Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PGS.TS. Vn nh Sn Th B mn Cng ngh hu c ha du Khoa Cng ngh Ha hc i hc Bch Khoa H Ni Email : thovds-petrochem@mail.hut.edu.vn thovds@yahoo.com Tel : 097.360.4372
Thnh phn thch hc Thnh phn nguyn t Thnh phn k thut Cc tnh cht vt l
5. Cu trc : Phn bit theo mt phng vung gc vi cc lp : ng nht, khng ng nht, cu trc lp 6. Vt v : thng gp dng ht, dng si, v s 7. Vt nt : Ni sinh ( do nguyn nhn bn trong quyt nh) ,Ngoi sinh do ngoi lc gy nn (do bin ng ca v tri t). 8. Xc nh cc khong c trong than v chia lm 3 loi : Phn tn th (quan st thy bng mt v c th tch d dng). Phn tn mn (tn ti nhng ht mn v kh tch, phi dng phng php tuyn) Khng th nhn thy bng mt, kh tch.
Vng Danh
Thi Bnh
U minh thng
Duren : Cng, dai, c nh m . Cu trc dng lp v c cu to chc, kh tch ra khi than. Hm lng khong ln hn so vi vitren l do t khong mang vo trong qu trnh to than. Claren (na nh) mi du hiu phn bit nm trung gian gia hai loi trn.
Fugen (m, loi si). rn thp v d v vn thnh bt nu dng tay bp. Vt v c cu trc dng si.
Nguyn t Cacbon
L nguyn t quan trng nht trong than, khi chy ta ra mt lng nhit lng ln ( Q = 8140Kcal/KgC). Cacbon nm trong than di dng lin kt do kh nng phn ng km. Trong qu trnh nhit phn ch mt lng nh cacbon thot ra dng hi v kh. Ch yu cacbon cn li sn phm rn trong qu trnh nhit phn. Khi bin tnh tng th hm lng cacbon tng v hm lng Cthm cng tng. Phng php xc nh hm lng cacbon : Cchung = Chu c + Ckhong
Nguyn t Hydro
Hydro l nguyn t quan trng trong than, khi chy to lng nhit ln ( Q=34.320Kcal/Kg).
Xc nh hm lng hydro thng tin hnh song song vi xc nh hm lng cacbon. Khi thu c hi nc bao gm c lng m ca nhin liu cng nh mui kt tinh ca cc khong do vy trong qu trnh tnh ton phi loi tr mui kt tinh ca khong Hchung = Hhu c + Hkhong Khi bin tnh tng th hm lng hydro gim dn.
Quy trnh :
Mu : 0.2 to 0.3 g trn chn porcelain / platinum
t nng ng phn ng ln nhit 400o - 900oC bng oxy nguyn cht. Sn phm qu trnh chy CO2 H2O hp ph trong ng hp ph Cn mu v tnh ton lng C v H.
Khi lng mu = W g
Tng khi lng ca ng MgClO2 = W1 g
Nit ca than
Nit l nguyn t duy nht nm phn hu c ca than. Khi chy khng to nhit, khi nhit phn thot ra di dng NH3, piridin hoc cc cht xyan. Hm lng nit trong than cng nhiu th trong qu trnh ch bin cng s cng nhiu.
xc nh hm lng nit dng bin tnh Kendan (i vi loi than bin tnh cao). - ASTM i vi than bin tnh thp phi dng phng php iuma. ASTM
p sut = P mm Hg
Nhit : = T1 K
Lu
Phng php Kjeldahl xc nh nhanh hn phng php Dumas Ch p dng cho nhng hp cht hu c m c th chuyn ha thnh ammonium sulphate khi t nng vi axit sulphuric m c. Khng p dng vi hp cht c cha pyridine, quinoline v cc hp cht c cha nhm (-NO2) v diazo (-N = N-).
-Chun HCl cha phn ng s xc nh c lng HCl phn ng v tnh c lng N2.
Thit b Kjeldahl
Khi lng mu : W g Th tch axit cn trung ha lng NH3 thot ra : V mL Nng ca axit : N
V mL of N acid = V mL of NH3 NV milli equivalent of acid = NV milli equivalent of ammonia
Lu hunh hu c (Shydrocacbon) ch yu nm trong than dng mecaptan hoc thiofen. Ngun gc l do lu hunh c sn trong thc vt ban u li khi to than.
Stng = Spyrit + Ssul + S hu c
TS = total sulfur; IS = inorganic sulfur; OS = organic sulfur; S2 = pyrite sulfur; S = sulfide sulfur; SO4 = sulfate sulfur; CS = combustible sulfur; FS = fixed sulfur
Phng php t
t mu than trong dng O2 nhit 1250oC bin S thnh SO2. Tin hnh oxy ho SO2 bng H2O2 thnh SO3 v hp th SO3 trong nc. Chun H2SO4 thu c s tnh ra hm lng S trong than.
Phng php ny khng chnh xc bng Eska v khi t mt phn S s cn li trong tro, bn cnh trong than c Cl nn s to thnh HCl trong bnh hp th H2SO4 lm sai lch kt qu.
Phn v c : l phn khong c cha cc mui cacbonat, silicat hoc sufnua, sufnat v cn c cc nguyn t him khc nh Be, Br, Ge, Zr Phn v c khng c kh nng chy v l phn v ch ca nhin liu. Khi chy chng bin thnh tro
Phn hu c bao gm ton b C H O N v k hiu la (Organic) Phn chy gm cc nguyn t C H O N S v k hiu l (Combustion ) Phn kh l phn cht c cng vi hm lng tro ( k hiu Dry ) Phn lm vic bao gm ton b cu t c trong than trng thi ban u ( k hiu l As received ) Thnh phn O N S
K hiu
O C Dry
As recieved
Phn hu c C + H + O + N = 100% Phn chy c C + H + O + N + S = 100% Phn kh ca nhin liu C + H + O + N + S + A = 100% Phn lm vic ca nhin liu C + H + O + N + S + A + W = 100%
Thnh phn k thut ca than : - tro (ash) - Hiu sut cht bc (Volatile), - m (water), - Hm lng lu hunh S, - Nhit lng. (Q)
Da vo thnh phn k thut c th s b nh gi v gi tr cu than, bit c phng hng s dng v phn loi than. V mt l thuyt th thnh phn k thut ca than c lin quan n cu trc v bin tnh ca than.
Ch :
S phn chia trn ch mang tnh quy c tuy nhin c nhiu thiu st c th nh nhng nguyn t tn ti c trong thnh phn v c v hu c nh C, O ( dng mui CaCO3)
S tn ti nhiu dng nh S hu c, pirit th chy c tuy nhin mui sunfat th khng chy c
M
Bt k loi vt liu no cng cha mt hm lng m nht nh.
m hay hm m l lng nc c trong than nm nhiu hnh thc khc nhau Phn m c hp ph trn b mt than Phn m ngng t trong mao qun ca than Phn m trn ln c hc vi than Phn m do nc kt tinh ca mt s mui v c trong khong Phn m lin kt
m l phn c hi trong than, n lm gim nhit chy nn loi b bt trc khi s dng.
Than khi mi khai thc trong khng kh th m s thot ra t cn bng vi m mi trng. Lng m ny gi l m ngoi ( Wng). m ngoi (ASTM D1421) . Than c lm kh nh vy gi l than kh gi. Lng m cn li tng than goi l m ni. Tng lng m ni (ASTM D3173)
Sy than 102-105oC trong 60pht. Cn lng than trc v sau khi sy, lng chnh lch ny chnh l hm m ca than. Phng php ny km chnh xc hn bin tnh trc tip v khi sy than c th cc mui cacbonat b phn hu thnh CO2 v H2O.
Quy lut bin i m ca than ph thuc vo bin tnh ca than. Khi bin tnh tng th m ca than gim.
HM LNG CHT BC
Cht bc l tng s kh thot ra khi nung than nhit cao trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Trong iu kin nhit cao th phn khng bn nhit s thot ra v phn hu thnh cc sn phm c phn t lng thp hn.
Cht bc l thng s quan trng lin quan cht ch n qu trnh bin tnh than. Khi bin tnh tng th cu trc than cng cht ch, mch nhnh gim do hiu sut cht bc gim. Khi bin tnh thp, cu trc than khng cht ch, mnh nhnh nhiu do hm lng cht bc ln. bin tnh tng th hm lng cht bc gim.
Xc nh hm lng cht bc
Nung mu than 900oC trong 7 pht bng chn s kn trong mi trng kh tr. Lng chnh lch mu trc v sau khi nung chnh l lng cht bc thot ra ca than. (ASTM D3175) Trong qu trnh ny c hm lng nc thot ra do khi tnh ton hm lng cht bc phi tr i s liu ny. Ngoi hin tng thot hi nc cn c hin tng kh cacbonnat ca cc khong.
Phn cn li ca than sau khi thot cht bc gi l cn rn. Da vo tnh cht ca cn rn nh nh, tng, bn v hnh dng c th kt lun s b v kh nng luyn cc v kt dnh ca than.
Tro
Hm lng tro l hn hp cc khong cht cn li sau khi t chy hon ton phn hu c ca than.
Hm lng tro trong than l thnh phn c hi v c ch. Khi thc hin phn ng chy khng tnh ra nhit nng, tiu hao nng lng khi t.
i vi mt s loi than c nhiu tro th phn tin hnh tuyn s b trc khi t.
tro khng ph thuc vo bin tnh m ph thuc vo ngun gc, s hnh thnh v va than cng nh cc iu kin khai thc v vn chuyn.
Tro
Phn bit tro ni v tro ngoi :
Tro ni : phn sn c trong thc vt ban u, n lin kt cht ch vi than v kh tch ra bng cc phng php tuyn.
Tro ngoi : Do cc khong cht b nc cun lng ng li khi hnh thnh va than, hoc do cht khong chy theo cc mch nc ngm chy vo va than hoc b ln trong qu trnh khai thc v vn chuyn
Loi sunfua : Ch yu l FeS2 nm dng pirit hoc macaxit nm trong than thnh nh ht nh hoc l ht ln. N c lin kt cht ch vi than nn kh tch.
Mui cacbonat MgCO3, CaCO3, FeCO3
Ba loi khong trn chim 95-98% thnh phn ca than, tuy nhin trong than cn ln thm mt t mui NaCl, KBr v mt s nguyn t him...
Cc xc nh hm lng tro (ASTM D3174) Tin hnh nung mu than trong l vi nhit 800oC trong mi trng d oxy.
Ton b phn hu c ca than s chy ht v cn li l phn v c. Tin hnh xc nh phn cn li th chnh l hm lng tro c trong than.
T l cc oxit trong tro nh hng ln n mu sc cng nh nhit chy mm cu tro. Nhit chy mm l thng s quan trng khi s dng than trong qu trnh cng nghip.
( t l ny cng nh th tro cng kh chy mm) Loi tro d chy mm : to chy mm < 1200oC Loi tro c nhit chy mm trung bnh : 1200oC-1350oC Loi tro kh chy mm : to chy mm > 1350oC
SiO2
Bc 1 : Ph hy gii mu tro bng natri cacbonat ln hn 900oC . Khi cc hp cht kh tan trong tro chuyn thnh cc hp cht d tan nh:
Al2O3 SiO2 + Na2CO3 NaAlO2 + CO2 Na2SiO3 + CO2 MgCO3 + Na2SiO3
+ Na2CO3
MgSiO3 + Na2CO3
Al2O3.3 SiO2 + 4 Na2CO3 2 NaAlO2 + 3 NaSiO3 + 4 CO2 Fe2O3 + 3 Na2CO3 Fe2(CO3)3 + 3 Na2O
Bc 2 : Sau ha tan hn hp bng axit clohydric v un si ha tan hon ton cc kim loi kh tan v ui ht CO2. Qu trnh trung ha ny s xy ra nh sau: NaAlO2 Fe2(CO3)3 Na2SiO3 MgCO3 Na2CO3 + 4 HCl AlCl3 + NaCl + 2 H2O + 6 HCl 2FeCl3 + 3 CO2 + 3 H2O + 2 HCl H2SiO3 + 2 NaCl + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H2O + CO2 + 2 HCl 2 NaCl + H2O + CO2
H2SiO3 SiO2
+ H2O
Phng php phn tch quang ph pht x nguyn t da trn nguyn tc o cng vch ph pht x ca cc nguyn t c trong mu nghin cu khi b kch thch bng ngun nng lng cao. Cng bc x ( cn gi l cng vch ph) ph thuc vo hm lng cc nguyn t cha trong mu. Chng c ghi li bng cc my o chuyn dng, sau khi c khuych i v x l. Bit c cng vch ph l c th xc nh c hm lng nguyn t cn phn tch.
NHIT CHY
Nhit chy hay nhit lng ca than l nhit lng to ra khi t chy hon ton mt n v trng lng ( n v Kcal/lg hoc Cal/g). Nhit lng l thng s quan trng. Da vo Q c th bit s b nh gi cht lng ca than, tnh ton nhit lng qu trnh sn xut. Nhit lng ca than bin i c quy lut theo bin tnh v nhit lng c s dng l thng s phn loi than
Trong bom S b oxy ho hon ton thnh SO3, tuy nhin thc t l SO2. Vy nhit chy thc t s nh hn khi o bng bin tnh bom. ( Qthc t < Qabom). Nu Qabom c s hiu chnh n nhit to thnh v nhit ho tan ca H2SO4 v HNO3 th ta thu c nhit chy thc t hay nhit chy cao (Qacao).
Ta c Qa cao = Qabom (1,43C + 22,5Sb) Cal/g C l s mmol HNO3 to thnh Sb l % S c trong bom oxy ho thnh H2SO4.
Trong cc l t c nhit cao s lm thot hi nc, lng nc ny s bc hi nh vy cng cn mt lng nhit hm nng v lm bc hi nc c trong than cng nh hi nc to ra khi than chy, do nhit hu ch (Qhi) hoc goi l Qth (LHV) s thp hn (HHV) Qcao
Cng thc tnh ton ca Medeleep Qthp = 81C + 300H 26(O - S) 6(W + 9H) Kcal/kg
Cng thc tnh ton ca hip hi k s c Qthp = 80,8C + 201(H O/8) +25S - 6,09W Dulong HHV(MJ/kg) = 33.86C + 144.4(H-O/8) + 9.428S
a d V
d : Trng lng ring (g/cm3) a : Trng lng ca mu than (g) V : Th tch ca mu than Do V than nh th no ?
L trng lng ring thc ca than m khng k n phn khng kh bn trong mao qun ca than. xc nh dth dng phng php pinomet vi cht lng l ru, nc. dth ca than khng ph thuc vo bin tnh m dao ng trong phm vi nht nh v chu nh hng ca nhiu nhn t nh bin tnh, thnh phn thch hc, hm lng tro, hm lng m
Trng lng ring biu kin (dbk) : L trng lng ring ca than k c phn khng kh v phn khong chim trong cc mao qun v khe nt ca than Cn gi l trng ring th tch.
Trng lng ring rt ca than (dr) Trng lng ring rt cn gi l trng lng ring l trng lng ca mt n v th tch th ( c c ht bt k) trong trng thi rt t nhin. Lin quan n tnh ton kch thc kho bi, thit k l cc Ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh dth dbk, kch thc, thnh phn c ht, m ca than.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Than Petro coke Oil sand du Biomass thc vt, Biomass ng vt Cht thi sinh hot Nha cao su ph thi