Quy Hoach Va Toi Uu Hoa Mang Truyen Dan 3G

B gio dc v o to
HC VIN K THUT QUN S
cn th thanh h KHA 2 H O TO K S DN S
N TT NGHIP I HC
Chuyn ngnh: in t vin thng
qui hoch v ti u ho mng truyn dn 3g
Gio vin hng dn: thy gio, i t PGS TS V Kim
NM 2008
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
Mc lc
Trang
Mc lc K hiu, ch vit tt Li m u Chng 1: gii thiu chung v h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 1.1 Lch s pht trin ca thng tin di ng v mt s yu cu i vi h thng 3G 1.1.1 Lch s pht trin 1.1.2 Nhng yu cu i vi h thng 3G 1.2 Tin trnh nng cp chung t 2G ln 3G 1.2.1 GSM nng cp ln UMTS 1.2.2 CDMA IS-95 nng cp ln 3G Chng 2: H thng thng tin di ng th h th 3 umts 2.1 Cu trc mng 2.1.1 Gii thiu chung v cu trc mng 3G 2.1.2 Cu trc mng truy nhp v tuyn UTRAN 2.1.3 Cu trc mng li 2.2 Cu trc knh 2.2.1 M hnh phn lp 2.2.2 Cu trc knh 2.2.3 Tri ph v iu ch 2.2.4 M ho Chng 3: Quy hoch v ti u ho mng truyn dn 3G 3.1 C s ca qui hoch mng truyn dn 3.1.1 Phm vi ca quy hoch mng truyn dn 3.1.2 Cc nhn t trong cc mng truyn 3G 3.2 Qa trnh lp k hoch mng truyn 3.3 M thc truyn di b (ATM) 3.3.1 Cu trc t bo 3.3.2 Lp giao thc ATM 3.3.3 S kt ni v chuyn mch trong ATM 3.4 nh c 3.4.1 Ngn xp giao thc 3.4.2 Mo u 3.5 Qui hoch kt ni vi ba 3.5.1 T l li v cht lng ATM 3.5.2 Cu hnh 3.6 K hoch chi tit 1 3
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8 8 8 10 13 13 26 30 30 30 35 39 47 47 48 62 64 67 67 67 67 70 70 71 72 76 77 77 78 80 80 81 82
3.6.1 Qui hoch tham s 3.6.2 Qun l lu lng trn ATM 3.6.3 Phn t mng v cc tham s cu hnh giao din 3.6.4 Tm tt cc c im qui hoch ATM 3.6.5 K hoch ng b 3.6.6 K hoch qun l mng 3.7 Ti u ho truyn dn 3.7.1 C s ti u ho truyn dn 3.7.2 Xc nh qu trnh 3.7.3 Phn tch mng 3.7.4 S phn tch tng ATM 3.7.5 Tham s iu chnh Kt lun Ti liu tham kho
82 82 86 88 89 90 90 90 91 91 92 94 95 96
bng ch vit tt K hiu 3GPP AuC BER B-ISDN BS BSS BTS CCCH CCPCH Ting Anh Third Genation Partnership Protocol Authentication Centre Bit Error Rate Broadband ISDN Base Station Base Station System Base Transceiver Station Common Control Channel Common Control Physical Channel CDMA2000 A CDMA System in North America CM CN CPCCH CPCH CRC CS DCCH DPCCH DPDCH ETS Communication Management Qun l thng tin Core Network Communication Power Control Channel Cyclic Redundancy Check Circuit Switched Dedicated Control Channel Dedicated Physical Control Channel Dedicated Physical Data Channel ETSI Telecommunication Tiu chun vin thng Mng li Knh iu khin cng sut chung M kim tra d tha Chuyn mch knh Knh iu khin dnh ring Knh vt l iu khin dnh ring Knh vt l d liu dnh ring Mt h thng CDMA Bc M Ting Vit D n hp tc thng tin di ng th h 3 Trung tm nhn thc T l li bit ISDN bng rng Trm gc Phn h trm gc Trm thu pht gc Knh iu khin chung Knh vt l iu khin chung
Communication Paket Chennel Knh gi chung
Standard FACH GPS GSM IMSI IMT-2000 IN IPv4 IPv6 IS-95 ITU ITU-T Iub Iur MS MSC NNI O&M PCH Forward Access Channel Global Positioning System Global System for Mobile Communications International Mobile Subscriber Identity International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 Intelligent Network Internet Protocol Version 4 Internet Protocol Version 6 North American Version of The CDMA Standard International Telecommunication Union ITU Telecommunication Standardisation Sector UMTS Interface Between RNC and BS UMTS Interface Between RNCs Mobile Station Mobile Subscriber Number Operations and Maintenance Paging Channel
ca ETSI Knh truy nhp ng xung H thng nh v ton cu H thng thng tin di ng ton cu Ch th thu bao di ng quc t Tiu chun vin thng di ng quc t 2000 Mng thng minh Th tc internet phin bn th 4 Th tc internet phin bn th 6 Mt phin bn CDMA Bc M Hip hi vin thng quc t B phn tiu chun ho v vin thng ca ITU Giao din UMTS gia RNC vi BS Giao din UMTS gia cc RNC My di ng S thu bao di ng Vn hnh v bo dng Knh tm gi
Network-to-Network Interface Giao din lin mng
PDH PN QoS R99 RACH RNC TE TRX UMTS UTRAN VCI VPI X.25
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarch Pseudo Noise Quality of Service Standard Random Access Channel Radio Network Controller Terminal Format Transceiver Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Virtual Circuit Identifier Virtual Path Identifier Switched Networks
H thng phn cp cn ng b Nhiu ngu nhin gi Cht lng dch v 3GPP UMTS Knh truy nhp ngu nhin B iu khin mng v tuyn Thit b u cui B thu pht H thng vin thng di ng ton cu Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t ton cu B ch th mng o B ch th ng o mng chuyn mch gi
Release 1999 of 3GPP UMTS Phin bn 1999 ca tiu chun
An ITU-T Protocol for Packet Mt th tc ITU-T s dng cho
Li ni u Nhu cu trao i thng tin l nhu cu cn thit yu cu trong x hi hin i. Cc h thng thng tin di ng ra i to cho con ngi kh nng thng tin mi lc mi ni. Pht trin t h thng thng tin di ng tng t, cc h thng thng tin di ng th h th 2 (2G) ra i vi mc tiu ch yu l h tr dch v thoi v truyn s liu tc thp. H thng thng tin di ng 2G nh du s thnh cng ca cng ngh GSM vi hn 70% th phn thng tin di ng trn ton cu hin nay. Trong tng lai, nhu cu cc dch v s liu s ngy cng tng v c kh nng vt qu nhu cu thoi. H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 (3G) ra i nhm tho mn nhu cu ca con ngi v cc dch v s liu tc cao nh: in thoi thy hnh, video streamming, hi ngh truyn hnh, nhn tin a phng tin Hin nay h thng thng tin di ng 3G ang pht trin nhm tho mn nhu cu ca con ngi. n ca ti tm hiu v qui hoch v ti u mng truyn dn 3G. n tt nghip ca ti chia lm 3 chng vi ni dung c th sau: Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 Gii thiu chung v h thng thng tin di ng v mt s yu cu i vi h thng 3G. Chng 2: H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 UMTS Trong chng ny ti xin gii thiu v cu trc mng 3G v cu trc knh ca mng 3G. Chng 3: Qui hoch v ti u ho mng truyn dn 3G. Chng 3 l chng cui cng ca n. Ti xin gii thiu v c s qui hoch ca mng truyn dn. Cui cng ti xin chn thnh cm n thy gio, i t, PGS Tin s V Kim, ngi hng dn ti tn tnh, cng vi cc thy c gio trong b mn thng tin to mi iu kin tt nht gip ti hon thnh n tt nghip ng tin .
Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h thng thng tin di ng th h 3
1.1.
lch s pht trin ca thng tin di ng v mt s yu cu i vi h thng 3G
1.1.1. Lch s pht trin.
Nh chng ta bit, tnh n nay, thng tin di ng pht trin qua cc th h khc nhau. Th h th nht 1G l th h thng tin di ng tng t hoc bn tng t. H thng ny c xy dng vo nhng nm 80, v d nh NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) v AMPS (Adranced Mobile Phone System). Nhng h thng thng tin di ng 1G cung cp dch v ch yu l thoi cng nh cc dch v lin quan n thoi. Cc h thng di ng th h th nht c pht trin trong phm vi quc gia, nhng yu cu k thut ca cc h thng ny ch yu c xy dng trn c s tho thun gia cc nh iu hnh vin thng ca chnh ph vi cc cng ty cung cp dch v vin thng m khng c h tiu chun ph bin rng ri. Do vy, cc h thng thng tin di ng 1G khng c kh nng tng thch ln nhau. Do yu cu thng tin di ng ngy cng tng, c bit l nhu cu cn c mt h thng thng tin di ng ton cu. Cc t chc tiu chun ho quc t bt u xy dng h thng thng tin di ng th hai 2G. Mc tiu ch yu ca h thng 2G l kh nng tng thch v ng nht trong mi trng quc t. H thng phi c kh nng phc v trong mt khu vc (v d khu vc chu u), mi ngi s dng phi c kh nng truy nhp h thng bt k ni no trong khu vc. Theo quan im ngi s dng, h thng 2G hp dn hn h thng 1G bi v ngoi dch v thoi truyn thng, h thng ny cn c kh nng cung cp mt s dch v truyn d liu v cc dch v b xung khc. Do cc tiu chun ch thc hin c trong phm vi khu vc, nn khi nim thng tin di ng ton cu khng thc hin c v trn th trng tn ti mt s h thng di ng 2G, tiu biu nh: GSM, IS 95 v PDC. Trong , h thng GSM c ph bin rng ri nht.
H thng thng tin di ng th ba 3G ra i vi mc tiu l hnh thnh mt h thng thng tin di ng trn ton th gii. Khc vi cc dch v c cung cp bi nhng h thng thng tin di ng hin nay ch yu l thoi (cng ngh tng t l c trng h thng th h th nht, cng ngh s l c trng h thng th h th 2), h thng 3G nhm vo cc dch v bng rng nh truy nhp Internet tc cao, truyn hnh v nh cht lng cao tng ng mng hu tuyn. C th ni rng, khi nim ITM-2000 (trc y gi l FPMLTS) c ITU a ra theo m hnh t trn xung. Trc tin, cc yu cu v dch v v cht lng c a ra, sau cc t chc chun ho v cc nh cng nghip, khai thc s tin ti thit k mng p ng yu cu ny.
1.1.2. Nhng yu cu i vi h thng 3G.
Mt s yu cu chnh v ITM-2000 c ITU ra nh sau: Tc truyn d liu cao 144kbps hoc 384kbps cho vng ph rng ngoi tri v 2Mbps cho vng ph hp trong nh. Cht lng thoi tng ng mng hu tuyn. H tr c dch v chuyn mch knh v gi, truyn d liu khng i xng. C th cung cp c dch v di ng v c nh. C kh nng chuyn vng quc gia v quc t, h tr cu trc cell nhiu lp. C cu tnh cc mi theo dung lng truyn thay cho thi gian nh hin nay. ITU-R pht trin b ch tiu k thut ITM-2000, ITM-2000 c to ra nhm tho mn vic pht trin cc tiu chun cho php thit lp mt c s h tng thng tin v tuyn ton cu bao gm cc h thng mt t v v tinh, cc truy nhp c nh v di ng cho cc mng cng cng v c nhn.
1.1.2.1. Tiu chun WCDMA ca UTMS/IMT2000.
UMTS l thut ng c ETSI nhm SMG v h thng thng tin di ng v tuyn 3G chu u a ra. Cc hot ng nghin cu v UMTS trong EMTS c h tr bi cc chng trnh c ti tr ca EU, nh RACE v ACTS. Chng trnh RACE, gm hai giai on, bt u vo nm 1988, v kt thc vo nm 1995. i tng ca chng trnh ny l khm ph v pht trin
testbeb cho cc cng ngh giao din v tuyn c. Trong d n FRAMES ca ACTS, hai kiu (ch ) a truy nhp c chn nghin cu tip lm xut cho truy nhp v tuyn mt t ca UMTS (UTRA). Chng da trn TDMA c v khng c tri ph, v da trn W-CDMA. n thng 1/1997, ARIB quyt nh chp nhn W-CDMA lm cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn mt t cho xut IMT-2000 ca mnh v n lc c th ho cc ch tiu k thut chi tit ca cng ngh ny. Di nh hng ca s h tr manh m cho W-CDMA trn ton cu v quyt nh sm t ARIB, mt tho thun nht tr ca ETSI t c vo thng 1/1998 v vic chp nhn W-CDMA lm cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn mt t cho UMTS.Sau , ARIB v ETSI phi hp hai chun ca h c mt cng ngh W-CDMA thng nht. Phn ny s cp cc c tnh chnh ca RTT mt t trong cc xut ca ETSI v ARIB, m c th p dng cho c UTRA v IMT-2000.
1.1.2.2. c tnh ca UTRA/IMT-2000.
Phn ph tn c xut cho UTRA v IMT-2000 c minh ho trong hnh 1-1 v hnh 1-2. C th thy, UTRA v IMT-2000 khng th s dng ton b ph tn cho h thng v tuyn di ng 3G do cc bng tn c phn bn phn cho DECT v PHS. C th, tn hiu ng ln v ng xung c hnh thnh trn hai tn s sng mang khc nhau f1 v f2, phn cch nhau khong dn bng ch FDD. Tri li, ch TDD dng chung mt knh tn s fc, nhng khc khe thi gian. Nh thy hnh 1-1 v hnh 1-2, cp bng 1920-1980 MHz v 2110-2170 MHz c phn nh cho ch FDD ng xung v ng ln tng ng, cn ch TDD hot ng trong bng tn cn li. Tuy nhin vi cc dch v khng i xng ch yu cu cc bng FDD v do cc bng TDD linh ng hn c th tng gp i dung lng ca tuyn bng cch phn nh mi khe thi gian cho mt hng truyn.
W-CDMA Uplink(FDD) 1990 1920 1980 2010 2025 MSS W-CDMA W-CDMA Uplink(FDD) 2010 2170 2200 MSS
Hnh 1-1. Phn ph xut ca UTRA
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W-CDMA Uplink(FDD) 1920
MSS
W-CDMA
W-CDMA Uplink(FDD)
MSS
1980
2010
2025
2110
2170
2200
Hnh 1-2. Phn ph xut ca ITM-2000 Bng 1-1 ra cc tham s c bn ca xut UTRA/ITM-2000. C hai h thng hot ng tc chip c s 4,096 Mcps, hin nay c i thnh 3,84 Mcps, to ra bng thng chun 5 MHz, khi dng b lc dng xung cos nng Nyquist vi h s un l 0,22. IMT-2000 c thm mt tc chip thp hn l 1,024 Mcps, ng vi bng thng 1,25 MHz. Tc chip gia tng 8,192 Mcps v 16,384 Mcps cng c a ra cho tc bit ngi s dng cao hn.
Bng 1-1
Cc tham s c bn ca UTRA/IMT-2000 Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn Mi trng hot ng Tc chip (Mcps) rng knh (MHz) H s un Nyquist Ch song cng Tc bit knh (kbps) di khung H s tri ph C cu tch Hot ng lin cell FDD: DS-CDMS TDD: TDMA/CDMA Trong nh/ ngoi tri n trong nh/ trn xe 3,840 (UTRA c: 4,096/8. 192/16,384) UTRA: 5/10/20 IMT-2000:1,25/5/10/20 0,22 FDD v TDD FDD (UL): 16/32/64/128/256/512/1024 FDD (DL): 32/64/128/256/512/1024/2048 TDD(UL/DL): 512/1024/2048/4096 10ms FDD kh bin, 4 n 256 TDD kh bin, 2 n 16 Tng quan vi k t hoa tiu ghp knh theo thi gian FDD: Di b TDD: ng b
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iu khin cng sut Di ng cng sut pht Chuyn cell
Vng m v vng kn 80dB (UL), 30Db (DL) Chuyn cell mm, Chuyn cell lin tn
UTRA/IMT-2000 tho mn cc yu cu ca h thng v tuyn di ng th h 3 bng cch cung cp di tc truy nhp vi 2 Mbps. Cc dch v khc nhau vi tc bit v QoS khc nhau u c th c h tr nh m h s tri ph kh bin trc giao OVSF. Tri ngc vi knh hoa tiu chung ca h thng IS-95, h thng th h 3 UTRA/IMT-2000 dng cc k hiu hoa tiu ring nm trong lung d liu ca ngi s dng. Chng c th dng h tr hot ng ca anten thch nghi trm gc. D dng knh hoa tiu chung hay chn knh hoa tiu ring vo d liu vn u dng tch tng quan. Tch tng quan to ra ch tiu tt hn tch khng tng quan. Hn na, cc m tri ph ngn cho php thc hin nhiu k thut nng cao ch tiu khc nhau, nh cc b trit nhiu v thut ton phi hp. h tr trin khai h thng linh ng mi trng trong nh v ngoi tri, hot ng ng b gia cc cell vi nhau c s dng ch FDD. Do khng cn ngun nh thi ngoi nh h thng nh v ton cu (GPS). Tuy nhin, ch TDD, ng b lin cell c yu cu c th truy nhp xuyn sut cc khe thi gian ca trm gc ln cn khi chuyn cell. iu thc hin c bng cch duy tr ng b gia cc trm gc.
1.1.2.3. c tnh ca CDMA 2000. Bng 1-2
Cc tham s c bn ca CDMA2000 Cng ngh truy nhp Mi trng khai thc Tc chp (Mcps) Bng thng knh (MHz) Ch song cng di khung H s tri C cu tch DS-CDMA, CDMA a sng mang Trong nh, ngoi tri ti trong nh, xe c 1.2288/3.6864/7.3728/11.0592/14.7456 1.25/3.75/7.5/11.25/15 FDD v TDD 5 v 20ms Bin thin t 4 n 256 Coherent vi knh hoa tiu chung
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Hot ng lin cell iu khin cng sut Chuyn cell
FDD: ng b TDD: ng b Vng m v kn Chuyn cell mm Chuyn cell lin tn
Cc tham s c bn ca CDMA2000 c cho trong bng 1-2. H thng CDMA c tc chip c s l 3,6864 Mcps, nm trong bng thng 3,75 MHz. Tc chip ny gp ba ln tc chip dng trong tiu chun IS95 (1,2288 Mcps). Theo , bng thng cng tng gp 3 ln. Nh vy, mng IS-95 hin cng c th c s dng h tr s dng hot ng CDMA2000. Tc chip cao hn Nx1,2288 Mcps vi N = 6,9,12 cng c cung cp, cho php tc truyn cao hn. Gi tr N l tham s quan trng xc nh tc m ho knh v tc bit ca knh. pht tn hiu tc chip cao (N>1), hai k thut iu ch c s dng. ch iu ch tri ph trc tip, cc k hiu c tri theo tc chip v truyn dn nh mt sng mang, to ra bng thng N=1,25 MHz. Phng php ny c s dng c truyn v tch knh thnh nhng tn hiu ring bit, mi tn hiu c tri ph tc chip 1,2288 Mcps. N tn s sng mang khc nhau c dng truyn cc tn hiu tri ph ny, mi tn s c bng thng 1,25 MHz. Phng php ny ch dng cho ng xung, do phn tp c th t c nh pht cc tn s sng mang khc nhau trn cc anten khc nhau. Nh s dng sng mang, CDMA2000 c th xp chng tn hiu bi cc knh IS-95 1,25MHz hin c v chnh cc knh ca n, ch cn m bo tnh trc giao. Phng n xp chng c minh ho trong hnh 1-3.
1.25 MHz iu ch sng mang ph
iu ch a sng mang( N= 3)
iu ch tri ph trc tip( N= 3)
Hnh 1-3. V d chng ln trong CDMA2000
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Ging nh UTRA v IMT2000, CDMA cng h tr hot ng TDD trong phn bng tn n. d dng thc hin u cui hai ch FDD/TDD, hu ht cc k thut dng cho FDD c th p dng cho ch TDD. S khc bit gia hai ch ny l cu trc khung, do c khong gin thi gian c thm vo cho ch TDD. Tri vi UTRA v IMT-2000, tn hiu hoa tiu c ghp theo thi gian vi knh d liu ring trn ng xung. CDMA2000 dng mt knh hoa tiu lin tc c ghp trn khung ng xung cho nhng ngi s dng trong cell. Tuy nhin nu dng anten thch nghi th cc knh hoa tiu khc phi c pht t mi anten. Mt khc bit na vi UTRA v IMT-2000 l trong h thng CDMA2000 cc trm gc hot ng ch ng b, ta c th s dng cng m PN nhng vi lch offset khc nhau (khc b pha) phn bit cc trm gc. Do ch cn dng mt chui PN chng c th bit ton b cell so vi vic s dng mt tp cc chui PN khc nhau ca IMT-2000/UTRA.
1.2. Tin trnh nng cp chung t 2G ln 3G 1.2.1. GSM nng cp ln UMTS.
Ch tiu k thut ca GSM m bo tnh m ca cc giao din quyt nh thnh phn chun ca h thng GSM. Bi v c giao din m ny, nh khai thc mng c th s dng cc thit b mng khc nhau t cc hng cung cp khc nhau. Tnh m ca giao din c th hin l n xc nh mt cch nghim ngt cc chc nng ca h thng thc hin ti giao din ny, ng thi xc nh r cc chc nng no cho php nh khai thc c th s dng trong ni b mng ti hai pha ca giao din ny. Mng GSM gm bn phn chnh: NSS (Network Subsystem- Phn h mng), BSS (Base Station Subsystem Phn h trm gc), NMS (Network Management Subystem Phn h qun l mng), MS (Mobile Station My di ng) nh hnh 1-4
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Qun l mng (NMS)
bss ms bts bsc trau msc/vlr
nss
gmsc isdn pspdn psdn x25 cspdn
HLR/AuC/EIR
Hnh 1-4. Cu trc mng GSM
Hot ng ca mng cn thit lp cuc gi gm ba phn chnh: NSS, BSS v MS, BSS l phn h iu khin trm gc. Tt c cc cuc gi c kt ni thng qua BSS, NSS l phn h iu khin chuyn mch. Tt c cc cuc gi lun lun c kt ni vi nhau v thng qua NSS. NMS l phn khai thc v bo dng mng. N cng cn cho vic iu khin mng. Vic theo di vn hnh, cht lng, bo dng v cung cp dch v ca mng thng qua NMS. Giao din m nm gia MS v BSS l giao din Um v nm gia BSS v NSS l giao din A, MS l t hp ca thit b u cui ME v mdun nhn dng dch v ca thu bao SIM: MS = ME + SIM. B iu khin trm gc BSC l phn chnh ca BSS v n iu khin mng v tuyn. BSS duy tr kt ni vi MS v kt ni vi NSS. Trm thu pht gc BTS l mt phn ca mng m bo duy tr giao din Um. B m ho v ng b tc TRAU l mt phn ca BSS n duy tr tc m ho. Trung tm chuyn mch MSC l mt phn ca NSS n iu khin tt c cc cuc gi. MSC chia lm hai phn MSC/VLR c chc nng duy tr kt ni, qun l di ng, trao i thng tin vi BSS v GMSC c chc nng qun l thng tin v kt ni vi nhng mng khc.
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B ghi nh v thng tr HLR l ni m thng tin v cc thu bao c lu tr c nh. Chc nng chnh ca HLR l c s d liu v thu bao. B ghi nh v tm tr VLR vi chc nng chnh l lu tr d liu thu bao, cung cp dch v v qun l di ng. Trung tm nhn thc AuC v nhn dng thit b EIR l mt phn ca NSS duy tr bo mt thng tin. AuC duy tr bo mt thng tin v nhn dng thu bao cng vi VLR. EIR duy tr nhn dng thit b di ng lin kt vi thng tin bo mt cng vi VLR. Tn chung cho trung tm dch v gi tr gia tng VAS nh hnh 1-3. VAS n gin nht cng gm hai dch v: bn tin ngn SMSC v th thoi VMS. V mt k thut, VAS m bo cung cp mt s loi dch v nht nh bng cch s dng cc giao din chun vi mng GSM v n c th c hoc khng c cc giao din vi cc mng khc. Trn quan im pht trin dch v, VAS l bc u tin to doanh thu vi cc dch v gi tr gia tng trn mng GSM. Khi nim mng thng minh IN c tch hp cng vi mng GSM (xem hnh 1-5). V mt k thut, n lm thay i c bn cc phn t ca mng chuyn mch thc hin chc nng IN, ngoi ra bn thn mng IN l mt b phn tng i phc tp. IN c kh nng pht trin dch v hng ti tnh c nhn v nh khai thc mng c th nh IN m bo tnh an ton kinh doanh.
Qun l mng (NMS)
nss
HLR/AuC/EIR
Hnh 1-5. Mng GSM vi dich v gi tr gia tng v mng thng minh
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Trong giai on u, thu bao GSM s dng ng truyn d liu chuyn mch knh i xng vi tc 9,6 kb/s. Do sc p t nhu cu s dng internet v th in t ln ng truyn d liu di ng tng nhanh, hn na thc t cho thy s pht trin ny b nh gi qu thp ti thi im thit k mng GSM. Hin nay v mt k thut c hai gii php k thut sau: Ti u tc m ho knh lm tng tc bit t 9,6 kb/s ln gn bng 14 kb/s. nh tuyn d liu i qua giao din Um nhiu hn bng cch s dng mt vi knh lu lng thay v mt knh. Gii php ny c gi l d liu chuyn mch knh tc cao HSCSD nh hnh 1-6.
Qun l mng (NMS)

Um A
nss
HLR/AuC/EIR Thay i HW& SW cho HSCSD
V A S
i n
Hnh 1-6. Mng d liu chuyn mch knh tc cao HSCSD.
Trong mi trng ti u mt thu bao HSCSD c th t n tc truyn d liu 40-50 kb/s. Gii php k thut ny c hn ch l lng ph ti nguyn v gi cc s cao hn. Vic s dng gii php HSCSD ph thuc rt nhiu vo chnh sch gi ca nh khai thc mng. Mt vn khc l phn ln lu lng d liu v bn cht l khng i xng, in hnh l dng ng truyn tc thp t thit b u cui n mng (ng ln) v dng tc cao cho ng cn li (ng xung). V mt k thut, giao din chuyn mch knh khng i xng Um khng phi l mi trng truy nhp tt nht
17
cho kt ni d liu. iu ny t ra yu cu phi nng cp mng GSM nhm thch hp hn cho vic truyn d liu mt cch hiu qa. Gii php GPRS (hnh 1-7) yu cu thm hai nt h tr dch v vo mng di ng l SGSN v GGSN. Bng vic s dng hai nt ny MS c th to lp nn mt kt ni chuyn mch gi qua mng GSM ti mt mng d liu gi bn ngoi, v d mng internet.
Qun l mng (NMS)

Um A
nss
HLR/AuC/EIR Thay i HW& SW cho GPRS
V A S
i n
Gb
sgsn
ggsn
Mng d liu khc Internet
Hnh 1-7. Gii php GPRS.
GPRS c kh nng s dng kt ni khng i xng khi c yu cu v do vy ti nguyn mng c th s dng tt hn. Gii php GPRS l mt bc k thut nhm cung cp kh nng IP di ng v kh nng internet cho cc thu bao di ng Cellular. Theo quan im dch v th GPRS m u cho bc pht trin nhiu loi dch v chuyn mch gi truyn thng c th c chuyn i v s dng qua cng ngh GPRS. Mt v d in hnh l WAP m tim nng ca n s c khai thc mng khi s dng GPRS. Khi kt ni chuyn mch gi c s dng, cht lng dch v QoS l vn c tnh quan trng hng u. V nguyn l GPRS h tr QoS nhng
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trong thc t th khng nh vy. L do y l lu lng GPRS lun lun mc u tin trong mng GSM, ni cch khc ch c cc ti nguyn cha s dng giao din Um mi c dnh cho lu lng GPRS. R rng khng ai c th m bo lun dnh mt rng bng nht nh cho lu lng GPRS v khng th bit trc lng ti nguyn cha s dng ti giao din Um. Mt k thut iu ch mi c th c p dng ti giao din v tuyn l 8-PSK sao cho mt k t c th mang mt t hp ba bit thng tin v nh vy tc bit s c ci thin ng k. Khi k thut ny c kt hp vi k thut m ho knh phc tp, ngi ta c th t c tc d liu 48 kbps so vi 9,6 kbps cho mt knh GSM truyn thng. K thut lm tng tc d liu trn c gi l EDGE (xem hnh 1-8).
Qun l mng (NMS)
Um
nss
Thay i HW& SW cho EDGE
HLR/AuC/EIR
V A S
i n
Gb
Mng d liu khc sgsn ggsn Internet
Hinh 1-8. Mng EDGE.
S pht trin ca EDGE chia lm hai giai an: EDGE giai an mt c bit nh l E-GPRS (Enhanced GPRS). Cng nh vy BSS i thnh E-RAN (Mng truy nhp v tuyn EDGE). Giai on mt EDGE xc nh cc phng php iu ch v m ho knh nhm t c tc d liu ln n 384 kb/s cho lu lng chuyn mch gi di cc iu kin xc nh. Gi thit
19
y l mt thit b u cui s s dng ti a 8 khe thi gian giao din Um cho mt ng kt ni, do 8x48 kb/s = 384 kb/s. Ngoi ra, thit b u cui EDGE phi gn BTS s dng tc m ho knh cao hn. EDGE giai on th 2 c tn thng mi l E-HSCSD v nhm t c tc truyn d liu trn cho cc dch v chuyn mch knh cao hn. ng trn quan im pht trin mng th ni chung cng ngh EDGE c c u im v nhc im. u im chnh ca cng ngh ny l c th t c tc truyn d liu gn nh tng ng vi yu cu ph sng vng th ca cng ngh UMTS. Nhc im l tc d liu ny kh t c cho ton b cc thu bao trn ton cell ph sng. Nu yu cu cho ton b mt vng vi cng ngh EDGE th chc chn s lng cell ph sng trong vng ny s phi tng ln ng k. Ni cch khc, EDGE l gii php t gi v cng ngh s dng cho mt s trng hp. 3G gii thiu phng php truy nhp v tuyn mi WCDMA. WCDMA v nhng bin th ca n mang tnh ton cu, do tt c mng 3G c th chp nhn vic truy nhp bi thu bao mng 3G bt k. Ngoi tnh ton cu, WCDMA c nghin cu rt k trong phng th nghim v chng t c hiu qu s dng ph tt hn (trong cc iu kin xc nh) v ph hp hn cho vic truyn d liu gi so vi cc truy nhp v tuyn trn c s TDMA. Cng ngh WCDMA v cc thit b truy nhp v tuyn ca n khng tng thch vi cc thit b mng GSM. Mt khc, mt trong cc yu cu c bn ca UMTS l kh nng hot ng ng thi GSM/UMTS, v d nh vic chuyn giao gia hai h thng khi truy nhp v tuyn thay i t GSM sang WCDMA v ngc li trong mt cuc gi. Kh nng ny t ra hai yu cu c th l: Th nht, giao din v tuyn GSM phi thay i sao cho c th pht qung b cc thng tin h thng v mng v tuyn WCDMA ti ng xung. ng nhin mng truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA cng c th phi qung b thng tin h thng ca mng GSM ti ng xung. Th hai, nhm gim thiu chi ph khai thc, cc ch tiu k thut quy nh trong 3GPP cho php m bo c cc chc nng lin
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mng ca h thng cc MSC/VLR 2G nng cp c th x l c truy nhp v tuyn bng rng, UTRAN. Cho ti nay, khi nim IN c pht trin trc tip t mng PSTN/ISDN v do vy chc chn s c mt vi nhc im khi cha cp trc tip cho mng di ng. Vn ch yu vi cng ngh IN chun l khng th truyn cc thng tin v dch v gia cc mng. Ni cch khc, nu mt thu bao s dng cc dch v trn c s IN th cc dch v ny ch c cung cp tt trong mng thng tr ca thu bao. Tnh hung ny c th c ci thin bng cch s dng cng ngh IN nng cpc gi l CAMEL. Cng ngh CAMEL c th truyn thng tin dch v gia cc mng v vai tr ca cng ngh ny s tng ln khi trin khai 3G u t nhiu c s tham gia ca CAMEL. Cc kt ni truyn dn trong mng truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA c s dng bng cch dng ATM (3GPP R99) ( xem hnh 1-9). D n tiu chun ho FRAMES tho lun rt nhiu v vic c s dng ATM cho mng 3G hay khng, v cui cng quyt nh s dng ATM da trn hai l do sau: Kch thc cell v ti lu lng khi s dng ATM l tng i nh do c u im l gim c b nh m lu tr thng tin. Trong trung hp ngc li, khi phi nh m nhiu thng tin th ng nhin tr s tng, ng thi ti lu lng tnh cc thit b nh m cng s tng ln. Hai yu t ny c nh hng xu n yu cu cht lng dch v i vi lu lng thi gian thc. Phng n khc l s dng IP, song hin nay IPv4 c mt nhc im nghim trng v gii hn khng gian a ch v khng p ng QoS. Ngc li ATM v cc lp tc bit tng ng ca n li p ng rt tt cc yu cu v QoS. C mt gii php l ATM v IP c kt hp cho cc lu lng gi, trong giao thc IP s c s dng trn nn ATM. Gii php kt hp ny s kt hp c u im ca c hai giao thc l IP s m bo vic kt ni cn ATM s m bo cht lng kt ni v nh tuyn. Do nhc im ca IPv4 nn gii php tho hip l trong mng 3G mt s phn t mng nht nh s dng cc a ch IPv4 c nh, cn cc lu lng thu bao cn li s dng cc a ch IPv6 c phn b ng. Trong trng hp ny, thch ng mng 3G vi cc mng khc, mng li IP 3G
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phi c thit b chuyn i gia cc a ch IPv4 v IPV6 bi cc mng khc c th khng h tr IPv6. V mt k thut, cc nt mng li cn phi nng cp. Cc phn t chuyn mch knh cn phi x l c cho hai loi thu bao 2G v 3G. Yu cu ny i hi phi thay i MSC/VLR v HLR/AC/EIR. V d, c ch bo mt trong khi thit lp cuc gi l hon ton khc nhau trong mng 2G v 3G v nh vy cc phn t chuyn mch knh phi c nng cp x l cho hai trng hp ny. Cc phn t chuyn mch gi thc cht s c nng cp t GPRS. Trong trng hp ny, v tn vn gi nguyn nh trong mng 2G song chc nng s c nhng khc bit. Thay i ln nht i vi cc SGSN l chc nng ca n gn nh khc so vi trong mng 2G. Trong mng 2G chc nng chnh ca cc SGSN l qun l di ng cho cc kt ni gi. Sang mng 3G, chc nng qun l di ng c phn chia gia RNC v SGSN. iu ny c ngha l khi thu bao trong mng 3G chuyn cell th cc phn t chuyn mch gi khng nht thit can thip cn RNC th phi qun l qu trnh ny.
Qun l mng (NMS)
Um A
ms
e- ran
bsc
CN CS Domain
3g 3g gmsc isdn pspdn psdn x25 cspdn HLR/AuC/EIR Iu c w m u V A S A a e s m p x a e e t
Uu
ue bs
utran
Gb rnc sgsn
CN PS Domain
ggsn Mng d liu khc Internet Iu
Hnh 1-9. Mng 3G trin khai theo ch tiu k thut ca 3GPP R99
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Mng 3G trin khai theo 3GPP R99 cung cp cc loi dch v ging vi mng 2,5G. Trong giai on hin nay hu ht cc dch v c chuyn i sang dng gi khi ng dng c yu cu. WAP l mt trong cc ng c vin thuc loi ny, bi v v bn cht thng tin truyn i th WAP l loi chuyn mch gi. Cc dch v chuyn mch gi chia lm cc nhnh dch v, trong mi nhnh s gm nhiu loi dch v khc nhau. Trong giai on 3GPP R4 ( hnh 1-10) mi ch trin khai vic tch bit phn kt ni cuc gi, phn iu khin v phn dch v cho phn mng li chuyn mch knh. Trong mng li ny, lu lng d liu thu bao s i qua MGW l phn m bo kt ni v cc chc nng chuyn mch khi c yu cu. Ton b qu trnh ny c qun l bi mt MSC Server c nng cp t MSC/VLR. Mt MSC server c th iu khin nhiu MGW v do vy mng li chuyn mch knh c th m rng d dng. Khi nh khai thc c th lm tng thm phn dung lng cho iu khin th c th thit lp thm mt MSC server, ngc li khi mun tng dung lng chuyn mch th thit lp thm cc MGW.
Qun l mng (NMS)
Um Iu
CN CS Domain
ms bts
geran
bsc mgw
msc Server
mgw
isdn psdn cspdn
ue bs
CN PS Domain
utran rnc sgsn ggsn
ims
IP. Multimedia
Uu c w m u HSS V A S A a e s m p x a e e t l
Hnh 1-10. 3GPP-R4.
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Khi thit lp mt mng nh trn th cc bc pht trin v cng ngh v yu cu ch tiu k thut s xc nh gii hn tip theo ca mng ny. Khi IPv6 cng c trin khai nhiu trn mng 3G th s kt ni ca mng 3G c th chuyn i sang IPv6 cng tng, v do vy s lm gim yu cu chuyn i gia IPv4 v IPv6. Trong giai on ny, t trng lu lng gia d liu chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi s thay i ng k. Hu nh lu lng s chuyn mch gi, v mt s dch v chuyn mch knh truyn thng, v d nh thoi t nht s mt phn tr thnh gi VoIP. Trong 3GPP R5 (hnh 1-11), cng ngh s tip tc pht trin v ton b cc lu lng trng mng 3G s l lu lng IP. Ly v d mt cuc gi t thit b u cui ca mng ti mng PSTN th n phi chuyn qua mng 3G theo dng gi v t GGSN cuc gi VoIP s c nh tuyn qua IMS c cc chc nng chuyn i ti PSTN.
Qun l mng (NMS)
Um Iu isdn ms
geran
ims
psdn
cspdn
sgsn ip/atm ip/atm
ggsn IP. Multimedia
CN PS Domain
ue
utran
c w m u rnc HSS V A S ip/atm Uu A a e s m p x a e l e t
Hnh 1-11. 3GPP-R5.
Trn quan im ca u cui di ng th mng lun lun ging nhau trong cc giai on pht trin theo cc hnh 1-9, hnh 1-10, v hnh 1-11. Tuy nhin, trong ni b mng th hu nh mi th thay i. Thay i trc ht l cng ngh truyn ti m trong trin khai 3GPP R99 l ATM v sau ny 3GPP R4 v R5 chuyn sang IP. Bi v h thng cn phi tng thch ngc, nn nh khai thc lun c mt la chn l s dng cng ngh truyn ti ATM hoc IP, hoc l c gii php cho c hai cng ngh ny. Nh gii thch trc y, ATM c th mnh l h tr QoS t nht thi im ny, sau
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cng ngh IP s c c ch bo m QoS trin khai cho nhiu loi mng con khng s dng ATM. Sang giai on ny, dch v v mng tr nn quan trng hn l bn thn cng ngh, v do vy loi cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn c s dng s gim ngha quan trng ca mnh. Tiu chun la chn loi cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn l kh nng cung cp bng thng cho cc dch v yu cu. Trong tng lai cc mng li 3G s c cc giao din cho mt vi cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn, v d nh GSM, EDGE, CDMA2000, WCDMA v WLAN. ng nhin n s t ra nhiu yu cu cho cc nh ch to thit b u cui v yu cu th trng s phi c cc u cui x l c nhiu loi cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn. u cui 3G dn dn s tr thnh vt bt ly thn vi nhiu chc nng nh mt in thoi, v, card ID v h chiu
1.2.2. CDMA IS-95 (CDMA One) nng cp ln 3G.
Cu trc ca h thng CDMA-95 ny cng ging nh cc h thng cellular khc, ngha l ging cu trc GSM trnh by trn. H thng CDMA IS-95 c nhng c im chnh sau y: CDMA IS-95 c ti u ho cho vic trin khai M khc phc nhng nhc im ca h thng tng t AMPS th h th nht. H thng hot ng cng bng tn vi h thng AMPS dng song cng phn tn FDD. Bng tn ng xung v ng ln s dng bng 869MHz v 824MHz n 849MHz tng ng. Cc knh CDMA c xc nh bng tn s v chui m. 64 hm Walsh c dng phn bit knh ng xung, cn cc tp b m PN di c dng phn bit knh ng ln. Cc c tnh iu ch v m ho c cho trong bng 1-4:
Bng 1-4
c tnh iu ch v m ho ca IS-95 CDMA iu ch Tc chip Tc d liu chun Bng thng M ho an xen QPSK 1,2288Mcps 9,600 bps tc vi RS1 1,25MHz Chp vi m Viterbi 20 ms
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Chi tit v m ho v iu ch mt knh ng xung v ng ln khc nhau. Tn hiu hoa tiu c pht trong mi cell gip my thu pht v tuyn di ng thm nhp v bm tn hiu ng xung t cell. Cc nh khai thc mng CDMA One mun c c cc kh nng mng mi cho x l d liu cung cp cc dch v gi tr gia tng c th khai thc tt cc th h cng ngh hin ti cng nh tng lai. Vi s pht trin mnh cng ngh nhng nm gn y. Internet v Intranet tr thnh cc cng c thit yu ca hot ng kinh doanh hng ngy. Chnh v vy cc doanh nghip c khuynh hng mun thit lp c cc vn phng, da trn cng ngh v tuyn, iu hnh hot ng kinh doanh ti cc nhn vin s dng thit b di ng ca mnh. Hn na, vic pht trin cng ngh cung cp cc tin tc v nhng thng tin cn thit trc tip ti u cui di ng cng c mt tim nng ln l to ra nhiu ngun doanh thu mi cho nh khai thc. Hnh 1-12 minh ho tin trin khai 3G t CDMA One.
CDMA One
3G
2 Mbps 3g3x 144 kbps
3g1x 64 kbps is- 95b 14.4 kbps is- 95a
2000
2001
Hnh 1-12. K hoch trin khai 3G t CDMA One
1.2.2.1. CDMA IS-95B.
Mc d CDMA One khng phi c thit k t u cho truy nhp d liu nhng mng ny c thit k ng b cho dch v d liu. Mng CDMA One qun l truyn thoi v d liu theo phng thc ging nhau. Kh nng truyn dn tc thay i cho php CDMA One c th xc nh c tc
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d liu ph hp cho lng thng tin truyn i, do vy ti nguyn h thng ch s dng khi c yu cu. Do CDMA One s dng mt mng trc ho cho c thoi, nn cc chc nng d liu gi sn c trong thit b. Cng ngh truyn d liu gi CDMA One s dng giao thc d liu s gi (CDPD) tng thch vi TCP/IP cho php kt ni di ng vi cc mng ring ca doanh nghip v ti cc ng dng ca bn th ba. Vic b xung d liu cho mng CDMA One cho php nh khai thc tip tc s dng cc my thu pht v tuyn, thit b mng li, cc thit b v h tng ng trc cng nh my cm tay hin ti ca h trong khi ch cn trin khai nng cp phn mm c chc nng lin mng. Khi nng cp t IS95A ln IS-95B cho php tch hp knh v m ho t tc 64-115 kbps, ng thi ci tin k thut chuyn giao mm v chuyn giao cng gia cc tn s. Cc nh ch to thit b cng thit k chc nng IS-707 cho d liu chuyn mch gi, chuyn mch knh v Fax s cho cc thit b theo cng ngh CDMA One. Tiu chun internet xut cho thng tin di ng cn gi l IP di ng hin cng l mt gii php nng cao cho cc dch v d liu gi c bn. IP di ng cho php thu bao ca mnh duy tr lin tc cc kt ni d liu v c mt a ch IP duy nht khi thu bao di chuyn gia cc BSC v khi chuyn vng sang mt mng CDMA khc.
1.2.2.2. CDMA 2000 IX EV-DO, EV-DV.
Khi pht trin t cng ngh giao din v tuyn IS-95 CDMA ln 3G1X theo tiu chun CDMA 2000, cc nh khai thc c th tng gp i dung lng v tuyn v kh nng x l tc d liu ti 144 kbps. Can thip ch yu cc giai on l lp vt l. Trong giai on mt, tui th ca pin my di ng c tng gp i do s dng knh nhn tin nhanh. Dich v thoi cng s c ci thin ng k do ci tin cc k thut chuyn giao v iu khin cng sut. t c tc d liu 144 kbps, giai on mt cng nng cao c tnh k thut ca cc giao thc trong MAC v RLP. Mc d CDMA 2000 1X c th cung cp dung lng thoi ln hn IS95 bng cch s dng ng ln lin kt coherent v iu khin cng sut nhanh ng xung, a s cc nh khai thc IS-95 (v CDMA 2000) vn mong mun trin khai p ng mt phn nhu cu dch v d liu. Mc d n 2001, cc dch v d liu c trin khai thnh cng mt s ni trn
27
th gii (v d trin khai I-Mode ca NTT DoCoMo Nht Bn), cc dch v cao cp Bc M to ra li nhun c tng ln nhng vn khng ng k so vi thoi. Do , trong ci tin CDMA 2000 1X cho dch v d liu v tuyn, ngi ta vn c gng duy tr s tng thch vi cc dch v thoi CDMA 2000 c trin khai vo u nm 2000. Thng 2 nm 2000, Qualcomm trnh xut h thng tc d liu cao (HDR) ln 3GPP2. H thng ny cung cp dch v d liu cao cp trn mt sng mang 1X v l h thng cho php tng thch vi cc dch v thoi CDMA 2000 trong mt h thng a sng mang (tc HDR trn mt sng mang 1X v CDMA 2000 trn mt sng mang 1X khc). Cng trong thng 3/2000, Nokia, Motorola v Texas Instruments trnh ln 3GPP2 xut 1XTREME (1X th h c iu ch v m ho ci tin) c th cung cp cc dch v s liu trn sng mang 1X trong khi vn m bo tnh tng thch ngc vi dch v thoi CDMA 2000 trn cng mt sng mang. Nhm pht trin CDMA (CDG), v tp on cng nghip cc nh sn xut v khai thc IS-95, a ra mt xut ci tin CDMA 2000 da trn nhng pht trin trong 3GPP2. Thng 6/2000, CDG trnh ln 3GPP2 mt xut v CDMA 2000 c phn thnh hai giai on: 1X-EV-DO (1X ci tin ch cho d liu) da trn xut HDR v 1X-EV-DV (1X ci tin cho c d liu v thoi).
1.2.2.3. 1X-EV-DO.
Trn chun 1X-EV-DO xut mt h thng lai TDMA/CDMA nng cao dich v d liu trn mt knh 1,25MHz ng xung. ng ln duy tr hu ht cc phn t ca ng ln CDMA 2000 c b xung mt s c tnh cho php nng cao tc d liu. Mt c tnh chnh ca h thng 1X-EV l s dng th tc thch nghi tuyn. y l c tnh cho php phn b cc thuc tnh lp vt l khc nhau cho nhng ngi s dng khc nhau tu theo tnh trng knh ca mi ngi s dng, v d thu bao gn trm gc c th c phn b tc d liu cao hn thu bao xa. Tc d liu trn ng xung thay i c bng cch s dng m ho v iu ch thch nghi (AMC). AMC lin quan n vic s dng cc phng php iu ch da trn hiu qu bng thng khc nhau (nh BPSK, QPSK, QAM) cng vi vic thay i t l m sa sai trc (FEC). Da
28
trn cht lng knh ng xung ca ngi s dng, c cu m ho v iu ch cho php truyn d liu tc cao nht c s dng.
1.2.2.4. 1X-EV-DV.
Cng ngh chun ho 1X-EV-DV c bt u thc hin 3GPP2 vo ma thu 2000 vi mt s xut. xut hon thin cho 1X-EV-DV c trnh trong thi gian ny l 1XTREME. xut ny a ra mt h thng thoi hon ton tng thch vi ch thoi ca CDMA 2000 1X v cng cho php dng chung knh (ging 1X-EV-DO) cho cc dch v d liu. Hn na, mt lp iu khin truy nhp trung gian c a ra h tr dch v d liu tc cao cho ng xung. Ngoi ra, 1XTREME cng s dng loi knh chung t CDMA 2000 1X, nh knh nhn tin ng xung, knh ng b ng xung v knh truy nhp ng ln Thc t, l do 1XTREME ch n gin a ra mt ch lu lng ring mi nhm nng cao tc d liu ng xung.
1.2.2.5. CDMA2000 3X.
Trin khai giai on hai s nng cao kh nng ca h thng v dch v. Giai on hai v nguyn tc s h tr tt c cc loi knh 6X, 9X, 12X. Khi s c th p ng cc dch v thc a phng tin. Giao thc kt ni v tuyn cho d liu gi RLP h tr tc d liu ti 2 Mbps v cc dch v a phng tin tin tin. V phn dch v v bo hiu, giai on hai s c cu trc bo hiu thc s theo cng ngh 3G CDMA 2000 cho lp iu khin truy nhp kt ni (LAC) v cu trc bo hiu cho cc lp trn. Cu trc v thit b mng hin ti c vai tr quan trng khi nng cp pht trin tip ln 3G. Nu mng c xy dng theo cu trc m, c tnh ti phng n m rng pht trin ln 3G1X th ch cn tin hnh nng cp theo tng modul cho phn v tuyn. Nu mng c cu trc km linh ng hn th c th phi tn km hn nhiu thay th ton b h thng BTS hin ti. Trong phng n pht trin cng cn phi c cc nt dch v d liu gi (PDSN) c th kt ni d liu vi cc dch v internet v intranet.
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Chng 2
H thng thng tin di ng th h th 3 UMTS
2.1 cu trc mng 2.1.1 Gii thiu v cu trc mng 3G.
H thng 3G c xy dng nhm chun b mt c s h tng di ng chung c kh nng phc v cc dch v hin ti v trong tng lai. C s h tng 3G c thit k vi iu kin nhng thay i, pht trin v k thut c kh nng ph hp vi mng hin ti m khng lm nh hng n cc dch v ang s dng. thc hin iu , cn tch bit gia k thut truy nhp, k thut truyn dn, k thut dch v (iu khin kt ni) v cc ng dng ca ngi s dng. Cu trc mng 3G c m hnh ho theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Trong phn ny gii thiu mt s cu trc mng bao gm: M hnh khi nim. M hnh cu trc. Cu trc qun l ti nguyn Cu trc dch v v knh mng.
2.1.1.1M hnh khi nim.
Theo quan im m hnh khi nim, cu trc mng c phn thnh cc h thng con da trn cu trc th tc, lu lng cng nh cc phn t vt l. Khi cp n ngun gc ca lu lng, mng 3G bao gm hai khi chc nng chnh: khi chc nng chuyn mch gi (PS) v khi chc nng chuyn mch knh (CS). Theo tiu chun TR 21.905 ca 3GPP, khi nim khi chc nng lin quan n nhm lp thp nht ca cc thc th vt l v cc giao din (im truy nhp) c nh ngha gia cc khi chc nng. Cc giao din l phng tin cc khi chc nng giao tip vi nhau.
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Mng thng tr
Tng khng truy nhp Min CS
usim
Thit b di ng
Mng truy nhp
Mng phc v
Mng truyn dn
Tng truy nhp Cu Uu Iu Min PS Yu
Hnh 2-1. M hnh khi nim.
Da trn cc cu trc th tc v nhim v ca chng, m hnh mng 3G c th chia thnh hai tng: tng truy nhp v tng khng truy nhp. Khi nim tng th hin cch cc th tc lin kt vi mt kha cnh cc dch v c cung cp bi mt hay nhiu khi chc nng (Tiu chun TR 21.905 ca 3GPP). Do vy, tng truy nhp bao gm cc th tc x l giao tip gia thit b ngi s dng (UE) vi mng truy nhp. Tng khng truy nhp cha cc th tc x l giao tip gia UE vi mng li (khi chc nng CS/PS) tng ng. Trn hnh 2-1, phn Mng thng tr cha cc thng tin ng k v thng tin bo mt. Mng phc v l mt phn ca mng li, h tr cc chc nng ca mng li trong phm vi khu vc cho ngi s dng. Mng truyn ti l phn mng li thc hin kt ni thng tin gia mng phc v vi mng bn ngoi.
2.1.1.2 M hnh cu trc.
H thng UMTS c xy dng da trn c s GSM. Do vy, h thng ny c xu hng tn dng ti a c s h tng GSM. Cu trc mng 3G c th hin trn hnh 2-2.
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utran
Uu Rnc ue Iu
cn
Vng CN CS
1 4 7 * 0 # 8 9 5 6 2 3
bs
3G MRC/VLR
3G GMSC
Rnc ue bs
1 4 7 * 0 # 8 9 5 6 2 3
HLR/AuC/EIR
ng k
Rnc Vng CN PS SGSN bs ue Rnc

2 5 8 0 # 9 6 3
GGSN
1 4 7 *
bs
Hnh 2-2. M hnh cu trc
Thit b u cui mng 3G gi l UE, gm hai phn: thit b di ng (ME) v modul nhn dng dch v UMTS (USIM). H thng cn iu khin truy nhp v tuyn bng rng c nhiu tn khc nhau tu theo cng ngh v tuyn c s dng. Tn dng chung l mng truy nhp v tuyn (RAN). Mng truy nhp v tuyn cn c tn khc l UTRAN hoc UTRA nu h thng s dng phng php truy nhp CDMA. Trong cc gii php 3GPP R4 v 3GPP R5, mng truy nhp v tuyn cn c gi l GERAN. UTRAN c chia thnh cc h thng con RNS. Mt RNS bao gm cc phn t v tuyn v phn t iu khin tng ng. Phn t v tuyn l cc BS, v phn t iu khin l RNC. Cc h thng RNS giao tip vi nhau s dng giao din mng Iur. Khi nim mng li CN bao gm tt c cc phn t mng c nhu cu chuyn mch v iu khin thu bao. Mng li bao gm khi chc nng chuyn mch gi (PS) v khi chc nng chuyn mch knh (CS). Trn hnh 2-2, khi thanh ghi thc hin chc nng ging nh mng thng tr trong m hnh khi nim 3G. Khi ny lu gi cc thng tin ng k v thng tin bo mt.
32
Trong m hnh cu trc mng 3G, tn ti cc giao din m: giao din Uu gia mng truy nhp UTRAN vi UE v giao din gia CN vi UTRAN. Giao din Iur cng l giao din m gia cc RNS.
2.1.1.3. Cu trc qun l ti nguyn.
Cu trc qun l ti nguyn (hnh 2-3) da trn c s phn chia cc chc nng qun l sau: Qun l kt ni (CM). Qun l di ng (MM). Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn (RMM).
iu khin thng tin
CM
CM
MM
iu khin di ng iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn
MM
iu khin di ng
MM
RRM
RRM
Giao din m Uu
Giao din m Iu
UE
UTRAN
CN
NMS
Hnh 2-3. Cu trc qun l ti nguyn.
CM bao gm tt c cc th tc, cc chc nng lin quan n vic qun l kt ni ca ngi s dng. MM gm tt c cc chc nng, cc th tc qun l di ng v bo mt nh cc th tc bo mt kt ni, cc th tc bo mt v tr. Phn ln cc chc nng ca MM c thc hin bn trong mng li. Trong 3G, cc chc nng ca MM cn c thc hin trong mng truy nhp v tuyn (UTRAN).
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RMM bao gm cc th tc ca UTRAN thc hin vic qun l ti nguyn v tuyn nh: iu khin cng sut, chuyn giao v iu khin ti h thng. Mc d cc nhim v qun l c thc hin bn trong cc khi chc nng v cc phn t mng nhng chng cn c h tr bng thng tin gia cc khi chc nng v cc phn t mng c lin quan n nhim v qun l. Vic thng tin ny bao gm thu thp thng tin v bo co v trng thi ca cc phn t bn ngoi cng nh ra lnh cho cc phn t ny thc hin nhim v qun l. Do vy, cc chc nng iu khin c kt hp vi cc nhm nhim v iu khin sau: iu khin thng tin (COMC). iu khin di ng (MOBC). iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn (RRC). COMC duy tr cc c ch nh iu khin cuc gi, iu khin phin trong chuyn mch gi. MOBC duy tr iu khin cp nht v tr v bo mt. RRC thc hin chc nng qun l thit lp kt ni v tuyn v duy tr kt ni gia UE vi UTRAN.
2.1.1.4. Cu trc dch v UMTS.
Vi quan im xy dng h thng 3G theo nh hng dch v nhiu hn so vi mng thng tin di ng truyn thng. Ni cch khc, cc h thng 1G v 2G l nhng h thng b gii hn cng ngh ch cho php ngi s dng s dng mt s cc dich v cng ngh c th. Theo quan im dch v, m hnh mng 3G c dng nh hnh 2-4.
lp dch v Qun l mng Lp truyn ti vt l lp to dch v lp phn t mng Chc nng bo mt
Hnh 2-4. Cu trc dch v
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Do c s h tng mng 3G rt phc tp, c hai vn k thut trong mng cn c s l k lng: vn qun l v an ninh mng. ng trn quan im cu trc dch v, mng 3G v cc phn t ca n c th c chia thnh bn lp khc nhau. Lp thp nht l nn tng cho tt c cc lp cn li, cn li l lp truyn ti vt l. Cc nt s dng phng tin truyn ti vt l hnh thnh mt lp gi l lp phn t mng. Lp th ba cha cc phn t v chc nng to ra cc khi chc nng trong hnh thnh cc dich v phc v ngi s dng u cui. Lp dch v trn cng trong m hnh dch v to ra ng cnh cho cc dch v phc tp. C hai quy tc c p dng cho m hnh bn lp ni trn: Quy tc A: cc lp cng thp th cc khon u t cho cc phn t mng ca lp cng ln. Ni cch khc cc phn t truyn dn v cc phn t mng tn nhiu tin u t nht trong h thng 3G. Quy tc B: lp cng cao th cng phi u t nhiu cho tng. i vi cc lp cao, cc vn v cng ngh khng cn quan trng. Vn y l phi c hiu bit v hnh vi ngi s dng.
2.1.2 Cu trc mng truy nhp v tuyn UTRAN.
Nhim v chnh ca UTRAN l to v duy tr cc knh mng truy nhp v tuyn (RAB) thc hin thng tin gia thit b di ng (UE) vi mng li (CN). UTRAN nm gia hai giao din m Uu v Iu. Nhim v ca UTRAN l thc hin cc dch v mng qua cc giao din ny. Nhim v c thc hin vi s phi hp ca mng li. Cc knh mng v tuyn (RAB) tho mn cc yu cu QoS c thit lp bi mng li (CN). Hnh 2-5 m t cu trc UTRAN lp phn t mng UTRAN bao gm cc h thng con mng v tuyn (RNS). Mi RNS bao gm mt s trm gc (BS, cn gi l node B), giao din Uu l mt b iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC). Cc RNS giao tip vi nhau s dng giao din Iur gia hai RNC. Iur l giao din m mang c thng tin bo hiu v lu lng.
35
utran
Uu Rnc ue Iu
1 4 7 * 0 # 8 9 5 6 2 3
bs
Rnc ue bs
1 4 7 * 0 # 8 9 5 6 2 3
Vng mng li: cc kt ni chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi Rnc
bs ue Rnc
2 5 8 0 # 9 6 3
1 4 7 *
bs
Hnh 2-5. Cu trc ca UTRAN

2.1.2.1. Trm gc.
Trm gc t gia hai giao din Uu v Iub (giao din UMTS gia BS vi RNC). Nhim v chnh ca BS l thit lp giao din Uu vi mng v giao din Iub bng cch s dng cc lp th tc dnh cho cc giao din ny. S hin din ca giao din Uu c ngha l BS s dng cc knh vt l truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA v chuyn cc thng tin t cc knh truyn ti vo cc knh vt l da trn nhng b tr ca b iu khin truy nhp mng RNC. Cu trc bn trong trm gc ph thuc vo nh sn xut thit b. Tuy nhin cu trc lgic ca BS trong h thng UTRAN c tnh cht ph bin. Theo quan im mng, BS c th c phn chia thnh cc thc th lgic trn hnh 2-6
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Pha Uu
Pha Iub
Cell TRX
Cc knh truyn ti Cc knh vt l Cc knh truyn ti Cc knh vt l Cc knh truyn ti Cc knh vt l
Truyn ti chung Cng d liu RACH Cng d liu FACH Cng d liu CPCH Cng d liu PCH Cng iu khin Node B
TRX TRX
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Ng cnh thng tin Node B DSCH DCH Cng iu khin thng tin im u cui lu lng
Hnh 2-6. Cu trc lgic ca trm gc
pha giao din Iub, BS bao gm c hai thc th: thc th truyn ti dng chung v mt s im kt cui lu lng (TPP). Thc th truyn ti dng chung c mt cng iu khin nt B phc v cho vic vn hnh v bo dng (O&M). Mt TTP bao gm mt s ng cnh thng tin nt B. Ng cnh thng tin nt B gm tt c cc ngun ti nguyn dnh ring s dng khi UE hot ng ch rnh ring. Do vy mt ng cnh thng tin nt B c t nht mt knh rnh ring (DCH). Knh phn chia hng xung (DSCH) cng nm trong khi ng cnh ny. Theo quan im c s h tng mng UMTS, BS c coi nh l mt thc th lgic O&M, thc th ny phc v cho nhim v qun l mng. Da vo kha cnh mng v tuyn v phn iu khin ca n, BS bao gm mt s thc th lgic khc gi tn l cell. Mt cell l thc th nh nht ca mng v tuyn v c mt s nhn dng (ID) ring. S nhn dng ny c nhn bit bi cc UE.
37
Mi cell c m ngu nhin ring. UE nhn dng cell bng cch s dng hai s liu u vo: m ngu nhin (khi UE ng k vi cell) v cell ID (s dng cho tp mng v tuyn). Mt cell c th c mt vi b thu pht (TRX). TRX chuyn cc thng tin qung b n UE. Thng tin qung b ny l knh vt l iu khin chung s cp (P-CCPCH), ni dung knh ny cha thng tin knh qung b (BCH). TRX duy tr cc knh vt l thng qua giao tip Uu, cc knh vt l cha cc knh truyn ti mang thng tin c th l dng chung hoc dnh ring. Mi cell c ti thiu mt TRX. TRX l phn vt l ca BS thc hin mt s chc nng. Cc dng s liu c truyn qua giao din Iu ti ng truyn v tuyn v ngc li.
2.1.2.2. B iu khin mng v tuyn.
B iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC) l phn t chuyn mch v iu khin ca TURAN. RNC nm gia hai giao din Uu v Iu. Ngoi ra, cn c giao din Iur gia cc RNS. Cu trc lgic ca RNC c th hin trn hnh 2-7.
Iub Iu
n t cc BS
(Bng rng) Chuyn mch
n t mng li
Khi giao din Chc nng iu khin UTRAN Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn Giao din O&M
Khi giao din
n t cc RNC khc
n t khi Qun l mng
Hnh 2-7. Cu trc RNC
Chc nng RNC dng iu khin cc ng cnh thng tin ca trm gc (nt B) gi l CRNC. Khi tnh n cc knh mang, RNC l im chuyn mch gia cc knh mang Iu v knh mang v tuyn (RB). RB lin quan n ng cnh ca UE. Ng cnh UE l mt b cc tiu chun dng trong giao din
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Iub phn b cc kt ni chung v cc kt ni dnh ring gia UE v RNC. Do UTRAN s dng phn tp v m, cho nn UE c th c mt s knh mang v tuyn (RB) gia chng v RNC (trong trng hp chuyn giao mm). RNC phc v (SRNC) cha cc knh mang Iu cho mt UE nht nh. Chc nng cn li ca RNC l DRNC. Khi ch lm vic DRNC, RNC t xc nh cc ng cnh UE. Cc yu cu cho hot ng ny xut pht t SRNC thng qua giao din Iur. Hai chc nng SRNC v DRNC c th hon i cho nhau. Trong trng hp UE di chuyn trong mng khi thc hin chuyn giao mm. UE c truy nhp hon ton nh mt RNC, khng phi l SRNC. RNC ny thc hin thit lp knh mang v tuyn (RB) u tin cho UE. Trong trng hp , chc nng SRNC c chuyn cho mt RNC xc nh. Th tc ny c gi l nh v li SRNC hoc SRNS.
2.1.2.3. Cc chc nng iu khin ca UTRAN.
c th iu khin v qun l cc knh mang v tuyn (RB), UTRAN thc hin cc chc nng khc ngoi chc nng qun l ti nguyn v tuyn RRM. Cc chc nng bao gm: Pht qung b thng tin h thng. Thit lp cc knh mang bo hiu v truy nhp ngu nhin. Qun l knh mang v tuyn (RB). Cc chc nng an ton trong mng UTRAN. Qun l di ng lp UTRAN. X l c s d liu. nh v thu bao.
2.1.3 Cu trc mng li. 2.1.3.1. Cu trc mng li theo tiu chun 3GPP R99. 2.1.3.1.1. Cu trc mng.
3GPP R99 l tiu chun UMTS u tin, trong th hin mt h thng truy nhp v tuyn bng rng vi mng li (CN) c nng cp t GSM. Mng li s dng h tng GSM v phn m rng GPRS s dng cho cc
39
dch v gi. Mng li c chia thnh hai khi chc nng: khi chc nng chuyn mch knh (CS) v khi chc nng chuyn mch gi (PS). Cu trc mng CN c cho trn hnh 2-8.
cn
Vng CN CS
3G MRC/VLR
3G GMSC
ue
Mng truy
HLR/AuC/EIR ng k
Mng ngoi
1 4 7 * 0 # 8 9 5 6 2 3
nhp
Vng CN PS SGSN GGSN
Hnh 2-8. Cu trc mng li theo tiu chun 3GPP R99
Khi chc nng chuyn mch knh (CS) gm hai phn t mng c bn: Trung tm chuyn mch di ng (MSC/VLR). Trung tm chuyn mch di ng cng (GMSC).
MSC/VLR chu trch nhim cho cc hot ng qun l kt ni chuyn mch knh, qun l di ng (MM) nh: cp nhp v tr, tm gi v cc chc nng bo mt. Ngoi ra, MSC/VLR cn cha cc b chuyn m (s dng chuyn m thoi). y l mt khc bit so vi h thng GSM truyn thng, h thng ny b chuyn m l mt phn ca mng truy nhp v tuyn. GMSC ph trch kt ni vi cc mng bn ngoi. Theo quan im qun l kt ni, GMSC thit lp ng kt ni n cc MSC/VLR ang phc v m ti c th tm thy thu bao cn tm. theo quan im qun l di ng,
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GMSC khi to th tc phc hi thng tin v tr vi mc ch tm MSC/VLR phc v kt ni cuc gi. Khi chc nng chuyn mch gi (CNPS) gm hai phn t mng c bn: Nt h tr GPRS phc v (SGSN). Nt h tr GPRS cng (GGSN). SGSN h tr thng tin chuyn mch gi ti mng truy nhp v tuyn: SGSN giao tip vi GSM BSS qua giao din Gb v UTRAN qua giao din Iu. Chc nng ch yu ca SGSN lin quan n vic qun l di ng: cp nht khu vc nh tuyn, ng k v tr, tm gi v iu khin c ch bo mt trong chuyn mch gi. GGSN duy tr kt ni ti cc mng chuyn mch gi khc nh mng internet GGSN thc hin chc nng qun l di ng ging nh GMSC. Ngoi ra, n cn thc hin chc nng qun l phin. Mng truyn ti kt ni gia cc GSN c gi l ng trc IP (c coi nh mt mng Intranet c nhn). ng trc IP c th thc hin c chc nng nh tuyn, khi chc nng chuyn mch gi phi c mt my ch tn min (DNS). Ngoi khi chc nng chuyn mch knh (CS) v khi chc nng chuyn mch gi (PS), mng li cn c khi thanh ghi bao gm: thanh ghi thng tr (HLR), trung tm nhn thc (AuC) v thanh ghi ch th thit b (EIR). Khi thanh ghi cha thng tin a ch v thng tin nhn thc cho c hai khi chc nng chuyn mch knh (CS) v khi chc nng chuyn mch gi (PS) thc hin chc nng qun l di ng. HLR cha cc d liu c nh v thu bao. Thng thng mt thu bao ch c php ng k vi mt HRL. AuC l mt c s d liu to ra cc vect nhn thc. Cc vect ny cha cc tham s bo mt giao din Iu. Thng thng AuC c tch hp vi HLR v chng cng s dng giao tip th tc MAP truyn thng tin. EIR duy tr cc thng tin ch th lin quan n phn cng ca UE. Ngoi cc thanh ghi trong khi thanh ghi, CN cn c thm mt thanh ghi na (thanh ghi tm tr -VLR). GSM, thanh ghi ny hot ng c lp nhng 3G,VLR c coi nh l mt phn chc nng ca MSC phc v. Nh trnh by trn, mng li gm hai khi chc nng thc hin truyn lu
41
lng tu theo c im c trng ca lu lng. Cc c trng ca lu lng nh hng n cc phn t chuyn mch knh (CS) v chuyn mch gi (PS) trn phng din giao din bo hiu v truyn ti. Khi chc nng chuyn mch knh (CS) k tha bo hiu s dng h thng GSM da trn th tc MAP. Hnh 2-9 th hin cc giao din bn trong mng li. Cc giao din ny hot ng tng t nh cc giao din trong h thng GSM. Khi chc nng chuyn mch gi (PS) trong UMTS c nng cp t h thng GPRS. Tn ca cc giao din bt u bng ch G nh hnh 2-9.
MRC/VLR
E( cho VLR)
G( cho VLR)
MRC/VLR PSTN A Iu F D EIR EIR EIR C
MRC/VLR PSTN
GSM BSS
Gb
Gs
UTRAN
Iu SGSN
Gf
Gr
Gc
GGSN Gn Gi
Gn Ch thch: Lu lng thu bao Bo hiu SGSN
Gp GGSN
Mng khc
Hnh 2-9.Giao din bn trong mng li theo 3GPP R99
2.1.3.1.1 Chc nng qun l v iu khin.
Cc chc nng qun l v iu khin ca mng li c cho trn hnh 2-10.
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Giao thc iu khin thng tin ue Qun l kt ni Qun l phin
CN
1 4 7 * 0 # 8 9 5 6 2 3
Qun l kt ni Qun l phin
CM
Qun l v tr Xc nhn & a ch Bo mt
COMC
CM
Qun l v tr Xc nhn & a ch Bo mt
MM
MOBC
MM
Giao thc iu khin di ng
Hnh 2-10. Chc nng qun l v iu khin ca mng li 3GPP R99
Trn hnh 2-10 chc nng qun l thng tin (CM) bao gm hai nhim v: qun l kt ni v qun l phin (cho chuyn mch gi). Th tc iu khin mang thng tin CM l th tc iu khin thng tin (COMC). Chc nng qun l di ng MM l nhim v qun l v tr ca cc UE. Th tc s dng trong MM l th tc qun l di ng (MOBC).
2.1.3.2 Cu trc mng li theo tiu chun 3GPP R4.
Trong h thng tiu chun 3GPP R99, nhng thay i chnh so vi h thng 2G l phn mng truy nhp v tuyn. Mng v tuyn 3GPP R99 l mng truy nhp v tuyn bng rng UTRAN. Phn mng li c nng cp trn c s mng li GSM, s dng ti a cc phn t mng GSM/GRPS c. tiu chun 3GPP R4, chin lc nng cp tri ngc so vi tiu chun c R99: mng truy nhp v tuyn khng c thay i nhiu, nng cp c thc hin mng li. Trong mng li, khi chc nng chuyn mch knh (CS CN) c nng cp: tch gia chc nng qun l cuc gi (CM) v cc chc nng lin quan n chuyn mch thnh cc thc th vt l ring bit, nh trn hnh 2-11.
43
3GPP R99:
3GPP R4:
MSC Qun l thng tin
MRC/VLR
MGW Qun l kt ni "chc nng ph"
Hnh 2-11. Khc bit mng li R4 so vi R99
MSC/VLR c chia thnh hai phn t vt l: MSC phc v. Cng phng tin (MGW). MSC phc v thc hin chc nng qun l di ng. MSC phc v cha VLR. MGW cha phng tin thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch v kt ni mng. V d nh: cc b chuyn m, cc thit b kh ting vng v cc modem c t trong khi MGW. Ty theo cu hnh mng, MGW c th c cc chc nng khc nh: chc nng chuyn i chuyn mch knh trong trng hp x l cc cuc gi VoIP. Mt MSC phc v c th qun l mt s MGW. Vi kh nng ny, mng li c th xy dng tu theo yu cu hot ng. Theo quan im qun l cuc gi, vn ch yu l cch thc hin kt ni gia UE vi MSC phc v v gia MSC phc v vi MGW theo th tc kt ni no. C nhiu loi th tc c th c s dng. Trong s , th tc da trn nn IP - th tc khi to phin (SIP) c nhiu u im (IETF RFC 2543). Cu trc mng li theo tiu chun 3GPP R4 c thm mt phn t mi l phn h a phng tin IP (IMS) c chc nng duy tr cc cuc gi VoIP. IMS cn c kh nng h tr cc dch v a phng tin. IMS bao gm: chc nng iu khin cng phng tin (MGCF), chc nng iu khin trng thi cuc gi (CSCF) v chc nng iu khin ti nguyn phng tin (MRS). Cc chc nng ny to thnh m hnh qun l cuc gi m rng so vi tiu chun 3GPP
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R99. V c bn, chc nng MGCF kim sot MGW khi thc hin kt ni, chuyn i, loi b ting vng
2.1.3.3. Cu trc mng li theo tiu chun 3GPP R5.
Trong tiu chun 3GPP R5, mng truy nhp c nhiu s thay i, mng li t c thay i hn. Nhng nng cp ch yu trong mng 3GPP R5 l GSM/EDGE RAN (GERAN) v truyn ti IP c s dng trong mng truy nhp. Ton b lu lng trong mng 3GPP R5 l lu lng gi (thi gian thc v khng thi gian thc). M hnh cu trc tham chiu ging nhau i vi cc tiu chun R4 v R5, nh hnh 2-12. Nhng tiu chun R5 nhng thay i ch yu khi chc nng chuyn mch gi (PS CN).
Mng truy nhp an xen
Cc ng dng & dch v(*) SCP
Mng bo hiu di ng k tha CSCF HSS*) Mng IP a phng tin
HSS*)
CSCF
EIR
EIR MGCF SGM*)
TE R
MT Um
BSS/ GERAN
SGSN
GGSN
TE R
MT Um
UTRAN
MGW
MGW
PSTN k tha M rng
MRC
GMSC
SGW*)
Cc ng dng & dch v(*)
HSS*)
SGW*)
Giao din bo hiu Giao din truyn d liu v bo hiu
*) nhng phn t ny c biu din nhiu ln vi mc ch v m t, thc ra chng l duy nht
Hnh 2-12. Giao din bn trong mng li 3GPP R5
Cu trc phn lp ca mng li 3GPP R5 c cho trn hnh 2-13.
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Mi trng to dch v Lp dch v/ng dng SCP Lp dung lng dch v CSCF Lp iu khin HSS CSCF
OSA
VHE
MGCF SGW
Mng IP ngoi
Lp truyn ti/ cng
SGSN
GGSN
MGW
Mng CS ngoi k tha PSTN
UTRAN ue
1 4 7 2 * 5 8 0 6 9 #
GERAN MS
1 4 7 2 * 5 8 0 3 6 9 #
: Lu lng d liu ngi s dng : Bo hiu( iu khin)
Hnh 2-13. Cu trc phn lp dch v mng li 3GPP R5
Cc loi hnh dch v, kh nng truy nhp v truy nhp chung c cao khi thit k mng li theo tiu chun 3GPP R4/R5. M hnh lp dch v da trn gii php cu truc dch v m (OSA).Trong m hnh cu trc R5, ngoi kt ni UTRAN vi mng li cn c GERAN. Giao tip gia GERAN vi mng li c thc hin qua giao din Iu.
2.2 Cu trc knh 2.2.1 m hnh phn lp.
Cc th tc giao din v tuyn thc hin chc nng thit lp, duy tr v gii phng kt ni v tuyn trong mng UTRA. Chng thc hin cc chc nng ca cc lp 1-3 (lp vt l L1, lp lin kt d liu L2 v lp mng L3) trong m hnh OSI tng ng. Cu trc th tc giao din v tuyn ca h thng UMTS c cho trn hnh 2-14.
46
L3 iu khin RLC iu khin iu khin iu khin iu khin PDCP PDCP L2/PDCP
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC
RLC L2/RLC
Cc knh logic MAC L2/MAC Cc knh truyn ti Lp vt l L1
Hnh B-14. M hnh phn lp
Trn hnh 2-14, lp lin kt L2 bao gm cc phn lp: iu khin truy nhp trung gian (MAC), iu khin lin kt v tuyn (RLC), th tc hi t gi s liu (PACP) v lp iu khin qung b (BMC). Lp cao nht l lp iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn (RRC) tng ng vi lp mng trong m hnh OSI. Giao din gia cc lp v phn lp c thc hin thng qua cc im truy nhp dch v (SAP). Cc knh truyn dn c truyn qua cc im truy nhp dch v gia lp vt l (L1) v phn lp iu khin truy nhp trung gian (MAC) thc hin giao tip trong L2 gia cc phn lp MAC v RLC. Cn cc knh vt l c truyn bn trong lp vt l.
2.2.2. cu trc knh. 2.2.2.1. Cc knh lgic.
Ngi ta nh ngha mt b cc knh lgic khc nhau s dng cho cc dch v truyn s liu khc nhau phn lp MAC. Cc knh lgic c th c chia thnh hai nhm ch yu l: nhm knh iu khin v nhm knh lu lng.
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Nhm knh iu khin bao gm: Knh iu khin qung b - BCCH. Knh iu khin nhn tin PCCH. Knh iu khin dnh ring DCCH. Knh iu khin chung CCCH. Knh iu khin phn chia knh SHCCH. Knh iu khin ring cho ODMA ODCCH. Knh iu khin chung cho ODMA OCCCH.
2.2.2.2. Cc knh truyn dn.
Cc knh truyn dn c nhim v truyn thng tin gia phn lp MAC v lp vt l. Cc knh truyn dn c phn loi chung hoc thnh hai nhm: cc knh ring v cc knh chung.
2.2.2.2.1. Cc knh truyn dn dnh ring.
DCH l mt knh thc hin truyn thng tin iu khin v thng tin ngi s dng gia UTRAN v UE. DCH c truyn trn ton b cell hoc ch truyn trn mt phn cell ang s dng. Thng thng ch c mt knh truyn dn dnh ring s dng cho ng ln hoc ng xung ch TDD hoc FDD.
2.2.2.2.2. Cc knh truyn dn chung.
Mc d chc nng ch yu ca tng knh truyn dn chung c th khng nht thit l phi ging nhau hai ch FDD v TDD nhng chng c cng mt vi chc nng v k hiu c bn.
48
Bng 2-1
Chc nng ca knh truyn dn chung FDD BCH Knh qung b TDD BCH Knh qung b
Knh truyn dn ng xung c dng cho h thng qung b v thng tin c th v cell BCH thng c truyn trn ton b cell v c dng kiu truyn n. FACH- Knh truy nhp ng xung FACH Knh truy nhp ng xung
Knh truyn dn ng xung truyn thng tin iu khin ti trm di ng khi h thng bit c vic nh v cell ca trm di ng, FDD, FACH c th c truyn trn ton b cell hoc ch trn mt phn cell ang s dng, v d cc anten dng bp, v n cng c th c truyn bng cch s dng iu khin cng sut chm, TDD, n c th truyn cc gi tin ngn ca ngi s dng. PCH Knh nhn tin PCH Knh nhn tin
Knh truyn dn ng xung thng c truyn trn ton b cell, c dng truyn thng tin iu khin ti trm di ng khi h thng khng bit v tr cell ca trm di ng, FDD, qu trnh truyn PCH c kt hp vi qu trnh truyn cc ch th nhn tin ca lp vt l h tr cc quy trnh ch ng (sleep-mode) mt cch hiu qu. RACH Knh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH Knh truy nhp ngu nhin
Knh truyn dn ng ln, thng thu c t ton b cell, thc hin truyn thng tin iu khin t trm di ng, FDD, RACH c c trng bi nguy c xung t v bi vic s dng iu khin cng sut vng m s dng cho vic truyn dn, TDD, n cng c th truyn cc gi tin ngn ca ngi s dng. CPCH Knh gi chung USCH Knh dng chung ng ln
Knh truyn dn ng ln kt hp vi Knh truyn dn ng ln c
49
mt knh ring ng xung to ra dng chung bi mt vi UE thc iu khin v cc lnh iu khin hin truyn s liu iu khin CPCH (v d dng khn cp). N c dnh ring hoc lu lng. c trng bi nguy c xung t ban u v vic s dng iu khin cng sut mch vng trong cho vic truyn dn DSCH Knh dng chung ng DSCH Knh dng chung ng xung xung Knh truyn dn ng xung c dng chung bi mt vi UE thc hin vic truyn s liu iu khin dnh ring hoc lu lng. FDD n c kt hp vi mt hoc vi knh DCH ng xung. N c th c truyn trn ton b cell hoc ch trn mt phn cell ang s dng, v d cc anten dng bp.
C FDD ln TDD u c mt s knh truyn dn ging nhau, tuy nhin FDD khng c knh dng chung ng ln (USCH) v TDD khng c knh gi chung (CPCH). Knh truyn dn CPCH FDD thc hin cc lnh iu khin cng sut cn thit, cc lnh ny khng c yu cu TDD. Ngc li USCH thc hin cc lnh cn thit TDD m khng c yu cu FDD.
2.2.2.3. Cu trc knh vt l.
Trong phn ny chng ta phn tch cu trc knh vt l ch FDD. Cc knh vt l trong FDD c dng cu trc lp nh cc khung v tuyn v cc khe thi gian. Khung v tuyn l mt khi x l bao gm 15 khe thi gian c chiu di 38400 chip, v khe thi gian l mt khi cha cc trng bit c chiu di 2560 chip. Cu hnh khe thi gian bin i tu thuc tc bit ca knh vt l. V th s bit trn mt khe c th khc nhau i vi cc knh vt l khc nhau v trong mt vi trng hp c th bin i theo thi gian. Mt knh vt l tng ng vi mt m, mt tn s sng mang c th, v trn ng ln s c thm mt thnh phn quan h pha. Cc knh vt l c phn loi da trn hai c trng: Knh ng ln v ng xung. Knh dnh ring v knh chung.
2.2.2.3.1. Cc knh vt l ng ln.
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2.2.2.3.1.1. Cc knh vt l dnh ring ng ln.
C hai kiu knh vt l dnh ring ng ln: knh s liu vt l dnh ring (DPDCH) v knh iu khin vt l dnh ring (DPCCH). Cc knh vt l dnh ring ng ln c m I/Q ghp knh cho tng khung v tuyn. DPDCH truyn knh truyn dn DCH, cn DPCCH truyn thng tin iu khin L1 nh: cc bit hoa tiu h tr nh gi vic xc nh knh trong qu trnh pht hin tng quan, cc lnh iu khin cng sut pht TFCI. TFCI thng bo cho pha thu vic kt hp nh dng truyn dn tc thi ca cc knh truyn dn truyn mt cch ng thi. C mt v ch mt knh DPCCH ng ln trn mi lin kt v tuyn. Hnh 2-15 minh ho cu trc khung ca knh vt l dnh ring ng ln, trong mi khung chiu dai 10ms c chia thnh 15 khe chiu di 2560 chip, tng ng vi mt chu k iu khin cng sut. Bng 2-2 minh ho s bt chnh xc trn DPDCH, cn bng 2-3 ch ra cc trng DPCCH ng ln khc nhau. Cc mu hoa tiu c ch ra bng 2-4 v mu bit TPC c ch ra bng 2-5. Cc lp cao hn nh hnh dng khe. Vi mi trng hp, tc k t v SF trong bng 2-3 l 5 v 256 tng ng. Tc bit knh v k t trong cc bng 2-2 v bng 2-3 l tc trc khi tri ph.
Bng 2-2
Cc trng DPDCH nh dng khe th i 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tc bit ca knh (kbps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 Tc k hiu knh (kbps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 SF S S bit/khung bit/khe 150 300 600 1200 2400 4800 9600 10 20 40 80 160 320 640 Ndata
256 128 64 32 16 8 4
10 20 40 80 160 320 640
C hai kiu knh vt l dnh ring ng ln, v th mt knh c cha trng TFCI (v d: i vi mt vi dch v ng thi) v mt kiu khng
51
cha TFCI (v d i vi cc dch v tc c nh). Cc kiu ny c bin din bi cc hng ging nhau trong bng 2-3, ch nn, cc khe DPCCH c nh dng vi cc trng TFCI b thay i. C hai dng khe nn c th c cho mi dng khe danh nh. Chng c nh nhn l A v B v vic la chn chng tu thuc vo s khe c truyn trn tng khung ch nn.
Bng 2-3
Cc trng DPCCH nh dng khe th i 0 OA OB 1 2 2A 2B 3 4 5 5A 5B Tc bt knh (kbps) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 S bit/khung 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 S bit/khe 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Nhoa
tiu
Ntp
NTFCI
NFBI
S khe/k hung 15 10-14 8-9 8-15 15 10-14 8-9 8-15 8-15 15 10-14 8-9
5 5 4 8 5 4 3 7 6 5 4 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
2 3 4 0 2 3 4 0 0 2 3 4
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
2.2.2.3.1.2. Cc knh vt l chung ng ln.
Cc knh vt l ng ln c chia lm hai loi: - Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l PRACH: mang thng tin ca knh giao vn RACH (Da trn k thut Slotted ALOHA). - Knh gi vt l chung PCPCH: mang thng tin ca knh giao vn CPCH (Da trn k thut CSMA-CD). Sau y chng ta phn tch cu trc ca hai loi knh vt l chung ng ln.
52
a.Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l PRACH.
Knh PRACH truyn truy nhp ngu nhin (RACH).
Khung v tuyn 10 ms 5,120 chp Khung v tuyn 10 ms
#0 #0 #1
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
Truyn dn truy nhp ngu nhin Truyn dn truy nhp ngu nhin
#7 #8
Truyn dn truy nhp ngu nhin Truyn dn truy nhp ngu nhin
Hnh 2-15. S th t v khong cch khe truy nhp RACH Cu trc truyn dn truy nhp ngu nhin RACH Truyn dn truy nhp ngu nhin s dng cng ngh phn khe ALOHA vi ch th yu cu nhn thc nhanh. UE c th bt u truyn dn truy nhp ngu nhin ti phn u mt s khong thi gian c xc nh r, k hiu l cc khe truy nhp nh hnh minh ho hnh 2-15. C 15 khe truy nhp trn hai khung v chng c cch nhau 5120 chip. Thng tin v kiu khe truy nhp truyn dn truy nhp ngu nhin do cc lp cao hn chuyn xung. Hnh 2-16 minh ho cu trc truyn dn truy nhp ngu nhin, trong bao gm mt hoc vi mo u chiu di 4096 chip v mt bn tin chiu dai 10ms hoc 20ms.
Mo u 4,096 chp Mo u Mo u Phn bn tin 10 ms ( mt khung v tuyn)
Mo u 4,096 chp
Mo u
Mo u
Phn bn tin 20 ms ( hai khung v tuyn)
Hnh 2-16. Cu trc truyn dn truy nhp ngu nhin
53
Bn tin ca knh RACH: Hnh 2-17 l cu trc khung v tuyn phn bn tin truy nhp ngu nhin trong khung v tuyn phn bn tin 10ms c chia lm 15 khe, mi khe c chiu dai Tslot = 2560 chip. Ngoi ra mi khe bao gm hai phn: phn s liu v phn iu khin, chng c truyn song song.
Khe #1 #2 #2 #2
Bn truy nhp ngu nhin T RACH = 10ms
iu khin
Cc bt hoa tiu Npilot

k
Cc bt TFCI Npilot
Tslot = 2,560 chp, 10.2 bit ( k=0,1,2,3)
D liu
Cc bt d liu N data
Hnh 2-17. Cu trc khung v tuyn phn bn tin truy nhp ngu nhin
Bng 2-4
Cc trng s liu v iu khin ca bn tin truy nhp ngu nhin Khun dng khe #i 0 1 2 3 Tc bit knh ( kbps) 15 30 60 120 Tc k t knh(kbps) 15 30 60 120 SF S khung/bit 150 300 600 1200 S bt/khe 10 20 40 80 Nhoa
tiu
Ndata
256 128 64 32
10 20 40 80 NTFCI
Trng iu khin 0 15 15 256 150 10 8
Phn s liu bao gm 10x2k bit vi k = 0, 1, 2, 3 tng ng vi h s tri ph 256, 128, 64, v 32 ca phn s liu bn tin tng ng. Phn iu
54
khin bao gm 8 bit hoa tiu bit v 2 bit TFCI. TFCI ca khung v tuyn ch ra dng truyn dn ca knh truyn dn RACH c ghp vi khung v tuyn phn bn tin PRACH c chiu di 20ms, TFCI c lp li khung v tuyn th hai.
Bng 2-5
Mu bit hoa tiu ca phn bn tin RACH vi Nhoa tiu = 8 S khe Bit # 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nhoa tiu = 8 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
b.Knh gi chung vt l (PCPCH).
Knh gi chung vt l (PCPCH) truyn knh CPCH. Qu trnh truyn CPCH da trn k thut d tm xung t a truy nhp pht hin va trm (DSMA-CD) vi ch th truy vn nhanh. UE c th bt u truyn ti phn u
55
ca mt s khong thi gian c xc nh r, tng ng vi phn khung BCH thu c ca cell hin thi. Cu trc v s phn khe truy nhp ging vi RACH bao gm mt hoc vi mo u truy nhp (A-P) chiu di 4096 chip, mt mo u iu khin cng sut DPCCH (PC-P) chiu di 0 hoc 8 khe, v mt bn tin chiu di bin i Nx10ms. Phn iu khin cng sut v mo u pht hin va chm ca knh truy nhp CPCH. - Ging nh RACH, mo u CPCH truy nhp s dng cc chui signature nhng s chui t hn. - Cng ging nh RACH, mo u CPCH d tm s dng cc chui signature. Tuy nhin b m ngu nhin khc so vi phn m gold c dng trong m ngu nhin RACH.
Bng 2-6
Cc trng DPCH cho phn iu khin cng sut mo u ca knh CPCH Khe Tc Tc #1 bt k hiu knh knh 0 1 2 3 4 5 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 SF S S Nhoatiu NTPC NTFCI bt/khung bt/khe 150 150 150 150 150 150 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 8 5 7 6 5 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 0 2 0 0 2 NFBI
256 256 256 256 256 256
0 0 1 1 2 2
Phn bn tin MPCH. Vi cu trc phn bn tin ging nh RACH, mi phn bn tin CPCH c cha ti a N-Max-frame khung 10ms (N-Max-frame: tham s lp cao hn), khung 10ms chia thnh 15 khe, mi khe c chiu di Tslot= 2560 chip. Ngoi ra, mi khe bao gm phn s liu truyn thng tin ca lp cao hn v phn iu khin truyn thng tin ca L1. Hai phn ny c truyn song song vi nhau. Phn s liu ca bn tin CPCH ging vi cc
56
trng DPDCH c a ra trong bng 2-2. Phn iu khin ca bn tin CPCH c h s tri ph 256 v n s dng kiu khe ging nh phn iu khin ca CPCH PC-P cc mu bt hoa tiu ca bn tin CPCH ging vi cmu bt c a ra trong cc bng 2-4.
2.2.2.3.2. Cc knh vt l ng xung.
Cc knh vt l ng xung bao gm: mt knh vt l dnh ring, mt knh vt l phn chia v 5 knh iu khin chung. Cc knh iu khin chung: Cc knh hoa tiu chung- CPICH. Knh vt l dnh ring ng xung- DPCH. Knh phn chia vt l ng xung- DSCH. Knh hoa tiu chung chnh v d phng CPICH. Knh vt l iu khin chung chnh v d phng CCPCH. Knh ng b- SCH.
a. Cc knh vt l dnh ring ng xung.
Ch c knh vt l dnh ring ng xung pht s liu dnh ring c to ra t lp 2 v lp cao hn, trong b ghp trung gian vi thng tin iu khin to ra ti lp 1. V vy DPCH ng xung l mt b ghp thi gian ca DPDCH ng xung, vi mi khung c chiu di 10ms chia thnh 15 khe trung gian vi Tslot = 2560 chip, tng ng vi 1 chu k iu khin cng sut. Ging nh cc cu trc khung trc, tham s k trong hnh 2-18 xc nh tng s bit trn mt khe DPCH ng xung n lin quan n h s tri ph SF ca knh vt l l SF = 512/2.k. V th h s tri ph c th bin i t 512 n 4.
57
Tsiu khung = 72ms
Siu khung
Khung #1
#2
#i
#71
#72
Khung
Khe #1
#2
#i
#15
T f = 10ms
DPCCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
Khe
Cc bt TFCI NTFCI
cc bt d liu 1 Ndata1
Cc bt TCP N TCP
Cc bt d liu 2 N data2
cc bt hoa tiu N plot
T= 2,560 chip, 10.2 bit( k= 0,1,2,...,7)
Hnh 2-18. Cu trc khung ca knh DPCH ng xung C hai kiu DPCH ng xung c bn: mt cha TFCCI (cc dch v ng thi bin i) v mt khng cha TFCI (cc dch v tc c nh). Trong khi h tr TFCI ng xung trong mch l tu chn, n do mi UE u nhim. UTRAN xc nh xem c truyn FCI hay l khng.
b. Knh vt l ng xung chung.
Knh hoa tiu chung (CPICH) Hnh 2-19 minh ho cu trc khung ca CPICH, l mt knh vt l ng xung tc c nh (30kbps, SF = 256) thc hin truyn chui bit/ k t xc nh trc.
Chui c nh ngha trc 1 khung v tuyn: Tf = 10ms
Khe #0
Khe #1
Khe #i
Khe #14
1 khung v tuyn: Tf = 10ms
Hnh 2-19. Cu trc khung ca knh CPICH
58
Trong phn tp pht, trn bt k knh cell ng xung no, khng c iu khin cng sut mch vng kn hoc h, CPICH c th c pht t hai anten s dng cng m knh v m ngu nhin. Knh hoa tiu chung s cp v th cp (P- CPICH) Bng 2-7 minh ho cc c im chnh ca P- CPICH.
Bng 2-7
Cc c im ca P- CPICH s cp v th cp Cc c im ca P- CPICH s cp Cc c im ca P- CPICH th cp
P- CPICH cng s dng cng mt m S- CPICH s dng m knh tu ca knh. SF = 256. M ngu nhin c s ngu nhin ho M ngu nhin c s hoc bc hai knh P- CPICH. ngu nhin ho knh S- CPICH. Mi cell ch c mt P- CPICH. Mt cell c th cha khng, mt hoc mt vi knh S- CPICHs.
P- CPICH c pht qung b trn S- CPICH c th c truyn trn ton b cell. ton b cell hoc ch trn mt phn ca cell. P- CPICH thu l nhiu pha i vi DL: CPICH c s c th l nhiu i vi SCH, CCPCH c s, AICH v PICH. CCPCH v DL DPCH bc hai. N cng l mt nhiu pha mc nh Cc lp cao hn thng bo cho UE cho tt c cc knh vt l ng xung khi CPICH bc hai c s dng l khc. nhiu pha. Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp (P- CCPCH) CCPCH s cp l mt knh vt l ng xung vi tc c nh (30kb/s, SF= 256) truyn di BCH. CCPCH khc vi DPCH ng xung ch n khng truyn cc lnh TPC hoc cc bit hoa tiu. Ngoi ra n khng c truyn trong 256 chip u tin ca tng khe. Knh vt l iu khin chung th cp (S- CCPCH)
59
Hai kiu knh CCPCH: mt c TFCI v mt khng c TFCI truyn FACH v PCH. Do UTRAN xc nh khi no TFCI c th c truyn nu n c u nhim bi tt c cc UE h tr s dng TFCI. Tc CCHCH th cp c th ging vi DPCH ng xung. Knh ng b SCH Knh ng b (SCH) l mt tn hiu ng xung s dng trong qu trnh d tm khe, bao gm hai knh con: SCH s cp v th cp. Cc knh ny c ch ra trong hnh 2-20 c cc khung 10ms c chia thnh 15 khe, mi khe chiu di 256 chip. SCH s cp bao gm mt m iu ch chiu di 256 chip, m ng b c s (PSC) c k hiu l cp trong hinh 2-20 c truyn mt ln trong tt c cc khe. PSC l nh nhau i vi tt c mi khe trong h thng. SCH th cp bao gm qu trnh truyn lp i lp li chiu di chui ca m iu ch 256 chip, m ng b bc hai (SSC), c truyn song song vi SCH s cp. SSC c k hiu l csi,k trong hnh B-25, vi i = 0,1, ,63 l s nhm m ngu nhin, v k = 0,1, ,14 l s khe. Mi SSC c chn t tp hp 16 m chiu di 256 chip khc nhau. Chui ny trong SCH th cp ch ra m ngu nhin ng xung ca cell thuc v nhm no.
T khe = 2,560 chip D liu SCH s cp aCp aCp aCp D liu
SCH th cp
a x Cs
i,1
a x Cs
i,1
a x Cs
i,1
T khung = 15x Tkhe
Hnh 2-20. Cu trc knh ng b SCH Knh vt l phn chia ng xung PDSCH Ngi s dng dng chung PDSCH, da trn vic ghp m. V DSCH thng kt hp n vi mt hoc mt vi knh DCH nn cng c th kt hp PDSCH vi mt hoc mt vi DPCH ng xung. Chnh xc hn, c th kt hp tng khung v tuyn PDSCH vi mt knh DPCH ng xung.
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Hai phng php bo hiu ch ra khi UE c s liu gii m trn DSCH: thng qua trng TFCI hoc bo hiu lp cao hn.
2.2.2.4. Ghp cc knh lgic vo cc knh truyn dn.
Vic ghp knh lgic vo cc knh truyn dn c th hin trn hnh 2- 21.
SCCH MAP SAP's BCCH PCCH DCCH CCCH DTCH x
SCH Cho TDD
BCH
PCH CPCH FAUSCH RACH Cc knh Truyn ti
FACH
USCH DSCH Cho TDD
DCH
ODCCH x
OCCCH
ODTCH MAP SAP's
Cc knh truyn ti
ORACH
ODCH
Hnh 2-21. Ghp cc knh lgic vo cc knh truyn dn
2.2.2.5. Ghp cc knh truyn dn vo cc knh vt l.
Bng 2-8 tm tt vic ghp cc knh truyn dn vo cc knh vt l. Trong cc DCH lung bit to ra c ghp mt cch trc tip lin tc vi cc knh vt l.
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Bng 2-8 Ghp cc knh truyn dn vo cc knh vt l Cc knh truyn dn Knh dnh ring (DCH) Knh truy nhp ngu nhin (RACH) Knh gi chung (CPCH) Knh qung b (BCH) Knh truy nhp thun (FACH) Knh tin nhn (PCH) Cc knh vt l Knh vt l dnh ring (DPDCH) Knh vt l iu khin dnh ring (DPCCH) Knh vt l truy nhp ngu nhin (PRACH) Knh vt l gi chung (PCPCH) Knh hoa tiu chung (CIPCH) Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp (PCCPCH) Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp (SCCPCH) Knh ng b (SCH) Knh vt l phn chia ng xung (PDSCH) Knh ch th truy vn (AICH) Knh ch th truy vn truy nhp mo u (AP- AICH) Knh phn chia ng xung (DSCH) Knh ch th nhn tin (PICH) Knh ch th trng thi CPCH (CSICH) Knh ch th sp xp knh/pht hin va chm (CD/CA-ICH)
2.2.3. Tri ph v iu ch. 2.2.3.1. Tri ph v iu ch cho cc knh vt l dnh ring ng ln.
Trn ng ln nguyn l tri ph ca chui cc gi tr thc +1 v -1 ca knh DPCCH v DPDCH c biu din bng cc gi tr thc 0 v 1, tng ng DPDCH c tri theo m knh cc, v knh DPDCH th n (DPDCHn) c tri theo m knh cd,n . Sau khi m ho knh, cc h s khuch i c, ca knh DPCCH v d ca knh DPDCH c khuch i thnh cc tn hiu tri ph gi tr thc ti
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mi khong thi gian, c t nht mt trong nhng gi tr c v d t bin bng 1. Sau khi khuch i, cng cc lung bit gi tr thc trn cc nhnh I v Q, ri bin i thnh lung bit gi tr phc. Sau , ngu nhin ho cc lung bit ny bi m ngu nhin gi tr phc Sspch,n, (m ngu nhin tng ng vi cc khung v tuyn). Bng 2-9 minh ho cc bc lng t ho gi tr c lng t theo t m 4 bit.
Bng 2-9
Cc bc lng t ho cc tham s khuch i Gi tr tri ph c v d 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 T s bin lng t ho c v d 1.0 0.9333 0.8666 0.8000 0.7333 0.6667 0.0000 0.5333 0.4667 0.4000 0.3333 0.2667 0.2000 0.1333 0.0667 Ngt
2.2.3.2. Knh vt l truy nhp ngu nhin.
Qu trnh tri ph v iu ch cho phn bn tin ca knh vt l truy nhp ngu nhin (PRACH) v c bn ging nh i vi knh vt l dnh ring ng ln, trong cc knh ng ln DPDCH v DPCCH c ln lt
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thay th bng phn s liu v phn iu khin ca knh PRACH. M ngu nhin cho phn bn tin c la chon tu theo m mo u.
2.2.3.3. Knh vt l dnh ring ng xung.
Qu trnh tri ph v iu ch ca cc knh CPICH, knh CCPCH th cp, PICH v AICH c thc hin ging nh i vi knh DPCH ng xung. Qu trnh tri ph v m ho ca knh CCPCH s cp tng t nh ca knh DPCH ng xung, khc bit duy nht ca knh CCPCH s cp c ghp knh theo thi gian trc khi tri ph. Cc knh ng b s cp v th cp SCH c ghp knh theo m v c truyn dn ng thi trong khong thi gian 265 chip ca mi khe.
2.2.4. M ho. 2.2.4.1. M nh knh. a. M nh knh ng xung.
M nh knh l cc m trc giao c h s tri ph bin i OVSF m bo s trc giao gia cc knh vt l ring. Cc m OVSF c nh ngha theo cy m trn hnh 2-22. Mi mc trn cy m xc nh mt m nh knh vi chiu di bng h s tri ph SF. Tt c cc m trong cy khng th dng ng thi trong cng mt cell. Mt m ch c s dng trong mt cell khi trong cell khng s dng mt m no khc nm trn ng t mt m c th ti gc cy hay trong cy con di m y. iu c ngha rng s m nh knh kh dng l khng c nh m ph thuc vo tc v h s tri ph ca mi knh vt l.
C 4,0 = ( 1,1,1,1) C 2,0 = ( 1,1)
C 1,0 = ( 1)
C4,1= ( 1,1,-1,-1)
C4,2= ( 1,-1,1,-1)
C 2,1 = ( 1,-1) C4,3 = ( 1,-1,-1,1)
Hnh 2-22. Cu trc cy m
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b. M nh knh ng ln.
i vi ng ln, cc m nh knh tng t nh cc m OVSF. Mi kt ni c phn b t nht mt m nh knh dng cho DPDCH. Cc m nh knh khc c th c phn b cho DPDCH. Cc m nh knh ny c th c gn nu nh c hn mt DPDCH c yu cu. i vi ng ln, s hn ch trong phn b m nh knh ch hp l trong mt MS. Khi nhiu MS s dng cc m ngu nhin ng ln khc nhau, cc m nh knh ng ln c th c phn b m khng cn c s phi hp gia cc kt ni khc nhau. Do , m nh knh ng ln lun lun c phn b theo mt trt t cho trc. MS v mng ch cn chp nhn s lng m nh knh ng ln. Cc m c th s c gn ngm nh. Knh hoa tiu chung CPICH c gn c nh m C256,0 cn knh vt l iu khin chung c gn c nh m C256,1. M nh knh cho BCCH l mt m c nh trc ging nhau cho tt c cc trong h thng. Cc m nh knh s dng cho CCPCH th cp c pht qung b trn knh BCCH. UTRAN s quyt nh m nh knh cho knh DPCH ng xung. MS c thng bo v m nh knh ng xung nhn c bn tin truy cp t p ng ca BTS cho mt yu cu truy nhp ngu nhin. T hp cc m nh knh c th thay i trong sut thi gian duy tr kt ni khi c s chuyn giao ni . Mt s thay i m nh knh ng xung c tho thun trn knh iu khin chung ng xung DCCH.
2.2.4.2. Cc m ngu nhin ho. a. M ngu nhin ng ln.
ng ln c 224 m ngu nhin ho, c th l m ngu nhin di hoc ngn. M ngn ch dng vi b tch sng a ngi s dng MUD. M ng ln do mng quyt nh. MS c thng bo m ngu nhin no s c s dng trong bng tin cho php truy nhp ng xung. Trong mt s t trng hp, m ngu nhin c th thay i trong thi gian kt ni. S thay i m ngu nhin ng ln c tho thun trn knh DCCH. B to m (di hoc ngn) c khi u bng mt s 25 bit. Mt bit ch th chn m di hay ngn, 24 bit cn li dng to m ngu nhin.
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MSB S lng Bit #23 Bit #22 bt #21 * * * * * * * * *
LSB Bit #1 Bit #0
Hnh 2-23. M khi u cho b to m ngu nhin ng ln

b, M ngu nhin ng xung.
C tng s 218-1 =262143 m ngu nhin ng xung. Tuy nhin, khng s dng tt c cc m ny. Cc m kh dng ng xung c chia thnh 512 b, mi b c 16 m trong 1 m s cp v 15 m th cp. Cc m s cp gm cc m c nh s n = 16x i, vi i = 1, , 511. Cc m th cp ca b th i : n = 16x i + k, trong k = 1, 2, ,15. C tng ng 1-1 gia m s cp v 15 m th cp trong mt b, do c cc m m = 0, 1, ,8191 c s dng. Mi cell lun n nh mt m s cp duy nht. Knh vt l iu khin chung s cp P-CCPCH lun dng m ngu nhin s cp. Cc knh vt l ng xung khc c th s dng m s cp hoc mt m th cp trong cng nhm lin kt vi m s cp ca
c.M truy nhp ngu nhin.
i vi m ngu nhin ho ca phn mo u, th phng php to m ging nh i vi phn thc ca m di cc knh ring. Nhng ch c 4096 chip u tin ca m c s dng tri ph phn mo u vi tc chip 3,84 Mcps. M di C1 cho thnh phn ng pha c s dng trc tip hai nhnh ng pha v vung pha m khng cn c dch thi gian gia hai nhnh. M ngu nhin cho phn mo u l tng modul 2 theo v tr ca cc on 4096 chip ca hai chui nh phn n trnh t sp xp c to ra t hai a thc sinh bc 25. Phn mo u bao gm 256 ln lp li ca ch k di 16, <P0, P1 , P15>. Nh vy trc khi m ho phn mo u l: P0, P1, , P15, , P0, P1, , P15
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Chng 3
Qui hoch v ti u ho mng truyn dn 3g
3.1 C s ca quy hoch mng truyn dn 3.1.1. Phm vi ca qui hoch mng truyn dn.
K hoch mng truyn bao gm cc giao din gia BS v RNC, gia RNC v CN, v gia cc RNC nh: Iub, Iu v cc giao din Iur. Xem hnh 3.1.
Hnh 3-1. Phm vi bao qut ca qui hoch mng truyn
3.1.2. Cc nhn t trong cc mng truyn 3G. 3.1.2.1. Trm c s.
Cc trm c s ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc mng 3G, v vai tr ny khc so vi cc mng truyn GSM. V sau, nu s lng my thu (TRX) c bit n, vic tnh ton dung lng A bis c th c thc hin. Tuy nhin, vi cc d liu ng mt vai tr quan trng, cc thnh phn ca trm c s cng thay i, do vy thay i c kch thc v chc nng ca mng. Mt s khi n gin ho c th hin trong hnh 3-2. Mt ci nhn ngn gn v chc nng ca cc khi ny c a ra bn di.
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Hnh 3-2. S khi n gin ca trm c s 3G Anten v b khuch i cng sut: B lc tch cc tn hiu nhn v truyn. B khuch i, khuch i cc tn hiu nhn c. My thu pht: Cc my thu pht cha mt my pht v hai my thu. Mt TRX c hai di tn s c phn cch bng 190 MHz (cc khc bit ln so vi mt GSM), TRX bao gm iu khin cng sut chnh xc, mt kt cu khung khc, v phn knh khc Cc b cng v ghp: Cc b ny tng hp cc tn hiu t nhiu b cng v ghp khc t cc n v x l tn hiu B x l tn hiu (SP): Chc nng chnh ca b phn ny l thc hin m ho, gii m, v x l knh m (trong c hai hng nhn v truyn) Qun l ng dng (AM): B phn ny chu trch nhim v cc chc nng qun l v thc hin kim sot sng mang. T qui hoch mng truyn, AM din ra nh mt TRX trong qui hoch mng truyn OSM. S lng AM ph thuc vo lu lng c trm c s mang v da vo s lng t bo hay s TRX. Kt ni cho ATM (AXC): Kt ni ny chu trch nhim v kt ni cho ti cp ATM (phng thc truyn di b). N cng hot ng nh mt giao din gia AM v cc n v giao din. AXC c th l mt b phn ring bit.
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B giao din (IFU): IFU l giao din gia trm c s v giao din Iub. N c th thay i ph thuc vo loi truyn EI/TI/JTI hoc PDH/SDH .
3.1.2.2. B iu khin mng radio (RNC).
Nh ni chng trc, b iu khin mng radio trong cc mng 3G WCDMA ging vi BCS ca mt mng radio. Ngoi cc chc nng ging nhau, cn c thm mt chc nng chnh trong RNC, mt giao din, Iur,gia 2 RNC. RNC l mt yu t mng rt phc tp nhng mt s khi n gin ho c th hin trong hnh 3-3.
Hnh 3-3. S khi n gin ca b iu khin mng radio
Trong : Swiching & Mutiplexing: chuyn mch v ghp ni. Control Unit (RRM): b iu khin. B giao din (IFU): C hai loi b giao din chnh PDH v SDH. Trn c hai giao din (Iub/Iur/Iu), mt giao din SDH hoc giao din PDH c th c cu hnh. B chuyn mch v ghp ni: Phng thc truyn di b cu to nn xng sng ca cc mng WCDMA. Trong RNC, cc chc nng ca chuyn mch bao gm: cung cp h tr khi cn thit cho mng ATM, chuyn mch cc t bo ATM, chuyn mch AAL2 v ghp lu lng. B iu khin (RRM): Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn c coi l chc nng quan trng nht ca RNC. N tc ng ti tt c cc yu t ca qui hoch mng: radio, b truyn v li.
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B iu khin chu trch nhim v cc chc nng RRM nh: chuyn giao iu khin qun tr, iu khin cng sut v iu khin ti trng. N cng chu trch nhim v cc c ch iu khin i vi lch trnh c gi v cc dch v da trn v tr. Khi cc mng t bo chn mui, cc dch v da trn v tr ngy cng tr nn quan trng trong c hai mng 2G v 3G.
3.2. Qa trnh lp k hoch mng truyn
V c bn qu trnh lp k hoch mng truyn ging vi cc mng GSM nhng c iu khc bit quan trng l vic da vo cng ngh ATM. Qu trnh ny gm lp k hoch bnh thng v lp qui hoch chi tit. So vi GSM, vic xc nh kch thc mng truyn 3G li khc v trong qui hoch chi tit c cc thng s ATM c tnh ti. Tt c cc khu vc khc kh ging cc khu vc i vi miu t vi qui hoch mng truyn dn GSM. Qu trnh ny c th hin trong hnh 3-4.
Hnh 3-4. Qa trnh lp qui hoch mng truyn
Nominal Planning: k hoch bnh thng. Management: qun l. Quality: cht lng. Dimensioning: nh c. Survey: xem xt Protection: bo v. Topology: cu hnh. Detail Planning: k hoch Chi tit ATM Parameter Planning: Qui hoch tham s ATM. Synchonization: ng b
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Ch i vi k hoch bnh thng. K hoch bnh thng v c bn ging vi qui hoch mng truyn dn GSM: s bo v, cc tnh ton qu ng truyn, nh c trang thit b . Khc bit chnh nm trong qu trnh nh c mng truyn. V s hin din ca ging ni, d liu CS v mng d liu PS cng vi cc d liu tn ti trong c hai lu lng RT v NRR. nh c tr nn phc tp hn nhiu. Trc khi chng ta ni ti vic nh c mng truyn, hy xem xt mt vi nhn t tc ng n n.
3.3. M thc truyn di b (ATM).
Mng s a dch v bng rng (B-ISDN) cung cp cc kt ni k thut s lm cho cc h tr tc ln hn tc c bn (> 2Mbps) gia cc giao din mng s dng. B-ISDN c pht trin h tr vic kinh doanh v cc khch hng dn c, vi cc tc d liu c th thay i v lin tc, d liu, ging ni, v cc hnh nh ng, s truyn v cc ng dng a phng tin kt hp vi mt vi yu t dch v. tng ng sau s pht trin cng ngh ny l cung cp mt nn tng cho s pht trin tt c cc k thut trong tng lai. Bi v bn cht s thay i ca B-ISDN, ATM c la chn nh mt k thut chuyn mch v kt ni, v n c th cung cp cht lng dch v nh mong mun cho cc ng dng khc. S truyn thng tin din ra trong cc gi nh cng c bit n nh cc t bo. Mt t bo ATM di 53 byte v chia thnh hai phn: tin v ti trng. Tin di 5 byte v ti trng di 48 byte. Nhng t bo ny phn tch to nn cc knh chnh thc, cc knh ny lin tc ghp to nn cc ng chnh nh c th hin trong hnh 3-5. Phng tin truyn mang cc ng o ny, cc ng o c th thay i t mt n nhiu (ph thuc vo dung lng ca phng tin truyn).
Hnh 3-5. Kt ni ca mng ATM
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Trong : Virtual Channel: knh o Virtual Path: ng o Transmission path: ng truyn

3.3.1. Cu trc t bo.
Cu trc t bo ATM ph thuc vo hai loi giao din, c hai loi giao din. Loi giao din gia u cui ATM v chuyn mch ATM c xem nh giao din ngi dng - mng (UNI), v loi giao din gia hai chuyn mch ATM c xem nh giao din mng ni mng (NNU). C hai loi t bo c 1 tin 5 byte v ti trng 48 byte nh c th hin trong hnh 3-6.S khc bit nm trong cu trc ca tin . Nhiu b phn cu thnh tin c miu t bn di.
Hinh 3-6. Cu trc t bo
Trong : Header: mo u Payload: ti trng iu khin li tin (HEC): HEC c dng pht hin li v cha cc li I-bit ca tin 5 byte. B phn ny di 8 bit v chui ca n c tnh ton v t trong HEC ti bn truyn trong khi cc li c pht hin, c sa cha ti bn nhn. Cc nhn dng cho knh o v ng o: Nh ni, t bo ATM phn tch thnh cc ng o v knh o. - Mt chui t bo ATM thuc v mt loi dch v c bit hay im n l mt knh chnh thc.
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- ng o l mt s cc knh o chung mt kt ni n. Kt ni n gp cc knh o (VC) thnh mt ng o (VP). Cng nh vy n gin ho nh tuyn v chuyn mch ca cc t bo thuc v mt im n c bit v mt loi dch v c bit, cc VC c ni vi mt VP n. i vi t bo, c th nhn ra knh o v ng o ca n, thit b nhn bit c cn n. nh tuyn t bo da vo gi tr ca VCI v VPI. VPI c 8 bit cho UNI v 12 bit cho NNI. Kiu ti trng Kiu ti trng v c bn ch ra loi thng tin m mt t bo ang mang (thng tin ca ngi s dng hay thng tin qun l). Thng tin ca ngi s dng c th l v s nghn mng, trong khi thng tin qun l c th phn bit cc loi t bo nh: liu n l mt t bo lin kt hay l mt t bo qun l ti nguyn. u tin mt mt t bo (CLP) CLP l lnh vc thng tin I-bit dnh u tin cho s mt mt t bo v c bn c s dng cho qun l lu lng. C hai u tin dnh cho tn tht t bo ATM l: 0 v 1. Cc t bo c CLP = 1 b loi b trc cc t bo c CLP 0 trong cc trng hp v d nh trng hp tc nghn. iu khin lung chung (GFC) y l mt c im ca tin t bo UNI, ch yu gip ngi s dng iu khin cc dng lu lng t c cht lng dch v mong mun. N l mt khong trng 4 bit trong t bo UNI.
3.3.2. Lp giao thc ATM.
Cc tng ATM xem hnh 3-7 da vo m hnh chun B-ISDN bao gm ba mt phng: ngi s dng, iu khin v qun l. Mt phng ngi s dng gii quyt cc thng tin lin quan n ngi s dng nh iu khin dng, trong khi mt phng iu khin gii quyt cc thng tin lin quan n iu khin nh iu khin cuc gi.
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Hnh 3-7. Lp giao thc ATM
Trong : User Plane: mt phng ngi s dng. Manazemenr: qun l. Control Plane: mt phng iu khin. ATM Adaptation Layer: tng thch ng ATM. ATM layer: tng ATM. Phy si cal layer: tng vt l.
a. Tng vt l: ni chung, ngi ta ni rng tng vt l l mi trng vt l. Tuy
nhin ch l mt phn ca tng vt l. Trong cu trc ATM, tng vt l bao gm hai tng con: mi trng vt l (PM) v hi t truyn dn (IC). PM l tng ph thp nht v chc nng ca n ph thuc vo mi trng vt l. Cc chc nng chnh bao gm lin kt bit, m ng truyn, s chuyn i in nng. IC nm pha trn PM v cc chc nng chnh ca n bao gm vic duy tr t l t bo ca cc t bo ATM. N thc hin iu ny bng cch thm hoc bt cc t bo ph hp vi t l t bo ATM. ATM cn c cc chc nng khc bao gm s m t t bo, s to khung v phc hi khung.
b. Tng ATM:y l tng trong cc knh o v ng o c thit lp. N
chu trch nhim cung cp dch v kt ni c nh hng ( v d thit lp cc kt ni trc khi truyn). Cc c im ca tng ny c lp vi tng vt l bn di n. N chu trch nhim v iu khin dng chung (ch i vi UNI) v qu trnh to ra (v loi tr) ca cc tin t bo. Mt chc nng quan trng khc l chuyn i t bo ti cc nt kt ni cho/chuyn mch. Chnh trong tng ny cc t bo t cc VP v Ves ring b ghp thnh mt dng t bo hn hp.
c. Tng thch ng ATM (ALL).
Nh gi t ci tn ca n, ALL chuyn th cc ng dng theo mt cch c bit n trong cc tng ATM bn di, n cng c hai tng ph: SAR v
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CL. Tng SAR ly cc t bo t tng trn v gi chng ti tng ATM. Mt chc nng khc ca tng ny l ti hp, n lp rp cc t bo m n nhn c t tng ATM v chuyn ti tng CL. Tng ph hi t l mt giao din gia ng dng vi SAR. N tch cc t bo truyn i vi SAR v khi nhn c thng tin t SAR n cu to li cc t bo thnh thng ip gc. CL l mt tng ph da vo dch v ang thc hin, ALL cng l mt tng da vo dch v. C mt vi lp ALL h tr cc loi dch v, cc kt ni trong cp dch v, c cc yu cu cht lng dch v (QoS) tng t. Mng ny c th x l mi cp dch v ring bit bng cch cung cp cc ng o ring bit. Cc cp dch v di y c xc nh bi ATM. Tc bit khng i (CBR): n i hi c mt dch v thng tnh sn sng cho khong thi gian kt ni, lu lng c c nh v ng b. Mt v d in hnh l ging ni thi gian thc hay cc dch v v tuyn. T l bit thay i lin tc (RT-VBR): t l ny c dng cho cc dch v i hi mt t l bit thay i ti thi im s dng. Khi ng dng l thi gian thc, dch v thuc loi ny v d in hnh l video nn. Tc bt thay i thi gian khng thc (NRT-VBR): ci ny c dng cho cc ng dng khng nhy cm tr. Mt v d in hnh l email. T l bit sn c (ABR): lu lng cm vi nhu cu di thng c bit n thuc v loi ny. V c bn lu lng ny s i theo bt c di thng no m mng c th a ti n. Mt v d in hnh l web. Tc bit khng xc nh (UBR): cc ng dng m khng c yu cu kht khe i vi tr v nhng s thay i tr thuc v loi ny. N cng c bit n nh l n lc ti a lu lng v khng c QoS c m bo cho loi dch v nay. V d in hnh l email v FrP. Cc loi tng ALL khc nhau c th thc hin cc loi mng khc nhau. Hin c 5 tng ALL c nh s t ALL1 n ALL5. Chng c miu t ngn gn bn di. - Tng thch nghi ATM (ALL1): Tng ny c s dng cho lu lng i hi t l bit khng i v mt kt ni thng xuyn trong sut qu trnh ca n (v d ging ni). D liu nn c truyn vi
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cht lng cao v khong thi gian chm tr nh nht. Thng thng khi d liu c truyn t tng ny ti tng khc, mt vi mo u c thm vo dng d liu (cc mo u ny v c bn l mt vi bit c thm vo lm dng d liu tng hp). Mo u cng ln (s bit c thm vo cao hn) th thi gian chm tr cng lu. Cc mo u c gi mc nh nht gim thi gian tm ngng. Tng thch nghi 2 ATM (ALL2): y l tng dnh cho cc thng tin c t l bit thay i v i hi c mi quan h khng kht gia s truyn v ng h thu. N cung cp s truyn hiu qu cho cc gi ngn v c chiu di thay i. N c th phn tch cc gi ngn t nhiu ngi s dng ti mt kt ni ATM. ALL2 c thit k cho cc ng dng nh video nn (v d loi lu lng RT-VBR). Tng ny c th lm vic kim tra li xu chui d liu. Thnh thong khi d liu ang chy (v d ti trng trng rng) tng ny cng m thm ti trng ct duy tr tnh thi gian thc ca lu lng.
- Tng thch nghi 3 v 4 ATM (ALL3/4): C hai tng ny c dng cho vic truyn d liu. Mt c im khc ca cc tng ny l ghp knh, v d: cho php cng mt knh chnh mng lu lng t cc phin ghp. iu ny gip s dng hiu qa VC trong cc ng dng nh X.25. - Tng thch nghi 5 ATM (ALL5): Tng ny ging vi tng 3 v 4 nhng hiu qu hn. N c th c s dng cho c hai th tn v phng thc lung ca vic truyn d liu.
3.3.3. S kt ni v chuyn mch trong ATM
Khi cc t bo ATM di chuyn mng, cc gi tr VPI v VCI c th thay i ph thuc vo nh tuyn v a ch cc nhu cu ca mng v cc nhn t ATM. VCI v VPI ch c tm quan trng i vi mi giao din. Cc t bo c th vo trong mt chuyn mch ATM c bit vi cc gi tr VPIjVCI v ri n vi cc gi tr khc. VPIjVCI nhn dng cp ATM tip theo ca on m cc t bo phi di chuyn n im cui cng. Da vo mc ca cht lng chuyn mch ti cc t bo ny, cc t bo c th c chuyn mch c hai mc VC hay VP. Nu mt t bo c chuyn mch mc VC, n c chuyn mch t VP ny ti VP khc. Nu chuyn mch c thc hin
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mc VP, tt c cc VC c tp hp trong mt VP c bit qua ng truyn.

3.4. nh c.
Chng ta thy qu ng truyn v tuyn thay i cng vi cc t l d liu. Khi cc tc d liu tng, vng ph sng gim. Ging nh vy, cc tc d liu c tc ng ln i vi qui hoch mng truyn ngay t giai on nh c. Mt khi s lng cc trm c s c quyt nh, tt c cc giao din RAN (tr Iub, Iur,Iu) s c nh c nh s RNC s c cn n. i vi nh c cc giao din, cc kin thc v ngn xp giao thc l cn thit.
3.4.1. Ngn xp giao thc.
Hnh 3-8 l mt ngn xp giao thc. V c bn n th hin s di chuyn ca lu lng t trm di ng ti ca ng phng tin (MGW). Hnh 3-8b th hin mt s di chuyn lu lng tng t i vi d liu PS t mt trm di ng ti GGSN. Mt vi phn cng trong thit b ny th hin chc nng ca cc tng ny (v du trm c s). Cc SP th hin cc chc nng ca tng trong khi cc tng FP/ALL2/ATM xut hin trong qun l ng dng.
Hnh 3-8. Ngn xp giao thc
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3.4.2. Mo u
Mt im quan trng cn ch t nh c l, khi tn hiu di chuyn t tng ny ti tng khc, mt vi bit mo u c thm vo. Nhng bit ny lm tng nhu cu v cng sut ca giao din. Nh vy, khi o kch thc mi mo u phi c tnh ton k cng. Gi s rng mt thu bao di ng ang c thit lp mt kt ni vi mng. Khi cuc gi l ging ni (CS), n s theo cc ngn xp m c th hin trong hnh 3-8a. Cc mo u c i km vi cc tnh ton cng sut ca cuc gi s thm vo mo u h s tc ng ca ting ni (VAF), mo u chuyn giao mm (SHO), mo u ngn giao thc, mo u bo hiu. Mo u h s tc ng ca ting ni (VAF): khi mt di ng c ni mng, thu bao s ni hoc nghe (phng thc im lng hoc ch ng). Trong c hai trng hp mt vi bit s c cn n cho hot ng ca phng thc . Loi kt ni ging ni c th c xc nh trong cc m thc AMR (adaptive multi-rate) C 8 t l AMR, t AMR- 0 n AMR- 7, vi cc tc t 12,2 kbps n 4,75 kbps. Thng thng nh c cho thoi c thc hin i vi AMR 0 hay tc codec 12,2 kbps. Mo u chuyn giao mm (SOH): SOH m bo s kt ni lin tc cho thu bao, SOH chim nhiu dung lng hn. Trong mt vi trng hp dung lng i hi c th ln ti 150%. Mo u ngn xp: khi tn hiu chuyn t tng ny sang tng khc, mi tng c thm vo mt vi bit, mo u ngn xp bao gm: RLC, FP v ALL2, cc tng. Mo u s thay i theo tng loi cuc gi (v d AMR codec). Mo u bo hiu: i vi mi cuc gi, s pht tn hiu l cn c. Bo hiu ny cng cn c dung lng kt hp n vi cc d liu (CS/PS), khi mt cuc gi c thc hin t thu bao ny ti thu bao khc. Hin nhin dung lng ny cng cn c thm vo. Nu ngi s dng ang thc hin mt cuc gi, mt vi mo u trn s thay i ph thuc vo loi cuc gi (v d tc d liu). Mi loi d liu khc nhau s c mt loi mo u khc nhau. Tuy nhin i vi mt cuc gi d liu, VAF khng c quan tm v s khng c hot ng ging ni.
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Nhng mo u i vi qu trnh truyn li v m c cn n. Tng s dung lng cn cho qu trnh m thng l tng t cn cho s truyn.
a. Pht tn hiu trn cc giao din truyn.
Chng ta xem cc cu trc UTRAN. Da vo n, cc loi pht tn hiu sau y c cn n trong nhiu giao din. Tng thch nghi bo hiu ATM (ALL2): tn hiu ALL2 c cn n thit lp, duy tr v hon thnh cc kt ni ALL2. N cng th hin cc chc nng nh kim tra li, hay mang tn hiu cho cc tng ATM thp hn. NBAP (trong Iub): NBAP bao gm hai loi, C-NBAP v D-NBAP. CNBAP chu trch nhim x l cc knh nh: RACH/FACH, hnh dng t bo, qun l li . D-NBAP c cn n th hin cc knh chuyn dng, qun l li giao din, hnh thi ca kt ni radio RNSAP (trong Iur): RNSAP chu trch nhim v chc nng nh: qun l kt ni v tuyn, cu hnh li knh vt l, cc kch thc ca cc ngun chuyn dng, kim sot phng thc nn, sa tri ngun, ch ra li, truyn tn hiu UL/DL RANAP: RANAP chu trch nhim v tm gi, iu khin dng ti UTRAN, iu khin phng thc mt ho, bo co v tr, iu khin cng sut, truyn trc tip, gii quyt li, cc th tc chuyn giao
b. Cc nhn t khc.
Khi mt cuc gi c truyn t trm c s n MSC (i vi ging ni) hay SGSN (i vi d liu), mo u c thm vo. Khi cc chc nng RRM c t vo RNC, khng c chuyn giao mm ti giao din Iu-cs, chnh v vy khng c nhn t no c tnh n. Tuy nhin cc nhn t nh xc sut nghn v tn hiu nn c tnh n. Nu l mt cuc gi d liu, nn thm vo vi mo u c bit l cc mo u lin quan n ngn xp GTP, ngoi cc mo u c thm vo nh UDP, IP ( cp hnh 3-3) v cc mo u lin quan n tn hiu.
c.nh c RNC
Mt b phn ng ch khc l nh c RNC. N da vo dung lng ca RNC x l.
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Lu lng giao din (v d. Iub/Iur/Iu). S lng TRX. S BTS.

3.5. Qui hoch kt ni vi ba.
Qui hoch kt ni vi ba tng t nh qui hoch mng truyn GSM. Tuy nhin, trong mng 3G, ATM trong cc lin kt vi ba to ra s quan tm i vi cht lng ca cc lin kt.
3.5.1. T l li v cht lng ATM.
Trong truyn GSM, mt BER = 10-3 c coi l tt p ng cht lng mong i, nhng cc kt ni truyn GSM mang nhiu lu lng thoi hn d liu. Trong cc mng 3G, vi s thay i lu lng (v d nhiu d liu lin quan n ging ni hn), cc tiu chun mi c cn n cho h thng truyn. Hn na, cc mng trong 3G l ATM. Khc bit chnh trong kt ni vi ba gia GSM v 3G l BER. Khi yu cu v cht lng i vi d liu cht ch hn, mt ngng BER c tnh n trong sut ng kt ni. Cc tiu chun nh: ITU-T G.828, ITU-T 1.356 v ITU-T 1.357 c gi s dng, v ATM i hi cht lng truyn cao. Cc gi tr c xut ca ngng l 10-3 v 10-6 i vi PDH v SDH. Mt kha cnh khc c quan tm l bn thn cht lng ATM. Cht lng ATM c o bng cch dng cc tham s nh CLR. gi gi tr ny mc thp nht, mc tiu sn sng thng c gi ln hn 99,9%. Tuy nhin cn ch rng iu ny c th ph thuc vo nhng i hi ca nh khai thc.
3.5.2. Cu hnh.
Cc mng truyn trong GSM c nhiu dng nh: sao, chui, vng lp tri li trong mng 3G iu ny s khng xy ra t nht l ban u. C hai l do chnh gii thch cho iu ny: nhng nhu cu dung lng v tr. Lu lng trong cc mng 3G bao gm: ging ni, d liu CS, d liu PS v cc knh chung nh: RACH, FACH . Nu c khong 7 ngi s dng ang to ra lu lng ging ni, v 3 ngi s dng to ra CS-64 v PS-64, khi tng lu lng c to ra bi trm c s s l 50 Erl, trong ring cc knh chung to thnh hn 30 Els. Ci ny tng dung lng cn c ln
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khong 4 Els, trong khi trong mng truyn GSM mt cu hnh s cn dung lng khng n 1 Els. Nh vy nhng chui di hn s khng thch hp trong cc mng ny. Mt l do khc, tr lm cho mng hnh sao c u thch hn trong cc mng truyn 3G. i vi lu lng thi gian thc, c bit l cc d liu, tr s l nn tng ca cht lng. Cc chui di hn c ngha s cn nhiu thi gian hn cho cc lu lng t ti RNC/CGSN, iu ny s gim cht lng ca cuc gi. Mt cu hnh c s dng gim tr.
3.6. K hoch chi tit.
Nh c th hin trong hnh 3-4. K hoch chi tit c bn kha cnh chnh: k hoch 2Mb, ng b, ATM v k hoch h thng qun l mng. Nguyn tc ca k hoch 2Mb ging nh c miu t trong GSM, k hoch tham s li khc.
3.6.1. Qui hoch tham s
V lin quan n ATM, qui hoch tham s gi y tr thnh phn quan trng ca qui hoch mng truyn. Da vo , qui hoch truyn dn trong cc mng 3G tr thnh nhim v phc tp hn v nhiu thch thc hn khi so snh vi qui hoch truyn dn trong mng GSM. Chng ta thy cc phn c bn ca ATM trong cc phn trn. C hai kha cnh chnh c ch trong phn ny: tham s cu hnh ATM v tham s lin quan n cht lng ATM. Tuy nhin trc khi chng ta cp n qui hoch tham s v cc dch v c cp bi mng ATM, hy tm hiu ring v qun l lu lng trong ATM.
3.6.2. Qun l lu lng trn ATM.
Ngoi cc knh v ng dn chnh nh ni, cn c cc VPC v cc SVC. Mt PVC (kt ni chnh thng xuyn) c thit lp trong mt c s thng xuyn, cc PVCs c to nn bi NMS hay cc qun l phn t, trong khi cc SVC i hi cn c mt ngn xp bo hiu to nn kt ni. ATM bo hiu c s dng to cc kt ni chnh thc cho php chuyn mch v trm cui tip xc, chuyn giao cc thng tin cht lng dch v v qun l cc kt ni ny. Tn hiu trong ATM lun lun c coi l ngoi bng v lun c mt cp gi tr VCI/VPI gi thng ip tn hiu n trm cui t mt trm yu cu mt kt ni chnh.
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Qu trnh ny xy ra nh th no? Khi mt thit b ATM mun to kt ni vi thit b ATM khc, n gi yu cu tn hiu trc tip ti chuyn mch ATM c kt ni, cc gi yu cu tn hiu cha ng a ch im n cui v mi tham s c cht lng dch v mong mun cho kt ni chnh thc. Gi pht tn hiu c cc chuyn mch thu thp li v c kim tra xem liu n c cc ti nguyn i cng cc tham s c cht lng dch v c mong i to mt kt ni nh vy hay khng. Sau , n to ra mt PC trn cc lin kt u vo v cui cng tun theo yu cu ngoi giao din nh c ch r trong bn chuyn mch ca n ti chuyn mch ATM tip theo phn tch xa hn cho n khi n t n ch cui. Tip theo cc kt ni ch V c thit lp dc theo ng dn n ch cui cng trong khi mi cng tc trong ng kim tra hp tn hiu v tin n chuyn mch tip theo. Nu mt chuyn mch khng th cung cp QoS, yu cu b t chi v tin nhn khi b gi tr li ti im xut pht. Nu im cui c th h tr QoS, n tr li bng tin chp nhn cng nh VCINPI i vi s chp nhn cc kt ni, cc chc nng qun l lu lng m bo rng mi kt ni tun th hp ng lu lng nh nht tr. iu ny lin quan n cc chc nng v k thut qun l lu lng nh: - Tham s lu lng. - iu khin qun tr kt ni CAC. - iu khin v theo di s phi hp. - Xp hng.
a. Tham s lu lng.
Chng ta phi xem xt cc loi dch v sn c trong ATM. Mi loi dch v ny c xc nh bi mt tham s lu lng, b ny miu t tnh cht ca ngun lu lng. Nhng tham s ny c thit lp m bo v tun th cht lng dch v mong mun thng qua mng ATM. Cc tham s lu lng chung nht nh sau: PCR: thit b ny xc nh tc tc thi ln nht m ngi dng s truyn. N c th tnh ton nh nghch o ca khong thi gian ti thiu gia cc t bo. Nu khong cch thi gian gia hai t bo l 1s, khi PCR s l 1/(1x10-6s) = 106 t bo trn 1giy.
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T l t bo duy tr (SCR): c nh ngha nh t l trung bnh ca t bo khi o lng trong mt khong thi gian. N cng c bit n nh l t l t bo trung bnh. Kch thc cm cc i (MBS): tham s ny xc nh s t bo ln nht c th c truyn ti t bo cao nht. T l t bo nh nht (MCR): tham s ny xc nh mt cch c bn t l t bo nh nht c ngi s dng cn n, n l mt tc c thng lng bi h thng cui v mng m tc t bo truyn khng bao gi xung di gi tr nh nht. CDVT: y l mt d tr li v xc nh s thay i c th chp nhn trong khong thi gian truyn t bo. Cc tham s nh nh ngha trn xc nh loi lu lng ny c gi l cc m t lu lng. Trc khi mt kt ni c thc hin, mt hp ng lu lng c thng lng da trn cc nhn t nh: m t lu lng . Cc m t lu lng ny xc nh cc loi lu lng. Tuy nhin cht lng ca lu lng cng l mt kha cnh quan trng ca ATM. ATM chn u xc nh su tham s cho mc ch ny, ba ci u tin trong danh sch mc bn di c th c thng lng, trong khi ba ci sau trong mc khng th c thng lng. CLR: y l t l s lng t bo b mt trong sut qu trnh truyn, so vi tng s lng t bo truyn. Cc t bo c th b mt do li, tc nghn, hay thm ch cc tm ngng quan trng trn ng tr v ca cc t bo. tr chuyn giao t bo (CTD): khi mt t bo c truyn t ngun ti im n ca n, s tm ngng c th xy ra do truyn sng, xp hng .CTD c th c nh ngha nh l mt khong thi gian trung bnh t bo cn i t ngun ti im n bao gm c nhng ln tm ngng. S thay i tr t bo (CDV): thay i trong tr ca truyn t bo c o lng bi tham s CDV. CDV c th c nh ngha l s khc nhau gia tr chuyn giao t bo v tr chuyn giao trung bnh trn cng kt ni. T l t bo li (CER): y l t l t bo li so vi tng s t bo.
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T l khi t bo li nghim trng (SECBR): y l t l cc khi t bo SES c nhn so vi tng s khi t bo c truyn. T s chn nhm t bo khi t bo (CMR): do c cc li trong mt vi mo u, cc t bo c th n sai ch. CMR l tng s t bo chn nhm c quan st trong sut mt khong thi gian c th chia thnh cc khong thi gian ngn, tng t nh cc t bo b chn nhm trong thi gian kt ni. T bo chn nhm v cc khong thi gian ngng cng cc khi t bo li nghim trng khng c tnh n trong tnh ton t s chn nhm t bo. Cc tham s lu lng ATM lin quan n cc dch v c cung cp bi mng ATM, c th hin trong bng 3-1.
Bng 3-1
Dch v c cung cp bi mng ATM Kiu tham s lu lng CBR CR-VBR NRT-VBR ABR UBR
b. iu khin qun tr kt ni (CAC).
Tham s lu lng PCR PCR, SCR, MBS PCR, SCR, MBS MCR PCR
Tham s QoS CDV CDV, CTD, CLR CLR
Cc thut ton CAC xc nh liu mt kt ni mi c c chp nhn hay t chi. Mt yu cu kt ni c chp nhn ch khi sn c cc ngun y v kt ni khng nh hng n QoS ang tn ti. Mt vi nhn t c quan tm n i vi mt yu cu kt ni l: - Cc tham s lu lng ca cc kt ni mi v cc nhu cu QoS. - Cc lin lc lu lng ang tn ti v cc kt ni. - Di thng, c hai c phn phi v khng c phn phi.
c. Theo di v iu khin s tng hp.
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Xc nh theo di chu trch nhim trong vic ch ra khi no mt lin lc lu lng b hu, v d: nu mng khng th cung cp mt di thng tho thun hay ngi s dng vt qu tc bit cn thit. iu ny xy ra theo hai c ch: theo chnh sch v theo dng. Theo chnh sch l mt hm tham s s dng UPF. UPF m bo rng trong sut qu trnh kt ni ny kim tra xem n c nm trong dch v lin lc khng. Nu c cc t bo khng ph hp, khi mng s tin hnh cc hot ng thch hp vi cc t bo ny nh: s thit lp CLP bit ca cc t bo khng ph hp, nh vy s to ra cc t bo thch hp o thi. Qa trnh o thi ny c thc hin ngn bt c t bo khng ph hp no nh hng n cht lng dch v QoS ca cc t bo ph hp. Chc nng nh dng lu lng, sa i dng lu lng v thay i c tnh ca cc dng t bo s dng t c hiu qu mng ci thin v gim ti mc thp nht lng t bo b mt.
d. Xp hng, m, phc v t bo v iu khin tc nghn.
Duy tr cht lng ti u ca mng, ATM thc hin mt lot c ch x l t bo bao gm: xp hng, m, phc v t bo v iu khin tc nghn. Xp hng s xy ra khi hai t bo n cng lc v i n cng im. Khi cc t bo c t l bit cao hn i qua mt kt ni o vi mt di thng thp hn, s tc nghn s xy ra. m ca t bo xy ra khi hai hay nhiu t bo phc v c xc nh cng mt u ra ti cng mt thi im. Phc v t bo nh s gim t bo xy ra khi mt t bo khng ph hp vi CLP bit c t ti mt im n s gy ra tc nghn.
3.6.3. Phn t mng v cc tham s cu hnh giao din.
Cu hnh ca cc nhn t mng i hi s c th ho nhiu tham s. Cc tham s ny lin quan n cc giao din, ATM, IP . V ATM c s dng nh mt k thut chuyn mch v ghp knh trong cc mng 3G, khi ny c th c kt hp vi trm c s (c ch ra trong hnh 3-2) hoc c th ng c lp. Qui hoch hay thit lp tham s c cn n cho phn cng giao din, ATM kt ni cho v cc loi lin quan n a ch IP ca khi kt ni cho ATM.
a. Cc tham s khi giao din.
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Cc tham s khi giao din lin quan n phn cng v cc khi giao din PDH/SDH m c s dng truyn ATM trn PDH hay SDH. Cc tham s khi phn cng v c bn c lin quan n loi phn cng h thng ang c s dng, v d: liu n ph thuc vo ETSI hay ANSI. Cc tham s giao din PDH/SDH lin quan n cu hnh ca u cui PDH hay SDH ang c s dng. Nhng ci ny bao gm mt vi tham s ang kim tra ngoi tr cc tham s c cn n t cu hnh cc im cui ny. Khi kt cu ca SDH phc tp hn PDH, nhiu tham s c cn n hn vi qu trnh t cu hnh, n lin quan n b ghp knh, b ti sinh
b. Tham s kt ni cho ATM.
iu ny to ra nhm tham s ln nht c cu hnh. Nhm ny bao gm cc tham s c dng n cho hot ng xc nh v kt thc ca cc knh o, cc ng o v cc kt ni cho ca chng. Cng nh vy, cc tham s miu t loi lu lng m ang c nhng knh o v ng o ny mang, c cu hnh. Cc qui tc c lp ra bi ATM hay ITV khuyn ngh i vi cc knh o v ng o nn c tun theo, v d nh s lng VCI c d phng hay s lng ti a/ti thiu cc bit c th c s dng cho VCI NPI. Mi nh khai thc lm theo s nh s ring ca n nn c tn trng. S kt ni cho trong mt mng ATM c th ti mt mc vt l, mc VP v mc VC (trong cc mng truyn GSM, cc kt ni cho ch din ra ti mc vt l). Nu s m rng c ngh n sm, cc kt ni cho mc VP nn c thc hin nh mt s t cc cu hnh li c cn n ch khi cc nt mi c thm vo. Cc kt ni cho mc VC kh phc tp c bit nu ch s dng 1VC. Mt v d c th hin trong hnh 3-9.
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Hnh 3-9. S kt ni cho v kt thc ATM Trong : ATM Cross-Connect Unit: kt ni cho ATM. Router: thit b dn ng. Signalling: tn hiu. User Plane: mt phng ngi dng.
c. Tham s a ch.
C hai a ch IP chung v ring nn c xc nh r rng. Cc a ch IP ring c s dng cho cc lin lc ni b v khng th thay i c, trong khi cc a ch IP chung c cc nhn t mng khc lin lc v c th c thay i. Cc tham s lin quan n cc a ch IP v cc bng nh tuyn nn c xc nh.
d.Cc tham s ng b.
Cc tham s lin quan n ng b ca cc kt ni cho ATM v d nh: s xc nh ngun ng h hay ng b ngun nn c thc hin cng vi s u tin cc ngun ny nu c nhiu hn mt ng h.
3.6.4. Tm tt cc c im qui hoch ATM.
Mt s hiu bit chi tit v cng ngh ATM l cn thit i vi qui hoch ATM. Qui hoch ATM to ra s quan tm i vi vic xc nh cc: Loi lu lng. Cc kt ni VP v VC. S lng VPs v VCs. Kt ni cho VC v VP.
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Cc tham s kt ni VP v VC vt l. Mt vi kha cnh ny c th hin trong hnh 3-10, trong cc ng k xm th hin cc ng vt l, cc ng en m th hin cc VPC v cc ng en m th hin cc VCC.
Hnh 3-10. Qui hoch ATM
Tt c cc khia cnh ny ca qui hoch ATM u phc tp c bit i vi mt mng rng. Trong giai on trin khai mng, qu trnh ny tr nn phc tp v chm chp. V l do ny, cc cng c qui hoch ATM tt c dng n.
3.6.5. K hoch ng b.
Bn thit k k hoch ng b cho mng 3G kh ging bn thit k ny cho mng 2G. ng h di chuyn t MSC n BSC, t BSC n BTS v t BTS n cc yu t mng khc. ng h bn ngoi (thng l ng h lin h ch yu, PRC) c p dng ti MSC, MSC s phn b n xa hn ti MOW, ri MOW gi n xa hn ti PNC. V cui cng n c phn b ti cc trm c s v cc yu t mng khc. iu ny c th hin trong s 3-11.
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Hnh 3-11. ng b cho 3G
Mt iu quan trng cn nh l thm ch trong cc mng 3G, c th c mt s yu t mng thuc v mng 2G. Trong cc trng hp , cc tham s ATM cn c quan st k lng v cc yu t mng 2G thng thc hin cc lu lng TDMA v lm vic vi gi thit rng lu lng c nhn l ng b, iu ny khng ng i vi mng ATM.
3.6.6. Qui hoch qun l mng.
Bc cui cng trong thit k mng truyn ny l k hoch qun l mng . K hoch qun l mng bao gm vic qun l lin lc ca mng DCN (mng truyn thng d liu), mng ny s dng tng phn cp k tip qua ATM, v d: tng ATM. K hoch ny cng s c thng tin v qun l thit b truyn nh sng PDH v thit b SDH. Trong khi thc hin k hoch DCN, ngi thit k phi quan tm n nhiu kha cnh ch yu l dung lng ca giao din Iub. Dung lng ca giao din ny c th khoanh vng t 32kbps n 128kbps. Mt kha cnh khc l cu hnh, cc cu hnh ging nhau c s dng trong thit k mng c th c dng i vi qui hoch DCN bao gm cc cu hnh chui. Cc kt ni c th da vo IP trn ATM hay IP thun tu. Trong c hai trng hp a ch IP phi lun c phm vi cho s dng trong tng lai, c trong lnh vc yu t mng v cng ngh. Trong mt vi nm ti, cc cng ngh th h th t s l
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cc mng IP. Tt nhin cc gii hn v trang thit b cng phi c tnh n khi lp k hoch a ch IP.
3.7. Ti u ho mng truyn dn. 3.7.1. C s ti u ho truyn dn.
Qu trnh trin khai mng truyn v c bn ging nh cc mng truyn GSM nhng c thm hai iu cn quan tm l s thit lp tham s v cht lng dch v. Qa trnh ny bt u bng vic xc nh cc ch th cht lng chnh (KPIs) v qu trnh chn d liu. Tip theo l vic phn tch cc d liu c la chn v phng din cng sut, khi cht lng v cc thit lp tham s. Cc k hoch ti u cui cng khi buc phi p ng cht lng dch v nh mong mun. Xem hnh 3-12
Hnh 3-12. Qa trnh ti u
Trong : Dinition of Key Perfomance Indicatiors: xc nh cc ch th cht lng. Data Collection: chn d liu. Network Capacity Analysia: phn tch cng sut mng. Network Quality Analysis: phn tch cht lng mng. Parameter Selling: Thit lp tham s.
3.7.2. Xc nh qu trnh.
Qui hoch ti u ca mng 3G c mc ch ch yu l cng sut v cht lng chng li s st gim ca QoS, mong mun ti cc ng dng ca thu bao. Trong GSM c rt t cc ch th cht lng chnh, ch yu lin quan
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n cht lng mng tn s. Tuy nhin, khi ATM c s dng trong cc mng truyn 3G, s lng cc tham s gia tng nhanh chng, v vy lm tng s lng cc KPI. Cc tham s QoS ca ATM l nhng tham s c th nghim l chnh v chng hot ng nh cc KPI i vi ti u mng truyn trong cc mng 3G. Vic thu thp d liu ch yu lin quan d liu mng ang tn ti nh th cu hnh a im v ca mng (v d cc cp cng sut c th nghim ti thi im a vo hot ng) v ch th cht lng ca KPIs.
3.7.3. Phn tch mng.
Qu trnh ny ch yu bao gm s phn tch cng sut v cht lng.

a.Phn tch cng sut.
i vi mng truyn GSM, s tnh ton v nh gi cng sut tng i d dng. Nu cu hnh a im ca cc TRX c bit n, cng sut cn n cho lin kt c th c tnh ton mt cch d dng. Tuy nhin phn tch dung lng ca mng 3G khng trc tip. Chng ta bit rng cc tnh ton dung lng ph thuc vo cc loi lu lng, v v vy khng th c tnh ton trc tip t s lng TRX hay s lng cc qun l ng dng c s dng trong trm c s. Nh vy tham s lu lng v cht lng t c l cc u vo quan trng. Mt s gia tng trong lu lng l l do ch yu cho s phn tch cng sut. Thng thng khi cng sut kt ni c o lng trong giai on tin qui hoch, cc nhu cu trong tng lai c tnh n. Trong ti u mng truyn GSM, mt s gia tng trong lu lng s dn ti mt s gia tng s lng cc TRX. Ngc li, trong cc mng 3G, phn tch cng sut c cn n thng xuyn hn bi v khng ch lu lng tng m cc loi lu lng (RT, NRT ) cng thay i. Mt s gia tng trong lu lng c th dn n mt s gia tng trong s lng cc b x l tn hiu, qun l ng dng v cc TRX trong trm c s, v bt c s gia tng no trong chng s dn n mt s gia tng cng sut kt ni. Chng ta thy rng mt trm c s vi mt s lng nh ngi s dng to ra lu lng thc cht. Thm ch nu s lng gia tng ngi s dng nh, d liu c gi c th tng (v d mt s lng nh ngi s dng to ra lu lng PS), v khi c s lng AM v cng sut lin kt s cn c tng.
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mt s gia tng trong cng sut kt ni c ngha rng cng sut RNC phi c kim tra li. Nh vy cng sut ca mng truyn c th c tng bi: - Tng s b x l tn hiu, qun l ng dng v TRX. - Tng s lng trm c s. - Tng s lng cng sut ca cc RNC.
b. Ti u ho cht lng.
M thc truyn di b c la chn cho cc dch v B-ISDN ct cht lng dch v c m bo. Nh vy ATM s l mt khu vc trng im trong ti u mng 3G. Cht lng ca tng vt l l mt vng an ninh khc.
3.7.4. S phn tch tng ATM.
Phn tch hot ng ca hai tng ATM: ALL2 v ALL5 (cho d liu CS v PS lin tip) l iu cn quan tm trc tin. Hot ng ca hai tng ny c th c kim tra vi s gip ca cc b m v cc ch th cht lng trong cc h thng qun l. Cc b m/ o ny ch yu c quan st tnh ton cc t l li v cc khong thi gian chm tr. Trong hu ht cc trng hp s gim cp, s chm tr l mt l do gy nn. Cc nhn t c th gy ra s gim st cht lng v chm tr bao gm: Truyn sng: s thay i trong cc iu kin truyn sng c th buc mi trng vt l gy ra cc s ngng tr trong qu trnh vn chuyn cc bit trong cc t bo ATM gia cc nt v cc chuyn mch ATM. Mt nguyn nhn khc c th l hot ng ca mi trng vt l. Bt c s gim st no ca ESR v SESR s dn n s gim st trong hot ng ca tng ATM. Lu lng: cc thit k ATM c thit k cho tp c ca cc tham s. Nu lu lng truy nhp tng nh c mong i, s ngng tr t bo c th xy ra. Trn c s ca s gia tng lu lng ny, mt cht lng dch v (QoS) cao hn khng th c m bo. Kiu kin trc: kiu kin trc ca cc yu t mng (v d: cc chuyn mch) c th c tc ng su sc ti hot ng ca mng. Cc nhn t nh th cng sut m, dung lng chuyn mch kt ni cho ATM v tc s tc ng ti cht lng dch v QoS.
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N c ch trc rng c ba tham s dn n cht lng ti u trong ATM: CLR, CTD, CDV. Cht lng ca ba tham s ny dn n cht lng ca tng ATM. Cc mc tiu cht lng c tng ATM p ng c miu t trong khuyn ngh ITV-1:356, trong a cc QoS v cc mc tiu cht lng mng cho cc tham s nh: CDV, CLR, CMR, SECBR v CTD. Mt tham s quan trng phi c hiu giai on ny l CDVT. CDVT xc nh gii hn cao hn trong tr t bo. Tham s ny chu trch nhim xc nh trong mng nhm m bo rng lu lng (hay t bo) t ti ch n ca chng trong mt gi tr d tr tr mong mun. Nh vy v c bn, bt c t bo no khng tn trng hp ng dch v b o thi. Ni chung CDVT c th c tnh bng t l nghch ca PCR. Cc k s lp k hoch mng truyn nn cp n khuyn ngh c nhiu thng tin hn cho cc gi tr CDVT thch hp. Cc chc nng ging nh: loi b khung v loi b gi mt phn c s dng trnh tc nghn v ci thin thng lng. To dng lu lng l mt trong cc c ch s tc ng n cc c im lp t bo m bo c mt lu lng thu c d on hn vi tn tht t bo t hn. Nh vy c hiu qu v cht lng ca lp t bo c duy tr. Hot ng ca tng vt l l mt vn then cht khc. Khng c mc ch no c xc nh cho SES ATM (tr trong cc qu trnh xc nh). Cc mc tiu v s khng sn c cc kt ni ATM lin quan n gi tr ngng ny.
3.7.5. Tham s iu chnh.
Cc yu t u vo ca c qu trnh phn tch c th c chia lm ba loi chnh. Cc tham s nh c cu to nn cc yu t u vo u tin. Cc yu t u vo th hai n t mng thc hin thc t, nh vy l cng sut/ dung lng ca cc kt ni v phng tin truyn thng c s dng, cng vi ng b v iu chnh qun l mng. Yu t u vo th ba trong dng cc tham s ATM v cc tham s mng radio. Trong hnh 3-13: Dimensioning Parameters: cc tham s nh c. General Data: D liu tng hp. Network Prameters: tham s mng. Network Analysis: phn tch mng. Opimised Paramaters: Tham s ti u.
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Hnh 3-13. Qu trnh nghin cu tc ng ca tham s radio ti mng truyn
Cc tham s nh c ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong ton b qu trnh. Ban u mng c o kch thc da vo cc nhn t nh kin thc v cc phng tin sn c ti thi im m mng c khai trng. Ri c nhiu yu t v tham s thay i v vy s l cn thit tin hnh nh gi li s o lng (nh c) . D liu tng hp bao gm d liu c thc hin thc t nh: cu hnh, cc tnh ton qu ng truyn, s phn tch tham kho, cc cng sut/ dung lng ca cc lin kt . Cng vi nng lng nhn c thc t, cc ng cong h thng v cc d tr fa inh ghi c. Cng nh vy v lu di cc d tr fa inh c th ghi li mt giai on nht nh. D liu v sn sng cng c th c ghi li mt giai on lu hn. Cc tham s mng radio li chia thm thnh cc tham s nh c v tham s ti u. Bt c tc ng no ca tham s ti u radio c th c thy trn cc tham s mng truyn. Bng cch ny, v sau khi kt thc qu trnh, mi quan h gia cc tham s radio nht nh v hot ng mng truyn c th c kim tra v t cho php thit lp cc tham s ny nhm m bo rng cc hot ng ca c hai mng truyn v mng radio t c cht lng dch v tt nht cho mng. Mt khi iu ny c thc hin, cc tham s ti u c phn hi li mt ln na ti phn tch mng ct kim tra cho liu chng c ang a ra cc ti u mng mong mun.
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Kt lun
Sau mt thi gian nghin cu v thc hin n, c s gip tn tnh ca thy gio i t, PGS TS V Kim cng cc thy c trong b mn Thng tin, khoa in t Vin Thng, Hc Vin K Thut Qun S, ti hon thnh n ng tin v yu cu ra. n tm hiu v Qui hoch v ti u ho mng truyn dn 3G l n tm hiu v mt th h di ng mi p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Hin nay h thng thng tin di ng th h th 3 ang c p dng mang li s tho mn ca con ngi. Vi kt qu t c ti hi vng n ca mnh phn no gip cc bn c hiu thm v h thng di ng th h th 3. Do thi gian chun b cn han hp v trnh nhn thc ca bn thn, nn n ca ti cn nhiu thiu st. Knh mong nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca cc thy c v cc bn. Mt ln na xin chn thnh cm n!
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Ti liu tham kho
96

Quy Hoach Va Toi Uu Hoa Mang Truyen Dan 3G

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Quy Hoach Va Toi Uu Hoa Mang Truyen Dan 3G

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B gio dc v o to

HC VIN K THUT QUN S

qui hoch v ti u ho mng truyn dn 3g

Gio vin hng dn: thy gio, i t PGS TS V Kim

Communication Paket Chennel Knh gi chung

Network-to-Network Interface Giao din lin mng

Release 1999 of 3GPP UMTS Phin bn 1999 ca tiu chun

An ITU-T Protocol for Packet Mt th tc ITU-T s dng cho

lch s pht trin ca thng tin di ng v mt s yu cu i vi h thng 3G

1.1.1. Lch s pht trin.

Hnh 1-1. Phn ph xut ca UTRA

W-CDMA Uplink(FDD) 1920

iu khin cng sut Di ng cng sut pht Chuyn cell

Hot ng lin cell iu khin cng sut Chuyn cell

FDD: ng b TDD: ng b Vng m v kn Chuyn cell mm Chuyn cell lin tn

iu ch tri ph trc tip( N= 3)

Hnh 1-3. V d chng ln trong CDMA2000

Qun l mng (NMS)

bss ms bts bsc trau msc/vlr

gmsc isdn pspdn psdn x25 cspdn

Hnh 1-4. Cu trc mng GSM

bss ms bts bsc trau msc/vlr

gmsc isdn pspdn psdn x25 cspdn

Qun l mng (NMS)

bss ms bts bsc trau msc/vlr

gmsc isdn pspdn psdn x25 cspdn

HLR/AuC/EIR Thay i HW& SW cho HSCSD

Hnh 1-6. Mng d liu chuyn mch knh tc cao HSCSD.

Qun l mng (NMS)

bss ms bts bsc trau msc/vlr

gmsc isdn pspdn psdn x25 cspdn

HLR/AuC/EIR Thay i HW& SW cho GPRS

Mng d liu khc Internet

Hnh 1-7. Gii php GPRS.

bss ms bts bsc trau msc/vlr

gmsc isdn pspdn psdn x25 cspdn

Thay i HW& SW cho EDGE

Mng d liu khc sgsn ggsn Internet

Hinh 1-8. Mng EDGE.

isdn psdn cspdn

Hnh 1-10. 3GPP-R4.

sgsn ip/atm ip/atm

ggsn IP. Multimedia

Hnh 1-11. 3GPP-R5.

2 Mbps 3g3x 144 kbps

3g1x 64 kbps is- 95b 14.4 kbps is- 95a

Hnh 1-12. K hoch trin khai 3G t CDMA One

1.2.2.1. CDMA IS-95B.

Tng khng truy nhp Min CS

Mng truy nhp

Tng truy nhp Cu Uu Iu Min PS Yu

Hnh 2-1. M hnh khi nim.

Rnc Vng CN PS SGSN bs ue Rnc

Hnh 2-2. M hnh cu trc

iu khin di ng iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn

Hnh 2-3. Cu trc qun l ti nguyn.

Hnh 2-4. Cu trc dch v

Vng mng li: cc kt ni chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi Rnc

Hnh 2-5. Cu trc ca UTRAN

Cell Cell Cell Cell

Hnh 2-6. Cu trc lgic ca trm gc

(Bng rng) Chuyn mch

Khi giao din

n t khi Qun l mng