p. Mr. T. Davies

4.4. Organizing sentences and parts of sentences.
Sau y l cc cu v cc phn ca cu t mt on vn ni v cc u im ca cc n v nghin
cu v pht trin c lp. Hy nghin cu chng v lm bi tp.
Organize the sentences and parts of sentences into a paragraph.
Example: 1. h There are several reasons for separating research and development work
a) One reason is that routine technical work on established systems
b) offers a less bureaucratic and more creative environment to work in.
c) These three factors contribute to a shorter time lapse
d) from production and from administration.
e) can be separated from research into entirely new products.
f) thus eliminating duplication of work on similar research programmes.
g) Another reason is that a smaller company devoted exclusively to development work
h) There are several reasons for separating research and development work
i) Finally the technical resources and expertise of the parent companies are merged
j) between an idea being conceived and a marketable product emerging.

III. TM TT
1. C cc loi v tinh nh Low orbit satellites, Medium altitude satellites v Geostationary
satellites.
2. Mi loi v tinh c nhng c im cao khc nhau v ng dng khc nhau. Thng tin
v tinh c cc c im chung: quay quanh tri t, Tm hot ng rng
3. Cc t ch s lng, khi lng b ngha cho cc danh t. Mt s ch kt hp vi danh
t m c hoc khng m c. Mt s kt hp vi c hai loi danh t.
4. Cc vn bn (fax, letter) trao i trong cng vic dng ngn ng trnh trng. Cc bn fax,
telex c s dng nhng thut ng vit tt chuyn dng.

VOCABULARY
beneficial adj c li
buffer memories n b nh m
counteract v trung ha, lm mt tc dng
culminate v ln n cc im
delay (echo) n tr (ting vng)
earthbound adj hng v mt t, quanh mt t
echo-suppressor n b nn ting vng
Equator n ng xch o

153
float v tri ni
geostationary adj a tnh
index n ch s
isolated adj hoang vng, xa xi
live
adv trc tip, ti ch
local loop n mch vng
mainland n t lin
motionless adj bt ng
multispectral scanner system n h thng qut a ph
multitude n v s
obstacle n tr ngi
orbit n qu o
positioned adj c nh v
propagation n s truyn lan
reminiscent adj lm nh li, gi nh
rotate v quay, xoay quanh
rotation period n chu k quay
spacecraft n tu v tr
spy v do thm
transponder n b pht p
unique adj duy nht
virtually adv thc s, mt cch chnh thc, hu nh

ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
H THNG V TINH
Trong th gii truyn thng v tuyn, thng tin v tinh xut hin hng ngy. Chng ta
nhn c nhng bn tin tng thut t ton th gii thng vo trong phng khch. C th t
ngi trong s chng ta nhn ra rng lin lc bng in thoi cng s dng cc tuyn ni v tinh.
Tuy nhin, cng ngh v tinh i hi chi ph ban u cao, v chng c li, t nht phi c c
vi trong s nhng im sau:
Lin lc qua khong cch di gia mt s trm.
Tr ngi a l gy nn chi ph thm ch tn km hn nu kt ni tng ng trn mt t.
Tp trung lu lng cao gia cc trm trong mng v tinh.
Phn phi im ti a im.

154
Quay quanh tri t
Truyn thng v tinh gi ngh n mt tuyn ni v tuyn bnh thng. Nhng thay v t
tt c cc trm trn khp mt t, chng ta a mt s ln khng trung. Cc v tinh thng tin quay
vng quanh tri t vi tc gn y ht nh tri t trong qu o gi l a tnh.
Tm hot ng rng
V tinh c tm hot ng ng k. V mt l thuyt m ni, gn na tri t c th nm
trong tm bao ph ca ch mt v tinh. V tinh c s dng trong c mng quc t v quc gia.
Cc gin khoan cng s dng v tinh thng tin trong lin lc vi t lin.
c tnh truyn dn
Cc c tnh truyn dn ca tuyn ni v tinh rt tuyt, v rt t s c. Tuy nhin, khong
cch xa gy nn s tr (ting vng), iu cn phi x l bng cch dng b nn ting vng.
Cn lun nhn ra rng y l vn truyn thng gia hai vt th ni trong khng trung.
Lun c mt s di chuyn tng i gia tri t v v tinh, iu c th gy nn li trong truyn
dn s. Tuy nhin iu ny c th c b bng s lu tr thng tin trung gian trong b nh m.
1.2. Choose TRUE or FALSE.
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T
6. F 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. F
Practice 2.1. Fill in the sentences with appropriate words of quantifiers.
1. no 2. few 3. many 4. most 5. all
Practice 2.2.A. Fill in the sentences with appropriate words of quantifiers.
1. no 2. little 3. much 4. most 5. all
B. Choose the correct answers.
1. c 2. b 3. b
4. c 5. c 6. a
Practice 2.3. Match the first two columns (1 and 2), basing on the suggestive examples in
column 3.
1. f 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. d 6. e
7. h 8. i 9. j 10. k 11.g 12. l
13. m 14. n 15. o 16. q 17. q 18. p
3. Reading 2
Vic phng v tinh u tin ca ngi Nga nm 1957 bt u cho cuc chy ua v
tr, m kt thc ca gian on u l vic ngi M t chn ln mt trng 12 nm sau . Hin
nay tt c cc v tinh bay theo qu o tri t ang c s dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau.
Cc v tinh qu o thp c cao in hnh trong phm vi t 150 - 450 km, t c s
dng trong vin thng bi v chng nm trong tm quan st ca mi trm mt t khong 15 pht.
Chu k quay ca chng quanh tri t khong 1 gi ri v chng c s dng chnh cho vic
cm bin t xa, l lnh vc m k thut s l s ang c bit chng t l c gi tr. V tinh qu
o thp c trang b vi h thng my qut a quang ph (MSS), c th quan st Tri t rt chi
tit cung cp cho chng ta thng tin cc k chnh xc v nng nghip, lm hc, ngun nc v s
nhim. Ngoi ra n c rt nhiu ng dng trong cc lnh vc nh d bo thi tit, iu khin
155
mi trng, a l, hi dng hc v v bn . Cng c nhng ng dng quan trng trong quc
phng, v chng c th c s dng do thm cc hot ng ca i phng.
Cc v tinh c cao trung bnh thng c s dng trong vin thng, c bit
nhng quc gia c v tr a l rng ln nh Lin X c. Chng bay vi cao c th t 9 000
n 18 000 km theo, bay quanh tri t vi chu k 5 ti 12 gi. Chng nm trong tm quan st ca
trm mt t khong t 2 n 4 ting.
Loi v tinh quan trng nht cho vin thng l v tinh ng b v mt a l hay v tinh
a tnh, v tinh c nh v trn xch o vi cao 35 800 km. Chu k quay ca n l 24 gi,
cng vi chu k quay ca tri t, v do , khi nhn t tri t, cc v tinh loi ny c v nh
ng bt ng trn bu tri. N nm trong tm quan st ca mt trm tri t trong sut thi gian
tn ti.
Mt v tinh lin lc, v thc cht, l trm tip sng vi ba vi vic thu tn hiu t mt di
tn cho trc v pht li chng cc tn s khc nhm trnh can nhiu gia tn hiu thu yu v tn
hiu pht mnh. Thit b thu tn hiu, khuych i, i tn v sau pht li c gi l thit b
pht p. Mt v tinh c th iu khin mt lng ln lu lng v c th gi chng trn nhng
vng rng ln ca tri t. V vy, n i din cho cch truyn thng tin tng i r khong
cch ln. i vi nhng quc gia khng sn c mng cp tinh xo hoc sng vi ba, vic s dng
v tinh c th em li li nhun to ln v v tinh c th dng thay th cho cc mng .
Cc v tinh u tin c c xem nh l phng thc lin lc vi nhng ngi sng
nhng vng bit lp trn th gii. Kt qu l cc trm mt t bt u xut hin nhng phn
xa nht ca a cu. Cc ph thng tin v tinh gim u v do cc v tinh phi cnh tranh
vi cp bin lm mt phng thc r trong kt ni lc a. Tuy nhin, vi s xut hin ca cp
quang bin, c v c s phn nh cn bng hn gia hai loi mng trong kt ni xuyn lc a.
Ngay sau v tinh bt u c s dng truyn cc chng trnh v tuyn trc tip t mt ni
n ni khc ca tri t, v ri c s dng kt ni cc u cui my tnh nhng ni khc
nhau trn th gii. Vic s dng k thut truyn dn v ghp knh lm tng rt nhiu kh nng
ca v tinh.
T chc quc t INTELSAT thnh lp vo nm 1964 nhm cung cp cc dch v lin lc
quc t bng v tinh. Nm 1983 t chc ny hot ng v s hu 16 con tu v tr trong qu o
a tnh, u t hn 3 t la M. Vo nm 1983, t chc ny iu hnh 2/ 3 tng s in thoi
quc t, truyn thng d liu v truyn i tt c cc chng trnh truyn hnh quc t pht ti ch.
109 quc gia l thnh vin ca INTELSAT. T 1979 n 1983, lu lng ca INTELSAT tng
ln gp i, song cc ph vin thng vn gim, mc d ch s sinh hot ca ton th gii tng
73%.
Cc v tinh khng d thay th cho cc ng dn im ni im trn mt t. Chng c
mt s c tnh ring, trong nhng im quan trng nht l:
tr ng truyn 270 mili giy do khong cch m tn hiu phi truyn qua (80.000 km
- 300.000 km/giy = 0,27 giy).
Kh nng t di thng rng hoc tc bit rt cao nu ngi s dng c th trnh mch
vng cc b bng cch s dng mt anten trn nc nh hoc c mt kt ni v tuyn ti
anten ca trm mt t.
Cc vn bo mt c bit c t ra khi thng tin c truyn i qua mt v tinh.
156
1. a low orbit satellite
a. 150 - 450 km b. about 1 1/2 hours c. about 15 minutes d. remote sensing
2. a medium altitude satellite
a. 9000 - 18000 kilometres b. 5 - 12 hours c. 2 - 4 hours d. telecommunications
3. a geosynchronous satellite
a. 35800 km b. 24 hours c. the satellites entire life d. telecommunications e. over the
Equator
1. b 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. a
3.4. Match the two columns.
1. e
2. d
3. c
4. b
5. a
6. f
4.1 Writing letters
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. E
5. F 6. H 7. C 8. G
4.2. Writing fax
1. D 2. F 3. B 4. G
5. C 6. H 7. E 8. A
4.3. Write a letter to Chris Bradley. (model answer)

Dear Mr. Bradley,
Following the most interesting demonstration of your equipment at Bradfield Electronics on
26
th
April, I should like to confirm that Swanford Tools intended to buy ten sets for their
salesmen.
In order to finalize the exact details of this order, Mr. Davies suggests you visit him at
Swanford Tools on Wednesday, 29
th
May at 3.30.
I hope that the date and time are convenient for you.
Yours sincerely,
Ms, J. Whitfield
(Secretary)
p.p. Mr. T. Davies
4.4. Organize the sentences and parts of sentences into a paragraph.
1. h 2. d 3. a 4. e 5. g
6. b 7. i 8 . f 9. c 10. j

157
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Kim Bng, Trng Thc, Tin Dng, Nguyn Qunh Giao. Cng ngh vin thng s.
Nh xut bn bu in. 2002.
2. Eric H. Glendinning & John Mc Ewan. Oxford English for Information Technology.
Oxford University Press. 2003.
3. Hong c Hin, Nguyn Qunh Giao. Bi ging ting Anh chuyn ngnh in t vin
thng. Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin Thng. 2000.
4. Nguyn Quc Hng. Hng dn k thut dch Anh - Vit. Nh xut bn khoa hc x hi.
2005.
5. Tp ch Bu chnh Vin thng v Cng ngh thng tin. B Bu chnh Vin thng. 2000,
2004.
6. Tng cc Bu in. English for the Telecommunications. Nh xut bn bu in. 2001.
7. VN-Guide. English for Computer Communications. Nh xut bn thng k. 1999.

158
MC LC

UNIT 1. THE TELEPHONE NETWORK .. 3
UNIT 2. THE DATA NETWORK .. 18
UNIT 3. THE BASIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS . 31
UNIT 4. OPTICAL FIBRES 44
UNIT 5. HISTORY OF TELEPHONE EXCHANGES ... 56
UNIT 6. DIGITAL TELEPHONE EXCHANGES .. 71
UNIT 7. COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS ... 88
UNIT 8. INTERNET AND COMPUTER ... 106
UNIT 9. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS . 124
UNIT 10. SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 141
TI LIU THAM KHO 158
MC LC 159

Tieng Anh Chuyen Nganh Vien Thong Ly Thuyet

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