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Cc Phng Php Cn Bng PT Ha Hc


Ni dung 1: S oxi ho, cch tnh s oxi ha ca nguyn t trong mt hp cht ha hc oS oxi ha ca nguyn t trong phn t l in tch ca nguyn t nguyn t trong phn t, khi gi thit rng lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t l lin kt ion. oQuy tc tnh s oxi ha: Trong n cht, s oxi ha nguyn t bng 0:. Tng i s s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong phn t (trung ho in) bng 0. Tng i s s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong mt ion phc tp bng in tch ca ion . Khi tham gia hp cht, s oxi ho ca mt s nguyn t c tr s khng i: H l +1, O l -2 oCh : Du ca s oxi ho t trc con s, cn du ca in tch ion t sau con s (s oxi ha Fe+3 ; Ion st (III) ghi: Fe3+ Ni dung 2: Cc phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ho kh Phng php 1: Phng php i s oNguyn tc: S nguyn t ca mi nguyn t hai v phi bng nhau. oCc bc cn bng t n s l cc h s hp thc. Dng nh lut bo ton khi lng cn bng nguyn t v lp phng trnh i s. Chn nghim ty cho 1 n, ri dng h phng trnh i s suy ra cc n s cn li. V d: a FeS2 + b O2 c Fe2O3 + d SO2 Ta c: Fe : a = 2c S: 2a = d O: 2b = 3c + 2d Chn c = 1 th a=2, d=4, b = 11/2 Nhn hai v vi 2 ta c phng trnh: 4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 Phng php 2: phng php cn bng electron oNguyn tc: da vo s bo ton electron ngha l tng s electron ca cht kh cho phi bng tng s electron cht oxi ha nhn. oCc bc cn bng: Bc 1: Vit s phn ng vi cc nguyn t c s thay i s oxi ha. Bc 2: Vit cc qu trnh: kh (cho electron), oxi ha (nhn electron). Bc 3: Cn bng electron: nhn h s : Tng s electron cho = tng s electron nhn. (tng s oxi ha gim = tng s oxi ha tng). Bc 4: Cn bng nguyn t khng thay i s oxi ho (thng theo th t: kim loi (ion dng): gc axit (ion m).

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mi trng (axit, baz). nc (cn bng H2O cn bng hiro). Bc 5: Kim sot s nguyn t oxi 2 v (phi bng nhau). oLu : Khi vit cc qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh ca tng nguyn t, cn theo ng ch s qui nh ca nguyn t . oV d: Fe + H2SO4 c nng Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O Fe0 Fe+3 + 3e 1 x 2Fe0 2Fe+3 + 6e 3 x S+6 + 2e S+4 2Fe + 6H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H20 Phng php 3: phng php cn bng ion electron oPhm vi p dng: i vi cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch, c s tham gia ca mi trng (H2O, dung dch axit hoc baz tham gia). oCc nguyn tc: Nu phn ng c axit tham gia: v no tha O phi thm H+ to H2O v ngc li. Nu phn ng c baz tham gia: v no tha O phi thm H2O to ra OHCc bc tin hnh: Bc 1: Tch ion, xc nh cc nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i v vit cc na phn ng oxi ha kh. Bc 2: Cn bng cc bn phn ng: Cn bng s nguyn t mi nguyn t hai v: Thm H+ hay OHThm H2O cn bng s nguyn t hiro Kim sot s nguyn t oxi 2 v (phi bng nhau). Cn bng in tch: thm electron vo mi na phn ng cn bng in tch Bc 3: Cn bng electron: nhn h s : Tng s electron cho = tng s electron nhn. (tng s oxi ha gim = tng s oxi ha tng). Bc 4: Cng cc na phn ng ta c phng trnh ion thu gn. Bc 5: chuyn phng trnh dng ion thu gn thnh phng trnh ion y v phng trnh phn t cn cng vo 2 v nhng lng bng nhau cc cation hoc anion b tr in tch. V d: Cn bng phng trnh phn ng: Cu + HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O Bc 1: Cu + H+ + NO3- Cu2+ + 2NO3- + NO + H2O

http://ebook.top1.vn http://maichoi.vuicaida.com CuO Cu2+ NO3- NO Bc 2: Cn bng nguyn t: Cu Cu2+ 3NO + 4H+ NO + 2H2O Cn bng in tch Cu Cu2+ + 2e 3+ NO + 4H + 3e NO + 2H2O Bc 3: Cn bng electron: 3x Cu Cu2+ + 2e 2x NO3- + 4H+ + 3e NO + 2H2O Bc 4: 3Cu + 2NO3- + 8H+ 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O Bc 5: 3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO +4H2O Ni dung 3: Cc dng phn ng oxi ha kh phc tp 1. Phn ng oxi ho kh c h s bng ch oNguyn tc: Cn xc nh ng s tng gim s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t V d: Fe3O4 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + H20 (5x 2y) x 1 x 3Fe+8/3 3Fe+9/3 + e xN+5 + (5x 2y)e xN+2y/x

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(5x-2y)Fe3O4+ (46x-18y)HNO3 (15x-6y)Fe(NO3)3+NxOy+(23x-9y)H2O 2. Phn ng c cht ha hc l t hp ca 2 cht kh oNguyn tc : Cch 1 : Vit mi phng trnh biu din s thay i s oxi ho, ch s rng buc h s hai v ca phn ng v rng buc h s trong cng phn t. Cch 2 : Nu mt phn t c nhiu nguyn t thay i s oxi ho c th xt chuyn nhm hoc ton b phn t, ng thi ch s rng buc v sau. Luyn tp: Cn bng phn ng sau : FeS2 + O2 Fe2O3 + SO2 Fe+2 Fe+3 + 1e 2S-1 2S+4 + 2.5e 4x FeS2 Fe+3 +2S+4 + 11e 11 x 2O0 + 4e 2O 4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 3. Phn ng c nguyn t tng hay gim s oxi ho nhiu nc o Nguyn tc :

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Cch 1 : Vit mi phng trnh thay i s oxi ho, t n s cho tng nc tng, gim s oxi ho. Cch 2 : Tch ra thnh hai hay nhiu phng trnh ng vi tng nc s oxi ha tng hay gim. V d: Cn bng phn ng sau: Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + N2O + H2O Cch 1: (3x + 8y) x 3x 3x Al0 Al+3 + 3e

xN+5 + 3xe xN+5 2yN+5 + 8ye 2yN+1

(3x+8y)Al +(12x+30y)HNO3 (3x+8y)Al(NO3)3+3xNO+3yNO2+(6x+15y)H2O Cch 2: Tch thnh 2 phng trnh : ax Al + 4HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O bx 8Al + 30 HNO3 8Al(NO3)3 +3N2O + 15H2O (a+8b)Al + (4a+30b)HNO3 (a+8b)Al(NO3)3 + a NO + 3bN2O+(2a+15b)H2O 4. Phn ng khng xc nh r mi trng oNguyn tc: C th cn bng nguyn t bng phng php i s hoc qua trung gian phng trnh ion thu gn. Nu do gom nhiu phn ng vo, cn phn tch xc nh giai on no l oxi ha kh. V d: Al + H2O + NaOH NaAlO2 + H2 Al + H2O Al(OH)3 + H2 2 x Al0 Al+3 + 3e 3 x 2H+ + 2e H2 2Al + 6H20 2Al(OH)3 + H2 2Al(OH)3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + 4H20 Tng hp 2 phng trnh trn: 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 (1) (2)

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