CHNG V: K THUT IU CH (MODULATION) iu ch (tng t) l em tin tc di dng mt tn hiu tn s thp tc ng vo tn hiu cao tn iu ho lm bin i mt thng s no (bin , tn s hoc gc pha)

) ca tn hiu cao tn theo tin tc. Trong trng hp ny, tin tc c gi l tn hiu iu ch, dao ng cao tn gi l sng mang, cn dao ng cao tn mang tin tc gi l dao ng cao tn iu ch. Sng c iu ch nhm 2 mc ch: Sng iu ch tha mn iu kin truyn ca mi trng truyn tin v mi trng ny khng truyn c tn hiu gc. Sng truyn c tin tc (thng tin) gi l sng mang. To iu kin ghp nhiu knh truyn tin truyn qua cng mt mi trng. C nhiu k thut iu ch ty thuc vo bn cht ca tn hiu gc v mi trng truyn. Trong k thut pht hnh, tn hiu gc l tn hiu hnh, mi trng truyn trong khng gian truyn c sng in t. Vo nhng ngy u, k thut iu bin bin sng cao tn c p dng, vi mi nm sau th k thut iu bin tn s c s dng rng ri trong k thut truyn (pht) thng tin, nh n c c tnh chng nhiu tt. Trong thi gian nghin cu hn hp, ngi nghin cu xin trnh by v k thut iu bin bin (AM: Amplitude Modulation) v iu bin tn s sng cao tn (FM: Frequency Modulation). Ngoi ra cn ni s v k thut iu pha (PM : Phase Modulation). I. K THUT IU BIN: (Amplitude Modulation) 1/. nh ngha: K thut iu bin bin l k thut thay i bin ca sng mang c tn s cao, c kh nng pht x sng in t theo bin ca mt tn hiu gc mang ni dung tin tc cn c truyn trong khng gian. Tn hiu gc tuy c ni dung tin tc, nhng khng pht x sng in t, sng cao tn c th pht x sng in t truyn trong khng gian. Do vy, bin sng c bin thin theo tn hiu gc truyn c tn hiu gc trong khng gian. tip cn vi k thut ny, ta xt trng hp n gin l tn hiu iu bin iu ho c biu thc: em = Emcos(mt (m : modulation) Vi : em in p tc thi ca tn hiu iu bin tc l in p tn hiu gc. Em : bin cc i tn hiu iu bin. (m : tn s gc tn hiu iu bin (rad/s).

v fm : tn s tn hiu iu bin (Hz). Sng cao tn c th truyn c torng khng gian c biu thc sau: ec = Ecsinc t Vi : + ec : in p tc thi ca sng mang l sng cao tn mang tin + Ec : bin cc i sng mang + (c : 2(fc : tn s gc sng cao tn + fc : tn s sng mang Khi sng c iu bin bin th : e = Ec ( 1 + mcosmt )sin c t Vi Em/Ec gi l ch s iu bin hay h s iu ch hoc l su iu ch. Khi s dng k thut iu bin cn phi lu l bin gc Em phi nh hn bin sng mang Ec. Nh vy:
m= Em 1 Ec

Nu m > 1 th mch c hin tng qu iu ch v tn hiu b mo trm trng. Thc t th: Mmax = 0,7 ( 0,9 l c m bo vic thu tn hiu khng b mo. Ta xc nh m trong thc t bng cch o cc gi tr Vmax, Vmin, v p dng cng thc:

(V max
m =

(V max

V min 2 + V min 2

) )
=

V max V min V max + V min

Khi m = 1, ta c: Vmax = 2Vc; Vmin = 0

VAM Vmax Vmin 0 m 1 rng di tn: 2/. Ph tn v b 0 m>1 VAM

Theo nh trn, ta c: e = Ec ( 1 + mCosmt )Sin c t

e = Ec Sin c t + m Ec Cosmt + sin c t e = Ec sin c t + V: * * *

2

m m E c Sin ( :c g+ ) t + bin Etrn ( c t ) t m c Sin i l sng v c n sm l: m 2 2 E c sin(c + m )t

m
+

c hay: fc + fm (Hz)

: gi l sng bin di, c tn s l: m E c sin ( c m )t 2 m - c (rad/s) hay fc - fm (Hz) Ec sin (c t l sng mang, c tn s l (c (rad/s) hay fc (Hz)

Ph sng iu bin c v nh sau:

EC 1/2mEc 1/2mEc 1/2mEc EC 1/2mEc

C -m

C + m

fC -fm

fC + fm Bm = 2fm (rad/s)

Bm = 2m (rad/s)

Hai sng bin nm c hai bn sng mang, rng di tn bng hiu s ca tn s cao nht l fc + fm vi tn s thp nht l fc - fm. BW = (fc + fm) - (fc - fm)
=

2fm

3. S phn b cng sut trong sng iu bin: Hnh v ph sng iu bin bi tn hiu n tn em = EmCos(m t cho thy s phn b in p trong sng. iu ny cho ta thy c cng sut c phn phi (phn hg theo t l vi bnh phng ca cc gi tr in p l: , Ec v . Cng sut sng mang c tnh bng cng thc:
E 2 c c Cng sut mi sng bin b ng: 2 R P =
m Ec 2 = 2R
2 2 m 2Ec E2 m2 m2 = c = Pc 8R 4 2R 4

P1 SB

Cng sut ca sng iu bin bng:

m2 m2 m2 Pt = Pc + Pc + Pc = Pc 1 + 4 4 2

Nh vy cng sut c phn b thnh cc phn l: vi

2 Ec 2R

PSF

m2 = Pc 4
fc - fm

Pc =

PUSF =

m2 Pc 4
f

fc

fc +fm

Vi PSf : tn s bin di : PSF = fc - fm PUSf : tn s bin trn : PUSf = fc + fm Ta thy rng cng sut phn b cho cc tn s bin l thuc vo h s iu bin m. 4. Trng hp tn hiu iu bin l tn hiu phc tp: Nu tn hiu iu ch (iu bin) l tn hiu phc tp gm nhiu tn s khc nhau, gi s c nhiu thnh phn, thp nht l fmin n cao nht fmax th ta c sng iu bin l: e e Vy:

= Ec (1+ m1 cosmint + m2 cos2t + ... + mm cosmaxt )sinct

m 2 E c sin (c + min )t + m2 m E c sin (c min )t + ... + m E c ( + max )t + 2 2 sin

= E c sin c t +

mm E c sin (c max )t 2

Nh vy h s iu ch: V ph sng c dng:

2 2 m t = m1 + m2 2 + .... + m m

Ec

fc - fmax

fc fc +fmin fc -fmin B = 2.fmin

B B B B

fc +fmax

f (Hz)

Cng sut ca sng c phn b nh sau: Cng sut ton sng bin trn: Cng sut ton sng bin di:
PUSBt = m2 t Pc m 2P = 4t c
4

Cng sut sng mang: Cng sut ton sng: Lu : rng di tn ca sng

P LSBt

E2 P= c 2

m 2 t Pt = Pc 1 + bng: 2

BW = (fc + fmax) - (fc - fmax) = 2 fmax fmax : tn s cao nht trong di tn tn hiu iu bin. 5. Cc k thut truyn sng iu bin: Trc khi nghin cu cc k thut truyn khc nhau, ta xt li biu thc sng mang iu bin: e = Ec ( 1 + mCosmt )sin c t
m m E c Sin( c + m )t + Ec Sin( c m )t 2 2 Sng mang Ec Sin(ct khng mang ni dung tin, c hai sng iu bin mang cng mt ni dung tin tc v ph thuc vo m, (m. E c Sin c t +

e=

a/. K thut truyn sng bin vi trn sng mang gi tt l k thut DSBFC (Double Side Band Carrier). y l k thut truyn tin c in dng sng iu bin. K thut ny c nhc im: lng ph cng sut pht sng v di tn, nhng li c u im l k thut gin n, thit b pht v thu cng n gin, tn km. K thut ny c p dng trong k thut truyn thanh bng sng iu bin. Tiu chun pht sng l thuc vo c quan qun l pht sng cc nc. Sau y l tiu chun pht thanh sng iu bin ca c quan FCC (Feederal Communication Commisssion), c quan lin bang qun l vic phn phi s dng v pht sng ti M c nhiu nc p dng, do vy c ly ra lm v d minh ho: Di tn quy nh: t (540 ( 1600) KHz, mi cp tng tn s l 10 KHz (dnh cho chng trnh i a phng). rng di tn pht sng 10 KHz. n nh tn s sng mang (20Hz so vi tn s quy nh pht sng. H s iu bin t : 0,85 ( 0,95. Di tn hiu m tn t 100 Hz ( 5KHz, mt KHz l tn s chun Oxjen.

 H s mo bin thp hn 0,05 cho h s iu bin ti 0,85, thp hn 0,075 cho h s iu bin t 0,85 ( 0,95. Can nhiu v ting t nht l 45dB khi h s iu bin bng 1 (m = 1) di m tn t 30 Hz ( 20 KHz. Cng sut pht cc i cho php 50 KW ( pht i a phng trn sng trung bnh t 540 ( 1600Hz). Ngoi ra cn c quy nh pht chng trnh quc t bng sng ngn vi cng sut pht c th n 500 KW. b/. K thut truyn n bin: gi tt l SSB (Single Side Band). K thut ny c phn thnh nhiu loi: K thut n bin trit sng ngang gi tt l k thut SSBSC (Single Side Band Suppered Carrier), k thut ny vn truyn c tin tc v ni dung y ca tin tc c mang bi mi di sng bin. Do vy, c u im l cng sut truyn thp; ch cn bng vi mt < 1, Pc: cng sut sng mang. Mt u im na l di tn sng bng so vi k thut truyn sng bin. iu ny rt c ngha nu dng k thut ghp knh. Do di tn sng pht ch cn th s knh truyn c ghp s tng gp i ln. Nhng n c nhc im l thit b pht v thu phc tp v khi thu c sn, sng mang phi c ti to v chn vo sng bin th qu trnh gii iu ch (iu bin) mi thc hin c. K thut truyn n bin vi sng mang gim bin gi tt l SSBRC (Single Side Band Reduced Carrier), k thut truyn ny cng c u im nh k thut SSBSC trn, nh sng mang hn ch bin nn sng mang c th ti to c d dng ti my thu. c/. K thut truyn hai di bin c lp: K thut ny gi tt l ISB (Independent Side Band), k thut ny truyn c hai di sng bin, mi di mang mt ni dung tin tc c lp nhau, nh vy l vi cng mt sng mang, c th truyn c hai thng tin khc nhau. d/. K thut truyn song bin trit sng mang: gi tt l DSBSC (Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier), k thut truyn 2 di sng bin, sng mang khng truyn. Nh vy khng phi mt cng sut sng mang nhng my thu phi dng mch gii iu bin tch s tn km hn mch gii iu bin ng bao, my thu song bin c sng mang thng gp hn. e/. K thut truyn 1 di bin hp: gi tt l VSB (Vestigial Side Band), k thut ny c s dng cho k thut pht hnh m chng ta ang nghin cu. Khng c dng cho k thut truyn thanh. y l k thut tng hp ca k thut truyn song bin vi k thut truyn mt di bin. Vn truyn n bin s c nghin cu v trnh by r hn phn sau.

II. IU CH N BIN (SSB: Single Side Band) A. U V KHUYT IM CA IU CH N BIN: Nh ta bit tin tc ch cha trong bin tn, nn ch cn truyn i mt bin tn l thng tin v tin tc. Qu trnh iu ch nhm to ra mt di bin tn gi l iu ch n bin. Ti tn ch cn dng tch sng, do c th nn ton b hoc mt phn ti tn trc khi truyn i. Mt s u im ca iu ch n bin (SSB) so vi iu bin c ghi nh sau:
VAM

f 0 VSSB f0

y l dng ph ca SSB
0

1. rng di tn gim mt na: DSSB < DAM. Do vy m trong cng mt di tn s th s i c th b tr tng gp i. 2. Hiu sut rt cao so vi iu ch AM: Phu ch = Pbt = 1/3PAM khi m = 1 Cn i vi iu ch n bin : Phu ch = Pbt = PSSB Nu xt v h s s dng cng sut: KAM = 1/3 v KSSB = 1 KAM = 1/9 v KSSB = 1 khi m = 1 khi m = 0,5

Nh vy, khi m cng nh th my pht n bin cng c cng sut hu ch ln hn nhiu ln so vi cng sut hu ch ca my pht iu bin. 3. Do DSSB ( 2DAM nn i vi cc loi nhiu ni chung (S/N)SSB > (S/N)AM v ring i vi nhiu trng (nhiu c cng nh nhau) th (S/N)SSB ( 2 (S/N)AM. Nh vay e may phat AM va SSB co cung S/N, ta phai tang PAM ln 2 ln. 4. Do hin tng pha inh trong truyn sng m tn s sng mang fc c th b suy gim. Cho nn vi my thu AM khi thu c lc m > 1 s gy mo do qu iu ch. Nu pha inh rt ln lm mt hn tn s sng mang th my thu AM

s khng thu c. Cn i vi my thu SSB, pha inh lm suy gim hay trit tiu tn s sng mang th khng c (b) nh hng g. 5. i vi tn hiu AM trong di sng ngn, do s phn tn ca c tuyn pha m xy ra s chia pha cc dao ng trong di bin. iu ny lm mo tn hiu truyn v lm gim bin in p y vo b tch sng ca my thu AM. Tn hao cng sut u, do c nh gi l 50%. Cn i vi tn hiu SSB th mi tin tc u c pht trong mt di bin nn khng c hin tng chia pha. 6. Dng tn hiu SSB s thc hin c s bo mt tt, do nu khng bit tn s sng mang th s khng thu c tin tc. Do vy, my pht v thu SSB c s dng rt nhiu trong lnh vc qun s, truyn hnh. Tuy c nhiu u im, song do yu cu k thut kh cao nh: mch lc di phi rt hp v dc ng, vic to li tn s sng mang fc trong my thu phi rt chnh xc mi khng gy mo tn hiu cho nn my pht v my thu n bin c cu to phc tp hn so vi my pht v thu AM. Cho nn n ch c dng trong cc my pht chuyn dng: my pht hnh, my pht thoi, pht tn hiu nhiu knh. B. CC PHNG PHP IU CH N BIN: Phng php u tin to ra tn hiu n bin (SSB) l t tn hiu iu bin AM ngi ta dng b lc di tch mt bin tn cn thit ra. Song do yu cu cht lng cao nn b lc di rt phc tp. Bi vy ngi ta s dng hai phng php to tn hiu SSB khc: phng php quay pha v phng php lc pha. Nhng hai phng php ny ngy nay khng cn s dng na do n c nhiu mt hn ch. Cn tn s sng mang fc, di bin th hai Ngy nay phng php to tn hiu SSB c s dng rng ri nht l phng php tng hp: to tn hiu SSB bng cc tn s sng mang khc nhau. c bit l khi b lc thch anh xut hin th phng php ny c s dng rt rng ri. Ta s ln lt xt cc phng php to tn hiu SSB khc nhau: 1. Phng php lc v phng php tng hp: a. Phng php lc: (hnh cha v)

Tn hiu iu ch ec v ti tin Ec c a vo b iu ch cn bng. Sau b iu ch cn bng ta thu c 2 di bin, sau dng b lc di ta s thu c bin trn hoc bin di nh s khi v ph tn hiu ca phng php lc (fc: tn s sng mang, (: mt na khong cch gia tn s cn lc v tn s cho qua). Nhng do f << fc nn: fc ( f rt gn fc, v vy vic lc kh khn. Ta xt t s lc:

X=

Ta thy X cng ln, cng d lc c ngha l tn s sng mang fc cng gn tn s iu ch fm th cng d lc. Trong thc t, ta chn tn s trung gian nm trong khong t: (100 ( 500) KHz v di tn s ta c th c b lc thch anh v b lc c in tt nht. Sau chuyn fTG ln tn s ti tin fc ta dng thm mt vi b iu ch cn bng v b lc di cc di tn s khc nhau. Mi ln lc th t s (ratio) X ln hn nn d thc hin lc hn. Phng php gi l phng php tng hp. b. Phng php tng hp:
CCB 1

(f c + f min ) (f c f min ) f min = = fc 2fc fc

Loc 1 (1) (3)

CCB CCB 2 2 (4)

Loc 2 1

(5)

CCB n

(6)

Loc n

(7)

f1
Dao ong

f2
Dao ong

fn
Dao ong

fc = f1 + f2 + f

S o khoi cua phng phap tong h

V1

V2

fmin

fmax

f1

2fmin
0

f1V3

f1-fmin

f1+fmi

f1+fma

f1+fmin f1+fmax V4

2 = 2f1 + 2fmin
0

f f2 - f1-fmax f2 - f1-fmin f2 f2 +f1+fmin f2 + f1+ fmax

V5

B lc 1 thng l b lc thch anh hay b lc c in cht lng cao v (

rt nh. Tn s sng mang th hai c f1 >> fc v ( = f1 + fmin rt ln nn d lc c. V vy b lc 2 thng l b lc L, C n gin. Nu f2 cha trong di tf n 0 s lm vic th buc ta phi i tn ln th hai: dng b CCB3. B lc 3 cng + f f2 +f max 2 + f1ta 1+f n gin nh b lc 2 v ( ln : ( = f1 + fmin. C th cho n min khi fno t c tn s lm vic f0.
ay lapha: pho tn hieu theo phng phap tong hp 2. Phng php quay

y l phng php kh phc tp v kh nhng cho kt qu khng cao, ngi ta gn nh khng s dng na. Trong lun vn tt nghip ny; ngi lm xin c khng trnh by.

II. CC MCH IU BIN BIN : V tr mch iu bin bin trong my pht cho bit mch my pht thuc loi c iu bin mc thp hay mc cao. i vi my iu bin mc thp, mch iu bin pha trc in cc ra ca tng khuch i cng sut pht sng, tc l in cc trc cc thu ca transistor khuch i cng sut cao tn pht cng sut nh cc khin hay cc pht. Nu l n in t th phi trc anode (tc l li khin), li mn cathode, nu l transistor trng th phi trc cc thot l cng hay ngun. u im ca k thut iu bin mc thp l khng yu cu cng sut tn hiu iu bin cao c t s iu bin cao. My iu bin mc cao c mch iu bin ngay in cc ra ca tng khuch i cng sut cao tn pht sng tc l ngay cc thu ca transistor cng sut cao tn anode n khuch i cng sut cao tn hay cc thot transistor trng khuch i cng sut cao tn. Nhc im ca k thut ny l phi c cng sut tn hiu iu bin cao. 1/. Mch iu bin mc thp: a. Mch iu bin cc pht transitor: c s mch nh sau:
R1 Rc = 10K Song mang Ec = Ec SinWct C1 Q1 Re R2 n1 n2 C3 Cm (t) = Em CosWmt n1 = n2 RC1 Rtai

Tn hiu iu bin :

em = Emcos(mt
t

Mch iu bin cc pht: Sng mang ec = Ecsin(ct in p ti cc thu Vc:

Sng iu bin ti ng ra:

Tn hieu ieu bien

 Nguyn l lm vic ca mch: Tn hiu iu bin vo cc pht lm thay i in tr mt tip gip gia cc pht vi cc khin re v , vi IE l dng cc pht tnh bng (mA). H s khuch i sng mang ca transistor bng m hie = (re. Do vy h s khuch i bin thin theo dng tn hiu iu bin vo cc pht. in p tn hiu iu bin tng ln, dng ie gim do in p phn cc transistor n nh, Av gim, re tng. Ngc li, khi tn hiu iu bin gim, ie tng, re gim, (re gim, Av tng ln. Do ta c in p ra ti cc thu v sng iu bin ti ng ra. Mch ny t yu cu i vi my pht cng sut nh, nhng khng t my cng sut cao do transistor lm vic ch lp A, mch c hiu sut km. b. Mch iu bin cc thu transistor: Nu mch ny l tng khuch i cng sut cui cng ca my pht th y l mch iu bin mc cao v in p iu bin t vo cc thu l ng ra ca mch khuch i cao tn pht sng. Nu l tng khuch i t trc mch khuch i cng sut cui cng th y l mch iu bin mc thp. Ta xt s mch nh sau:
VOC em (t) = Em CosWmt n2 L Song mang ec = Ec SinWct Q1 n1 R1 n2 C Ra n1 = n2

n1

Vi L: cun cm cch ly cao tn. Nguyn l lm vic ca mch: transistor Q1 khuch i sng mang ec ch C, sng mang ec c a vo cc khin khi ec nh hn 0,6V, Q1 khng dn, khi ec > 0,6V th Q1 dn, mi chu k sng mang Q1 ch dn trong mt gc nh hn 180o. Tn hiu iu bin lm thay i in p nui transistor v c mc ni tip vi in p mt chiu Vcc. - Tn hiu iu bin :
t em
B B

ic
B B

- Sng mang : ec = Ec sin(ct

ec t

- in p ra :
2VCC VCC VCE = 0 phn mt Nh vyV in p ra c tn hiu iu bin sng tmang v CE bh thnh chiu VCC.

Do Q1 lm vic khng tuyn tnh nn cc thanh phn khc nh: fc = f(m), 2fc, 2fm. Re l mch t phn cc, cng l mch in p m vo cc khin Q1 lm vic ch lp C. Ngy nay, ngi ta ci thin mch c thm mch cng hng L, C, thay cho cun cm L loi cc thnh phn khng cn thit. S mch minh ho nh sau:
VCC n1
C1

fc =
Song mang ec = Ec Sinct n1 R

1 2 L1C1

n2

C3

vi n1 = n2 Ra Song a ieu bien

L1

cha ieu bien

Q n2 C2
Cth

Cth : tu ien trung hoa chong dao ong

2. Mch iu bin mc cao: Mch iu bin cc thu va ni trn c phn vo loi mch iu bin mc cao nu cc thu l ng ra ca my pht, transistor Q1 l transistor cng sut khuch i cao tn cui cng. c hiu sut cao th transistor lm vic ch C tc l ch dn trong thi gian ngn hn mt na chu k sng. Vi mch iu bin cc thu, ta c t s iu bin m cao hn, tn hiu gc t bin dng hn, nhng nu l mch mc cao tc l mch pht sng ra th tn hiu iu bin cn c cng sut tng ng vi s phn b cng sut.

 c th iu bin su hn vi tn hiu gc t mo, ta c th s dng mch iu bin ng thi cc khin v cc thu sau y:
Anten Q2 Q1 Song ra a ieu bi Q3 Song a ieu bien t i th Q Em = EmSinmt

Song cha ieu bi eC = ECSinCt

Tn hiu iu bin c a vo cc thu ca hai transistor khuch i cng sut cao tn pht sng Q2 v Q3 v cc thu ca transistor khuch i sng cao tn Q1. Nh vy, cc cc khin ca Q2 v Q3 l cc sng iu bin mt phn pht ra t Q1. Cc sng ny li c iu bin tn th hai bi cng mt tn hiu ti cc cc khin v cc thu ca Q1 v Q3. Mch ny t lm mo tn hiu iu bin v sng c iu bin vi t l cao hn. 3. Vi mch iu bin: Vi mch to hm c th dng lm mch iu bin ph hp vi cc c tnh my pht tn s rt n nh, rt t gy mo tn hiu iu bin, nu gn nh v thit k gin n. Tuy nhin c nhc im l cng sut ra thp, phm vi tn s hu ch hp. Mt trong cc vi mch to hm n khi l vi mch XR 2206 ca EXAR CORPORATION, c th to cc sng Sin, vung, tam gic, to hm dc vi chnh xc v n nh cao. Ng ra sng li c th iu khin bin tn s hay bin . Tn s lm vic trong phm vi t 0,01Hz ( 1MHz. III. K THUT IU BIN GC: Sng cao tn c ba c tnh c th thay i c l bin , tn s v gc pha. Phn trn trnh by v k thut iu bin bin . Trong phn ny s tip tc trnh by v k thut iu bin tn s v k thut iu bin gc pha (gi tt l k thut iu tn FM v k thut iu pha PM). y l nhng dng ca k thut iu bin gc.

K thut ny c ngh t nm 1931, do c u im t b can nhiu cng nghip hn k thut iu bin. Ngy nay, k thut iu bin gc c s dng rng ri mi ni trong ngnh v tuyn truyn thanh, truyn hnh v cc h thng truyn vi ba qua cc trm tip sng mt t hay v tinh. Tuy nhin, k thut ny cng c mt s nhc im nht nh l c mch in t phc tp hn v di thng rng hn c my pht ln my thu. 1. nh ngha: Sng iu bin c biu thc nh sau: Vi Ec : bin cc i ca sng mang

em = E c cos [ c t + (t )]

gc pha tc thi. Trong : (c = 2(f l tn s gc tnh bng (rad/s) ca sng mang. fc : tn s sng mang, tnh bng Hz. ((t) : gc lch pha tc thi (rad). (ct : gc pha qui chiu. Tn s tc thi ca sng (t l tn s sng ti mt thi im l o hm bc nht ca gc pha tc thi:

[ct +(t)] :

d [

t + (t )] = dt

+ (t )

(rad/s)

hay :

Tn s lch tc thi ((t l tn s lch ti mt thi im chnh l o hm bc nht ca gc lch pha tc thi Hoc:

' (t ) f (t ) = f c + 2

(Hz)

t = ' (t )( rad / s ) f (t ) =

(t ) ( Hz ) 2

K thut iu bin tn s l k thut iu bin gc lm tn s lch tc thi (( (t) = ((t) bin thin t l vi tn hiu iu bin em: (t) = (t) = Kf.em(t) Kf : h s t l. Em(t) : tn hiu iu bin. K thut iu bin pha l k thut iu bin gc lm gc lch pha tc thi bin thin t l vi tn hiu iu bin em: (rad/s)

(t) = Kp.em(t) Vi Kp : h s t l. em(t) : tn hiu iu bin.

(rad/s)

2. Quan h gia k thut iu bin tn s vi iu bin pha: T nh ngha v k thut iu bin tn s v iu bin pha, ta c th phn bit c sng iu tn v cc sng iu pha bng cch xc nh tn s hay gc pha sng bin thin trc tip t l vi tn hiu iu bin em(t). Nh vy sng iu tn c tn s lch tc th (( (t) = ((t) c x l cho bin thin t l vi tn hin iu bin tc l : (( (t) = ((t) = Kf.em(t). Sng iu pha c gc lch pha tc thi ( (t) c x l cho bin thin t l vi tn hiu iu bin tc l : ((t) = Kp.em(t). Khi iu bin tn s, gc lch pha tc thi ca sng cng bin thin, nhng khng t l vi tn hiu iu bin. Ngc li, khi iu bin gc pha, tn s tc thi ca sng cng bin thin khng t l vi tn hiu iu bin. S tng quan gia hai k thut ny cn phi c xc nh c c s chuyn i mch iu tn thnh mch iu pha hay ngc li. xc nh s bin thin gc lch pha tc thi ((t) ca sng iu tn theo tn hiu iu bin em(t), ta c : ' Sng iu tn: ((t) = Kf.em(t). Vy
(t) = (t )

Do vy, ta c th dng mch iu bin tn s to ra sng iu bin pha bng s khi nh sau :
em(t) dem(t) dt Mach vi phan Mach ieu bien tan so FM

(t ) =

.e m ( t ) = K

em (t )

sau :

Ta cng c th dng mch iu bin pha to sng ibien u tntheo s pha PM

em(t)

Song ieu

Song ieu (FM) Hai phng php iu ch ny c th tm c biu thc tngtan qut sng

Mach tch phan

(t)dt

Mach ieu bien pha (PM)

iu bin gc trong trng hp tn hiu iu bin dng sin t bng tng kt sau y:

Loi sng iu pha PM iu tn FM iu pha PM iu tn FM iu tn FM

Tn hiu iu ch em(t) em(t) EmCosmt -EmSinmt EmCosmt

Biu thc ca sng iu bin ECCos(Ct + Kf.em(t)

ECCos(Ct + Kf.EmCosmt)

Vy biu thc tng qut sng iu bin gc khng phn bit sng iu tn hay iu pha l: e(t) = EcCos((c(t) + mCos(m(t)(. Vi: mCos(m(t) = ((t) l gc lch pha ca sng iu bin gc chung cho c sng iu tn ln sng iu pha khi tn hiu iu bin c dng sin. bit c yu cu di thng ca mch khuch i v mch khc trong my pht, my thu sng iu bin gc ta cn bit cc thnh phn tn s ca sng. Ta c th p dng trc tip ng thc hm Bessel:

cos ( + m cos ) =

n J n ( m ) cos + n + 2 n =

Jn(m) l hm Bessel cp mt bc n, argument m, ta c th vit loi biu thc sng iu bin gc dc dng sau :
e(t) = E
c

( m ) cos(

t + nW

t +

n 2

Ta trin khai biu thc nh sau:

E(t) = Ec

J o ( m ) cos c t + J 1 ( m ) cos [(

)t ] +

J 1 (m) cos( c m )t J 2 (m) cos[( c + 2 m )t ] + 2

J 2 (m) cos[( c 2 m t ] + ....

Nh vy khi tn hiu iu bin em(t) ch mi l tn hiu n tn m sng iu bin gc c v s i sng bin: fc ( fm, fc ( 2fm, , 2fc ( 2f , gi l i sng bin bc 1, bc 2, , bc m. Bin ca chng c xc nh bi cc h s : J1(m), J2(m), , Jn(m) vi:
J
n

(m ) =

1 2

j ( m sin

x nx

dx

Vi sng iu pha : m = KpEm: gi l h s t l.

e = E c cos( c t + K p E m cos m t )

Kp : gi l nhy iu pha (rad/s). Em : bin cc i tn hiu iu bin. m : ch s iu bin gc. Vy: m = KpEm cn gi l gc lch pha cc i vi sng iu tn.
m cos t ) cnh t+ m + Kf :e h= sE c tcos( l l y K ifu tn (Hz/v).

+ Em : bin cc i tn hiu iu bin. + m : ch s iu bin gc. + Kf.Em : tn s khuch i cc i. 3. Di thng ca mch khuch i sng iu bin gc: Sng iu bin gc c phn thnh ba lp: + Sng ch s iu bin thp. + Sng ch s iu bin trung bnh. + Sng ch s iu bin cao. Bng hn Bessel cho thy ch s iu bin gc cng cao th s i sng bin cng nhiu. Sng ch s iu bin thp c m < 1, ni dung tn hiu phn ln c cha bi hai di bin bc mt. Di thng ti thiu ca mh khuch i iu bin gc bng: Bw = 2fm (Hz) vi fm : tn s tn hiu iu bin. Nu l sng iu tn, ch s m < 1 th sng cn c gi l sng iu tn di hp. Sng ch s iu bin trung bnh c m nm trong khong 1 ( 10. Khi tra cu bng Bessel ta c di thng ti thiu ca mch khuch i sng iu bin gc bng:

Bw = 2.n.fm (Hz) Vi n : s di bin c bin . fm : tn s tn hiu iu bin. Sng ch s iu bin cao c ch s iu bin cao hn 10 ln mch khuch i c di thng xc nh bi nh lut Carron : Bw = 2((f + fm(max)( (Hz). Vi : (f l tn s lch cc i. fm(max) : tn s cao nht ca tn hiu iu bin. y l nh lut tng qut cho sng iu bin gc khng phn bit iu tn hay iu pha. Nu xc nh theo nh lut ny th di thng ch cho 98% cng sut pht sng.
Jn(m)
0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 -0,2 -0,4 2 4
J0 J1

J2

0 1

fm
6

Gi tr h s Bassel i vi J0, J1, J2 ph thuc fm. 4. Cng sut trung bnh sng iu bin gc: Mt trong cc im khc bit gia sng iu bin gc vi sng iu bin (AM) l cng sut trung bnh sng iu bin gc bng cng sut sng mang cha iu bin. Nh vy khi c iu bin gc, cng sut ca sng mang c phn b gia sng mang vi cc i sng bin, cng sut ton b sng khng i. Cng sut sng mang cha iu bin bng: Pc : cng sut sng mang = c bnh. P c trung E2c : in p cc i tn hiu iu bin. R : in tr ph ti. Cng sut tc thi sng iu bin gc bng:
2 2 Ec Ec 1 1 2 Pt = cos (c t + (t )) = + cos(2c t + 2 (t )) R R 2 2

E2 2R

V tr trung bnh ca cos (2(ct + 2((t)) = 0,

E2 c 2 R Nh vy, nhng iu ni phn trn c chng minh trong trng Pt =

Nn ta c cng sut trung bnh sng iu bin l

hp tn hiu iu bin n tn. Cng sut ton sng mang vi cng sut cc thnh phn tn s bin: Pt = Pc + P1 + P2 + P3 + + + Pn

E2 2( E n ) 2 2( E 1 ) 2 2( E 2 ) 2 2( E 3 ) 2 c + + + + ... + Pt = 2R 2R 2R 2R 2R
Vi : Pt l cng sut ton sng. Pc : cng sut sng mang. P1 : cng sut hai di bin bc 1. P2 : cng sut hai di bin bc 2. P3 : cng sut hai di bin bc 3. Pn : cng sut hai di bin bc n. 5. Mch iu Bin Gc: Xt mch in iu tn v iu pha: Xt ph m thanh ca ngi, ta thy thc t tn s cao bin m b gim nh. Do tn s cao di tn nh v (( ( k.em (t) ngha l tn hiu iu tn b mo. khc phc, pha my pht trc khi a tn hiu iu ch em (t) vo b iu tn, ta phi a n qua b khuch i nng tn s cao (emphasis) trong di tn s iu ch taco: (( =const.

em(t)

ieu tan

em(t)

ieu pha

A . MCH IU TN TRC TIP: Mch iu tn trc tip l mch lm cho tn s tc thi ca sng mang bin thin t l vi tn hiu iu bin. V c bn y l mch dao ng LC c tn hiu iu bin lm bin thin L hoc C thay i tn s f = ca mch dao ng. Mch thay i L gi l mch iu bin cm khng, mch thay i C gi l mch iu bin in dung. Sau y l phn trnh by mt s mch iu tn trc tip: a/. iu tn dng Transistor in khng: Mun tn s ti tin (fc =) thay i theo qui lut ca in p iu ch ( k hiu l V(), ta phi dng 1 phn t in khng (n in t, transistor,) c iu khin bi in p iu ch V(.
V

CK

LK

Ta bit phn t in khng L,C c in p v dng in lch nhau 900 (jXL = v ) Nu ta dng 1 mch transistor mc theo kiu EC th in p v dng in ra ngc pha 1800 ((a =1800 ). Nh vy ta ch cn lm cho in p ra hoc dng in ra quay pha i 900 l ta c phn t in khng tng ng (Lt hoc Ct). Ta c 4 cch mc phn t in khng nh bng sau y.

Cch mc Mch phn p RC

S nguyn l

th vect

Tr s in khng Z=jRC/S Vi s : h dn I= SVBE

Tham s tng ng

Mch phn p RL

Mch phn p CR

Mch phn p LR

Vi mch phn p RC, ta tnh c:

V V Z= = I SVBE R+ 1 S jc

jc

Nu chn cc linh kin sao cho 1/j(c << R th tr khng Z c th xc nh theo biu thc gn ng sau y: Z ( =jXL =j( Lt vi Ltd Tng t nh vy, ta c th chng minh cho cc s trong bng trn. Cc tham s tng ng ca cc phn t in khng u ph thuc vo h dn S. Nh vy, nu ta t in p iu ch V( vo Base ca phn t in khng th h dn ca transistor S s thay i theo V( v c ngha l Ltd hay Ct s thay i theo V(.. Nh vy ta thc hin c vic iu tn. Nhng mun tn hiu iu

tn khng b mo th h dn trung bnh S0 phi t l tuyn tnh vi V(.. Nu c tuyn V_A l bc 2 (FET) th ta c :
2 Ira = a0 +a1+ V.+a2 V

Nn S0 = a1 +2a2 V(. Ta thy S0 t l tuyn tnh vi V(. nn (( cng t l vi V(.. Do tn hiu iu tn khng b mo. Nhng nu dng transistor lm phn t in khng th c mo phi tuyn r rt v tng i ln do c tuyn Vn Ampe ca transistor c bc ln hn 2. V vy, mun dng transistor iu tn, ngi ta thng khng ch cc tham s in dung k sinh gia cc tip gip, nhng cc tham s in dung ch ng k f cao v cng ch cho di tn rt hp: (( ( 15KHz. Khi tm hiu su hn l khi thc hin iu tn bng phng php in khng thng xut hin iu bin k sinh do: + Do in tr vo ca phn t in khng Zi mc song song 1 phn vi mch cng hng nn lm h s phm cht Q gim, bin in p cao tn gim v khi V(. c a vo u vo th Zi thay i lm Q thay i dn n V( thay i lm xut hin iu bin k sinh. + Khi in p ngun cung cp thay i cng gy ra hin tng iu bin k sinh nn ta phi n nh ngun cung cp. Do sau b iu tn ta phi dng 1 b hn ch bin gi cho in p ti tin khng i (Vvo = const). iu tn dng lm phn t in khng c dng fc ( 50MHz v t c lng di tn /o 2%. tng tnh n nh tn s trung tm fc v tng di tn gp i ngi ta dng mch iu tn bng mch in khng y ko nh sau:

R1
B B

CB T1 C1 R CB VBB

C2 T2 R2 CB CC LK R2 C2 C

CB V

R4

CB4

Trong mch in trn y, T1 l phn t in khng cm tnh vi Lt v T2 l phn t in khng dung tnh vi Ct = CRST2. Khi V( tng th ST1 tng v ST2 gim lm cho Lt v Ct u gim, do tn s tng nhanh h nCtheo in p V iu ch V( v lng di tn tng ln gp i (nu T1,T2 c tham sC ging nhau). Nu Vcc tng ( ST1 tng v ST2 tng ( Lt gim v Ct tng. Nu T1, T2 hon ton i xng th lng tng ca Ct s b c lng gim ca Lt, do c th coi tn s trung tm (0(fc) khng i. 2 / iu tn bng Diode Tunel:
VCC R1

Cng

R2

Cng

n CK

LK

Ngi ta c th a in p ngc vo 2 u Diode thay i in dung tip gip ca Diode theo tn hiu iu ch m tn. Khi :
C k V

vi k : hang so (const)

V ( 0,8V (nh thng) Nhng do C bin i trong 1 phm vi rt nh v khng tuyn tnh, nn n ch c s dng trong cc mch t ng iu chnh tn s, m khng dng to nn tn hiu iu tn. to tn hiu FM ta c th dng Diode Tunel nh hnh trn. + R1, R2 to phn cc cho Diode Tunel nm on c in tr m. + C1 : cho in p m tn i qua, ngn in p 1 chiu.

+ C2 : ngn mch in p cao tn khng cho vo ngun cung cp Vcc. i vi Diode Tunel tn s dao ng ca mch bin thin theo in p phn cc.
l

Vcc O R+ V

V V

Nhn vo s c tuyn Vn-ampe v R-, ta nhn thy ch cn 1 s thay i nh ca Rin p phn cc cng gy nn s bin thin ln ca in tr phn cc cng gy nn s bin thin ln ca in tr m v lm cho tn s dao ng thay i theo biu thc sau.

f0 =

1 2

1 LK (CK + C2 )

1 C2 (C1 + CK ). R
2

Khi V( tng ( V tng v I gim nn R-= tng lm cho f0 tng ln. Khi V( gim( V gim v I tng nn R-= gim lm cho f0 gim xung. Mch iu tn bng Diode Tunel kh n gin v tuyn tnh hn dng Diode thng, song di tn kh hp ((( nh). Ta thy to tn hiu iu tn bng n in khng, bng Diode v Diode Tunel c di tn hp do chng khng trc tip tc ng ln tn s dao ng fo. T khi Varicap ra i, ngi ta ch yu s dng n lm phn t iu tn v in dung ca n thay i theo in p phn cc v trc tip lm thay i tn s dao ng. phm vi tn s dao ng cao khi CV thay i lm cho f0 thay di rt nhiu to nn di tn ln v c tuyn ca Varcap tuyn tnh, tnh chng nhiu, khng tiu th nng lng nn n c dng iu tn rt tt. 3/ iu tn bng Varicap:
R C0

Vpc Rpc V
B B

S o mac mach cua varicap

Ck
B B

LK
B B

Cv C1

C0 C2

VPC

V0

Ta c:

C V = C in + e Trong : Cin: in dung ban u khi e = 0. ( :hiu in th tip xc (Ge = 0,2V, (si = 0,7 V. n: h s ph thuc loi varicap e = VPC +(e vi VPC :in p phn cc ban u cho varicap. Gi in p AC trn varicap chun ho: Ta c in dung ca varicap ti VPC l:

2ac

tuyen ieu che CV theo V

CV 0 = Cin + V PC Thay vo trn thc hin bin i ta c :

C V = C VO (1 + x )
n

Ty theo cch mc varicap vo khung cng hng, ta c th tnh gn ng di tn do varicap gy ra theo V( (gi thit loi b c in p cao tn trn varicap, lc (e = const). Ta c cc cch mc sau:

L L CVO

CVO

C3

CVO L C4

V c cc cch tnh gn ng nh sau:

V a = 0,5n 0 + V PC
(a)

(b)

(c)

CV 0 V b = 0,5n 0 V + pc CV 0 + C3 C4 V c = 0,5n 0 V + pc CV 0 + C 4

Theo nh s mc mch varicap lc u tin gii thiu th ta thy in p cao tn trn LK, CK s phn cc thun varicap trong mt phn chu k lm cho dng r ca varicap tng ln. Khi dn n hin tng l h s phm cht ca mch cng hng gim v to nn sng hi khi varicap c phn cc lin tip m, dng. khc phc hin tng ny ta c cc phng php sau: n gn nht l ta tnh ton sao cho Diode lun lun phn cc ngc khi trn n c c in p cao tn. in p t ln Diode: VP = V0 cos0t+VCost-Vpc VDmax = V0 +V-Vpc 0 Nhng in p ngc t ln Diode cng khng c vt qu tr s cho php, n ng thi phi tha mn cng thc sau:
VD min = V0 V VPC Vng
Lch V -VPC RPC Cgh
B B

CK
B B

LK

+VPC

R CK Lch

LK

Ta mc thm t ghp Cgh gia Varicap v mch dao ng. Chn Cgh << CV, n s ngn khng cho in p cao tn xut hin trn varicap. Nhng nh vy khi V0 thay i CV thay i, nhng s thay i cha t, nn i tn s hp. khc phc c 2 nhc im trn, ta khng mc Cgh, m mc 2 varicap ngc nhau (hnh trn). Cch mc ny gi l mc y ko varicap. Hai varicap c phn cc cng mt lc. Khi tn hiu cao tn p vo 2 varicap ging nhau, n s li chng n nhng gi tr in dung cao v thp lun phin nhau. Do in dung ng trong mch gn nh khng thay i theo in p cao tn, m ch thay i theo in p m tn. Khi , varicap phn cc ngc, ta ch cn tha mn iu kin: VDmax = V( Vpc ( 0 v VDmin = (-V( - Vpc( ( Vng cho php. * Khi iu tn dng varicap cn ch nhng c im sau:
Lun lun phn cc ngc cho varicap trnh nh hng ca Rv n phm cht ca b dao ng, ngha l n n nh tn s ca mch. Phi hn ch khu vc lm vic trong on tuyn tnh ca c tuyn Cv = fcv gim mo phi tuyn. Lng di tn tng i khi iu tn dng varicap t khong 1%. Dng varicap iu tn th kch thc b iu tn nh, v c th iu tn tn s siu cao, khang vi trm MHz. B) CC MCH IU PHA: (PM: PHASE MODULATION) 1/ iu ch pha theo Amstrong:
Dao ong thach anh

B1

VAM1

Tong

Di pha 900
P P

B2
B B

Tn hiu sng mang c to ra t b dao ng thch anh ( c n nh tn s cao), c a ti hai b iu bin (B1 v B2) lch pha nhau 900. Cn tn hiu iu ch m tn V0 c a n 2 mch iu bin ngc pha. in p ra trn 2 b iu bin s l: VAM1 = V01 (1+mCos t)Cos0t =V01Cos0t+ VAM2
m V01[Cos(0+)t+ Cos(0 - )t] 2

= V02 (1+mCos t)Sin0t =V02Sin0t+

m V02[Sin (0+)t+ Sin(0 - )t] 2

V th Vect ca VAM1,VAM2 v V( = VPM c s nh sau:

V
VAM2

V
VO2

V
mVO2

0
mVO1 VO1 VAM1

T th ta thy rng tng cc dao ng iu bin V( = VAM1 + VAM2 l mt dao ng iu ch v pha v bin . iu bin y l iu bin k sinh. Mch c nhc im l c di pha pha. hn ch mc iu bin k sinh, chn (( nh. c iu bin k sinh nh hn 1% th (( ( 0,3. Mt khc sau b iu pha ta c th t b hn ch bin loi b iu bin k sinh. Do gy ra iu bin k sinh v di pha nh ((( nh) nn phng php ny t c s dng.

2) Mch iu ch pha dng mch lc:

+ Vcc

Lch

C VPM

R2 C R1 C C V

iu ch pha dng mch lc. B iu ch pha c thc hin bi 3 mt lc l 3 mch cng hng ging nhau, c iu chnh cng hng bi varicap. Khi V( thay i, CV thay i, dn n tn s cng hng f0 thay i, nn tr khng tng ng ca mch cng hng thay i theo:
Zk = Rk 1 + jQ 2 0

trong : ((= ( - (0 v (0 +( = 2(0 Gc pha ca tr khng tng ng c xc nh theo biu thc:

2Q = arctg . 0

R rng l khi V( thay i th (( thay i, do gc pha ( bin i 1 lng tng ng. Do (Zk( cng bin thin theo (( nn mch ny c iu bin k sinh. Nu chn cc mt lc LC hp l (mi mt lc dch pha 600), c th lm cho c tuyn ( = f (V() tuyn tnh hn, do t c lng di pha tng i ln (( = ( v mo phi tuyn nh Y ( 1%. Cc t ghp C trn mch c chc nng l ngn chn in p 1 chiu v cho in p cao tn i qua, cc t thot C dng ngn in p 1 chiu v in p cao tn, ch cho in p m tn V( i qua. Do C>>C.
C) N NH TN S TRUNG TM CA TN HIU IU TN:
U

Trong cc my pht iu tn, nu tn s trung tm khng n nh th n trc tip lm mo v lm sai lch tn hiu iu ch v tin tc cha ng trong di

tn. Chnh v vy, ngi nghin cu a ra cc bin php n nh tn s trung tm f0.

1/. i vi iu tn trc tip bng thch anh:

Cho thch anh dao ng tn s cng hng ring (4 lm b to dao ng. Khi ng (( = Const, thay i Cq theo in p iu ch V(, ta s to ra di tn.

rq Cp Lq Cq
S tng ng ca thch anh.
= p q = CQ 2CP

Thay i Cp bng cch thay i in dung tip gip ca n in t, transistor hoc FET, mc varicap hay n in khng song song vi thch anh. Nhng do di tn tng i nh ) nn iu tn trc tip bng thch anh ch c s dng trong cc my pht thoi quc t ((f ( 6 Khz).
2/. S dng thch anh lm b to dao ng (0 = Const:

Sau dng b iu ch pha to tn hiu iu tn. Khi ta t c mo phi tuyn nh (Y ( 1%), nhng di tn vn cn kh nh. V vy, phng php ny ch dng trong cc my pht thoi quc t c di tn nh ((f ( 6KHz) v mo phi tuyn nh (Y (1%).

3/. Ngun cung cp:

Trong b iu tn s dng cc ngun cung cp c n nh v c b nhit bi cc in tr hoc cc linh kin c h s nhit m (Khi T0 tng th C gim, R gim). V khi in p ngun cung cp thay i, lm in dung k sinh ca Transistor thay i, dn ti tn s cng hng trung tm thay i theo hoc khi in p phn cc cho varicap thay i, lm in dung Cv thay i dn n f0 thay i. Nhng phng php ny ch n nh c tn s trung tm f0 khi T0 thay i, cn khi ghp hay in tr ti thay i th f0 vn thay i.
4/. Cch thc thc hin:

H thp tn s trung gian ca b iu tn nng cao n nh tn s. Khi bt n nh tn s ca tn hiu s l:

= 0 + tg f0 + f0, (0 l tn s cng hng ring c a thch anh v bt n nh ca n -6 ((0 10 ).

Dao ong thach anh f0 oi tan ftg ieu tan f0 + ftg Khuech ai fra

f tg

ca mch dao ng LC v bt n nh + ftg, (tg l tn s cng hV ng -3 ca n (tg 10 ). * Nu ta chn ftg<< fo th ftg/f0 << 1 nn ( ( (0 ngha l mch s c n nh tn s gn bng n nh ca thch anh m di tn vn ln ( do iu tn bng LC).

5/. S dng h thng t ng iu chnh tn s (AFC):

V

Bo dao ong f0

fra

Khuech ai

fra fra

VDC Loc thong thap VB Tach song tan so

ftg

oi tan

fTA Dao ong

thach anh

c di tn ln, ta phi dng b to dao ng bng LC. Nhng khi mt n nh s ln ((LC ( 10-3 ). V vy ta phi dng h thng AFC n nh tn s trung tm. B dao ng thch anh to ra ftg c n nh cao (( ( 10-6). Nguyn l hot ng: + Nu do Vcc thay i hay T0 thay i lm cho f0 thay i dn n fra thay i fra = f0 ( (fss. Tn s ra fra c a vo b i tn so snh vi tn s chun fTA. + B i tn dng h thp fra tch sng (v nu khng c n th tn s cao, mf nh lm cho I0 = 0, ta khng th so snh gia fra v fTA c). + u ra b i tn cng c mch lc ch gi li thnh phn tn s trung gian: ftg = fra fTA = f0 fss - fTA + B tch sng c iu chnh cng hng li: ftg0 = f0 - fTA Do : - Nu ftg = ftg0 th VTS = 0, ngha l f0 = const - Nu ftg = ftg0 ( (fss th u ra b tch sng c VTS = f ((fss). + Mt khc khi in p iu ch V( thay i th fra cng thay i: fra = f0 ( (f0. Nu ta thit k b lc thng thp sao cho ch cho qua cc thnh phn tn s bin thin chm: f = (0 ( 20) Hz th VC ch thay i t l vi tn s trung tm (v s thay i ny thng chm, cn thnh phn tn s iu ch V( c ( ( 50Hz khng qua c mch lc thng thp). + VC sau b lc thng thp tc ng varicap lm cho fra thay i v ng tn s trung tm f0 (fra ( f0).

Nu em xp chng c tuyn li, ta thu c c tuyn sau iu chnh (fcn = f(VC). Ngha l nh h h thng AFC m sai s ban u (fu gim xung cn (fcn.
VTS fC Vc A

fxo

o VC

O fcon

fxo

c tuyn tch sng (VTS = f ((fss)) c tuyn iu chnh (fC = f fau (VC)) c tuyn tch sng sau iu chnh. H s iu chnh ca AFC:
K AFC =

fau = 1 + STS .SC fcon

Vi: STS, SC l dc ca c tuyn tch sng v c tuyn iu chnh (c tuyn ca varicap: SC = S varicap). Xt bt n nh ca chng Trong o:
fcon 1 fau = + f TS + f ta f fraTA fra K AFC f ra 1 fau f ftg fra f TA = . + ts . + . fra K AFC ftg fra f TA f ra

l bt n nh tn s ca thch anh thng rt nh (<=10-6).

f TS l bt n nh tng i ca b tch sng. gim nh n ta cn phi fn nh cc tham s ca b tch sng. Mt khc ta chn ftg << fra t tg

s ftg/ fra gim xung.

Nh vy , nh th kAFC phi rt ln.Trong thc t kAFC ( 100 v cn ph thuc hng s thi gian ca mch thng thp.
6/. S dng h thng t ng iu chnh tn s pha (AFC - P):

f au f ra

: bt n nh tng i ban u ca my pht (((10-3).

Bo dao ong f0

Khuech ai

fra

Loc thong thap Chia n1 Tach song pha Dao ong thach anh

* iu tn dng h thng AFC P Chia n2 TA b + H thng ny ch khc so vi s AFC tn s ch c thm f hai chia tn s v phn t so snh y l b tch sng pha. B chia tn s (n1) to 1 tn hiu FM c ch s iu ch khng ln v khi mf nh th J0 >> Jn. iu m bo cho b tch sng pha lm vic bnh thng. B chia th 2 (n2) l chia tn s thch anh v thch anh thng c tn s cng hng ring cao. + Hai tn hiu sau hai b chia n1, n2 c a ti b tch sng pha so snh. Nu hai tn hiu c (fra/n1 = fTA/n2) th sai pha gia chng (( = 0 nn VTS = 0. Khi fra / n1 ( fTA/n2 th sai pha gia chng (( ( 0 v VTS = f(((). + Mt khc khi in p iu ch V( thay i lm fra thay i theo, dn n (( ( 0 ( VTS ( 0, v vy ta phi dng b lc thng thp ch cho qua nhng sai pha c tn s bin thin chm 0 ( 20Hz. + VC sau b lc thng thp c a ti varicap lm Cv thay i, fra thay i sao cho fra tin dn ti f0. Nh vy ta n nh c tn s trung tm: f0. u im ca h thng AFC P: l ch cn mt s thay i nh ca tn s cng dn ti 1 s dch pha ln, do gy ra VTS ln v VC ln. VD: (fss = 1 Hz th ( = 2( = 3600, chnh v vy m h thng ny c th iu chnh tn s mt cch chnh xc (( = (m = 10-6). Nhng s bin thin v pha tng i chm nn h thng AFC P ch phn ng rt nhy vi nhng sai lch tn s rt nh. Nh vy u im ca h thng AFC P l khuyt im ca h thng AFC-F v ngc li. Bi vy, mun c di bt rng v chnh xc cao ta phi dng vng gi pha (PLL) hoc phi kt hp c hai h thng AFC-P v AFCP.
D. VNG KHA PHA PLL: (Phase Locked Loops)

Ngy nay, vi k thut pht trin, nht l s ra i ca cc mch tch hp, PLL tr thnh 1 h thng a nng v c s dng rng ri trong k thut v tuyn in t, truyn hnh, truyn s liu, o lng cng nh dng tng hp tn s, iu ch, gii m hay ng b tn hiu qut
I/. NHNG U V NHC IM CA VNG KHA PHA (PLL):

S dng vng kha pha PLL nh mt h thng lc so vi b lc tch cc RC dng k thut hi tip hay nhng mch cng hng LC c nhng u im sau:
1. Kh nng hot ng tn s cao:

Vng kha pha PLL n khi c th hot ng phm vi tn s cao (1( 100MHz) trong khi phn nhiu k thut hi tip RC tch cc b gii hn di tn s di 100Hz.
2. S c lp v kh nng chn lc v iu hng tn s trung tm:

Tn s trung tm th c tn s chy t do ca VCO (Vottage Controlled Oscillator), cn tnh chn lc ca PLL c xc nh bng b lc thng thp ca vng ny. iu ny loi tr c vn ng chnh phc tp khi dng nhiu tng lc iu hng LC ni kt vi nhau. Mt khc vic thay i tn s ca PLL khng lm thay i phm cht Q nh mch cng hng LC.
3. D dng trong vic iu hng:

PLL c th c iu hng theo 1 tn s yu cu no y, bi s chn lc ring ca tn s chy t do VCO. Tn s ny thng thng c quyt nh bi phn t n bn ngoi (t in C) v c th c iu chnh lin tc t 1Hz n phm vi lch tn s mong mun l 50MHz. Tuy c nhiu u im nh trn, PLL vn khng th thay th hon ton cho nhng b lc cng hng LC hay b lc tch cc RC trong tt c cc ng dng v: a) S thiu thng tin v bin tn hiu: PLL ch p ng vi tn s ca tn hiu vo, m khng p ng vi bin , min l bin vo cao duy t kha. Nh vy, PLL ch lc c nhng tn s mong mun. Trong khi dng mch cng hng LC (hay dng mch lc tch cc RC c hi tip) th khng nhng lc c tn s mong mun m ti tn s bin tn hiu l cc i. b) S kh khn trong vn t ng iu chnh hiu s khuch i (AGC): Mc d 1 s khuyt m nh vy, nhng PLL di dng vi mch n khi c kh nng thc hin nhiu chc nng nht trong cc thit b in t vin thng tng t, cng tc nhiu lnh vc khc nhau.
II. S KHI V NGUYN L HOT NG CA PLL:

Vi(t)=Vi sinit

Bo So pha

Vp(t)

Loc thong thap VCO

Khuech ai

Vd(t)

PLL l 1 h thng hi tip gm c 1 b so pha thc cht l b tch sng pha, b lc thng thp (LTT) v b khuch i sai s trn ng truyn tn hiu thun v b to dao ng c iu chnh bng in p (VCO) trn ng hi tip. Thc cht, PLL hot ng theo nguyn tc vng iu khin m i lng vo v ra l tn s v chng c so snh vi nhau v pha. Vng iu khin pha c nhim v pht hin v iu chnh nhng sai st v tn s gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra, ngha l PLL lm cho tn s ra (0 ca tn hiu so snh theo tn s vo (i ca tn hiu vo. B tch sng pha s to ra 1 in th t l vi s sai pha gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra ca VCO. Tn hiu sai s ny Vp(t) qua b lc thng thp loi tr nhiu v nhng thnh phn khng mong mun, sau khuch i v a n VCO. Tn hiu iu chnh ny s lm thay i tn s dao ng ca VCO sao cho tn hiu tn s ca tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra gim dn v tin ti 0, ngha l : (0 = (i hiu r hn nguyn l hot ng ca h thng PLL, ta xet c tuyn truyn t tn s in p ca vng kha pha PLL nh sau: Gi s ca vo ca h thng c mt tn hiu hnh sin m tn s ca n bin thin chm trong phm vi ton b di tn, cn trn trc trong ghi cc gi tr tng ng ca in p tn hiu sai s.

Vd(t) f1

fb

fg f

0 Vd(t)

f1

f0

f2

f 0 f4 f0 2fg
Qua c tuyn trn, ta nhn thy rng, vng PLL khng p ng vi tn hiu vo cho ti khi tn s ca n t gi tr f1 = (f0 - fc) vi fc l tn s ct ca b lc thng thp. Tn s f1 tng ng vi bin gii ca di bt. Ti fI = f1, vng kha pha PLL kha u vo mt cch t ngt gy ra mt bc nhy m ca vng

f3

in p sai s. Sau khi tn s vo fI tng ln tip tc, in p khng ch Vd thay i theo tn s vi mt dc bng s nghch o ca li VCO v tin n gi tr 0 ti fI = f0. Vng cn duy tr ng b u vo cho n khi tn s s u vo n f2, tng ng vi bin trn ca di ng b hay di gi. Khi m fI > f2, vng PLL vt ra ngoi di ng b, tc l PLL ht duy tr s ng b, in p sai s t ngt tr v gi tr 0 v VCO tr li chy t do tn s dao ng ca n. Nu tn hiu u vo c tn s bin thin chm theo hng ngc li, (xt c tuyn b) th chu trnh hot ng c lp li nh hnh trn (a). Vng bt tr li tn hiu ti f3 v gi n cho n tn f4 vi f3 = (f0 + fc(. Di tn s gia (f1, f3) v gia (f2,, f4) tng ng vi di bt v di gi (hay ng b) ca h thng PLL: Di bt 2(fb = f3 f1 Di gi 2 (fg = f4 f2 Ta nhn thy rng di bt l di tn s m tn hiu vo ban u phi c tn s nm trong phm vi ca n PLL c th thit lp c ch ng b. Cn khi h thng ch ng b th tn s VCO c kh nng bm theo tn s tn hiu vo trong mt di tn s tn hiu vo trong mt di tn s ln hn, l di gi hay di ng b. Nh vy, h thng PLL c s chn lc t nhin v tn s trung tm f0 m tn s chy ca VCO phi bm theo v h thng PLL ch p ng vi nhng tn hiu vo c tn s cch tn s trung tm f0 mt khong khng vt qu (fb hay (fg (nu nh tnh trng ban u ca PLL trong ch ng b). S tuyn tnh ca c tuyn truyn t tn s bin ca h thng PLL c xc nh duy nht bi li chuyn i ca VCO. Nh vy, trong nhiu ng dng VCO yu cu c c tuyn truyn t in p tn s tuyn tnh cao. Di bt ca PLL ph thuc vo di thng ca b lc ((fb = (fg), cn di gi ph thuc vo bin in p iu khin Vd (t) v vo kh nng bin i tn s ca VCO.
III/ CC KHI C BN CA PLL: 1. B tch sng pha:

B tch sng pha c nhim v cho ra mt tn hiu ph thuc vo hiu pha (hiu tn s) ca 2 tn hiu vo, thng l tn hiu hnh sin hoc dy xung ch nht. Ngi ta phn bit: tch sng pha tuyn tnh v tch sng pha phi tuyn (tch sng pha s). Tch sng pha tuyn tnh thng c thc hin bi mch nhn tng t. Tn hiu ra ca n t l vi bin cc tn hiu vo. B tch sng pha s c thc hin bi cc mch s. Tn hiu vo ca n l dy xung ch nht. Tn hiu ra khng ph thuc vo bin cc tn hiu vo. Mch so pha n gin nht thch hp vi t hp n khi: l tch sng pha loi: cu dao chuyn mch. N vn hnh nh mt cu dao ng b ha v

c ng, m bng u vo chun. Mt cch hiu qu l n chp (chops) tn hiu vo cng chu k lp li nh s kch thch chun. Thng thng s kch thch chun c cung cp bng u ra VCO. N c m phng nh hnh di. Dng sng u ra tiu biu cho b so pha loi cu dao chuyn mch khi tn hiu vo c dng sin v tn hiu kch thch cu dao l sng vung. in p sai s lc VD tng ng vi gi tr trung bnh ca dng sng u ra (c cho bi vng sm trn dng sng). Khi PLL iu kin hon ton kha:VD (t) = 0 th tn hiu VCO lch pha 900 so vi tn hiu u vo Vi.

Cau dao ong bo Tn hieu vao Vi (t) au ra Vp (t)

Tn hieu tai t VCO V0(t) V0(t) t

Vp(t) Di pha 0 p = 00 Vp(t) Di pha 900 p = 900 ien ap sai lech bang 0 V0 > 0 t
0

ien ap sai lech dng V0 > 0 t

Vp(t) Di pha 1800 p = 1800

ien ap sai lech am V0 > 0 t

2. B lc thng thp (LTT):

Trong h thng PLL b lc thng thp c nhng chc nng sau: + Cho tn hiu tn s thp qua, nn thnh phn tn s cao. + Bo m cho PLL bt nhanh v bm c tn hiu khi tn s thay i, ngha l tc p ng ca n cao. + V di bt ca PLL ph thuc vo di thng ca b LTT ((c) nn yu cu di thng ca LTT phi ln m bo di bt cn thit cho PLL. Thng thng trong h thng PLL ngi ta dng cc b lc thng thp bc nht, v dng cc b lc bc cao hn c th nh hng n tnh n nh ca h thng. Dng b lc tch cc cth tng h s khuch i ca c h thng v cho php c c di bt mong mun hay di bm ty khi thay i di thng v h s khuch i.
3. B to dao ng c iu khin bng in p: VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscilator)

VCO l mt khi quan trng nht trong PLL v n quyt nh n nh tn s cc c trng gii iu ch tn hiu iu tn (FM). m bo c th lm vic tt nht v lm nhiu chc nng khc nhau, VCO phi tha mn nhng yu cu c bn sau: + c tuyn truyn t in p tn s tuyn tnh. + n nh tn s cao. + T c dao ng tn s cao. + H s chuyn i in p tn s cao. + Di bm rng. + iu chnh tn s n gin + Khng c cun cm d thch hp vi s t hp n khi.

+VCC

Vc ieu
khien

I1 D2

I1 D2
C0 0 C T2 T2

D 1 D1 T1 T1

T4 V V

T4

R1

R1
T5

R2

R2 T T 66

R 33 R T T 77

T5

R5

R5

T3T3

R 4 R 4
* VCO bng kch khi Schmitt
B V0

V nguyn tc c th dng mi mch to dao ng m tn s dao ng ca n c th bin thin c trong phm vi ( (10 (50)% xung quanh tn s dao ng t do (0. Tuy nhin, ngi ta thng dng cc b to xung ch nht hn c v loi ny c th lm vic trong phm vi tn s kh rng (1MHz (100MHz). S VCO trn bao gm b tch phn v b t hp trigger Schmitt. T C0 lun phin tch in v phng in bng ngun dng I1, c iu khin bng in p VC. Mch trigger Schmitt bao gm cc Transistor t T4 ( T7, cm nhn mc in p VA ngang qua C0 v lm cho cu dao T3 ng hay m u nhng vng np hay phng in. Tn s ca dao ng VCO c th c xc nh chnh xc nh sau: Trong : gm: L h dn ca ngun dng I1 c iu khin bi Vc.
f0 = Vc g m 2Co( V 2 V1 )

V1,V2: L nhng mc kch khi di v trn ca mch kch khi Schmitt. B dao ng ny c th cung cp hoc dng sng rng ca ( A) hoc sng vung ( B). T1, T2 lm thnh 1 diode lin hp h thp dng v nh th bt buc s tch v s phng ca C0 l bng nhau. Nh vy dng sng ra VCO c chu k lm vic chim 50%.