L THUYT V BI TP ANKAN

1.1 c tn quc t (IUPAC) cc cht sau :

a. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3
2-metylbutan (isopentan)
b. CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 3-metylpentan
c. CH3-CH(Br)-CH(C2H5)-CH3
2-brom-3-etylbutan
d. CH3-CHCl-CHCl-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 2,3-dibrom-4-metylhexan
e. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH(CH3)-CH3 2,3,5-trimetylhexan
1.2 T cc tn gi hy vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht :
a. 4-etyl-2,3-imetyl hexan CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(CH3)-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH3
d. 3,3,5-tri metyl octan
CH3-CH2-C(CH3)2-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH3
b. 6-etyl -2,2-imetyl octan
CH3-C(CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH3
e. 3-etyl-2,3-i metyl heptan CH3-CH(CH3)-C(C2H5)(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
c. 1-brom-2-clo-3-metyl pentan CHBr-CHCl-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3
1.3 Vit cc phng trnh phn ng theo s chuyn ha sau :
CH3Cl CH2Cl2 CHCl3 CCl4
a. CH3COONa CH4
C2H2 C2H6 C2H4 etan
0

CaO ,t
CH3COONa + NaOH
CH4 + Na2CO3
as
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
clometan (metyl clorua)

as
CH3Cl + Cl2
CH2Cl2 + HCl
iclo metan (mrtylen clrrua)

as
CH2Cl2 + Cl2
CHCl3 + HCl
triclometan (clorofom)

as
CHCl3 + Cl2
CCl4

HCl

1500
2CH4
C2H2 +3H2
l ln
Ni ,t 0

C2H6
C2H2 + 2H2
0
500 C , xt
C2H6
C2H4 +H2
0

Ni ,t
C2H4 + H2
C2H6
C2H6 C2H5Cl C4H10 C4H8 nbutan
b. C4H10
isopropylclorua
C3H6 propan
npropylclorua.
0

500 C , xt
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH3-CH3 + CH2=CH2
as
CH3-CH3 + Cl2
CH3-CH2Cl +HCl
t 0C , xt
2CH3-CH2Cl + 2Na
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 + 2NaCl
0

500 C , xt
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 + H2
Ni ,t 0
CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 + H2
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
0

500 C , xt
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH3-CH=CH2 +CH4
0
Ni
,
t
CH3-CH=CH2 + H2
CH3-CH2-CH3
CH3-CH2-CH3 + Cl2
CH3-CHCl-CH3 (isopropylclorua) + HCl
CH 2Cl-CH2-CH3 (propylclorua) + HCl
c. nHecxan nbutan etan etylclorua.
5000 C , xt
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 + CH2=CH2

500 C , xt
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH2-CH3 + CH2=CH2
as
CH3-CH3 + Cl2
CH3-CH2Cl +HCl
1.4. Vit phng trnh phn ng clo ha (t l 1 : 1), phn ng hiroha, phn ng nhit (cho bit sn no c u
tin).
a. Propan + Cl2

CH 2Cl CH 2 CH 3 + HCl
CH 3 CHCl CH 3 + HCl

as
CH3-CH2-CH3 + Cl2

CH 2 = CH CH 3 + H 2
CH 2 = CH 2 + CH 4

t C , xt
CH3-CH2-CH3

b. n-butan

CH 2Cl CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 + HCl
CH 3 CHCl CH 2 CH 3 + HCl

as
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 + Cl2

CH 2 = CH CH 3 + CH 4

t C , xt
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH 2 = CH 2 + CH 3 CH 3
CH = CH CH CH + H
2
3
2
2
0

c. CnH2n+2
as
CnH2n+2 + Cl2
CnH2n+1Cl + HCl
CnH2n+2

Cn H 2 n + H 2
t 0C , xt
(n1+ n2 =n)

Cn1 H 2 n1 + Cn 2 H 2 n 2+ 2

Cu 2. Vit cc ng phn v gi tn theo danh php quc t cc hp cht ng vi cng thc phn t sau: C 5H12
* C5H12
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 pentan
CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 2-metylbutan (isopentan)
CH3-C(CH3)2-CH3 2,2 dimetylpropan (neopentan)
1.5 Hai cht A, B cng cng thc phn t C 5H12 tc dng vi Cl2 theo t l mol 1:1 th A ch to 1 dn xut duy nht cn B
to 4 dn xut. Vit cng thc cu to ca A, B v cc dn xut clo ca chng.

CH 2Cl CH (CH 3 ) CH 2 CH 2Cl + HCl

CH Cl CH (CH ) CHCl CH + HCl
2
3
3

as
CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 + Cl2 CH 3 CCl (CH 3 ) CH 2 CH 3 + HCl
CH 2Cl CH (CH 3 ) CH 2 CH 3 + HCl
as
CH3-C(CH3)2-CH3 + Cl2
CH2Cl-C(CH3)2-CH3 + HCl

1.6 Xc nh cng thc phn t v vit cng thc cu to ca cc hirocacbon trong mi trng hp sau :
a. Ankan A c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 36.
Dt CTTQ ca ankan A: Cn H 2 n + 2 (vi n>0)

d A/ H 2 =

MA
M A = M H 2 .d A/ H 2 =2.36=72=14n+2n=2
MH2

CTPT ca A: C5H12
CTCT: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 pentan
CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 2-metylbutan (isopentan)
CH3-C(CH3)2-CH3 2,2 dimetylpropan (neopentan)
b. Cng thc n gin nht ca B l C3H7.
ankan B c CTPT c dng (C3H7)n C3n H 7 n
v l ankan nn: 7n=2.3n + 2 n=2

Ta c : Cn H 2 n + 2 ( C3H7)n
CTPT ca B : C6H14
c. Ankan X c %C= 80% ;
Dt CTTQ ca ankan X: Cn H 2 n + 2
%C=

12n.100
= 80 n = 2
14n + 2

CTPT ca X: C2H6
CTCT ca X: CH3-CH3
d. Ankan Y c %H=25% ;
Dt CTTQ ca ankan Y: Cn H 2 n + 2
%H=

(2n + 2).100
= 25 n = 1
14n + 2

CTPT ca Y: CH4
f. Ha hi 12g ankan D thy chim mt th tch bng th tch ca 5g etan o cng iu kin.
Dt CTTQ ca ankan D: Cn H 2 n + 2
Vhi ca D = Vhi ca etan nD=nC2H6=
MD =

6
= 0.2 mol
30

8.8
= 44 =14n+2n=3
0, 2

CTPT ca D: C3H6
CTCT ca D: CH3-CH2-CH3
1.7 Xc nh cng thc phn t v vit cng thc cu to ca cc hirocacbon trong mi trng hp sau :
a. t chy hon ton 1 lt ankan A sinh ra 3 lt CO2. Cc th tch o cng iu kin.
Dt CTTQ ca ankan A: Cn H 2 n + 2

Cn H 2 n + 2 + (3n+ 1) /2 O2 nCO2 + (n + 1)H2O

1l
Ta c :

3l

1 n
= n=3
1 3

CTPT ca A: C3H6
CTCT ca A: CH3-CH2-CH3
b. t chy hon ton 1 ankan B vi lng O 2 va th thy tng s mol cc cht trc phn ng bng tng s mol cc
cht sau phn ng.
Dt CTTQ ca ankan A: Cn H 2 n + 2

Cn H 2 n + 2 + (3n+ 1) /2 O2 nCO2 + (n + 1)H2O

1 + (3n+ 1) /2 = n + n + 1
n= 1
CTPT ca B: CH4
d. t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon Y thu c 17,6 g CO 2 v 0,6 mol H2O.
Dt CTTQ ca ankan Y: Cn H 2 n + 2

nCO 2 =

17, 6
= 0, 4 mol
44

Cn H 2 n + 2 + (3n+ 1) /2 O2 nCO2 + (n + 1)H2O

0,4

0.6

n
n +1
=
n=2
Ta c:
0, 4 0.6
CTPT ca Y: C2H6
CTCT ca Y: CH3-CH3
e. t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon Z thu c CO2 v H2O theo t l Vco2 :Vhi nc = 3 : 4.

V nH 2O > nCO2 hirocacbon Z l ankan

Dt CTTQ ca ankan Z: Cn H 2 n + 2

Cn H 2 n + 2 + (3n+ 1) /2 O2 nCO2 + (n + 1)H2O

3
Ta c:

n n +1
=
n=3
3
4

CTPT ca Y: C3H8
CTCT ca Y: CH3-CH2- CH3
1.8 t chy hon ton 7,4 gam hn hp X gm etan v propan. Cho ton b sn phm chy vo dung dch Ca(OH) 2 d
sau phn ng thy khi lng bnh ng Ca(OH)2 tng ln 34,6 gam.
Tnh % khi lng mi kh trong hn hp X v dX/H2 = ?

C2 H 6 x mol + O2
Ca ( OH )2 du
7, 4 g hhX

sp (CO2 + H 2O )

bnh tng 34,6g= mCO2 + mH 2 o

C3 H 8 y mol
mhh = mC2 H6 + mC3 H8 = 30 x + 42 y = 7, 4 g (1)
C2H6 + 7/2O2 2 CO2 + 3H2O
x
2x
3x
C3H8 + 5 O2 3CO2 + 4 H2O
y
3y
4y
bnh tng 34,6g= mCO2 + mH 2O = nCO2 .44 + nH 2O .18 = (2x + 3y).44 + (3x + 4y).18=142x + 204y=34,6g (2)

mC2 H 6 =
30 x + 42 y = 7, 4
x = .......

142 x + 204 y = 34, 6

y = ........ mC3 H8 =

t (1) v (2) ta c h pt:

%mC2 H 6 =
MX =

mC2 H 6 .100
mhh

........100
= ..........
7, 4

mhhX
7, 4
7, 4
=
=
= .........
nhhX
x + y .... + .....

%mC3 H8 =
d X / H2 =

mC3 H8 .100
mhh

........100
=...........
7, 4

M X ........
=
=
M H2
2

1.9. t chy hon ton a gam hn hp gm etan v butan. Cho ton b sn phm chy ln lt qua bnh I ng dd
H2SO4 v bnh II ng dd Ca(OH)2 d. Sau th nghim thy khi lng bnh I tng 7,2 gam v bnh II c 30 gam kt
ta. Tnh % khi lng v % theo s mol mi kh trong hn hp ban u.
H 2 SO4 dac

bnh I t ng 7, m
2 g= H 2O
C3 H 8 x mol + O2
ag hhX

sp (CO2 + H 2O ) Ca ( OH ) du
2
C4 H10 y mol
bnh II c 30 g =mCaCO3 = mCO2
mCaCO3 ......
mH 2O ......
nH 2O =
=
= ....
nCO 2 = nCaCO3 =
=
=
18
.......
18
.......

C3H8 + 5O2 3 CO2 + 4H2O

x
3x
4x
C4H10 + 13/2 O2 4CO2 + 5H2O
y
4y
5y

nH 2O = 4 x + 5 y = ..........

nCO2 = 3 x + 4 y = .....

ta c h pt:
1.11 a) Hn hp X gm hai ankan c dX/H 2 = 11,5. Xc nh hai ankan ni trn v tnh % theo th tch ca hh X. Bit hai
ankan l lin tip trong dy ng ng.
* t CT chung hhX l: Cn H 2 n + 2

d X / H2 =

MX
M X = d X / H 2 .M H 2 = 11,5.2 = 23 = 14n + 2 n = 1.5
M H2

Vy hai ankan l lin tip trong dy ng ng l CH4 v C2H6

*

nCH 4
nC2 H6

2 n 0,5 1
=
=
n 1 0,5 1

%VCH 4 = 50%

%VC2 H 6 = 50%

c) Mt hh 2 parafin k cn trong dy ng ng c t khi hi i vi khng kh bng 2,3. Xc nh ctpt ca 2 parafin

ny v tnh % mi cht v th tch.
* t CT chung hh 2 parafin l: Cn H 2 n + 2

d X / kk =

MX
M X = d X / kk .M kk = 2,3.29 = 66.7 = 14n + 2 n = 4.6
M kk

Vy hai parafin l k cn trong dy ng ng l C4H10 v C5H12

*

nC4 H10
nC5 H12

5 n 0, 4
=
%VC H = 40%
4 10
n 4 0, 6

%VC5 H12 = 60%

d) Mt hn hp 2 ankan th kh ktc c t khi i vi C 2H4 bng 0,875. Xc nh cng thc phn t v % th tch
hn hp.
* t CT chung hn hp 2 ankan th kh l: Cn H 2 n + 2

d X / C2 H 4 =

MX
M X = d X / H 2 .M C2 H 4 = 0,875.28 = 24,5 = 14n + 2 n = 1.6
M C2 H 4

Vy 2 ankan th kh l CH4 v C2H4

*

nCH 4 2 n 0, 4
=
=
%VCH = 40%
4
nC2 H6 n 1 0, 6

%VC2 H 6 = 60%

1.12. t chy hon ton 19,8 gam hn hp X gm hai ankan sau phn ng thu c 57,2 gam CO 2.
a. Tnh khi lng nc to thnh v s mol O2 phn ng.
b. Nu 2 ankan trn l ng ng lin tip. Hy xc nh 2 ankan v tnh % theo khi lng mi ankan.

mCO2

57, 2
.12 = 15.6 g
44
44
mH = 19,8 15, 6 = 4, 2 g nH = 4.2 mol
mC =

.12 =

nH = nH 2O .2 = 4, 2 nH 2O = 2,1mol mH 2O = 2,1.18 = 37,8

mhhX + mO2 = mCO2 + mH 2O mO2 = 57, 2 + 37,8 19,8 = 75.2 g
* t CT chung hn hp 2 ankan th kh l: Cn H 2 n + 2

Cn H 2 n + 2 +

3n + 1
O2
2

nCO2
1,3

Ta c:

(n + 1) H 2O
2.1

n n +1
=
n = 1.25
1,3 2.1

Vy 2 ankan ng ng lin tip l CH4 v C2H6

nCH 4 2 n 0, 75
=
=
%VCH = 75%
4
nC2 H6 n 1 0, 25

%VC2 H 6 = 25%

1.13. t chy V(lt) hn hp hai ankan k tip trong dy ng ng. Dn sn phm ln lt qua bnh 1 ng CaCl 2 khan
ri bnh 2 ng dung dch KOH. Sau th nghim khi lng bnh 1 tng 6,43gam v bnh 2 tng 9,82 gam.
a. Lp cng thc hai ankan.
b. Tnh % theo s mol cc ankan trong hn hp, tnh V (kc).

CaCl2 khan
b
nh 1 t ng 6, 43gam=
m
Cn H 2 n + 2
H 2O

+ O2
V (l ) hhX

sp (CO2 + H 2O ) dung dich KOH

nh 2 t ng 9,82 m
g= = CO2
Cn +1 H 2( n +1) + 2
b
t CT chung hn hp 2 ankan th kh l: Cn H 2 n + 2

6, 43
= 0.357 mol
2
18
3n + 1
Cn H 2 n + 2 +
O2
2
nH O =

nCO2 =
nCO2

9,82
= 0, 223 mol
44
+

0,223
Ta c:

(n + 1) H 2O
0,357

n
n +1
=
n = 1, 67
0.223 0,357

Vy 2 ankan ng ng lin tip l CH4 v C2H6

nCH 4 2 n 0, 23
=
=
% nCH = 0.23 mol
4
nC2 H6 n 1 0, 67

% nC2 H 6 = 0, 67 mol

1.14. t chy 20,4 gam mt hn hp 2 hirocacbon no mch h cn dng 51,52 lt oxi (ktc).
a. Tnh th tch kh CO2 (ktc) v khi lng nc to thnh.
b. Xc nh ctpt v tnh % theo th tch mi hirocacbon trong hh. Bit 2 hirocacbon u l cht kh iu kin thng.
1.15. Khi brom ha 22 gam propan ngi ta thu c 33,948 gam isopropyl bromua v 2,952 gam n-propyl bromua. Tnh
hiu sut tng sn phm v hiu sut chung ca phn ng.
1.16. t chy hon ton 29,2 gam hn hp 2 ankan k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Hp th ton b sn phm vo
bnh Ba(OH)2 thy khi lng bnh tng 134,8 gam. Tnh khi lng CO2 v H2O to thnh v tm ctpt ca 2 ankan.
1.17. Hn hp X gm ankan A v B c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 28 (.v.C). t chy hon ton m(g) hh X cho
hn hp sn phm kh v hi sau phn ng i qua bnh 1 ng dung dch H 2SO4 v bnh 2 ng dung dch KOH th
khi lng bnh 1 tng m1(g) v bnh 2 tng m2(g).
a. Nu m1 = 25,2 v m2 = 44. Xc nh cng thc phn t v % theo s mol ca A, B trong hh X, tnh m?
b. Nu m1 = 32,4 v m2 = 61,6. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A, B v tnh m = ? Bit A, B u l cht kh kt.
1.18. t chy mt hn hp gm 2 hirocacbon ng ng k tip A, B thu c CO 2 v H2O theo t l s mol ln lt l
11 : 14. Tm cng thc phn t v % theo th tch ca hai hirocacbon ny.
1.19*. t chy hon ton a gam hn hp hai ng ng ca cc hirocacbon no, mch h c thnh phn hn km nhau k
nguyn t cacbon th thu c b gam CO2.
a. Tm khong xc nh ca s nguyn t C trong hirocacbon theo a, b, k.
b. Cho a = 2,72 (g) ; b = 8,36 (g) v k = 2. Tm cng thc ca cc hirocacbon v tnh % theo khi lng ca chng
trong hn hp.
1.20** Mt hn hp X gm hirocacbon (A) v O 2 d em t chy hon ton thu sn phm lm lnh th th tch gim 50
%. Nu cho kh cn li qua KOH d th tch gim i 83,3 % s cn li.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t v vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ca A.
b. Tnh thnh phn % v th tch ca A v oxi trong hn hp X.
c. ng phn no ca A khi phn ng th vi Cl2 cho mt sn phm duy nht.