CHUYÊN ĐỀ - PHƯƠNG PHÁP GIẢI TOÁN CẤU TẠO NGUYÊN TỬ PDF

TI LIU LUYN THI I HC GS MAYRADA GROUPS
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CHUYN LUYN THI I HC: CU TO NGUYN T
A. L THUYT C BN
I. THNH PHN NGUYN T:
Ht nhn: Ht nhn nguyn t nm tm nguyn t .
- Ht proton mang in tich dng (p, in tch +) v c khi lng:
m
p
= 1,6726.10
-27
kg = 1u = 1vC
- Ht ntron khng mang in notron (n, khng mang in) v c khi lng :

27
n
m 1,648.10 kg = 1u = 1vC
=
- V nguyn t bao quanh ht nhn cha ht electron mang in tch m (1- ) v c khi lng

+ Lp v: electron (e, in tch -)
31
e
1
m 9,1094.10 Kg = vC ( khoi lng khong ang ke )
1840
=
II. IN TCH V S KHI HT NHN:
- in tch ht nhn Z .
so n v ien tch hat nhan = so proton = so electron
- S khi ht nhn, k hiu l A. Bng tng s proton (P ) cng tng s notron (N).
A P N Z N = + = +
- iu kin bn ca nguyn t: (Z 82) => 1
N
P
1,52 ( tr H)
- K hiu nguyn t X :
A
z
X
Trong :
A : S khi ca ht nhn nguyn t.
Z : S hiu nguyn t ( = s proton = s electron ).
- ng v: l nhng loi nguyn t ca cng 1 nguyn t , c cng s proton nhng khc nhau
v s notron nn s khi khc nhau.
- Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh:

i i
A
i
A .a %
M
a %
=
(A
i
: S khi ca cc ng v, a
i
%: phn trm tng ng ca cc ng v)
- Lp electron: Gm cc e c mc nng lng gn bng nhau
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Lp ..
K L M N O P Q
Trt t nng lng tng dn
+ S el ti a lp th n l 2n
2
e
+ Lp th n c n phn lp
+ S el ti a phn lp l: s (2), p(6), d(10) , f(14)
- C s in electron vo nguyn t: Cc electron c sp xp trong nguyn t theo nguyn l
vng bn, nguyn l Pauli v quy tc Hund
+ Nguyn l vng bn:Cc electron phn b vo cc AO c mc nng lng t thp n
cao
+ Nguyn l Pauli: Trn 1 AO ch c th c nhiu nht 2 electron v 2 electron ny phi c
chiu t quay khc nhau
+ Quy tc Hund: Cc electron s c phn b trn cc AO sao cho s electron c thn
l ti a v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau
Trong mt phn lp, nu s e s AO th cc e u phi l c thn c s e oocj thn l
ti a
* Cc phn lp c s e ti a (s
2
, p
6
, d
10
, f
14
): Phn lp bo ha
* Cc phn lp cha s e ti a : Phn lp cha bo ha
* Cc phn lp c s e c thn = s AO (d
5
, f
7
): Phn lp bn bo ha
- Cu hnh electrron nguyn t: l s phn b cc e theo lp, phn lp v AO. Cc e thuc lp
ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ca cht:
+ Cc kh him, tr Heli, nguyn t c 8 e ngoi cng u rt bn vng kh tham gia
phn ng ha hc
+ Cc kim loi, nguyn t c t (1, 2, 3) e ngoi cng d cho e to thnh ion dng
c cu hnh e ging kh him
+ Cc phi kim, nguyn t c nhiu (5, 6, 7) e ngoi cng d nhn thm e to thnh
ion m c cu hnh e ging kh him
+ Cc nguyn t cn c th dng chung e ngoi cng to ra cc hp cht trong cu hnh
e ca cc nguyn t cng ging cc kh him

nhn
- Bn knh nguyn t: V =
4
3
R
3
=> R =
3
3V
4t

Th tch 1 mol nguyn t =
4
3
R
3
.N ( N = 6,02.10
23
)
1 mol nng A gam => d =
3
A A
4
V
R N
3
=
t
(g/cm
3
) => R =
3
3A
4 Nd t
(cm)
AD CT trn khi coi nguyn t l nhng hnh cu chim 100% th tch nguyn t.
Thc t, nguyn t rng, phn tinh th ch chim a%. Nn cc bc tnh nh sau:
+ V mol nguyn t c khe rng: V
mol (c khe rng)
=
A
d
= V
o
.

+ V mol nguyn t c kht: V
mol (c c kht)
= V
o
.
a% =
A
d
.a%
+ V 1 nguyn t: V
(nguyn t)
=
dac
V A.a%
N d.N
=
+ Bn knh nguyn t: R =
3
3V
4t
=
3
3A.a%
4 Nd t
(cm)

PHN DNG V PHNG PHP GII TON CU TO NGUYN T

DNG 1 : CCH VIT CU HNH ELECTRON TRN CC PHN LP CA
NGUYN T.
LOI 1 : CU HNH ELECTRON CA NGUYN T.
I. C S L Thuyt.
- Cu hnh electron nguyn t biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc
nhau.
Ngi ta quy c vit cu hnh electron nguyn t nh sau :
- S th t lp electron c ghi bng ch s ( 1,2,3....).
- Phn lp c ghi bng cc ch ci thng : s,p,d,f.
- S electron trong mt phn lp c ghi bng s pha bn phi ca phn lp (s
2
, p
6
), cc
phn lp khng c electron khng ghi.
Cc bc vit cu hnh electron nguyn t :
Bc 1 : Xc nh s electron nguyn t.
Bc 2 : Cc electron c phn b ln lt vo cc phn lp theo chiu tng ca nng lng
trong nguyn t (1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s) v tun theo quy tc sau:
- Phn lp s cha ti a 2 electron.
- Phn lp p cha ti a 6 electron.
- Phn lp d cha ti a 10 electron.
- Phn lp f cha ti a 14 electron.
Bc 3 : Vit cu hnh electron biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp
khc nhau (1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s).
V d 1: Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t N (Z=7):
1. Xc nh s electron: 7.
2. Cc electron phn b vo cc phn lp theo chiu tng dn ca nng lng trong nguyn t:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
.
3. Cu hnh electron l: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
.
Phng Php :
Vi 20 nguyn t u c cu hnh electron ph hp vi cu hnh mc nng lng (Quy tc
kleckowski ). ( Z 20 ).
Th d :
2 2 6 1
Na ( Z = 11) : 1s 2s 2p 3s
- Trong nguyn t cc electron chim cc mc nng lng t thp n cao theo dy: 1s 2s 2p 3s
3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s
nh ta dng quy tc Klechkowsky
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
Khi vit cu hnh electron trong nguyn t ca cc nguyn t.
VD :
19
K cu hnh electron : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
.
T nguyn t th 21 tr i c s chn mc nng lng nn cu hnh electron c vit theo
th t mc nng lng ri sp xp theo th t phn lp. ( Z > 20 ).
Bc 1 : Vit cu hnh electron theo mc nng lng trc.
1s 2s,2p 3s, 3p 4s, 3d 4p, 5s 4d, 5p, 6s 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s .....
Bc 2 : Sp xp li theo th t ca tng lp.
- nn mc nng lng 3d ln hn 4s. V d :
26
Fe.
Mc nng lng : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
6
.
Cu hnh electron : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
.
Khi gp cu hnh electron c dng d
4
v d
9
th phi chuyn thnh d
5
( bn bo ha ) v
d
10
( bo ha ) .
Cu hnh electron ca mt s nguyn t nh Cu, Cr, Pd c ngoi l i vi s sp xp electron
lp ngoi cng \( v c s chuyn electron sang bn bo ha v bo ha t cu hnh bn nht
).
- Mc bo ha :
9 2 10 1
(n 1)d ns (n-1)d ns ( nh vay se co s thuan li hn ve mc nang lng )
Th d :
2 2 6 2 6 2 9 2 2 6 2 6 1 10
29
Cau hnh mc nang lng Cu : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Sau chuyn cu hnh mc nng lng sang cu hnh electron :
6
2 2 6 2 6 1 10 2 2 6 2 10 1
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
(ng l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
9
4s
2
, nhng electron ngoi cng nhy vo lp trong c mc bo
ha v mc bn bo ha).
Mc bn bo ha :
4 2 5 1
(n 1)d ns (n-1)d ns ( nh vay se thuan li hn ve mc nang lng ).
Th d : Cu hnh electron ca
24
Cr .
Hng Dn Gii
Bc 1 : Ta vit cu hnh electron theo mc nng lng.
-
2 2 6 2 6 2 4
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

Bc 2 : Chuyn d
4
thnh d
5
v sp xp li theo th t ca phn lp.
-
2 2 6 2 6 1 5
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

2. Xc nh nguyn t l phi kim hay kim loi.
- Cc nguyn t c 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng l kim loi (tr nguyn t hiro, heli,
bo).
- Cc nguyn t c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng l phi kim.
- Cc nguyn t c 8 electron lp ngoi cng l kh him.
- Cc nguyn t c 4 electron lp ngoi cng nu chu k nh l phi kim, chu k ln l
kim loi.

BI TP NG DNG
Bi Tp 1 : Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t N ( Z = 7 ).
Bc 1 : Xc nh s electron = 7.
Bc 2 : Cc electron phn b vo cc phn lp theo chiu tng dn ca mc nng lng trong
nguyn t :
2 2 3
1s 2s 2p ( theo quy tc kleckowski )
Bc 3 : Vit cu hnh electron :
2 2 3
1s 2s 2p ( Trng hp cc nguyn t c Z < 21 th
cu hnh electron v cu hnh mc nng lng trng nhau ).
Bc 4 : Theo lng t |+ |+ | | |

Bi Tp 2: Vit cu hnh electron ca Fe ( Z = 56 ).
Hng Dn Gii
-
2 2 6 2 6 2 6
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
Bc 2 : Sp xp li theo th t ca phn lp .
-
2 2 6 2 6 6 2
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
Bi Tp 3 : Cu hnh electron ca Cu ( Z = 29 )
Hng Dn Gii
2 2 6 2 6 2 9
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

Bc 2 : Chuyn d
9
thnh d
10
v sp xp li theo th t ca phn lp.
2 2 6 2 6 1 10
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

Bi Tp 4 : C ( Z = 6 ) trng thi c bn l :
-
2 2 2
1s 2s 2p hay |+ |+ | |

Cu hnh electron trng thi kch thch : Khi nguyn t c cung cp mt mc
nng lng , cc cp electron b ghp i b tch thnh cc electron c thn v chuyn
ln mc nng lng cao hn.
V d : C trng thi kch thch :
|+ | | | |

- trng thi cc nguyn t khng bn, chng d tham gia lin kt ha hc.
Bi Tp 6 :
LOI 2 : VIT CU HNH ELECTRON CA ION.
- Khi nguyn t mt hoc nhn thm electron th n tr thnh ion.
DNG 2 : MI QUAN H GIA TH TCH , BN KNH , KHI LNG RING CA
HT NHN V CA NGUYN T.
Phng Php :
Kin Thc Cn Nh :

3
2. Khoi lng rieng cua hat nhan nguyen t hoac nguyen t:
m(gam)
D =
V(cm )

3. Th tch ca nguyn t v ht nhn nguyn t c tnh theo th tch ca hnh cu
:
-27 24
1. 1vC = 1,67.10 Kg = 1,67.10 gam
3
The tch cua nguyen t va hat nha n nguyen t :
4
V= r (vtt)
3
t

Trong :
- = 3,14 va r la ba n knh cu a nguye nt hoa c ha t nha n nguye n t . t
Ch :
9 7 0
0 10 8 1
1nm 10 m = 10 cm = 10A
1A = 10 m = 10 cm = 10 nm ( 0,1nm)

=

BI TP NG DNG
Bi Tp 1: Nguyn t khi ca Na l 23 vC . Tnh khi lng ca nguyn t Na theo Kg ?

Hng Dn Gii
Ta c :
27
27
1vC = 1,67.10 Kg
23vC = 38,41.10 Kg

Bi Tp 2 : Khi phn tch kh CO
2
thy c 27,3% C v 72,7% O theo khi lng . Nguyn t
khi ca C l 12,011 vC . Tm khi lng ca nguyn t O theo n v l gam ?
Hng Dn Gii
Cch 1 :
Tnh nguyn t khi ca Oxi.
2.Nguyen t khoi O 72,7

Nguyen t khoi C 27,3
Nguyen t khoi C. 72,7 12,011.72,7
Nguyen t khoi O 15,993 vC
2.27,3 2.27,3
=
= = =

Khi lng nguyn t O theo n v gam l :

27 26 24
O
m 15,99.1,67.10 = 2,67.10 Kg = 0,267.10 (gam)

=
Bi Tp 3 : Nguyn t Zn c bn knh r = 1,35.10
-10
m v c nguyn t khi l 65 vC.
a. Tnh khi lng ring ca Zn ?
b. Thc t khi lng ca nguyn t Zn hu nh tp trung vo ht nhn vi bn knh
15
r 2.10 m
= . Tm khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t ( cho = 3,14 ).

Hng Dn Gii
a. Tnh khi lng ring ca Zn ?
Ta c khi lng ring ca nguyn t Zn c tnh theo cng thc :
3
m(gam)
D
V(cm )
=
Trong :
- Khi lng ca nguyn t Zn l :

27 22
m 65.1,67.10 Kg = 1,0855.10 (gam)

=
- Th tch ca nguyn t Zn l :
3 8 3 23 3
4 4
v r .3,14.(1,35.10 ) 1,03.10 (cm )
3 3

= t = =
22
3
23
Khoi lng rieng cua Zn la :
m 1,0855.10
D= 10 (gam/cm )
V
1,03.10
= ~

Lu :
- Nu cc nguyn t km c xp cht kht vo nhau khng cn ch trng no trong tinh th ,
th khi lng ring ca km s l 10 (gam/cm
3
) nh kt qu trn. Nhng trong tinh th nguyn
t Zn ch chim 70% th tch, phn cn li l rng nn thc t khi lng ring ca Zn l khong
7 (gam/cm
3
).
b.
- Th tch ca ht nhn nguyn t l :
3 13 3 38 3
4 4
V r .3,14.(2.10 ) 3,349.10 (cm )
3 3

= t = =
- Do khi lng ca nguyn t ch yu tp trung ht nhn nguyn t do khi lng ca ht
nhn nguyn t xem nh bng khi lng ca nguyn t.
Khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t l :

22
15 3
3 38
m(gam) 1,0855.10
D 3,24.10 (gam/cm )
V(cm ) 3,349.10
= = =
Nhn xt :
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-
15 3 9 3 3
D 3,24.10 (gam/cm ) = 3,24.10 (tan /cm ) = (hn 3 t tan/ cm ) = . T c
th thy rng khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t l v cng ln so vi khi lng ring ca
nguyn t.

Bi Tp 4 : Trong mt t bo n v ca tinh th X ( mng tinh th lp phng tm din,
vi cnh ca hnh lp phng l (
8
a 3,62 .10 cm )
= c 4 n v cu trc . Khi
lng ring ca nguyn t ny l 8920 ( gam/m
3
). Bit trong t bo lp phng tm din,
bn knh nguyn t
a 2
r
4
= .
a ) .Tnh th tch ca cc nguyn t trong mt t bo v phn trm th tch ca t bo b
chim bi cc nguyn t.
b ) . Xc nh nguyn t X ?.

Hng Dn Gii

- Nguyn t ca 1 t bo th bao gi cng c hnh cu nn cng thc tnh ca n l :
- T bo cha 4 nguyn t, do th tch nguyn t trong t bo l :

3
3 3 3
nt
4 4 a 2
V 4. r 4. 3,14. 0,74a (cm )
3 3 4
| |
= t = =
|
|
\ .

- Th tch t bo nguyn t ( hnh lp phng ) :

3
nt
V a =
Phn % th tch t bo chim bi cc nguyn t l :
-
3
nt
3
tb
V
0,74a
100 100 74 %
V a
= =
b )
( )
3
23 8 3
V 6,02.10 .0, 74. 3,62.10 21,1 ( cm )
= =
Ta c khi lng ring ca 1 mol nguyn t l :

23 23
m n.M D.V.N 8,92.4, 7.10 .6, 02.10
D M = 63,1 (gam/mol )
V NV n 4
X la Cu
= = = =

Bi Tp 5 : Nguyn t Zn c bn knh
8
r 1,35.10 (cm)
= v c khi lng nguyn t l

65 vC . Tm khi lng ring ca D ( gam/cm
3
) ca Zn.

Hng Dn Gii
Ta c :
-
27 24
1vC = 1,67.10 Kg = 1,67.10 (gam)

Ta c khi lng tuyt i ca nguyn t Zn l :

24 22
m 65.1,67.10 = 1,0855.10 (gam)

=
Th tch ca nguyn t Zn l :
3 8 3 23 3
4 4
V r = .3,14.(1,35.10 ) = 1,03.10 ( cm )
3 3

= t

MT S BI TP P DNG
Bi 1 : Nguyn t Al c bn knh nguyn t l 1,43 v c khi lng nguyn t l 27u.
a . Tnh khi lng ring ca nguyn t Al.
b. Trong thc t th tch tht chim bi cc nguyn t ch bng 74% ca tinh th , cn li l ca
khe trng . nh khi lng ring ng ca Al . Bit nguyn t c hnh cu ?
Bi 2 : Tnh bn knh gn ng ca nguyn t Cu , bit khi lng ring ca nguyn t Cu l
8,39 (gam/cm
3
) v khi lng nguyn t Cu l 64u. Mt khc th tch tht chim bi cc nguyn
t ch bng 74% ca tinh th, cn li l cc khe trng.
Bi 3 : Nguyn t nhm (Al ) c ng knh l 2,86A
0
v c khi lng nguyn t l 27 vC .
Tnh khi lng ring ca nguyn t Al ?. Trong thc t, th tch tht chim bi cc nguyn t
ch bng 74% ca tinh th , cn li l cc khe trng. nh khi lng ring ng ca Al ?.

DNG 3 : CHO TNG S HT V S HIU NGUYN T MNG IN :
a ) Dng Ton C Bn Cho 1 Nguyn T .
Gi :
So khoi nguyen t = z + N ( Z = so p = so e )
S : Tong so hat c ban cua nguyen to X ( S= p + n + e)
a : Hieu gia so hat mang ien va so hat khong mang ien ( Z + E -N )

Khi ta c cng thc :

S a
Z
4
+
=
{
Z = E nen Z + E = 2Z
S 2Z N
S a 4Z
a 2Z N
= +
+ =

-

BI TP VN DNG
Bi Tp 1 : Tng s ht c bn ca 1 nguyn t M l 82. Trong tng s ht mang in tch
nhiu hn tng s ht khng mang in tch l 22 ?.

Hng Dn Gii
Gi :
M M
M M
S la tong so hat c ban cua nguye n t M
S = 2Z N 82
a la hieu gia so hat mang ien tch va so hat khong mang ien tch
a = 2Z N 22
+ =
=

Khi ta c :
-
M
S a 82 22 104
Z 26 M la nguyen to Fe
4 4 4
+ +
= = = =
Bi Tp 2 : Tng S ht c bn ca nguyn t Y l 52. Trong tng s ht mang in nhiu
hn tng s ht khng mang in l 16. Y l ?
Hng Dn Gii
Gi:
Y Y
Y Y
y
S la tong so hat c ban cua nguye n t Y
S= 2Z N 52
a la hieu gia so hat mang ie n va so hat khong mang ie n cua nguye n t Y
a = 2Z N 16
S + a 68
Z 17 Cl (Clo)
4 4
+ =
=
= = =

Bi Tp 3 : Ytri (Y ) dng lm vt liu siu dn c s khi l 88.
Hy xc nh s proton , s notron , s electron trong nguyn t ca nguyn t Y . Bit Y c Z
bng 39 ?
-
Hng Dn Gii
Bi Tp 4 : C bao nhiu proton, notron, electron trong nguyn t
54
26
Fe ?
Hng Dn Gii
Bi Tp 5 : Mt Nguyn t c tng s ht l 62 v c s khi nh hn 43 . Tm s proton, s
notron v khi lng mol nguyn t ?.
Hng Dn Gii
Bi Tp 6 : Mt nguyn t R c tng s ht l 34 , trong s ht mang in nhiu gp 1,8333
ln s ht khng mang in. Tm in tch ht nhn, s ht proton, s ht electron, notron v s
khi ca nguyn t R.
Hng Dn Gii
b ) Dng Ton Dnh Cho Phn T, Hn Hp Cc Nguyn T.
- Nu Hp Cht M c dng :
-
x y
A B th co the coi x la so lng nguyen t A va y la so lng nguyen t B
Khi ta c cng thc :
-
phan t M phan t M
A B
S a
y.Z + y.Z
4
+
=
Chng Minh :
( )
( )
M A A A B B B
M A A A B B B
A A M A B A B
B B M A B A B
M M
M M A B A B
S Z E N .x + (Z E N ).y
a Z E N .x + (Z E N )y
V
Z E S 2xZ 2yZ xN + yN
Z E a 2xZ 2yZ xN yN
S a
S a 4xZ 4yZ hay xZ + yZ
4
= + + + +
= + +
= = + +

= = +

+
+ = + =

BI TP NG DNG

Bi Tp 1 : Tng s ht c bn trong phn t X c cng thc M
2
O l 140 , trong phn t X th
c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht khng mang in l 44. Vy X l ?
Hng Dn Gii
-
Gi :
S l tng s ht c bn trong phn t X th ta c :
{
X M M M O O O
X M M M O O O
X M O M O
X M O M O
X X M
M
S 2(Z E N ) + (Z E N ) 140

a 2(Z E N ) + (Z E N ) 44
S 4Z 2Z + 2N + N =140
a 4Z 2Z 2N N 44
S a 8Z 32 184
184 32
Z 19
8
= + + + + =
= + + =
= +

= + =
+ = + =
= =

Bi Tp 2 : M v X l hai nguyn t kim loi, tng s ht ca c nguyn t M v X l 142, trong
tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht khng mang in l 42 . S ht mang in trong
nguyn t M nhiu hn s ht mang in trong nguyn t X l 12. Tm M v X ?
Hng Dn Gii
Cch 1 : s dng h phng trnh da vo d liu bi:
M X M X
M X M X
M X
M X
M X
M M
2Z 2Z N N 142 (1)
2Z 2Z (N N ) 42 (2)
2Z 2Z 12 (3)
4Z + 4Z = 184 (1) + (2)
2Z 2Z 12 (3)
8Z 208 Z 26 (M la Fe )
+ + + =
+ + =
= =
X
da vao (3) Z = 20 ( X la Ca )

Cch 2 : S dng cng thc tnh nhanh:
M X
M X
M M X
S 142 va a 42
S a
Z Z 46 (1)
4
ket hp 2Z 2Z 12 (2)
lay (1) nhan 2 cong vi (2) ta co :
4Z 104 Z 26 Z 20
= =
+
+ = =
=
= = =

c) Dng Ton Dnh Cho ion.
-
-

n
n
m
- Tong so hat ion dng : T X - ne X suy ra:
So hat cua ion dng X = so hat cua X - n
- Tong so hat cua ion am : T X + me X suy ra :
So hat c
+
+
+
m
ua ion am X so hat cua X + m
=

- Nu ion l
x
X
+
th
X
S a 2x
Z
4
+ +
=
- Nu ion l
y
Y

th
Y
(S a 2y)
Z
4
+
=
Ghi nh :
- Khc bit gia cng thc ion v cng thc nguyn t l c thm in tch ca ion
- ghi nh dng ny th i vi ion dng th ta + 2 ln gi tr ca in tch v ion m th ta tr
2 ln gi tr ca in tch.
BI TP NG DNG
Bi Tp 1 : Tng s ht c bn ca ion
3
M
+
l 79, trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn
tng s ht khng mang in l 19. M l ?
Hng Dn Gii
Cch 1 : Phn tch da trn d kin bi .
Z (E 3) N 79 104
4Z 6 98 Z = 26
4 Z (E 3) N 19
+ + =
= =
+ =

Cch 2 : p dng cng thc :

M
S a 2.3 79 19 6
Z 26
4 4
+ + + +
= = =
DNG 4 : CHO TNG S HT C BN S:
i vi dng ny th ta kt hp thm bt ng thc :
Cng Thc :
-
So hat = A Z N
Hat c ban = Z + N + E = 2Z + N
= +

(2Z l ht mang in, N : l s ht khng mang in )
N
1 1,524 ( vi Z 82 hay Z < 83 )
Z
S 2Z S S
1 1,524 Z
Z 3,524 4
s s s
s s s s

Lu :
Thng nhng nguyn t u chnh lch gia p, n khng nhiu thng l 1 hoc 2 , nn sau
khi S chia 3 ta thng chn lun gi tr nguyn gn nht.
- Ngoi ra ta c th kt hp thm mt s cng thc :
S 2Z + N = Z + (Z + N) = Z + A e chon nhanh ap an =
BI TP NG DNG
Bi Tp 1 : Tng s ht c bn ca nguyn t X l 52 , X thuc nhm VIIA . X l ?

Hng Dn Gii

Ta c :
S S
Z
3,524 3
52 52
Z
3,524 3
14,7 Z 17,33
Z = 17 ( Z la Clo)
s s
s s
s s

Bi Tp 2 : Tng s ht trong phn t MX l 84 ht , trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht
khng mang in l 28. S ntron ca M nhiu hn s ntron ca X l 12 n v . S ht trong M
ln hn s ht trong X l 36 ht . MX l hp cht no ?

Hng Dn Gii

t :
-
M M M
X X X
S 2Z N
S 2Z N
= +
= +

Ta c : H phng trnh
M M X X M X
M X M X M X
M X M X
M M X X M x
M M
M X X
2Z +N +2Z +N 84 S S 84 (1)
2Z 2Z (N N ) 28 a a 28 (2)

N N 12 N N 12 (3)
2Z N (2Z N ) 36 S S 36 (4)
2S 120 S 60

S S 36 S 24
= + =

+ + = + =

= =

+ + = =

= =

= =

Kt hp vi cng thc :

M M
M M
M
X X X
X X
S S 60 60
Z Z
17,02 Z 20
3,524 3 3,524 3

S S 24 24 6,8 Z 8
Z Z
3,524 3 3,524 3

s s s s

s s

s s

s s s s

DNG 5 : DNG TON V TM S KHI NG V V NGUYN T KHI

A.L thuyt :
Cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng
khc nhau v s nrtron do s khi A ca chng khc nhau.
ng v thng phn ra lm 2 loi : ng v bn v ng v khng bn.
Hu ht cc nguyn t c mt trong t nhin l hn hp ca cc ng v bn.
- Hu ht cc ng v c s nguyn t ln hn 83 ( Z> 83) l khng bn hay cn gi l ng v
phng x,nhng ng v phng x thng t tn ti trong t nhin m phn ln do con ngi
iu ch ra.
Loi 1 : Tnh Nguyn t Khi trung bnh A ca nguyn t nguyn t X :
Phng Php 1 : Phng Php S Dng Gi Tr Trung Bnh.
Gi :
- A
1
l Nguyn t khi ng v X
1
v a l s nguyn t ca ng v X
1

- A
2
l nguyn t khi ca ng v X
2
v b l s nguyn t ca ng v X
2
.
-
Trong X
1
,X
2
l cc ng v ca nguyn t nguyn t X.
Khi ta c : Nguyn t khi trung bnh (Khi lng nguyn t Trung bnh ).
1 2
a A A b
A
a b
+
=
+

Tng t : Nu c a% v b% l phn trm s lng nguyn t ca cc ng v th ta c :
Nguyn t khi trung bnh (Khi lng nguyn t Trung bnh :

1 2
a%. %.A
100%
A b
A
+
=
Lu : Nu mt nguyn t ch c 2 ng v th tng s phn trm s lng nguyn t ca cc
ng v l 100%.
i vi Nhng Nguyn t c nhiu ng v ta cng p dng tng t :
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
a A A ... A
...
n n
n
A a a a
A
a a a a
+ + + +
=
+ + + +

Vi :
- a
1
,a
2
,a
3
a
n
: l s nguyn t ca cc ng v.
- A
1
,A
2
,A
3
A
n
: l nguyn t khi ca cc ng v
Tng t ta c :
1 1 2 2 3 3
a %. %.A %.A ... %.A
100%
n n
A a a a
A
+ + + +
=

Vi :
- a
1
%,a
2
%,a
3
%a
n
%

: l % s nguyn t ca cc ng v.
- A
1
,A
2
,A
3
A
n
: l nguyn t khi ca cc ng v
Phng Php 2 : S dng s ng cho.
- Gi x
1
, x
2
l t l phn % s nguyn t ca ng v X
1
, X
2
.
- A
1
, A
2
ln lt l nguyn t khi ca ng v X
1
, X
2
.
Khi ta c s ng cho sau :
-
1 1 2
_
2
_
1
2 1
_
2
1
_
2 2 1
x X X X
X X
x
X ( X X )
x
X X
x X X X
= >

Bi Tp V D
V d 1:
Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v
63
Cu chim 73 % v
65
Cu chim 27%. Xc nh khi lng
nguyn t trung bnh ca ng.
Hng dn gii
Ta c :
- a
1
% =73 % : l phn trm s nguyn t ca ng v
63
Cu.
- A
1
=63 : l Nguyn t khi ca ng v
63
Cu.
- a
2
% =27 % : l phn trm s nguyn t ca ng v
63
Cu.
- A
2
65
Cu.
Khi ta c : Khi Lng Nguyn t Trung bnh A l :
1 1 2 2
a %. %.A 73%.63 27%.65
63,54
100% 100%
A a
A
+ +
= = =
Vy Khi Lng Nguyn T Trung bnh ca ng (Cu) l : 63,54
V d 2:
63
Cu chim 74 % v
A
Cu. Xc nh s khi A bit khi lng
nguyn t trung bnh ca ng bng 63,54.
Ta c :
- a
1
% =73% : l phn trm s nguyn t ca ng v
63
Cu.
- A
1
63
Cu.
- a
2
% =100%-7 3% =27% : l phn trm s nguyn t ca ng v
63
Cu.
- A
2
=A : l Nguyn t khi ca ng v
65
Cu.
- A=63,54
Khi ta c : Khi Lng Nguyn t Trung bnh A l :
-
1 1 2 2
a %. %.A 73%.63 27%.
63,54
100% 100%
63,54.100%=73%.63+27%A
63,54.100=73.63+ 27.A
6354=4788+27.A
27.A=1755
A=65
A a A
A
+ +
= = =

V d 3:
X
Cu chim 73 % v
Y
Cu. Xc nh X,Y bit khi lng
nguyn t trung bnh ca ng bng 63,54 v s khi ca ng v th hai ln hn ng v th
nht 2 n v.
Gii :
- S Khi ca ng v th hai ln hn ng v th nht 2 n v nn :
Y=2+ X
Tng T th vo phng trnh ta c :
1 1 2 2
a %. %.A 73%. 27%.( 2)
63,54
100% 100%
63,54.100% 73%. ( 2).27%
6354=73X+27X+54
6300=100X
X=63
A a X X
A
X X
+ + +
= = =
= + +

Vy X=63 Y=65 .Vy Hai ng v va ng ln lt l :
63
Cu v
65
Cu
V d 4:
63
Cu v
65
Cu. Xc nh % ca ng v th nht bit khi
lng nguyn t trung bnh ca ng bng 63,54 .
Gii
Khi mt nguyn t c 2 ng v,nu khng bit % s nguyn t ca ng v th nht th ta gi
n l x% th % s nguyn t ca ng v th 2 l 100%-x%.
Thay vo phng trnh ta c :
1 2
x%. (100% %).A %.63 (100% %).65
63,54
100% 100%
63,54.100% = 63.x%+65.100%-65.x%
2x%=(65-63,54).100%
x%=0,73.100%=73%
A x x x
A
+ +
= = =

Vy % ng v th nht l 73%.
-
VD1: Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Brom (k hiu ha hc l: Br) l 79,91. Brom c 2 ng v bn
l
79
Br v
81
Br . Tnh thnh phn % s nguyn t ca
81
Br?

Hng dn gii:
p dng phng php ng cho ta c:
Cht 1:
79
Br (M=79) 1,09 0,545 54,5%

79,91

Cht 2:
81
Br (M=81) 0,91 0,455 45,5%

VD2: Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca Bo (B) l 10,812. Hi mi khi c 94 nguyn t
10
B
th c bao nhiu nguyn t
11
B?
Hng dn gii:
Cht 1:
10
B (M=10) 0,188 94

10,812

Cht 2:
11
B (M=11) 0,812 406

VD3: Trong t nhin ng (k hiu ha hc l: Cu) c 2 ng v l
63
Cu v
65
Cu. Nguyn t khi
trung bnh ca Cu l 63,54. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng ca
63
Cu trong CuSO
4
?

Hng dn gii:
Cht 1: 63
Cu : 63
1,46 73%

63,54

Cht 2: 65
Cu : 65
0,54 27%

=> CuSO
4
c %
63
Cu =

Loi 2: Xc nh phn trm cc ng v
- Gi % ca ng v 1 l x %
% ca ng v 2 l (100 x).
- Lp phng trnh tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh gii c x.
Lu :
- Nu yu cu tnh % ng v ca nguyn t no th nn t x l % ca ng v ca nguyn t
cho d tnh ton.
0, 73.63
.100% 28, 83%
63, 54 32 16.4
=
+ +
-
Loi 3: Xc nh s khi ca cc ng v
- Gi s khi cc ng v 1, 2 ln lt l A
1
; A
2
.
- Lp h 2 phng trnh cha n A
1
; A
2
gii h c A
1
; A
2
.
Loi 4 : Xc nh s lng phn t da trn s lng ng v ca nguyn t.
- Thng nhng dng ny khng qu kh nn thng gp nht vn l CO
2
.
- Dng ton ny khng c phng php c nh.
Bi Ton ng dng :
Bi Tp 1 : Cacbon c hai ng v l
12
6
C,
13
6
C. Oxi c 3 ng v thng gp
16
6
O,
17
6
O,
18
6
O . S phn t CO
2
c to thnh l ?
Hng Dn Gii
Bc 1 : Tnh s phn t CO
2
da trn s ng v i xng :
- i vi nguyn t C c 2 cch chn, i vi nguyn t Oxi c 3 cch chn.
Vy tng s c : 2.3 = 6 cch chn tng ng vi 6 phn t CO
2
.
Bc 2 : Tnh s phn t CO
2
da trn s ng v khng i xng:
- S phn t CO
2
c to thnh t 1 ng v C vi 2 nguyn t ca 2 ng v O khc
nhau.
+ C 2 ng v cacbon v 3 cp ng v oxi khc nhau s phn t CO
2
khng i
xng l: 2.3 = 6 (
DNG 6 : TNH S MOL, S NGUYN T, S PHN T, S ION

Phng Php :
1. Da vo nh ngha :
1) Mol l mt n v lng cht cha
23
6,02.10 hat vi mo
2) 1 mol nguyn t ca bt k nguyn t no, 1 mol phn t ca bt k nguyn t no hay 1 mol
ion ca bt k ion no u cng cha
23
6,02.10 nguyn t, phn t hoc ion .
3) Khi lng mol ca mt cht l khi lng ca N nguyn t hoc phn t cht , tnh bng
gam c s tr bng nguyn t khi hoc phn t khi ca cht .
4) Th tch Mol th tch Mol ca cht kh l th tch chim bi N phn t cht . iu kin
tiu chun , th tch Mol ca cc cht kh u bng 22,4l
2. Cch tnh s mol :
-
Cng thc s 1 :
khoi lng
so mol chat kh =
khoi lng mol phan t

- S mol kh A iu kin tiu chun (0
0
C, 1atm ).

A
V
n
22,4 (lt)
=
- S mol kh A t
0
C v p atm.

A
PV
n
RT
=
P : p sut kh A o t
0
C ( tnh bng atm).
V : Th tch kh A o t
0
C ( tnh bng lt ).
T : Nhit tuyt i.

0
T = t + 273 ( T tnh bang K ).

22,4
R 0,082
273
= =
BI TP NG DNG
Bi Tp 1: Cho khi lng tuyt i ca nguyn t C v O ln lt l
24
19,92.10 (gam)
v
24
26,56.10 (gam)
. Tm khi lng mol phn t ca

2
2 2 3
O , CO va CO .

Ghi ch : Khi yu cu tnh khi lng mol phn t, m khng ni r l tnh khi lng bao
nhiu mol phn t th chnh l tnh khi lng ca 1 mol phn t.
Hng Dn Gii
Ta c 1 phn t O
2
c to thnh t 2 nguyn t O, do nu khi lng tuyt i ca 1
nguyn t O l
24
26,56.10 (gam)
th :
- Khi lng tuyt i ca 1 phn t O
2
l :
24 23
2.26,56.10 = 5,312.10 (gam)

- Ta c 1 mol phn t O
2
cha
23
6,02.10 phn t O
2
. Trong khi 1 phn t O
2
li c khi
lng l :
23
5,112.10 (gam)

T suy ra : 1 mol phn t O
2
c khi lng l :
-
-
23 23
5,312.10 . 6,02.10 32 (gam/mol)
~
Tng t khi lng mol ca CO
2
l :
- Khi lng tuyt i ca 1 phn t CO
2
l :
2
24 23 23
khoi lng tuyet oi cua C + khoi lng tuyet oi cua phan t O
19,92.10 + 5,312.10 = 7,304.10 (gam)

=

- 1 mol phn t CO
2
th cha
23
6,02.10 phn t CO
2
nn c khi lng :

23 23
7,304.10 .6,02.10 44 (gam/mol)
~
Khi lng tuyt i ca 1 ion
2
3
CO

l :
24 24 23
19,92.10 + 26,56.10 .3 = 9,96.10 (gam)

=
Tng t 1 mol ion
2
3
CO

cng cha
23 2
3
6,02.10 ion CO

do ta c khi lng mol ion
2
3
CO

l :
23 23
9,96.10 .6,02.10 60 (gam/mol)
~

Bi Tp 2 : Hy cho bit 540gam Al c bao nhiu nguyn t Al.

- S mol ca 540 gam nguyn t Al l :
m 540
n 20 (mol)
M 27
= = =
- 1 mol nguyn t Al th cha
23
6,02.10 nguyen t Al , vy 20 mol nguyn t Al th cha :
23 25
20.6,02.10 = 1,204.10 (nguyen t )

DNG 7 : LOI BI TP CHT KH CHA TRONG MT BNH KN GY RA P
SUT :

Phng Php :
- Loi bi tp ny thng gp cc gi thit , t khi hi ca cht kh v p sut ca cht kh
gy ra trong bnh kn nn cn nm vng cc cng thc di y :
-

1. T khi hi ca cht kh A.
- T khi hi ca mt cht A i vi cht B th kh hoc th hi l t s gia khi lng ca
cht A so vi cht B khi A v B cng th tch o cng iu kin nhit , p sut.

A
A/ B
B
m
d
m
=
- V A, B u c o cng th tch v o cng iu kin nhit v p sut nn t l v khi
lng cng chnh l t l v khi lng phn t.

A
A/ B
B
M
d
M
=
- i vi khng kh th ta c khi lng phn t ca khng kh l 29 nn :

A
A/ khong kh
M
d
29
=
Lu : bi thng cho sn t khi d v khi lng phn t ca 1 cht kh, ri yu cu chng
ta tnh khi lng cht kh cn li hoc cho khi lng phn t cht kh ri yu cu chng ta tnh
t khi.
Th d :
- Cho t khi ca cht kh X i vi He l 4, tm tn cht kh X ?.

2. p Sut cht kh.
a) p sut ca cht kh A gy ra trong mt bnh kn dung tch V lt, t
0
C.

0 0
n.R.T
P
V
p : ap suat ( n v atm )
T( K) : 273 + t (C)
V : The tch bnh (lt)
n : so mol kh A
=

b ) Trng Hp c hai h thng kh khc nhau.

- Nu cng dung tch bnh ( V lt ) , cng nhit ( t
0
C ) th p sut t l vi s mol kh gy ra p
sut .
-

Trong :
P
A
: p sut ca kh ban u
P
B
: p sut ca sau khi cho thm cht kh .
n
A
: S mol ca cht kh ban u
n
B
: tng s mol ca cht khi ban u v cht kh thm vo bnh V.
- Nu cng dung tich bnh ( V lt ) , khc nhit :

c) p sut ca kh cha trong ng nghim p trn chu nc :
Nu mc nc trong ng v ngoi chu ngang nhau :

P = H - f
Nu mc nc trong ng cao hn ngoi chu l h mm.

h
P H - f +
13,6
| |
=
|
\ .

-
P : p sut kh tnh trong ng nghim ( tnh bng mm Hg ).
H : p sut kh quyn
0
t C ( H= 760 mm Hg ).
f : p sut hi nc bo ha
0
t C ( tnh bng mm Hg ).
13,6 : Khi lng ring ca Hg.

BI TP NG DNG

Bi Tp 1 : Cho bit trong 5,6 lt kh CO
2
(ktc ) c cha bao nhiu phn t kh CO
2
.

Hng Dn Gii
S mol kh CO
2
c trong 5,6 lt kh l :

V 5,6
n 0,25 (mol)
22,4 22,4
= = =

Ta c 1 mol phn t kh CO
2
th cha
23
2
6,02.10 phan t kh CO . Do 0,25 mol kh
CO
2
th cha :
23 23
0,25.6,02.10 = 1,505.10 ( phan t kh)
Bi Tp 2 : Tnh khi lng kh CO
2
cha trong bnh kn dung tch 5,6 lt
0
54,6 C to p
sut 1,5 atm.
Hng Dn Gii
S mol cht kh CO
2
l :
P.V 1,5.5,6
n 0,3126 (mol)
R.T 0,082.(54,6 + 273)
= = =
Khi lng kh CO
2
l :
m n.M = 0,3125.44 = 13,75 (gam) =
Bi Tp 3 : Trong mt bnh kn dung tch 0,5 lt cha y kh CO
2

0
27,3 C ; 1 atm . Bm vo
bnh 0,03 mol kh O
2
.
-
Hy cho bit p sut to ra trong bnh
0
27,3 C sau khi bm O
2
vo.
Hng Dn Gii
S mol ca cht kh CO
2
l :
PV 1.0,5
n 0,02 (mol)
RT 0,082(273 27,3)
= = =
+

Sau khi bm vo bnh 0,03 mol kh O
2
th tng s mol kh trong bnh l :

2 2
hon hp kh CO O
n n n 0,02 + 0,03 = 0,05 (mol) = + =
p sut to ra trong bnh sau khi bm O
2
vo l :

n.R.T 0,05.0,082.(27,3 273)
P 2,46 (atm)
V 0,5
+
= = =
Hoc dng t l :
A A
B B
P n
P n
=
Vi :
P
A
: l p sut kh ban u, P
A
= 1 atm .
n
A
: l s mol cht kh ban u ( s mol kh CO
2
)
P
B
: p sut hn hp kh sau khi thm O
2
vo l.
n
B
: tng s mol ca hn hp kh.

A A
B B B
B
P n 1 0,02

P n P 0,05
0,05
P 2,5 (atm)
0,02
= =
= =

Bi Tp 4 :
a) Tnh t khi hi ca kh cacbonic i vi axetilen.
b) T khi hi ca mtan so vi hiro gp bao nhiu ln so vi t khi hi ca kh HCl so vi N
2
.
c) XO
2
l oxit th kh . T khi hi ca NH
3
so vi khng kh gp khong 1,172 ln t khi hi
ca O
2
so vi XO
2
. Tm khi lng phn t ca XO
2
v cho bit tn X ?.

-
DNG 8 : TNH KHI LNG CA NGUYN T DA VO KHI LNG CA
CC HT C BN.

Phng Php Gii :
- Khi lng ca nguyn t bng tng khi lng ca cc ht proton, notron v electron. Trong
khi lng ca electron rt nh so vi khi lng ca nguyn t nn c th xem khi lng
nguyn t bng vi khi lng ht nhn nguyn t.
Kin Thc Cn Nh :
-
nguyen t p n e p n hat nhan
m m + m + m m m = m = ~ +

- biu th khi lng ca nguyn t, phn t v cc ht proton, notron, electron ngi
ta dng n v khi lng nguyn t, k hiu l u
(*)
, u cn c gi l vC.
(1)

- 1 u bng
1
12
khi lng ca mt ng v cacbon 12. Nguyn t ny c khi lng l
27
19,9265.10 Kg

27
27 24
19,9265.10 Kg
1u 1,6605.10 Kg 1,6605.10 (gam)
12

= ~ ~

BI TP NG DNG

Bi Tp 1 : Tnh khi lng theo u v nguyn t khi ca cc nguyn t nguyn t sau :
a ). Cu, bit khi lng ca 1 nguyn t Cu l
25
1,055.10 Kg

- Khi lng theo u ca nguyn t Cu l :
27
25
25
27
Ta co 1u co khoi lng la 1,6605.10 Kg
xu co khoi lng la 1,055.10 Kg
1, 055.10
xu = 63,5u
1,6605.10
=

- Nguyn t khi ca Cu l :

63, 5u
Cu 63, 5
u
= =
b ) Au, bit khi lng ca 1nguyn t Au l
25
3,2712.10 Kg

- Khi lng theo u ca nguyn t Au l :

(*)
Trong mt s gio trnh ngi ta cn k hiu l : amu ( atomic mass unit ).
(1)
SGK lp 10 Nng cao trang s 7
-
27
25
25
27
Ta co 1u co khoi lng la 1,6605.10 Kg
xu co khoi lng la 3,2712.10 Kg
3,2712.10
xu = 197u
1,6605.10
=

- Nguyn t khi ca Au l :

197u
Au 197
u
= =

Bi Tp 2 : Tnh khi lng theo u ca cc ht proton, notron v electron , bit khi lng tnh
theo Kg ca cc ht trn ln lt l
27 27 31
1,6726.10 Kg , 1,6748.10 Kg va 9,1095.10 Kg

Hng Dn Gii
Ta c
27
1u 1,6605.10 Kg
=
Suy ra khi lng ca cc ht theo u l :
27
27
1.6726.10
Hat proton = 1,0073u
1,6605.10
~
27
27
1,6748.10
Hat notron = 1,0086u
1,6605.10
=
31
4
27
9,1095.10
Hat electron = 5,486.10 u
1,6605.10
=

Bi Tp 3 :
a). Tnh khi lng ca S theo Kg bit nguyn t khi ca lu hunh S = 32.
b ). Tnh khi lng Ca theo gam, bit nguyn t khi ca Ca = 40
Hng Dn Gii
Ta bit Nguyn t khi l khi lng ca nguyn t tnh theo n v cacbon :
27 24
1vC = 1,6605.10 Kg = 1,6605.10 (gam)

- Khi lng theo Kg ca nguyn t lu hunh l :
27 26
32vC = 32.1,6605.10 = 5,3136.10 Kg

- Khi lng theo gam ca nguyn t Ca l :

24 23
40vC = 40.1,6605.10 = 6,642.10 (gam)

-
Bi Tp 4 : Bit rng khi lng 1 nguyn t oxi nng gp 15,842 ln v khi lng ca nguyn
t C nng gp 11,9059 ln khi lng ca nguyn t hiro . Hi nu chn
1
12
khi lng nguyn
t cacbon lm n v th H,O c nguyn t khi l bao nhiu ?
Hng Dn Gii

BI TP V NH
Bi Tp 1 :
Theo gi thit bi ta c :
O H
C H
M 15,842M
M 11,9059M
=

Nu chn
1
12
khi lng nguyn t cacbon lm n v tc l
C H
1 11,9059
M M
12 12
=
Th khi Nguyn t khi ca H l :
H H
O
H H
15,842.M 12.15,842M
M 15,967
11,9059M 11,9059M
12
= = =
o
H
M 15,967
M 1,008
15,842 15,842
= = =

BI TP VN DNG

Cu 1 : Tng s ht c bn trong nguyn t M l 82 , trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht
khng mang in l 22 . M l ?
A. Cr B. Fe C. Cu D. Ni

Cu 2 : Tng s ht c bn trong nguyn t ca nguyn t X l 114 , trong s ht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 26. Nguyn t X l ?
A. Br B. Zn C. Cl D. Ag

Cu 3: Nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 40. Trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s
ht khng mang in l 12 ht. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X l ?
-
A.Na. B.Mg. C.Al. D.Si.
Cu 4: Tng s ht c bn trong M
2+
l 90, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng
mang in l 22. M l ?
A. Cr. B. Cu. C. Fe. D.Zn.
Cu 5: Tng s ht c bn trong X
3-
mang in l 17. X l ?.
A.N. B.P. C.Sb. D.As.
Cu 6: Tng sht c bn trong M
+
mang in l 31. M l ?.
A. Na. B.K. C. Rb. D. Ag.
Cu 7: Tng s ht c bn trong X
2-
mang in l 18. S hiu nguyn t ca X l ?.
A. O. B. S. C. Se. D. C.
Cu 8: Tng s ht c bn trong nguyn t X l 82, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht
khng mang in l 22. Tng s electron trong X
3+
v X
2
O
3
ln lt l ?
A.23; 76. B.29; 100. C.23; 70. D.26; 76.
Cu 9: Mt ion
2
X
+
c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 92, trong sht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 20. S ht ntron v electron trong ion
2
X
+

ln lt l ?.
A. 36 v 27. B. 36 v 29. C. 32 v 31. D. 31 v 32.
Cu 10: Tng s ht c bn trong
3
X
+
l 73, trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht
khng mng in l 17. S electron ca X l ?.
A. 21. B.24. C. 27. D. 26.
Cu 11: Mt ion
3
M
+
c tng sht proton, ntron, electron l 79, trong sht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 19. Selectron v sntron ca
3
M
+
l ?.
A. 26; 27. B. 23; 27. C. 23; 30. D. 29; 24.
Cu 12: Oxit B c cng thc l
2
X O. Tng sht cbn trong B l 92, trong s ht mang
in nhiu hn sht khng mang in l 28. B l
-
A.Na2O. B.Li2O. C.K2O. D.Ag2O.
Cu 13: Tng s ht c bn ca phn t
2 5
M O l 212, trong tng s ht mang in hn s
ht khng mang in l 68. M l ?.
A.P. B.N. C.As. D.Bi.
2
MCl l 164, trong tng s ht mang in hn s
ht khng mang in l 52. M l ?.
A.Mg. B.Ca. C.Cu. D.Zn.
Cu 15: Hp cht X c to bi nguyn t M vi nguyn t nit l
3 2
M N c tng sht c
bn l 156, trong tng s ht mang in hn s ht khng mang in l 44. Cng thc phn t
ca X l ?.
A.
3 2
Mg N . B.
3 2
Ca N . C.
3 2
Cu N . D.
3 2
Zn N .
Cu 16: Tng sht cbn ca phn t
2
CaX l 288, trong tng s ht mang in hn s ht
khng mang in l 72. X l
A. Clo. B. Brom. C. Iot. D. Flo.
3
MClO l 182, trong tng s ht mang in hn s
ht khng mang in l 58. M l
A.K. B.Li. C.Na. D.Rb.
Cu 18: Tng s ht mang in trong ion l 82. X v Y l 2 nguyn t thuc cng mt phn
nhm chnh v thuc hai chu k lin tip nhau. Nguyn t X l:
A.C. B.S. C.O. D.Si.
Cu 19: Tng s ht mang in trong ion l 78. S ht mang in trong nguyn tX nhiu hn
trong nguyn t Y l 12. X l.
A.C. B.Si. C.S. D.Se.
Cu 20: Tng s ht c bn trong phn t
2
M X l 140, trong tng s ht mang in nhiu
hn s ht khng mang in l 44. S ht mang in trong nguyn t M nhiu hn trong nguyn
t X l 22. Cng thc phn tca
2
M X l ?.
-
A.
2
K O. B.
2
Na O. C.
2
Na S. D.
2
K S.
Cu 21: Phn t
3 2
M X c tng sht c bn l 222, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s
ht khng mang in l 74. Tng s ht mang in trong
2
M
+
nhiu hn tng s ht mang in
trong
3
X

l 21. Cng thc phn t
3 2
M X l
A.Ca
3
P
2
. B.Mg
3
P
2
. C. Ca
3
N
2
. D.Mg
3
N
2
.
Cu 22: Tng s ht proton, ntron , electron trong hai nguyn t ca nguyn t X v Y l 96
trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht khng mang in l 32 . S ht mang
in ca nguyn t Y nhiu hn ca X l 16. X v Y ln lt l ?.
A. Mg v Ca. B.Be v Mg. C.Ca v Sr. D.Na v Ca.
Cu 23: Hp cht A to bi ion
2
M
+
v ion
2
2
X

. Tng s ht c bn to nn hp cht A l 241
trong , tng s ht mang in nhiu hn ht khng mang in l 47. Tng s ht mang in
ca ion
2
M
+
nhiu hn ca ion
2
2
X

l 76 ht. M l
A. Ca. B. Mg. C. Ba. D. Sr.
Cu 24: Tng s ht proton, notron v electron trong 2 nguyn t A v B l 142, trong tng
s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht khng mang in l 42. S ht mang in ca nguyn
t B nhiu hn ca A l 12. A, B ln lt l
A.Ca, Fe. B.Cr, Zn. C.Na, Cl. D.K, Mn.
Cu 25 : Tng s ht p,n,e trong 2 nguyn t kim loi A v B l 177. Trong s ht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 47. S ht mang in ca nguyn t B nhiu hn ca
nguyn tA l 8. A v B ln lt l:
A. Cr, Ni. B.Ca, Cr. C.Fe, Zn. D.Mn, Cu.
Cu 26: Tng s ht proton, ntron , electron trong hai nguyn t ca nguyn t MX
2
l 142, trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht khng mang in l 42 . S ht
mang in ca nguyn t X
nhiu hn ca
2
M
+
l 13. Cng thc phn t ca
2
MX l
A.
2
MgCl . B.
2
MgBr . C.
2
CaCl . D.
2
CaBr .
Cu 27: Tng s ht c bn trong nguyn t X l 58, X thuc nhm IA. X l
A.Na. B.K. C.Li. D.Rb.
-
Cu 28: Nguyn t X c s khi nh hn 36 v c tng cc ht l 52. X l
A. Cl. B.K. C.Na. D.Br.
Cu 29: Tng s ht c bn trong nguyn t ca nguyn t X l 40. X l nguyn t ha hc no
di y?
A.Na. B.P. C.Al. D.Si.
Cu 30 : Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 155, trong tng s ht mang
in chim 60,64% tng s ht. X l
A. Rb. B. Ba. C. Ag. D. Zn.
Cu 31: Mt nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 34. X l nguyn t ha hc no
di y
A. Li. B.Na. C.F. D.Mg.
Cu 32: Mt nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 52 v c s
khi l 35. S hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t X l (CKA nm 2009)
A. 18. B. 23. C. 17. D. 15.
Cu 33: Nguyn tca nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 40. S ht mang in ca mt
nguyn t Y nhiu hn s ht mang in ca mt nguyn t X l 8 ht. Cc nguyn t X v Y ln
lt l ?.
A. Al v P. B. Fe v Cl. C. Al v Cl. D. Na v Cl.
Cu 34: Tng sht proton , ntron , electron trong phn t
3
MX l 196 , trong sht mang
in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60 . S ht khng mang in ca X ln hn ca M l
4. Tng s ht (p,n,e) trong X
nhiu hn trong
3
M
+

l 16 . Cng thc phn t ca
3
MX l
A.
3
AlCl . B.
3
AlBr . C.
3
CrCl . D.
3
CrBr .
Cu 35: Mt hp cht c cng thc cu to l M
+
,
2
X

. Trong phn t
2
M X c tng s ht c
bn l 140 ht, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 44 ht.
Sntron ca M
+
ln hn skhi ca
2
X

l 12. Tng s ht trong M
+
nhiu hn trong
2
X

l
31 ht. Cng thc ha hc ca
2
M X l:
-
A.
2
Na O. B.
2
K S. C.
2
Na S. D.
2
K O.
Cu 36: Hp cht
2
M X c tng scc ht trong phn t l 116, trong sht mang in l 36.
Khi lng nguyn t X ln hn M l 9. Tng sht (p, n, e) trong
2
X

nhiu hn M
+
l 17 ht
s khi ca M v X l ?.
A.
2
Na O. B.
2
K S. C.
2
Na S. D.
2
K O.
Cu 37: Mt hp cht ion cu to t ion
2
M
+
v X
, tng s ht cbn trong phn t

2
MX l
186 ht trong sht mang in nhiu hn sht khng mang in l 54 ht. S ntron ca ion
2
M
+
nhiu hn X
l 12. Tng sht

2
M
+
nhiu hn trong X
l 27 ht. Cng thc phn tca

2
MX l
A. FeCl
2
. B. ZnBr
2
. C. CaCl
2
. D. BaBr
2
.
Cu 38: Tng sht trong phn t MX l 84 ht, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht
khng mang in l 28. S ntron ca M nhiu hn skhi ca X l 12 n v. Sht trong M ln
hn s ht trong X l 36 ht.MX l hp cht no
A.CaS. B.MgO. C.MgS. D.CaO.
Cu 39: Tng s ht trong phn t MX l 108 ht, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht
khng mang in l 36. S khi ca M nhiu hn s khi ca X l 8 n v. S ht trong
2
M
+

ln hn s ht trong X2-l 8 ht.%Khi lng ca M c trong hp cht l
A.55,56%. B.44,44%. C.71,43%. D.28,57%.
Cu 40: Tng s ht trong phn t
3 2
M X l 206 ht, trong sht mang in nhiu hn s
ht khng mang in l 58. S ntron ca X nhiu hn s ntron ca M l 2 n v. S ht trong
3
X

ln hn sht trong
2
M
+
l 13 ht.Cng thc phn t ca
3 2
M X l
A.Ca
3
P
2
. B.Mg
3
P
2
. C. Ca
3
N
2
. D.Mg
3
N
2
.

P N
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
-
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.
33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

1) Hy cho bit s ging v khc nhau trong cu to v nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c in tch
ht nhn ;
a) Z = 3 ; 11 ; 19. b) Z = 9 ; 17 ; 35
2) Mt nguyn t R c tng s ht (p,n,e) l 115. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang
in l 25 ht. Tm s proton, s khi v tn R.
3) Tng s ht (p,n,e) ca mt nguyn t l 34. Xc nh KLNT v cu hnh electron ca nguyn
t .
4) Bo c hai ng v B
10
5
(18,89%) v B
11
5
(81,11%). Tm KLNT trung bnh ca B.
5) KLNTTB ca Br l 79,91. Brom c 2 ng v, bit Br
79
35
chim 54,5%. Tm s khi ca ng
v th hai.
6) Phn t MX
3
c tng s ht bng 196, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l
l 60. Khi lng nguyn t X ln hn M l 8. Ion X
-
nhhiu ht hn ion M
3+
l 16. Xc nh M,
X, MX
3
, vit cu hnh electron, obitan ca M.
7) Hp cht A c cng thc MX
2
, trong M chim 46,67% v khi lng. Ht nhn ca M c
n - p = 4, cn ht nhn ca X c n
= p

> Bit tng s ht proton trong MX
2
l 58.
a. Xc nh s khi ca M v X
b. Cho bit CTHH ca MX
2

8) Oxit cao nht ca mt nguyn t ng vi cng thc RO
3
, vi hiro n to thnh hp cht kh
cha 94,12% R v khi lng. Tm KLPT v tn nguyn t.
9) a. Tnh bn knh gn ng ca Fe 20
o
C, bit nhhit ny d = 7,87 g/cm
3
. Cho Fe=55,85
b. Thc t Fe chim 75% th tch tinh th, phn cn li l khe rng. Tnh bn knh ngt Fe
10) Mt ngt X c bn knh l 1,44 A
o
, khi lng ring thc tnh th l 19,36g/cm
3
. Ngt chim
74% th tch tinh th. Hy:
a. Xc nh khi lng ring trung bnh ton ngt, khi lng mol ngt
-
b. Bit X c 118 ntron. Tnh s proton
II. Bi tp t luyn
1) Hy cho bit s ging v khc nhau trong cu to v ngt ca cc ngt c in tch ht nhn ;
a) Z = 4 ; 12 ; 20. b) Z = 7 ; 15 ; 33
2) KLNT ca Cu l 63,54. ng c 2 ng v l Cu
63
29
v Cu
65
29
, tm % s nguyn t ca mi ng
v.
3) Bit Mg c KLTB l 24,2. Trong t nhin c 2 ng v Mg
24
12
v Mg
A
12
vi t l s nguyn t l
1:4. Tnh s khi ca ng v th 2
4) Trong t nhin Oxi c 3 ng v
16
O,
17
O,
18
O vi % tng ng l a, b, c. Bit a=15b,a-b=21c
a. Trong 1000 ngt O c bao nhiu
16
O,
17
O,
18
O ?
b. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Oxi
5) Ho tan 6,082g kim loi M(II) bng dung dch HCl thu 5,6 lt H
2
(ktc)
a. Tm nguyn t khi trung bnh ca M, gi tn
b. M c 3 ng v vi tng s khi l 75. Bit s khi 3 ng v lp thnh 1 cp s cng.
ng v 3 chim 11,4%, s notron ln hn proton l 2, ng v 1 c p=n.
- Tm s khi v notron mi ng v
- Tm % ng v cn li
6) Mt nguyn t A to thnh hai loi oxit AO
x
v AO
y
ln lt cha 50% v 60% oxi v khi
lng. Xc nh A v cng thc ca 2 oxit.
7) Bit tng s ht proton, ntron v electron trong mt nguyn t l 155. S ht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 33 ht. Tm s proton, ntron v s khi ca nguyn t.
8) Tng s ht mang in trong ion (AB
3
)
2-
bng 82. S ht mang in trong ht nhn A nhiu
hn s ht mang in trong ht nhn B l 8. Xc nh s hiu ngt A, B. Vit cu hnh e v nh
v 2 ngt trong BTH.
9) Tng s ht (p,n,e) trong hai nguyn t kim loi A, B l 142 ht, trong s ht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42 ht. S ht mang in ca nguyn t A nhiu hn
nguyn t B l 12 ht. Xc nh A, B v v tr ca chng trong bng HTTH.
10) Tng s ht (p,n,e) trong mt nguyn t A l 16, trong nguyn t B l 58. Tm s Z v s
khi ca A, B; gi s s chnh lch gia s khi vi KLNT trung bnh khng qu 1 n v.
-
11) Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn (p,n,e) l 82, trong s ht mang
in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 22. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t, s khi v tn nguyn
t. Vit cu hnh electron ca X v cc ion to ra t X.
12) Hp cht Z c to bi hai nguyn t M, R c cng thc M
a
R
b
, trong R chim 6,67%
khi lng. Trong ht nhn nguyn t M c n = p + 4, cn trong ht nhn R c n = p; trong
n, p, n, p l s ntron v proton tng ng ca M v R. Bit rng tng s ht proton trong phn
t Z bng 84 v a + b = 4. Tm CTPT ca Z. (S : p=26, p = 6; Fe
3
C).
13) Kim loi M tc dng v vi 4,032 lt Clo thu 16,02g MCl
3
.
a) Xc nh KLNT ca M
b) Tnh KLR ca M. Tnh t l % ca Vthc vi V tinh th. Bit m c R=1,43A
o
; d thc =
2,7g/cm
3
.

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TI LIU LUYN THI I HC GS MAYRADA GROUPS

https://www.facebook.com/HoiNhungNguoiHamHoc Email : mayradapro@gmail.com Trang - 1 -

= . Tm khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t ( cho = 3,14 ).

= v c khi lng nguyn t l

TI LIU LUYN THI I HC GS MAYRADA GROUPS

. Tm khi lng mol phn t ca

, tng s ht cbn trong phn t

l 12. Tng sht

l 27 ht. Cng thc phn tca

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