CHNG I

CC VN C BN V TRUYN SNG V TUYN

1.1 KHI NIM

1/ Mi trng truyn sng:
Sng in t
+ Knh thng v tuyn: TB pht

TB thu
Lan truyn qua mi trng vt l

+ Mi trng truyn sng: Khp kn mch cho knh thng tin m bo cht
lng ca knh thng tin v tuyn cn lu n mi trng truyn sng, la chn tn
s cng tc v chn phng thc truyn sng hp l.
+ Tc ng ca mi trng truyn sng:
- Lm suy gim bin sng
- Lm mo dng tn hiu tng t
- Gy li i vi tn hiu s do nhiu
+ Mc tiu nghin cu qu trnh truyn sng:
- Xc nh trng ti im thu khi bit cc thng s ca my pht v iu
kin thu c cng trng ti u.
- Nghin cu s pht sinh mo dng hoc gy li tn hiu v tm bin php khc
phc
+ S suy gim cng trng do cc nguyn nhn:
- S phn tn nng lng bc x khi lan truyn (suy hao khong cch)
- S hp th ca mi trng (tn hao nhit)
- S nhiu x sng (tn x )
- S tn sc

2/ Quy c v cc di tn s v phm vi ng dng:

Di tn
3 - 30 kHz

Tn, k hiu

ng dng

Very low Freq.

o hng , nh v

(VLF)
30 - 300kHz

Low Freq.

o hng

(LF)
300 - 3000kHz
3 - 30MHz
30 - 300MHz
300 - 3000MHz
3 - 30GHz
30 - 300GHz

Medium Freq.

Pht thanh AM, hng hi, trm

(MF)

thng tin duyn hi, ch dn tm kim.

High freq.

in thoi , in bo, pht thanh

(HF)

sng ngn, hng hi, hng khng

Very High Freq.

TV, pht thanh FM, iu khin giao

(VHF)

thng, cnh st, taxi, o hng

Utrahigh Freq.

TV, thng tin v tinh, do thm,

(UHF)

radar gim st, o hng.

Superhigh Freq.

Hng khng, thng tin viba, thng tin

(SHF)

di ng, thng tin v tinh.

Extremly high Freq

Radar, nghin cu khoa hc

(EHF)
* Cc bng tn (band) trong di vi sng:
Tn s

K hiu c

K hiu mi

500 - 1000 MHz

VHF

2 GHz

3 GHz

4 GHz

- 6 GHz

- 8 GHz

- 10 GHz

10

- 12,4 GHz

J
2

12,4 - 18 GHz

Ku

18

- 20 GHz

20

- 26,5 GHz

Ka

26,5 - 40 GHz

3/ Khi qut v truyn sng v tuyn:

* Di sng di: - Dng cc anten n gin c li thp t trn mt t
- Mode truyn sng ch yu l sng mt, suy hao ~ R-4
- n do nhiu cng nghip cao
- Cn my pht cng sut ln (50-500 kw)
- Suy hao mnh v tng nhanh theo tn s
- Chiu cao anten cn la chn thch hp
- C th c hin tng Fading trong thi gian hng giy, pht, chu
nh hng ca nhit v m khng kh, cn c bin php khc phc Fading
* Di sng 30-40 MHz: - C th s dng s phn x t tng in ly
- C ly thng tin ln, ~ hng ngn km thch hp
cho cc dch v truyn thng quc t
- S phn x ph thuc mt din tch c to ra bi
bc x mt tri
- Khng dng c cho tn s > 40MHz (xuyn qua)
* Trn 40 MHz:

- Phng thc truyn thng (TV, viba)

- Kch thc anten phi ln gp mt s ln bc sng
- di viba (3-30 cm) c th dng anten gng c li
cao (40-50 dB)

cng sut my pht

bin tn hiu
mo iu ch.

- Nhiu kh quyn gim

* Di sng m m:

- Suy hao do kh quyn v do ma tng

- C ly thng tin b gii hn
3

1.2. TRUYN SNG L TNG

- Gi thit ngun bc x l ng hng
- Sng truyn trong khng gian t do (ng nht, ng hng, 0 , khng hp th)
Mt dng cng sut trn n v din tch vi hng lan truyn l khng

i trn mt cu bn knh r v bng gi tr trung bnh ca |vector Poynting|

P = Ptb = ()Re{E x H*} = Pr /4r2

(W/m2)

Vi Pr : Cng sut bc x ton phn ca anten pht

- C th vit li cho sng TEM :
Ptb = Eh2 / Z0
= Eh2 / 120
hay:

Eh = (30.Pr / r2)1/2

* Nu anten pht c h s nh hng D 1th mt cng sut bc x trn n v

din tch
P = D.Ptb

Eh = (30.Pr.D / r2)1/2

Bin in trng:
E0 = (2)1/2Eh = (60Pr.D / r2)1/2
* Gi tr tc thi ca cng in trng l:
E = (60.Pr.D / r2)1/2 cos(t k0r)
hay dng phc: E = (60.Pr.D / r2)1/2 exp[j(t k0r)]
* Nu cng in trng o bng (mV/m); Cng sut bc x o bng kW;
Khong cch o bng km, th:
Eh = 173.(Pr.D)1/2 / r
E0 = 245.(Pr.D)1/2 / r
* Nu ngun bc x (anten) t ngay trn mt t v coi mt t vt dn in l
tng th mt dng cng sut bc x trn n v din tch s tng gp i v cng
trng tng 2 ln, tc l:

Eh = 245.(Pr.D)1/2 / r
* Vi anten dipole t trong khng gian t do, c chiu di l << so vi khong
cch kho st r th
|E| = Z0Ilk0sin / 4r

Eh = Z0Ih l sin / 2r

hay

Eh = 60 Ih l sin / r

vi : gc gia hng kho st v hng trc ca anten

* Vi chn t c chiu di hiu dng l << r
Eh = 60 I0 lh / r
Vi : Io : gi tr hiu dng ca bin dng in cc i (ti im bng ca
sng ng trn chn t). Chiu di hiu dng:
lh Eh = Voc

vi Voc: th h mch cc i

* Vi chn t t thng ng trn mt t th s to vi nh ca n qua mt t

mt anten dipole, khi cng trng khong cch r trn mt t ( =

hay

Eh = 120 I0 hh / r

(V/m)

Eh = 120 I0(A) hh(m) / (m)r(km)

(mV/m)

) l

Vi hh : chiu cao hiu dng (c nh ngha nh chiu di hiu dng)

L do ca h s 120 l do in tr bc x tng gp i v cng dng in Io
gim 2 ln (vi cng cng sut t vo anten) cng trng s tng 2 ln so
vi chn t trong khng gian t do.
* Vi anten chn t t thng ng, cch mt t mt nht nh ( c th b qua
nh hng ca mt t ln tr khng bc x ca n) th khong cch xa trn mt t
s c :
Eh = 346.(Pr.D)1/2 / r

(mV/m)

vi Pr: kW, r: km
______________________________

 1.3. CC DNG PHN CC SNG

1) Phn cc thng:
Gi s ti mt im no trong khng gian, vector cng in trng ca
sng in t lan truyn theo trc x c cc thnh phn:
Ey = Ey0 cos(t 1)
Ez = Ez0 cos(t 2)
Cc thnh phn ny c th khc nhau v pha v bin
r

Nu = 2 1 = 0 hoc th phng ca vector trng tng E s khng i

theo thi gian v gi l phn cc thng
-chng hn khi 1 = 2 =
tg(E,oy) = tg = const.

Vy : phng ca E khng i, cn ln thay i iu ha theo thi gian

2/ Phn cc trn:
Ey0 = Ez0,

= /2

tg = tg (t 1)
3/ Phn cc ellip: C th chng minh trong trn hp tng qut phn cc c dng
ellip. Chn 1 = 0, 2 = v t
Ey = Ey0 cost = Acost
Ez = Ez0 cos(t ) = C cost + Dsint
- Nu quay h to (y,z) i mt gc >0 c h ta ( y , x ) th cc thnh
r

phn E y, E z ca E trong h to ( y , z ) c mi lin h vi Ey, Ez theo cng thc sau:

Ey = Eycos Ezsin = Acost
Ez = Ezsin Ezcos = Ccost + Dsint
Nu chn gc sao cho c th vit
Acos + Csin = M cos
Dsin = Nsin
Ccos - Asin = -Nsin

Dcos = Ncos
(Ey / M)2 + (Ez / N)2 = 1

th s c:

PT ellip

Tm gc quay :
tg2 = 2AC/(A2 C2 D2)
- Khi nim quay phi, quay tri

1.4 S PHN X SNG T MT T

1/ H s phn x ca sng phn cc ng:
* H s phn x ca sng phng trn mt phn cch gia 2 mi trng c cc
thng s 1 , 1 , 1 v 2 , 2 , 2 l
R = (zn2 zn1)/( zn2 + zn1)

(1)

Vi zn1, zn2 l cc rt khng sng qui i, xc nh bi:

zn1 = Z01/ cos, zn2 = Z02/ cos
: gc khc x, Z01, Z02 tr khng sng trong mi trng 1, 2.
r

* Nu vector in trng E mt phng ti (// mt t) th gi l sng phn cc

ngang
r

* Nu E mt phng ti th gi l sng phn cc ng

* Vit li (1) Vi lu :
Z01 = ( / 1)1/2,

Z02 = ( / 2)1/2,

Vi sng phn cc ng
R = (11/2cos 21/2cos)/ (11/2cos + 21/2cos)
= |R| exp(-j)
* Ch 1 = 0,

2 = j/ = 0( j 60)

* Tu vo quan h tng i gia v 60 , t c th c coi l:

- in mi khi: >> 60
- Bn dn khi: 60
- Dn in khi: << 60
7

* Khi t l in mi: - H s phn x l i lng thc

- tn ti gc khc x ton phn (Rd=0)
sin0 = 1/( +1)1/2
* Khi t l bn dn:
- Rd: Phc
- Khng tn ti gc khc x ton phn
- Ch tn ti gc ng vi Rd cc tiu
* Khi t dn in:
- Vi hu ht cc gc u c Rd =1 (tr khi qu b). C th ni ton b nng
lng u c phn x tr li t mt t
- Khi << c th coi Rd = -1: bin sng phn x v sng ti bng nhau, nhng
ngc pha.
2/ Sng phn cc ngang:
Rng = (11/2cos 21/2cos)/ (11/2cos + 21/2cos)
= |Rng| exp(-jng)
* Khi t l in mi: - Rng l thc
- Rng < 0 vi
- Khng c khc x ton phn
* Khi t l bn dn: - Rng l phc
* Khi t dn in:
Rng = -1 vi

CHNG II
TRUYN SNG VI NH HNG CA MT T
2.1 ANTEN NH X TRN MT T PHNG
- Xt 1 anten pht ti chiu cao h1 v mt anten thu chiu cao h2, cch nhau mt
khong d theo phng ngang (mt t phng). Gi R1 l khong cch truyn thng t
anten pht n anten thu v R2 l khong cch t nh ca anten pht qua mt t ti
anten thu.
- Hin tng giao thoa ca trng bc x ti anten thu ph thuc vo s sai khc
gia R1 v R2
- Trng to theo hng truyn thng s to ra anten thu mt in p t l vi s
hng sau:
Trong f1 v f2 l dng cng trng bc x (cn gi l kiu bc x) ca hai
anten.
- in p to bi sng phn x t l vi:
f1(2).f2(2).exp(j).exp(-jk0R2/4R2)
Trongn .exp(j) l h s phn x ti mt t.
Thng thng h1 , h2 << d v do 1, 1, 2, 2 rt nh kiu bc x ca cc
anten c th coi khng i trong cc khong gc nh.
+ Trng hp ngoi l: Khi dng cc anten nh hng cao v h2 ln (trn my
bay) khi phn cng sut bc x v pha mt t s rt thp, tc l
f1(2) << f1(1)
v nu coi nh
1/R1 1/R2
th in p nhn c tng cng s t l vi:
|f1(1).f2(1)exp(-jk0R1/4R1)|.F

H s F c coi l path - gain - factor ( li ng) ch ra s khc bit ca

trng ti anten thu so vi khi khng c phn x t mt t.
+ trng hp
f1(2) f1(1)
th:

v f2(2) f2(1)

F = |1 + .exp[j jk0(R2 R1)]|.

li ng chnh bng h s mng ca mng gm anten chiu cao h1 v nh

ca n di mt t vi dng kch thch khc bit mt lng tng i .exp(j)
T tnh ton hnh hc n gin => khi h1 , h2 << d:
R2 R1 = 2h1h2/d
Khi

.exp(j) = -1 (t dn in l tng):
F = 2|sin(k0h1h2/d)|

(2.3)

=> nh hng ca giao thoa c th lm tng gp i cng trng so vi khi

khng c giao thoa.
Gi 0 l gc tnh t chn anten pht n anten thu so vi phng ngang, c th
vit li:
F = 2|sin(k0h1tg0|

vi

tg0 = h2/d

(2.4)

- Quan h (2,4) thng c v thnh gin biu th s thay i ca F theo h2 v

d vi h1 v 0 cho trc di dng h1/ 0
* F s t ca i khi:
tg0 = (1/k0h1)(/2 + n)
v cc tiu khi:
tg0 = (0/ h1)(n/2)

vi n = 0,1,2,

(2.5)

* Gin ph sng (coverage diagram): L th cng trng tng i

nh l hm ca hng bc x trong khng gian t anten pht (tng t kiu bc x
ca anten).
- Thng s c nh: 0, h1
- Bin: h2 v d , to ra mt phng (d,h2)

10

- Gin ph sng l th ca cc ng cong:

F/r = const.
trong mt phng (d,h2) vi r l khong cch t anten pht ti anten thu d.
- Cc ng cong F/r khc nhau thng c chn v th hin mc tn hiu nh
nhau c th thu c ti mt khng cch bi hoc phn ca khong tham chiu khng
gian t do, chng hn:
F/r = m/rf

hay

F= mr/rf md/rf

vi m = 1, 21/2, 2 hay 2-1/2, 1/2...

- Mc tn hiu gia cc ng cong k tip s chnh lch 3dB v c tm t quan

h (khi h s phn x = -1)
F = 2|sin(k0h1h2/d)| = md/df

vi k hiu rf = df

(2.6.a)

Vi mt t phng th dng (2.3) v (2.5) s tin hn, khi :

2|sin(k0h1tg0| 2|sin(k0h10| = md/df

(2.6.b)

Vi d c coi l bn knh v 0 l gc cc trong h ta cc.

+ Dng in hnh ca gin ph sng:
- rf : Khong cch t do thu c cng tn hiu cho trc => khong
cch ti a thu c cng mc tn hiu khi c giao thoa l 2rf tng ng vi
khong cch :
d = 2 rf cos0
V d: cho rf = 2 km =>
- Bt k cp gi tr (h2,d) trn ng cong m t bp sng s th hin mt im
trong khng gian m ti cng tn hiu thu c ging vi khong cch 2km
trong khng gian t do
V d : Nu chiu cao anten thu l 10m cng sut tn hiu thu c khong
cch 3,2km s ging vi khong cch 2km di iu kin truyn sng t do (khng
giao thoa).
- Bp sng nh hn vi rf = 1,4 biu th mc tn hiu 3dB ln hn bp sng to,
tng ng vi m = 21/2 trong phng trnh (2.6.b)

11

- Khi 0 nh hn rt nhiu so vi cc i u tin th t (2.4) =>

F = 2k0h1h2/d
=> in p tn hiu thu c ~ 1/d2 v gim vng ph sng.
* H s phn x i vi sng TEM c cho bi cng thc Fresnel, ph thuc
vo dng phn cc ca sng ti (ng, ngang) dn in ca t, in thm
(hng s in mi) tn s v gc ti. Nu dn in ca t l , hng s in mi
= 0
v l gc gia tia ti v t th s c cc cng thc ca h s phn x ti mt t
cho cc trng hp:
+ Sng phn cc ng
+ Sng phn cc ngang
Gi tr in hnh ca l 15, = 10-3 3x10-2 (S/m), v 10-2 (S/m) cho t
ng c. dn ca i ni s thp hn nhiu v 67 vi dn thp v tng
khi dn tng.
Khi im phn x trn b mt g gh th trng b tn x theo kiu khuch tn
gim v xut hin tng tr pha ca sng phn x khi ti an ten thu.
* nh hng ca s thay i chit sut kh quyn:
- Chit sut gim theo chiu cao ng chuyn sng s b b cong.
- kho st, c th chia kh quyn thnh nhiu lp vi cc gi tr chit sut ri
rc cho mi lp.
- Theo lut khc x Snell th ng truyn b b cong v pha nm ngang.
- kho st hiu ng b cong ng truyn, c th coi sng truyn qua mt t
hnh cu v thay mt t phng bi mt mt t cu c bn knh ln hn v tia truyn
l thng trong tng lp.
- Cn phi chn mt phn b chit sut chun v thng c chn sao cho s
thay i chit sut tng ng vi tng bn knh qu t bi h s 4/3
- Bn knh hiu dng ca qu t c chn:
ae =5280 mi, hay 8497 km.
12

* Khong chn tri:

dT = (2h1ae)1/2
hoc khi dT o bng mi, h o bng feet (ft):
dT = (2h1(ft))1/2
khong cch gia 2 anten:
dM = (2h1(ft))1/2 +(2h1(ft))1/2

(mi)

2.2 ANTEN NH X TRN MT T HNH CU

- Xt cc anten nh x trn mt cu bn knh hiu dng ae (tnh ti s thay i
chit sut) khi h s F tr thnh:
F = {(1 + D)2 - 4 Dsin2[( k0 R)/2]}1/2
Vi D : H s sai lch bin tia
* Gin ph: c v di dng ng cong vi
h2 = const.
c dng Parabol .
- Nu h s phn x = -1 th li ng l:
F = {(1 + D)2 - 4 Dcos2[( k0 R)/2]}1/2
={(1 + D)2 - 4 Dcos2[(/2)]}1/2
vi
= 4h13/2/0(2ae)1/2
= h13/2/10300

vi

h1, h2 tnh theo m

* Gin ph l th th ca phng trnh:

F = ={(1 + D)2 - 4 Dcos2[(/2)]}1/2 = md/dT
vi

m = dT/rf

- Khi h s phn x khc -1: D v c tm t th cc ng cong D = const.

vi cc trc l (h2 / h1) v d/dT v th cc ng cong = const.

13

- iu kin c th p dng cc cng thc n gin ca giao thoa trn mt t

phng:
2k0h1h2/d < 0,1
Sau v cc gin vi
= const.
v chn vng bn tri cc ng cong ny
* ng dng ca gin ph v cng thc giao thoa:
V d 1 (H thng Rada): Mt Radar c chiu cao anten l h1 = 15m, theo ri my
bay n ang chiu cao 300m = h2 bc sng lm vic = 10cm, Rada dng sng
phn cc ngang c h s phn x = -1. Xc nh cc vng my bay c th c
quan st, khi khong quan st cc i trong khng gian t do ca Radar l 40km.
Gii : Da vo th mc tn hiu thu tng i, ph thuc d/dT.
= 0,564
c th dng gin = 0,5 ( ng vi h1 = 13,85)
- Khong chn tri dT15,96 km
=> khong t do cc i 40km = 2,5dT
- Cng sut sng ti mc tiu ~ F2, cng sut t mc tiu v li radar cng ~ F2
=> cng sut thu radar ~ F4.
=> cng sut tn hiu gia cc bp sng ln cn trn gin thay i 6dB (nu
cng sut thu ~ r4, => s thay i 21/2r s thay i 6dB mc tn hiu).
Gi s mc tn hiu thu c S0 tng ng vi bp sng c nhn 2 trn gin
i dc theo ng h2/h1 = 300/15 = 20 s giao vi bp 2,8 ti d 4dT vi mc tn
hiu 6dB thp hn S0 v ti d 3,6 giao bp 2 vi mc thiu S0
Khi mc tiu tip li gn bp 2,8 v 4 giao ti d = 3,3 v 3,2 dT.
Ti d = 2,85 ; 2,8 , 2,7 v 2,55 tin hiu thay i t 12dB di mc S0 6dB
S0 6dB > S0 khi mc tiu qua bp giao thoa th hai
- Mc tn hiu cc i xy ra ti 2,45dT (8dB >S)

14

V khong t do ti a l 2,5dT v v S0 tng ng vi 2 dT nn mc tn hiu ti

thiu c th thu c l
Sm = 0,415S0
Cc khong c th quan st c mc tiu trn ng Sm
tn ti cc vng m (khng quan st c) v khi mc tiu tin st n
radar, mc tn hiu thay i nhanh hn v t cc gi tr cc i ln hn.
Khi mc tiu tin n khong cch sao cho gc tip t ca tia phn x c
mt s , th rng tia hu hn ca anten radar (c th <50) s ngn cn tia
bc x ti mt t nh hng ca giao thoa bin mt v mc tn hiu tng n
iu theo d-4 nh trong khng gian t do.
* Nu dng cng thc ca mt t phng th:
tg = (h2 + h1)/d

Gi thit anten radar lun hng v mc tiu v li ca anten gim 10dB

vi gc lch 60 so vi hng trc (hng bc x cc i mc tiu) v gi thit
tia ti mt t c bin gim 10 ln th c th b qua nh hng giao thoa.
Gii phng trnh gc s cho ra d = 5,72 km = 0,36 dT mc tiu phi rt gn
radar mi c th b qua nh hng ca giao thoa.
V d 2 (FM communication link): Mt trm pht FM c anten pht chiu cao
h2 = 80m, li anten l 5, cng sut pht l 500W, anten thu cao h1 = 10m tn
s hot ng 100MHz, tm cng trng theo ti khong cch 8,1mi t trm pht
V d 3 (microwave communication link): An ten pht ca cc trm Viba c
chiu cao 35m, = 10cm. Tm khong cch cc i cng sut tn hiu khng thp
hn gi tr trong khng gian t do
V d 4 (microwave communication link with unequal tower heights): Tng
t v d 3, nhng h2 = 50m, tm F vi d = 50km.

15

2.3 TRNG TRONG VNG NHIU X :

- Theo nguyn l quang hnh th trng bn di tia nhn thng hay tia tip tuyn
bng Zero. Tuy nhin do cc hiu ng nhiu x, trng bc x s xuyn qua vng ti
bn di tia tip tuyn.
- Mc du cng trng suy gim nhanh khi im quan st i su vo vng ti,
tuy nhin vn c th to ra tn hiu hu ch.
- Khi im quan st i vo vng ti su th s c biu thc n gin tm
li ng F, bng cch tm cc gi tr ca d/dT tng ng vi cc i u tin vi:
v

/2 = /2

F=1+D

/2 = /4

F = (1 + D2)1/2

ri ni nhng im ny bng mt ng cong qua nhiu gi tr F xc nh vi cc

gi tr ca d/dT trong vng nhiu x (vng ti)
2.4 TN HAO DO NHIU X KHI C VT CN
- Gi hc : Khong cch t b vt cn n tia nhn thng (gi l khong trng)
- Khi hc = 0 s c tn hao 6dB so vi truyn sng trong khng gian t do.
- Gi s phn x gng ng gp khng ng k vo trng thu c an ten thu,
phn x b ng vai tr ch yu.
Trng nhiu x: Trng n ni thu c th biu din di dng trng bc x t
mt mt m S so vi khi khng c b ca vt chn. T s ga hai trng l tn hao
nhiu x. Trng n mt S c dng sng cu vi h s lan truyn
exp(-jk0R1) ti im O.
Ti im Q cch O mt khong , h s truyn l
exp(-jk0R2)
vi

R2 = (R12 + 2)1/2

Nu

R1 >>

=>

R2 = R1 + 2/2R1

Vy trn mt S h s truyn sng ng vi l:

16

exp(-jk0R1 - jk02/2R1)
Bin trng ng vi s suy gim theo hm Gauss:
exp(-2/2)
Khi in trng trn mt S l:
Ei = ay(E0/R1) exp(-2/2) exp(-jk0R1 - jk02/2R1),
gi thit sng ti phn cc dc theo trc y ca h ta xyz gc O.
- Cng trng ca sng n ti anten thu c xem nh bc x t mt S. Mt S
c coi nh mt mt ming bc x, c cng trng c xc nh bi bin i
Fourier ngc ca hm f(kx,ky)
- Ti anten thu, r gn // vi trc z, do ch c cc sng c thnh phn kt gn zero
mi c th ti anten thu.
=> cng in trng:
E(r) = (jk0E0ay/2zR1) exp[-jk0(z + R1)](/a)

1/2

e ay dy1

8)

- T s tch phn theo y1 khi c mt vt cn vi trng hp khng c vt cn c

gi l tn hao nhiu x.
- Khi li ng do nhiu x l:
1/2

Fd = (/a) |

e ay dy1 |

- Khi hc = 0,:
Fd = 21/2/2|

ju
He du |
c

(10)

(10) l tch phn Fresnel, Hc = (2a/j)1/2hc

- Nu anten pht c li sao cho bn knh chm tia hiu dng ln th
Hc (2d/0d1d2)1/2hc
v tn hao c th b qua vi Hc > 0,8.

17

- Nu rng tia gia nhng im c bin trng gim 2 ln so vi gi tr

trn trc l A, th
d1tgA
tha mn iu kin
1/2 << 2d/0d1d2
cn phi c
d12 tg2A >> 0d1d2/2d
- Trong a s cc knh thng tin d << 0 do iu kin trn c tha mn v
F c th xc nh t (8).
- i vi vt cn l i ni, khong trng hc cn chn m bo an ton
chng Fading do khc x.
- iu kin kh quyn bnh thng, hc c xc nh bng cch v ng
truyn trn mt t c bn knh hiu dng bng 4/3 bn knh thc.
- Trong mt s trng hp h s khc x c th tng theo chiu cao cc tia
sng s b cong v pha trn v lm gim khong trng hiu dng.

18

CHNG III

TRUYN SNG MT

3.1 Gii thiu

- Khi cc anten nh x gn hoc trn mt t, sng khng gian (Space wave) bin
mt do trng phn x trit tiu tia trc tip trng thu c anten thu s do
trng sng mt (Surface wave)
- Truyn sng theo sng mt l mode truyn ch yu di tn t vi kHz n vi
chc MHz.
- Suy hao cng sut tn hiu gn nh t l nghch vi R4.
- Anten thng c dng thp cao, cng sut t 10kw n 1Mw v phm vi truyn
sng c hng trm dm. Trong chng ny s a ra li gii gii tch cho bc x t
cc dipole t vung gc trn mt t phng c tn hao, t xc nh ng gp ca
sng khng gian v sng mt .
- Hm suy hao sng mt s c biu din di dng th .
- Cc v d v nh gi knh thng tin s minh ha cho bi ton thit k tuyn: tnh
ton cc mc cng sut, khong cch truyn v cc mc tn hiu.
__________________________________________
3.2 SNG MT T PHN T DNG
- Xt phn t dng nh hng theo trc z, c cng n v ( n gin cho
tnh ton), nh x cao h trn mt t.
- Mt t c c trng bi hng s in mi phc.
= j = j / 0
- C th xem phn t dng l ngun im, c mt dng:
J = az (x) (y) (z h)

(1)

19

- T phng trnh Helmholtz thnh phn Az = trong khng kh v Az = 3

di mt t tha mn cc phng trnh sau:
2

2 + k 0 = 0 J
2

2 3 + k 0 = 0

vi z > 0

(2a)

vi z < 0

(2b)

trong k02 = 00
- Li gii ca h (2) c th tm nh bin i Fourier cho v 3 theo cc bin x, y
tng ng vi x, y. Vi
2x + 2y = 2
- Bin i Fourier h (2) :
(2 /z2 + k02 - 2) ^(x, y, z) = -( 0 /4) (z h)

z>0

(2 /z2 + k2 - 2) 3^(x, y, z) = 0

z<0

- T iu kin lin tc ca cc thnh phn tip tuyn ti z = 0,

(5)

c th chn:
^ = 1^ = Aexp[-0(z h)],

vi z > h

(6)

^ = 2^ = A[exp(0z) v exp(-0z)] / {exp(0h)[1 - v exp(-20h)]}, z < h

(6) l tng ca sng xung v ln vi cc hng s A v h s phn x v cn chn
sao cho:
1^ = 2^
- Vi

ti z = h

z < 0 th Az = 3^ v chn 3^ sao cho

3^ = 2^

ti z = 0,

3^ = A(1 - v) exp(z) / exp(0h)[1 - vexp(-20h)],

vi

2 = 2 - k 2

(7)

- Ngoi ra cn iu kin bin ti z = h

( /z)|h-h+ = - 0 / 42

(8)

- T (5) v (8) A v v

(9)

20

Vi

z>h

c dng ph ca cc sng phng bc x trc tip t ngun cng vi cc sng

phng phn x t b mt (coi nh xut pht t nh h), v c gi l h s phn x
Fresnel.
- Vi v = 0
1 = (0 / 4)exp{-jk0[(2 + (z h)2]1/2}
- Vi dn in rt ln
1 = (0 / 4)[exp(-jk0R1) / R1 + exp(-jk0R2) / R2]
trong R1 = [(2 + (z h)2]1/2,

R2 = [(2 + (z + h)2]1/2

- C th vit li 1 dng hm Hankel

1 = (0 / 4)[exp(-jk0R1) / R1 + exp(-jk0R2) / R2 + 2I]
trong I = +- [wH02(w)exp(-0(z+h)] / 2(+0)] dw
vi H0 l hm Henkel loi 2, v

w2 = 2x + 2y

- Khi +0 = 0 th sng c dng sng mt Zenneck

- Vi khong chn tri rt ln v z = 0 th:
s = Cexp(-jk( + 1)) / 1//2, vi C = const.
- Trn b mt z = 0 R1 = R2 sng khng gian bin mt v thnh phn Ez c
dng:
Ez = jwAz = (jk0Z0/4R)[exp(-jk0R)][2(-1)/ ]As
vi

(17)

R1 = R2 = R, As = 1 j()1/2exp(-)erfc(j 1/2)
= -jk0R(-1)/22

v hm erfc(j1/2) l phn b ca hm li
erfc(j1/2) = (2/1/2) j1/2exp(-u2)du
Vy cng trng khc vi trong khng gian t do h s
2As(-1)/ 2As v thng > 10
- Ni chung, As gim nhanh khi tng trn mt gi tr xc nh.
- Khi R 0 th As 1 v gi gi tr 1 cho n khi R ln hn vi bc sng.

21

Thng biu din:

= -jk0d(-1)/22 = pexp(-jb)
vi

p = ||

gi l khong cch s, d: khong cch ngang

- V >> 1 nn, gn ng:

p k0d/2|| = k0d/2[(2 + (0)2]1/2
v

b tg-1(0/)

vi

/0 = 1,8 x 104 /f(MHz)

- Cc gi tr tiu biu ca mt t: = 10-3 10-2 (S/m)

= 10 15

(dn in)

+ p tng nhanh theo tn s vi d cho trc, suy hao tng nhanh theo tn s do
khong cch s p tng nhanh.
- Khi

p = 500 suy hao l 60 dB

p = 50 suy hao l 40 dB

- Vi b < 90o, h s suy gim |As| c th coi xp x:

|As| = (2 + 0,3p)/(2 + p + 0,6p2) (p/2)1/2exp(-0,6p)sinb
* Sng mt suy gim theo (17) ch khi mt t phng.
/3
- Vi khong cch 50 mi/f 1MHz
cng thc (17)cn dng c cho mt cu.

- Ngoi khong cch ny sng mt suy gim nhanh hn nhiu trn mt cu so vi

mt t phng.
- Khong cch trn s gim xung gi tr 10 mi tn s 100MHz
* vng th do nhiu mnh nn cng anten thu phi c t 110 mV /m
bo m t s (S/N) .
*Vi anten nh x rt gn mt t, trng sng mt s bng 2As x trng t do.
_________________________________________________

22

3.3 H THNG PHT THANH AM

- Xt h thng pht thanh AM tn s 1MHz. Anten thu c dng vng nh mch
vo my thu:
- Din tch hiu dng ca anten khi phi hp tr khng v phi hp phn cc l:
Ae = (02/4)G

vi G l li

- Nu tr thun ca cun dy l r, in tr bc x l Ra th hiu sut ca anten l:

= Ra /( Ra + r)
- in tr bc x cho bi:
Ra = k04Z0N2A2/6
- li G = 1,5

vi A l din tch vng dy, N: s vng dy.

Cng sut thu:

Pr = AePnc = [k02Z0N2A2/4(r + Ra)]Pinc

vi Pinc l mt cng sut sng n trn n v din tch
*Gi s:

r nhit mi trng T0 = 300oK

Ra nhit nhiu ca anten TA

Cng sut nhiu:

Pn = 4kTRf

- Nu my thu c c trng nhiu l F th nhiu vo ph thm tng ng nhn

c bi vic tng nhit ca r+ Ra mt lng (F-1)To .
- Khi ti phi hp tr khng: RL=Ra+r
th v c s tng ng thevenin ca anten.
=> Cng sut nhiu tng cng t trn ti RL
=> T s tn hiu trn nhiu my thu
- V d: Vi N = 200; A = 50 cm2; L = 200 H; h s phm cht Q = 100;
f = 10 kHz, tnh cng sut sng ti cn thit c t s (S/N) = 100. Tnh cng
sut pht cn thit nu gi thit anten pht c li = 1, tn s lm vic 1 MHz, t
dn in tt v cho th ca |As| theo khong cch s p.

23

3.4 KNH THNG TIN TRONG DI DN DNG

+ nh gi h thng hot ng tn s 27 MHz trong mi trng thn qu .
+ Gi thit c anten pht v thu u trn cc xe car v phng thc truyn sng
gia hai anten l sng mt vi cc thng s nh sau
-Cng sut pht =5W
- li anten =1
-c trng nhiu thu F=4
- rng bng thu =5kHz
-Hng s in mi ca t =12
- dn in ca t =5 x 10-3

S
m

-Nhit nhiu trung bnh ca anten l 104 oK

- T gi thit Khong cch s:
p = 0,25d/0
*Khong cch cc i c th dng cng thc cho mt t phng l
50/f1/3(MHz) = 16,7 mi
khi

p = 601 m

- Do p >> 1 nn:
|As| 8.83 x 10-4
- Cng sut thu l:
Prec = 1,5 x 10-14 W
*Cng sut nhiu ti u vo anten thu l:
Pn = 7,52 x 10-16 W
cng sut nhiu rt nh hn cng sut thu (S/N) =20,2
khong cch thng tin 16,7 miles l hon ton kh thi.
*Ngoi khonh cch 16,7mi, nh hng ca mt t cu s lm cng sut thu gim
rt nhanh cn dng cc anten cao hn.

24

*S suy gim ca sng mt phn cc ngang:

- H s suy hao sng mt phn cc ngang l:
|[1/( j/0]2As(p)|
vi khong cch s cho bi:
p = (d/0)1,8 x 104 /fMHzcosb
tgb = ( 1)/ (/0)
=> khong cch s vi sng phn cc ngang ln hn nhiu so vi sng phn cc
ng tn s thp, do sng phn cc ngang khng s dng cho sng mt.
(vi sng phn cc ng p=

kod o
)
2

25

CHNG IV TRUYN SNG NH TNG IN LY

4.1 GII THIU
* Tng in ly l phn kh quyn b ion ho (ch yu do bc x mt tri). Ban ngy
tng in ly tn ti khong t 90 1000km trn mt t. Mt din tch t 1010
1012 e-/m3 chia ch yu thnh 3 lp vi mt e- cc tr : D, E, F.
- Vo ban ngy, lp F chia thnh 2 lp F1, F 2
* Tng in ly phn x sng v tuyn c tn s 3 40 MHz cho php thit lp
knh thng tin v tuyn qua khong cch hng ngn miles
*Hng s in mi hiu dng ph thuc vo tn s v nng phn t khng n
nh Fadingkhc phc nh phn tp khng gian hoc phn tp tn s
______________________________________________
4.2 HNG S IN MI CA KH ION HO
- Trong kh ion ho, ch c chuyn ng ca cc in t l quan trng di tc
ng ca in trng cao tn (v khi lng ion ln hn 1800 ln so vi in t)
- Phng trnh chuyn ng ca in t c khi lng m, in tch e vi vn tc
r
r
v di tc dng ca cng in trng l
r
md v /dt = -eE
r
- Vi sng sin jm v = -eE

(4.1)

- Mt dng in:
r

J = -eN v = (Ne2/jm)E

(4.2)

- Thay vo phng trnh Maxwell =>

rot H = j0E + J = j0(1 Ne2/ m20)E

(4.3)

=> hng s in mi hiu dng ca kh ion ha l:

= 1 Ne2/ m20 = 1 p2 /2
vi

p = (Ne2/ m0)1/2

l tn s plasma

26

* cao thp hn, khi tnh n va chm vi cc phn t trung ho v cc ion,

r

phng trnh (4.1) cn thm s hng lc hm do va chm : -m v vo v phi, vi l

tn s va chm.
- Khi hng s in mi c hiu dng c dng phc:
= 1 p2/ ( j)

(4.5)

=> s va chm gy hp th mnh tn sn thp hoc

- T (4.4) =>
+ Khi

> p

<1

+ Khi

= p

=0

+ Khi

< p

<0

* Cc sng phng lan truyn trong kh ion ho s c hng s truyn sng:

k = (00)1/2 = 1/2k0
=> khi < p, k thun o khi = 0 sng phng s suy hao theo hm m vi
khong cch.
* Xt sng phng n vung gc vi tng in ly, do nng in t N tng theo
chiu cao nn n mt cao nht nh = 0, s truyn sng s dng v sng phn
x tr li mt t (ch p = Ne 2 / m 0 v lc u p < )
* Khi sng n nghing mt gc i , N tng theo chiu cao v gim tia ti b
b cong v quay tr v mt t khi chiu cao tho mn iu kin
= sin i
- C th gii thch hin tng theo m hnh phn lp v nh lut khc x Snell
=> - Khi cho trc gc ti i im phn x s cao hn khi tn s tng.
- Khi cho trc gi tr cc i ca nng in t th gi tr cc i ca i c
th gy ra s quay ngc ca sng s gim khi tng tn s , do tn ti gii hn
trn ca tn s sng c th quay v.
Nti hn = f2cos i /81
- V d: nu i = /4,

N = 2 x1010/m3,

=> fmax = 1,8 MHz

27

- Nu N cho trc th:

= 1 81N/f2
=> Nu sng ti vung gc th s quay ngc nu N t ti gi tr sao cho = 0.
- Khi tn s gii hn cho bi:
fc = 9Nmax1/2
- Khi c th vit li:
f = fcsec i = 9Nmax1/2 sec i

(4.8)

- Gi tr f xc nh theo (4.8) c gi l tn s kh dng cc i MUF (Maximum

Usable Frequency) khi sec i c gi tr cc i (thng 40 MHz). Khi hot nng ca
mt tri thp th gii hn trn ca tn s l t 25 -30 MHz
* Virtual height: cao ca im giao ngoi suy ca tia ti v tia quay v ca 1
lp trong tng in ly.
- Lp F2: t 250-400 km
- Lp F1: t 200-250 km
- Lp F ban m 300km
- Lp E 110 km
* Skip distance:
d = 2(2aeh)1/2
vi h l chiu cao o.
- Gc ti cc i tng ng i c cho bi:
cotg i =h/(d/2) = 2h/d
- Nu nng e- l 1012/m3 fc = 9 MHz v fmax = 32,4 MHz
nu dng h = 300 km (phn x t lp F2) => dmax = 2500 mi, v dmax = 2500 mi
nu phn x t lp E.
- c d < dmax

gim i f gim.

28

 4.3 CC THNG S NG TRUYN

* xc nh cc thng s ca ng truyn sng nh tng in ly cn bit quan
h khong cch bc d, chiu cao o h v gc ti i .
Gc tnh t tm qu t qua im pht v im quay v:
= d/2ae

(4.10)

vi ae = 5280 mi hay 8497 km

Theo lut sin trong tam gic =>
(1 + h/ae cos)cosec = cotg i
Gc ngng = /2 - i

(4.11)
(4.12)

* V d: Xc nh gc bc x v tn s cho trm v tuyn sng ngn.

- Gi s trm sng ngn c thit lp ph sng khong cch 4200 mi
(6760 km).
- Chiu cao phn x h cho bc n l:
h(ft) = d2/8 = 670 km
-V h > chiu cao ca tng ion, do cn truyn qua 2 bc, mi bc 2100 mi
h = 167,5 km dng phn x t lp F1 v F2 v tia bc x c gc ngng khc 0.
- Gi thit chiu cao o l 300 km
- T h (4.10) v (4.11) => i = 74,44o
gc ngng = 4,16o
anten pht cn c hng bc x cc i lm 1 gc 4.16o so vi mt t
-Lp F vi iu kin ban ngy c N = 5x1011/m3 tn s gii hn fc=6,36 MHz
tn s kh dng cc i:
fmax = 11,06 MHz
hot ng trong di SW 31m (9,2 - 9,7MHz) c th chp nhn c.
* Trong thc t cn ch s khc bit v thi gian (gi a phng) gia 2 im
phn x v thi gian trong nm. Ni chung, cn c vo s liu thng k thay i

29

tn s hot ng theo thi gian trong ngy. Tn s kh d cao nht cn lm ti thiu

ho suy hao v cn chn < 15% di mc tn s kh dng cc i.
__________________________________
4.4

NH HNG CA T TRNG TRI T

- nh hng ca t trng c th b qua tn s trn 10 MHz, nhng cn c

tnh n khi tn s nh hn 5 MHz.
- T trng lm cho tng ion tr nn bt ng hng v hng s in mi phi
c biu din di dng ma trn.
- C 2 mode truyn sng khc nhau: thng v d thng. Sng phng n tng ion
s tch thnh 2 mode truyn v khi ra khi tng ion chng s ti hp tr li thnh 1
mode n. Tuy nhin mt phn cc thng b thay i, gi l hin tng quay
Faraday.
- hin tng quay Faraday gy tn hao cng sut tn hiu ti anten thu do mt phi
hp phn cc.
- Mt in t t do chuyn ng vi vn tc v s quay hay chuyn ng trn 1 qu
o trn di tc dng ca t trng tnh B0 vi tn s gc:
c = eB0/m

(1)

T trng tri t 5 x 10-5 Wb/m2 c 8,83 x 106 v fc 1,4 MHz

- T lc Lorentz v quan h H ~ Y0E b qua lc tc dng ca H so vi E.
Nu tnh ti c lc hm do va chm th mt dng in t l:
(j + )J + cJ x az = p20E
=> S c mt ca t trng lm cho dn in tr thnh mt tensor ^. Dng
biu din cp vector n v, c th vit li:
J = ^E
Thay vo phng trnh Maxwell II => hng s in mi cho plasma tng ion ha
c dng tensor:
^ = I^ + ^/j0
vi

(10)

I^ l t hp cc cp vector n v
30

- Li gii cho sng phng lan truyn trong mt tng in mi ng nht c th

c tm khi dng phng trnh Maxwell v tensor hng s in mi.
* Quay Faraday: Xt mt lp trong tng in ly c chiu dy l (m), dc theo trc z.
Phn tch sng phng ti thnh 2 sng phn cc trn, quay phai v quay tri.
- Sng n i vo tng in ly ti z = 0 v lan truyn nh 2 sng phn cc trn vi
hng s lan truyn khc nhau.
-Khi sng thot ra khi lp l, nu b qua phn x ti bin ca lp th sng ra li c
dng phn cc thng nhng hng phn cc quay 1 gc so vi trc x:
tg = tg[(k2 k1)l/2]
- Hin tng quay Faraday xy ra mnh khi gn c v lc k1 v k2 rt khc
nhau.
- tn s cao k1 v k2 c gi tr gn nhau nn nh.

31

CHNG V
TRUYN SNG DI MICROWAVE V MLLIMETER-WAVE
5.1 SUY HAO DO MA
1/Gi thiu
-Di tn s microwave v millimeter:
-Sng xuyn qua tng inn ly v >> tn s plasma p.
c hin tng giao thoa do phn x t mt t, nhng nh hng khng ln nh
tn s thp v gh gh ca mt t ln hn nhiu so vi bc sng.
Nu ti im phn x mt t l phng hoc l mt nc th hin tng giao thoa
c th mnh v to ra kiu bc x bp vi cc bp sng gn nhau (cc bp sng tri)
*Suy hao ng k l suy hao do ma (vi cc sng c c vi cm hoc nh hn)v
do tuyt.
*Vi cc sng c c mm, suy hao ch yu do sng m, hi nc v cc kh
khc trong kh quyn.
2/ Suy hao do ma:
- Do s hp th cng sut trong mi trng tn hao in mi
- Do s tn x nng lng ra khi chm tia, thng nh hn tn hao do hp th .
* Xt ht ma hnh cu bn knh a << oca sng mt:
Hng s in mi phc:
= j
in trng sng ti lan truyn theo trc x:
Ei = E0az exp(-jk0x)
Vector phn cc in mi trong git ma hnh cu:
P = 3( 1)/( + 2)0E0az
=> Moment lng cc ca git ma:
P0 = (4/3)a33( 1)/( + 2)0E0az
- Trng tn x vng xa ca git ma (tng ng phn t dng Idl = jP0): Es

32

=> Cng sut tn x ton phn:

Ps = (2k02Z0 /12)|P0|2
hay:

Ps = (4/3)a2(k0a)4Y0|E0|2|( 1)/( + 2)|2

cn gi l cng sut tn x tn s thp, hay tn x Rayleigh

* Tit din tn x s c nh ngha = cng sut tn x ton phn / mt cng
sut sng n trn n v din tch
* Tit dn tn x ngc radar BS c nh ngha sao cho nu tn x l ng
hng th cng sut tn x ngc /v din tch =cng sut ti. C th chng minh
c:
BS = (3/2)s
- Tit din hp th a: c tnh t tch phn qua th tch hnh cu bn knh a ca
cng sut gy bi dng phn cc Jp = jP do tng tc vi in trng E: Pa
=> tit din hp th:
= Pa / (Pinc / v din tch)
= 12 a2(k0a) |( 1)/( + 2)|2{/ [( 1)2 + 2]}
- Tit din hy (extinction):
e = s + a
- Cng sut mt mt ton b ca sng n:
Ploss = e x (Pinc / v din tch)
- Khi sng in t truyn qua m ma, cn tnh ti phn b kch thc ht ma v
e ph thuc mnh vo bn knh ht ma.
Suy hao do ma ph thuc:
+ tit din hu ca mi git ma
+ phn b kch thc git ma
+ tc ma R
- Quy dnh tc ma:

+ Ma phn nh R=0,25 mm/h

+ Ma nh R=1mm/h
+ Ma va R=4 mm/h
33

+ Ma nng R=16 mm/h

- Phn b kch thc ht ma ph thuc tc ma:
+ Ma nng ht cng thc marshal_palmer
+ Trong vin thng thng s dng cng thc n gin hn:
A = aRb

(dB/km)

+ Cng thc Olsen Rodgers - Hodge:

*Nhn xt:
+ tn s < 10 GHz suy hao do ma tng i thp
+ Suy hao do ma tng nhanh theo tn s
* Vkhong cch thng tin point_to_point tiu biu l 20_30km nn tc suy hao
1dB/km c th dn n suy gim mnh cng tn hiu phi khc phc nh

tng li hoc cng sut pht ca anten kh tn km khi cn tng 1000 ln

______________________________________________
5.2 SUY HAO DO SNG M
- Tun theo cc phong trnh tng t nh suy hao do ma
- Khc bit chnh do kch thc ht rt nh, bn knh c t 0,010,05mm
- Vi tn s < 300 GHz suy hao do sng m t l vi mt nc /v th tch
- Gii hn trn ca mt nc l 1g/m3
- Mt 0,032 g/m3 ng vi tm nhn xa khong 2000ft
- Mt 0,32 g/m3 ng vi tm nhn xa khong 400ft
* tn s 300GHz suy hao trong sng m c mt cao xp x 1dB/km

=====================================================

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5.3 SUY HAO DO TUYT V

- Khi nc chuyn sang dng tuyt v , c s thay i ng k trong hng s
in mi phc =-j
- Vi gn nh khng i 3,17 vi nhit t 0oC 37oC, vi bc sng
trong di microwave v milliterwave .
- Phn o rt nh v gn nh khng ph thuc tn s trong di vi sng v
millimeterwave, thay i t 3,7x10-3 5,2x10-4, khi nhit t 0oC-30oC.
- Gi tr rt nh ca phn o chng t suy hao tng i thp.
- Do tuyt v ma cha hn hp ca tinh th v nc, nn suy hao ph
thuc iu kin thi tit.
- Suy hao ca di vi sng trong tuyt kh nh hn 1 bc so vi suy hao trong ma
vi cng tc .
-Suy hao trong tuyt t c th xp x trong ma v thm ch c th cao hn di
sng mm .
V d:

suy hao 2dB/km tn s 35GHz cho tuy t vi tc 5mm/h.

==================================================

5.4 SUY HAO DO CC KH TRONG KH QUYN

- th suy hao (dB/km) theo tn s c cc cc i v cc tiu khi nim ca
s l nhng di tn s trung gian gia cc cc i c suy hao thp .
- tn s > 300GHz suy hao do oxygen c th b qua so vi suy hao hi nc.
- Hp th hi nc xy ra mnh ti o = 1,35cm v 1,67mm
- Hp th do O2 xy ra mnh ti =0,5v 0,25cm .
- bc sng =0,5cm ring suy hao do O2 vt qu 10dB/km khong cch
thng tin rt hn ch.
- Nu chn bc sng lm vic thch hp c th hn ch suy hao ng k, chng
hn ti o=1,33mm suy hao s < 0,1dB/km
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- Tuy nhin c th dng di sng cc ngn cho cc ng dng c bit khong

cch ngn hoc gia v tinh vi v tinh do c th to ra cc anten c li cao, b li
suy hao.
5.5 TN X DO MA
- ng vai tr quan trng trong dn ng v d bo thi tit .
- Xt git nc nh x ti im (r,,) trong h to cu t ti anten radar, l
gc cc, l gc phng v so vi hng nhn ca radar .
- Cng sut n/n v din tch ti v tr git nc l :
Pinc = PtG(,)/4r2
- Cng sut tn x ngc ti v tr radar l :
dPBS = PincBS/4r2
- Cng sut thu bi anten radar l:
dPr = (0/4) G(,)dPBS
+ Vi gi thit b qua a tn x (mutitiple scattering) v tr pha 2ko (ri - rj) phn b
ngu nhin t 02 th cng sut tng cng thu c bi radar l tch phn ca
G2<BS> /r2
trong th tch m ma V, vi <BS> l tit din tn x ngc trung bnh trn n v
th tch.
- Gi s sn trc ca xung radar pht ra tai t=0, tn hiu v n radar ti t=

2r
,
c

cng thi im vi tn hiu pht thi im t1 nhng phn x bi git ma v tr:

r r = r ct1/2
* Vy sn sau ca xung s tr v 1 tn hiu t git ma ti v tr r-

c
ti cng
2

thi im vi sn trc t git ma v tr r.

* Ch : khong cch

c
c
thng rt ngn, chng hn, vi = 1 s
= 150 m.
2
2

Do c th b qua suy hao ca sng n v sng v.

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V d: Cho h radar c cc thng s:

Pt = 100kW (peak)
Pulse length: = 1 s
Antenna Gain: G = 30 dB
tn s f = 100MHz
rng tia na cng sut 0,063 rad
Xc nh cng sut thu t m ma cch 10km vi tc ma 10 mm/h
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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