Gii php l thuyt hn ch thng tin bt cn xng Trong nhiu lnh vc xut hin thng tin bt cn xng th cc gii

php thng c p dngchung hn ch mc thng tin bt cn xng l c ch pht tn hiu, c ch sng lc v c ch gim st. III.1C ch pht tn hiu Michael Spence l ngi u tin nu ln c ch pht tn hiu trong vic x l{ tc ng cathng tin bt cn xng.C ch pht tn hiu l vic bn c nhiu thng tin c th pht tn hiu n nhng bn t thngtin mt cch trung thc v tin cy. Vi vic pht tn hiu ny, ngi bn nhng sn phm chtlng cao phi s dng nhng bin php c coi l qu tn km vi ngi bn hng hacht lng thp.Spence ly v d bng th trng lao ng. Ngi bn l nhng ng c vin i xin vic v ngi mua l nh tuyn dng. Nh tuyn dng khng th trc tip quan st cc kh nng cang c vin m ch c th nh gi gin tip thng qua bng cp ca h. Nu nhng ngikm nng lc phi mt nhiu thi gian v n lc hn nhng ngi c nng lc t c cng trnh hc vn th nhng ngi c nng lc c th pht tn hiu bng cch t c nhng bng cp m ngi km nng lc khng th t c.i vi th trng ti chnh, giao dch c hiu qu th ngi i vay c th vay c vnvi chi ph thp, ngi cho vay chc chn kh nng thu hi c n hay ngi cho vay v i vay phi nm r quyn li v trch nhim ca ring mnh. Thng thng ngi i vay lngi nm r thng tin v mnh nht th nn h s c li nhiu hn trong giao dch. Tuynhin, ngn hng s khng d dng cho vay nu nh h khng bit r v khch hng camnh. Th nn, ngi i vay phi pht tn hiu rng mnh l ngi c kh nng tr c n tt. Vn pht tn hiu trong trng hp ny l: Uy tn ca cng ty, qui m v danh ting cng ty, nng lc ti chnh, ti sn m bo vv, ngc li ngn hng cng phi pht tn hiu ngi i vay thc hin trch nhim ca mnh trong hp ng vay nh c ch x l ti sn,li sut cho vay Cng ging nh th trng ti chnh, nh u t khi mua c phiu ca mt cng ty nim yttrn th trng chng khon, t nhiu h cng cn bit cng ty hot ng ra sao, sn xutci g, v.v V th cng ty mun nng cao v th, bn c phiu vi gi cao v hp l, n phi cho nh u t thy c danh ting, hiu qu hot ng v tim nng pht trin ca n. Hay mt v d khc, vic trin khai cc chng trnh qung co t tin, vic duy tr ch bo hnh cho sn phm, vic chia c tc cho c ng... u l nhng cch pht tn hiu trn thng trng III.2C ch sng lc Trn c s l thuyt ca Michael Spence v vn thng tin bt cn xng trong th trng lao ng, J. Stiglitz pht trin l thuyt ca mnh v nu ln bin php khc phc nhng hn ch do thng tin bt cn xng gy ra. Theo Stiglitz, bt c hng ha no cng u c nhng c tnh khc nhau nh cht lngkhc nhau, mu m khc nhau nn cn phi phn loi chng. i vi lao ng cng c laong c kh nng, tay ngh cao v lao ng c kh nng, tay ngh thp. V vy khng th trlng theo mt mc lng cn bng. khuyn khch ngi c kh nng cao, to ra nngsut lao ng cao th cn phi tr lng cao khuyn khch h. i vi ngi c kh nngthp, vic c gng t c mt mc nng sut sn xut nhn c lng cao s tn chi ph rt ln so vi ngi c kh nng cao. V vy vic phn nhm lao ng tr lng l viclm cn thit khuyn khch nhng ngi c kh nng nng cao trnh v mang li hiuqu cao cho x hi.

C ch sng lc m Stiglitz nu ln khng ch c ng dng trong th trng lao ng mcn c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu th trng khc nhau. hn ch s la chn bt li ca mnh, cc ngn hng thng p dng hn mc tn dngkhc nhau i vi mi i tng vay, d n vay v thi hn vay. i vi t chc bo him,c ch sng lc c th hin qua vic ch bo him mt phn, iu ny cho thy ngay c ivi nhm bt cn cng phi c trch nhim mt phn ca mnh trong s c bi thng c thxy ra. th trng chng khon, ngoi tr mt s nh u c, a phn nh u t mongmun mnh s u t vo nhng cng ty c kh nng mang li hiu qu cao v bn vng. Vvy c ch sng lc i vi nh u t l u t vo cc cng ty c thng tin minh bch, uytn, lm n hiu qu v c tim nng pht trin cao III.3C ch gim st C ch gim st c p dng nhm mc ch kim sot tm l li. Trong th trng ti chnh, ngi cho vay thng thc hin vic kim tra s dng vn vay sau khi gii ngn, kim tra hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca khch hng vay theo nh kz.Trong cc hp ng tn dng, lun c iu khon yu cu khch hng vay cung cp y v kp thi cc thng tn lin quan n tnh hnh hot ng, nhng thay i tc ng nhiu n bn vay Ngoi ra, bn cho vay cn s dng cc h thng gim st khc nh h thng thng tin tndng, thng tin trn th trng chng khon, thng tin t cc i th cnh tranh, cc c quan qun l.... Trong h thng gim st nu trn, i vi cc t chc tn dng, quan trng nht l h thng thng tin tn dng (h thng ny thng do ngn hng trung ng hoc c quan gim st hot ng ngn hng lm thit lp v t chc hot ng). H thng thng tin tn dng lm nhimv thu thp tt c cc thng tn lin quan n hot ng ca tt c c i tng c cp tn dng v s cung cp cho cc thnh vin trong h thng thng tin ny hoc cung cp (bn) cho nhng i tng khc c nhu cu. Ngoi ra, cc th trng ti chnh pht trin, cn c mt hthng gim st khc rt hiu qu l cc t chc nh gi, xp loi c lp nh S&P,Moody ... V kt qu xp loi ca cc t chc c lp ny c nh hng rt ln n v tr camt doanh nghip trn th trng. Trong th trng chng khon, c ch gim st bao gm: gim st trc tip v gim st gintip: -Gim st trc tip: nh u t s b ra ngun lc t c kim sot thng tin, c chgim st ny tn nhiu chi ph v sc lc, kh nng gim st ca nh u t mun gimst cng ty nim yt s b hn ch. -Gim st gin tip: thng qua cc qui nh ca cc nh t chc th trng (UBCK, S GDCK), mc nhin cc cng ty nim yt phi c trch nhim thng bo trc tip hocgin tip n nh u t v nh u t cng thng qua cc quyn li c qui nhm c th tip cn gim st gin tip cng ty nim yt. Ngoi ra cn c gim st th trng: cn c nh gi ca th trng bit nhiu thng tin hn v cc cng ty nimyt sau khi thc hin giao dch. C ch gim st c thc hin rt cht ch trn th trng chng khon. V nh u t khng th b ra mt s tin m khng bit s tin c s dng nh th no. Ngoi 3 c ch nu trn, tm l li cn c gim thiu bng c ch khuyn khch. y l mt c ch rt hu hiu trn c s chnh sch cy gy v c c rt. Cc t chc tn dng s cp tn dng vi nhng iu kin u i v li sut, ph, hn mc tn dng, ti sn m bo....cho nhng khch hng c uy tn trong quan h, vay tr sng phng. Ngc li, i vi cc khch hng khng c uy tn trong

quan h s b hn ch hn mc tn dng (thm ch chm dt quan h tn dng), phi chu li sut cao v nhng iu kin kht khe hn v m bo tin vay..