GII TCH (C S)

Phn 1. Khng gian metric

1. Metric trn mt tp hp. S hi t.
Khng gian y
Phin bn chnh sa
PGS TS Nguyn Bch Huy
(Typing by thuantd)
Ngy 10 thng 11 nm 2004
A. Tm tt l thuyt
1. Khng gian metric
nh ngha 1. Cho tp X = . Mt nh x d t X X vo R c gi l mt metric trn
X nu cc iu kin sau c tha mn x, y, z X:
i. d(x, y) 0
d(x, y) = 0 x = y
ii. d(x, y) = d(y, x)
iii. d(x, y) d(x, z) + d(z, y) (bt ng thc tam gic)
Nu d l metric trn X th cp (X, d) gi l mt khng gian metric.
Nu d l metric trn X th n cng tha mn tnh cht sau
|d(x, y) d(u, v)| d(x, u) + d(y, v) (bt ng thc t gic)
V d 1. nh x d : R
m
R
m
R, nh bi
d(x, y) =
_
m

i=1
(x
i
y
i
)
2
_
1/2
, x = (x
1
, . . . , x
m
), y = (y
1
, . . . , y
m
)
1
l mt metric trn R
m
, gi l metric thng thng ca R
m
.
Khi m = 1, ta c d(x, y) = |x y|
Trn R
m
ta cng c cc metric khc nh
d
1
(x, y) =
m

i=1
|x
i
y
i
|
d
2
(x, y) = max
1im
|x
i
y
i
|
V d 2. K hiu C
[a,b]
l tp hp cc hm thc x = x(t) lin tc trn [a, b]. nh x
d(x, y) = sup
atb
|x(t) y(t)|, x, y C
[a,b]
l metric trn C
[a,b]
, gi l metric hi t u.
2. S hi t
nh ngha 2. Cho khng gian metric (X, d). Ta ni dy phn t {x
n
} X hi t (hi t
theo metric d, nu cn lm r) v phn t x X nu lim
n
d(x
n
, x) = 0.
Khi ta vit
lim
n
x
n
= x trong (X, d)
x
n
d
x
x
n
x
limx
n
= x
Nh vy, lim
n
x
n
= x trong (X, d) c ngha
> 0, n
0
: n N

, n n
0
d(x
n
, x) <
Ta ch rng, cc metric khc nhau trn cng tp X s sinh ra cc s hi t khc nhau.
Tnh cht
1. Gii hn ca mt dy hi t l duy nht.
2. Nu dy {x
n
} hi t v x th mi dy con ca n cng hi t v x.
3. Nu lim
n
x
n
= x, lim
n
y
n
= y th lim
n
d(x
n
, y
n
) = d(x, y)
V d 3. Trong R
m
ta xt metric thng thng. Xt phn t a = (a
1
, . . . , a
m
) v dy {x
n
} vi
x
n
= (x
n
1
, . . . , x
n
m
). Ta c
d(x
n
, a) =

_
m

i=1
(x
n
i
a
i
)
2
|x
n
i
a
i
|, i = 1, . . . , m
2
T y suy ra:
lim
n
x
n
= a trong (R
m
, d) lim
n
x
n
i
= a
i
trong R, i = 1, . . . , n
V d 4. Trong C
[a,b]
ta xt "metric hi t u". Ta c
x
n
d
x ( > 0, n
0
: n n
0
sup
atb
|x
n
(t) x(t)| < )
dy hm {x
n
(t)} hi t u trn [a, b] v hm x(t)
= lim
n
x
n
(t) = x(t), t [a, b]
Nh vy, lim
n
x
n
(t) = x(t), t [a, b] l iu kin cn limx
n
= x trong C
[a,b]
vi metric
hi t u.
Ch ny gip ta d on phn t gii hn.
3. Khng gian metric y
nh ngha 3. Cho khng gian metric (X, d). Dy {x
n
} X c gi l dy Cauchy (dy c
bn) nu lim
n,m
d(x
n
, x
m
) = 0
hay
> 0, n
0
: n, m n
0
d(x
n
, x
m
) <
Tnh cht
1. Nu {x
n
} hi t th n l dy Cauchy.
2. Nu dy {x
n
} l dy Cauchy v c dy con hi t v x th {x
n
} cng hi t v x.
nh ngha 4. Khng gian metric (X, d) gi l y nu mi dy Cauchy trong n u l
dy hi t.
V d 5. Khng gian R
m
vi metric d thng thng l y .
Tht vy, xt ty dy Cauchy {x
n
}, x
n
= (x
n
1
, . . . , x
n
m
).
V
_
d(x
n
, x
k
) |x
n
i
x
k
i
| (i = 1, . . . , m)
lim
n,k
d(x
n
, x
k
) = 0
lim
n,k
|x
n
i
x
k
i
| = 0,
nn ta suy ra cc dy {x
n
i
}
n
(i = 1, . . . , m) l dy Cauchy trong R, do chng hi t v R
y .
t a
i
= lim
n
x
n
i
(i = 1, m) v xt phn t a = (a
1
, . . . , a
m
), ta c lim
n
x
n
= a trong
(R
m
, d).
V d 6. Khng gian C
[a,b]
vi metric hi t u d l y .
Gi s {x
n
} l dy Cauchy trong (C
[a,b]
, d).
3
Vi mi t [a, b], ta c |x
n
(t) x
m
(t)| d(x
n
, x
m
). T gi thit lim
n,m
d(x
n
, x
m
) = 0 ta
cng c lim
n,m
|x
n
(t) x
m
(t)| = 0
Vy vi mi t [a, b] th {x
n
(t)} l dy Cauchy trong R, do l dy hi t.
Lp hm x xc nh bi x(t) = limx
n
(t), t [a, b].
Ta cn chng minh x C
[a,b]
v limd(x
n
, x) = 0.
Cho > 0 ty . Do {x
n
} l dy Cauchy, ta tm c n
0
tha
n, m n
0
d(x
n
, x
m
) <
Nh vy ta c
|x
n
(t) x
m
(t)| < , n n
0
, m n
0
, t [a, b]
C nh n, t v cho m trong bt ng thc trn ta c
|x
n
(t) x(t)| , n n
0
, t [a, b]
Nh vy, ta chng minh rng
> 0, n
0
: n n
0
sup
atb
|x
n
(t) x(t)|
T y suy ra:
Dy hm lin tc {x
n
(t)} hi t u trn [a, b] v hm x(t), do hm x(t) lin tc trn
[a, b].
lim
n
d(x
n
, x) = 0.
y l iu ta cn chng minh.
B. Bi tp
Bi 1. Cho khng gian metric (X, d). Ta nh ngha
d
1
(x, y) =
d(x, y)
1 + d(x, y)
, x, y X
1. Chng minh d
1
l metric trn X.
2. Chng minh x
n
d
1
x x
n
d
x
3. Gi s (X, d) y , chng minh (X, d
1
) y .
Gii
1. Hin nhin d
1
l mt nh x t X X vo R. Ta kim tra d
1
tha mn cc iu
kin ca metric
4
(i) Ta c: d
1
(x, y) 0 do d(x, y) 0
d
1
(x, y) = 0 d(x, y) = 0 x = y
(ii) d
1
(y, x) =
d(y, x)
1 + d(y, x)
=
d(x, y)
1 + d(x, y)
= d(x, y)
(iii) Ta cn chng minh
d(x, y)
1 + d(x, y)

d(x, z)
1 + d(x, z)
+
d(z, y)
1 + d(z, y)
gn, ta t a = d(x, y), b = d(x, z), c = d(z, y).
Ta c a b + c; a, b, c 0 (do tnh cht ca d)

a
1 + a

b + c
1 + b + c
_
do hm
t
1 + t
tng trn [0, )
_

a
1 + a

b
1 + b + c
+
c
1 + b + c

b
1 + b
+
c
1 + c
(pcm)
2. Gi s x
n
d
x. Ta c
limd(x
n
, x) = 0
d
1
(x
n
, x) =
d(x
n
, x)
1 + d(x
n
, x)
Do , limd
1
(x
n
, x) = 0 hay x
n
d
1
x
Gi s x
n
d
1
x. T
limd
1
(x
n
, x) = 0
d(x
n
, x) =
d
1
(x
n
, x)
1 d
1
(x
n
, x)
ta suy ra limd(x
n
, x) = 0 hay x
n
d
x.
3. Xt ty dy Cauchy {x
n
} trong (X, d
1
), ta cn chng minh {x
n
} hi t trong
(X, d
1
).
Ta c
lim
n,m
d
1
(x
n
, x
m
) = 0
d(x
n
, x
m
) =
d
1
(x
n
, x
m
)
1 d
1
(x
n
, x
m
)
lim
n,m
d(x
n
, x
m
) = 0 hay {x
n
} l dy Cauchy trong (X, d)
{x
n
} l hi t trong (X, d) (v (X, d) y )
t x = lim
n
x
n
(trong (X, d)), ta c x = lim
n
x
n
trong (X, d
1
) (do cu 2).
5
Bi 2. Cho cc khng gian metric (X
1
, d
1
), (X
2
, d
2
). Trn tp X = X
1
X
2
ta nh ngha
d((x
1
, x
2
), (y
1
, y
2
)) = d
1
(x
1
, y
1
) + d
2
(x
2
, y
2
)
1. Chng minh d l metric trn X
2. Gi s x
n
= (x
n
1
, x
n
2
) (n N

), a = (a
1
, a
2
). Chng minh
x
n
d
a
_
x
n
1
d
1
a
1
x
n
2
d
2
a
2
3. Gi s (X
1
, d
1
), (X
2
, d
2
) y . Chng minh (X, d) y .
Bi 3. K hiu S l tp hp cc dy s thc x = {a
k
}
k
. Ta nh ngha
d(x, y) =

k=1
1
2
k
.
|a
k
b
k
|
1 +|a
k
b
k
|
, x = {a
k
}, y = {b
k
}
1. Chng minh d l metric trn X
2. Gi s x
n
= {a
n
k
}
k
, n N

, x = {a
k
}
k
. Chng minh
x
n
d
x lim
n
a
n
k
= a
k
, k N

3. Chng minh (S, d) y .

Bi 4. Trn X = C
[0,1]
xt cc metric
d(x, y) = sup
0x1
|x(t) y(t)|
d
1
(x, y) =
1
_
0
|x(t) y(t)| dt
1. Chng minh: (x
n
d
x) (x
n
d
1
x)
2. Bng v d dy x
n
(t) = n(t
n
t
n+1
), chng minh chiu "" trong cu 1) c th
khng ng.
3. Chng minh (X, d
1
) khng y .
6
GII TCH (C S)
Phn 1. Khng gian metric
Phin bn chnh sa - c phn b sung ca bi trc
PGS TS Nguyn Bch Huy
Ngy 6 thng 12 nm 2004
Ni dung chnh ca mn C s
Chuyn ngnh: Ton Gii tch
Phng php Ging dy Ton
Phn 1: Khng gian metric
1. Metric trn mt tp hp. S hi t. Khng gian y .
2. Tp m. Tp ng. Phn trong, bao ng ca tp hp.
3. nh x lin tc gia cc khng gian metric. Cc tnh cht:
Lin h vi s hi t
Lin h vi nh ngc ca tp m, tp ng.
nh x m, nh x ng, nh x ng phi.
4. Tp compc. Cc tnh cht cn bn:
H c tm cc tp ng.
Tnh cht compc v s hi t.
nh ca tp compc qua nh x lin tc.
Phn 2: o v tch phn.
1. i s trn tp hp.
o v cc tnh cht cn bn.
2. Cc tnh cht ca o Lebesgue trn R (khng xt cch xy dng).
3. Hm s o c. Cc tnh cht cn bn.
1
Cc php ton s hc, ly max, min trn 2 hm o c.
Ly gii hn hm o c (khng xt: hi t theo o, nh l Egoroff, Lusin).
4. Tch phn theo mt o. Cc tnh cht cn bn (khng xt tnh lin tc tuyt i).
5. Cc nh l Levi, Lebesgue v qua gii hn di du tch phn.
Phn 3: Gii tch hm.
1. Chun trn mt khng gian vect. Chun tng ng. Khng gian Banach.
2. nh x tuyn tnh lin tc. Khng gian cc nh x tuyn tnh lin tc (khng xt nh
x lin hp, nh x compc, cc nguyn l c bn).
3. Khng gian Hilbert. Phn tch trc giao. Chui Fourier theo mt h trc chun. H trc
chun y .
1 Metric trn mt tp hp. S hi t.
Khng gian y
Phn ny c thm phn b sung ca bi trc
1. Tm tt l thuyt
1.1 Khng gian metric
nh ngha 1 Cho tp X = . Mt nh x d t X X vo R c gi l mt metric trn
X nu cc iu kin sau c tha mn x, y, z X:
i. d(x, y) 0
d(x, y) = 0 x = y
ii. d(x, y) = d(y, x)
iii. d(x, y) d(x, z) + d(z, y) (bt ng thc tam gic)
Nu d l metric trn X th cp (X, d) gi l mt khng gian metric.
Nu d l metric trn X th n cng tha mn tnh cht sau
|d(x, y) d(u, v)| d(x, u) + d(y, v) (bt ng thc t gic)
V d. nh x d : R
m
R
m
R, nh bi
d(x, y) =
_
m

i=1
(x
i
y
i
)
2
_
1/2
, x = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
m
), y = (y
1
, y
2
, . . . , y
m
)
2
l mt metric trn R
m
, gi l metric thng thng ca R
m
.
Khi m = 1, ta c d(x, y) = |x y|. Trn R
m
ta cng c cc metric khc nh
d
1
(x, y) =
m

i=1
|x
i
y
i
|
d
2
(x, y) = max
1im
|x
i
y
i
|
V d. K hiu C
[a,b]
l tp hp cc hm thc x = x(t) lin tc trn [a, b]. nh x
d(x, y) = sup
atb
|x(t) y(t)|, x, y C
[a,b]
l metric trn C
[a,b]
, gi l metric hi t u.
1.2 S hi t
nh ngha 2 Cho khng gian metric (X, d). Ta ni dy phn t {x
n
} X hi t (hi t
theo metric d, nu cn lm r) v phn t x X nu lim
n
d(x
n
, x) = 0.
Khi ta vit
lim
n
d(x
n
, x) = 0 trong (X, d)
x
n
d
x
x
n
x
limd(x
n
, x) = 0
Nh vy, lim
n
d(x
n
, x) = 0 trong (X, d) c ngha
> 0, n
0
: n N

, n n
0
d(x
n
, x) <
Ta ch rng, cc metric khc nhau trn cng tp X s sinh ra cc s hi t khc nhau.
Tnh cht.
1. Gii hn ca mt dy hi t l duy nht.
2. Nu dy {x
n
} hi t v x th mi dy con ca n cng hi t v x.
3. Nu lim
n
x
n
= x, lim
n
y
n
= y th lim
n
d(x
n
, y
n
) = d(x, y)
V d. Trong R
m
ta xt metric thng thng. Xt phn t a = (a
1
, . . . , a
m
) v dy {x
n
} vi
x
n
= (x
n
1
, x
n
2
, . . . , x
n
m
). Ta c
d(x
n
, a) =

_
m

i=1
(x
n
i
a
i
)
2
|x
n
i
a
i
|, i = 1, 2, . . . , m
T y suy ra:
lim
n
x
n
= a trong (R
m
, d) lim
n
x
n
i
= a
i
trong R, i = 1, 2, . . . , n
3
V d. Trong C
[a,b]
ta xt metric hi t u. Ta c
x
n
d
x ( > 0, n
0
: n n
0
sup
atb
|x
n
(t) x(t)| < )
dy hm {x
n
(t)} hi t u trn [a, b] v hm x(t)
= lim
n
x
n
(t) = x(t), t [a, b]
Nh vy, lim
n
x
n
(t) = x(t), t [a, b] l iu kin cn limx
n
= x trong C
[a,b]
vi metric hi
t u. Ch ny gip ta d on phn t gii hn.
1.3 Khng gian metric y
nh ngha 3 Cho khng gian metric (X, d). Dy {x
n
} X c gi l dy Cauchy (dy c
bn) nu
lim
n,m
d(x
n
, x
m
) = 0
hay
> 0, n
0
: n, m n
0
d(x
n
, x
m
) <
Tnh cht.
1. Nu {x
n
} hi t th n l dy Cauchy.
2. Nu dy {x
n
} l dy Cauchy v c dy con hi t v x th {x
n
} cng hi t v x.
nh ngha 4 Khng gian metric (X, d) gi l y nu mi dy Cauchy trong n u l
dy hi t.
V d. Khng gian R
m
vi metric d thng thng l y .
Tht vy, xt ty dy Cauchy {x
n
}, x
n
= (x
n
1
, . . . , x
n
m
).
V
_
d(x
n
, x
k
) |x
n
i
x
k
i
| (i = 1, . . . , m)
lim
n,k
d(x
n
, x
k
) = 0
lim
n,k
|x
n
i
x
k
i
| = 0,
nn ta suy ra cc dy {x
n
i
}
n
(i = 1, . . . , m) l dy Cauchy trong R, do chng hi t v R
y .
t a
i
= lim
n
x
n
i
(i = 1, 2, . . . , m) v xt phn t a = (a
1
, . . . , a
m
), ta c lim
n
x
n
= a
trong (R
m
, d).
V d. Khng gian C
[a,b]
vi metric hi t u d l y .
Gi s {x
n
} l dy Cauchy trong (C
[a,b]
, d).
Vi mi t [a, b], ta c |x
n
(t) x
m
(t)| d(x
n
, x
m
). T gi thit lim
n,m
d(x
n
, x
m
) = 0 ta
cng c lim
n,m
|x
n
(t) x
m
(t)| = 0.
Vy vi mi t [a, b] th {x
n
(t)} l dy Cauchy trong R, do l dy hi t.
4
Lp hm x xc nh bi x(t) = limx
n
(t), t [a, b]. Ta cn chng minh x C
[a,b]
v
limd(x
n
, x) = 0.
Cho > 0 ty . Do {x
n
} l dy Cauchy, ta tm c n
0
tha
n, m n
0
d(x
n
, x
m
) <
Nh vy ta c
|x
n
(t) x
m
(t)| < , n n
0
, m n
0
, t [a, b]
C nh n, t v cho m trong bt ng thc trn ta c
|x
n
(t) x(t)| < , n n
0
, t [a, b]
Nh vy, ta chng minh rng
> 0, n
0
: n n
0
sup
atb
|x
n
(t) x(t)|
T y suy ra:
Dy hm lin tc {x
n
(t)} hi t u trn [a, b] v hm x(t), do hm x(t) lin tc trn
[a, b].
lim
n
d(x
n
, x) = 0.
y l iu ta cn chng minh.
2. Bi tp
Bi 1 Cho khng gian metric (X, d). Ta nh ngha
d
1
(x, y) =
d(x, y)
1 + d(x, y)
, x, y X
1. Chng minh d
1
l metric trn X.
2. Chng minh x
n
d
1
x x
n
d
x
3. Gi s (X, d) y , chng minh (X, d
1
) y .
Gii.
1. Hin nhin d
1
l mt nh x t XX vo R. Ta kim tra d
1
tha mn cc iu kin ca
metric
(i) Ta c: d
1
(x, y) 0 do d(x, y) 0
d
1
(x, y) = 0 d(x, y) = 0 x = y
5
(ii) d
1
(y, x) =
d(y, x)
1 + d(y, x)
=
d(x, y)
1 + d(x, y)
= d(x, y)
(iii) Ta cn chng minh
d(x, y)
1 + d(x, y)

d(x, z)
1 + d(x, z)
+
d(z, y)
1 + d(z, y)
gn, ta t a = d(x, y), b = d(x, z), c = d(z, y).
Ta c a b + c; a, b, c 0 (do tnh cht ca metric d)

a
1 + a

b + c
1 + b + c
_
do hm
t
1 + t
tng trn [0, )
_

a
1 + a

b
1 + b + c
+
c
1 + b + c

b
1 + b
+
c
1 + c
(pcm)
2. Gi s x
n
d
x. Ta c
limd(x
n
, x) = 0
d
1
(x
n
, x) =
d(x
n
, x)
1 + d(x
n
, x)
Do , limd
1
(x
n
, x) = 0 hay x
n
d
1
x
Gi s x
n
d
1
x. T
limd
1
(x
n
, x) = 0
d(x
n
, x) =
d
1
(x
n
, x)
1 d
1
(x
n
, x)
ta suy ra limd(x
n
, x) = 0 hay x
n
d
x.
3. Xt ty dy Cauchy {x
n
} trong (X, d
1
), ta cn chng minh {x
n
} hi t trong (X, d
1
).
Ta c
lim
n,m
d
1
(x
n
, x
m
) = 0
d(x
n
, x
m
) =
d
1
(x
n
, x
m
)
1 d
1
(x
n
, x
m
)
lim
n,m
d(x
n
, x
m
) = 0 hay {x
n
} l dy Cauchy trong (X, d)
{x
n
} l hi t trong (X, d) (v (X, d) y )
t x = lim
n
x
n
(trong (X, d)), ta c x = lim
n
x
n
trong (X, d
1
) (do cu 2).
Bi 2 Cho cc khng gian metric (X
1
, d
1
), (X
2
, d
2
). Trn tp X = X
1
X
2
ta nh ngha
d ((x
1
, x
2
), (y
1
, y
2
)) = d
1
(x
1
, y
1
) + d
2
(x
2
, y
2
)
6
1. Chng minh d l metric trn X.
2. Gi s x
n
= (x
n
1
, x
n
2
), (n N

), a = (a
1
, a
2
). Chng minh x
n
d
a
_
x
n
1
d
1
a
1
x
n
2
d
2
a
2
3. Gi s (X
1
, d
1
), (X
2
, d
2
) y . Chng minh (X, d) y .
Gii.
1. Ta kim tra tnh cht i), iii) ca metric. Gi s x = (x
1
, x
2
), y = (y
1
, y
2
), z = (z
1
, z
2
), ta
c:
i) d(x, y) = d
1
(x
1
, y
1
) + d
2
(x
2
, y
2
) 0
d(x, y) = 0
_
d
1
(x
1
, y
1
) = 0
d
2
(x
2
, y
2
) = 0

_
x
1
= y
1
x
2
= y
2
x = y
iii) Cng tng v cc bt ng thc:
d
1
(x
1
, y
1
) d
1
(x
1
, z
1
) + d
1
(z
1
, y
1
)
d
2
(x
2
, y
2
) d
2
(x
2
, z
2
) + d
2
(z
2
, y
2
)
ta c
d(x, y) d(x, z) + d(z, y)
2. Ta c
d
1
(x
n
1
, a
1
), d
2
(x
n
2
, a
2
) d(x
n
, a) = d
1
(x
n
1
, a
1
) + d
2
(x
n
2
, a
2
)
Do :
limd(x
n
, a) = 0
_
limd
1
(x
n
1
, a
1
) = 0
limd
2
(x
n
2
, a
2
) = 0
3. Gi s {x
n
} l dy Cauchy trong (X, d), x
n
= (x
n
1
, x
n
2
). Ta c {x
n
i
} l dy Cauchy trong
(X
i
, d
i
) (v d
i
(x
n
i
, x
m
i
) d(x
n
, x
m
)). Suy ra
a
i
X
i
: x
n
i
d
i
a
i
(do (X
i
, d
i
) y )
x
n
d
a := (a
1
, a
2
) (theo cu 2))
Bi 3 K hiu S l tp hp cc dy s thc x = {a
k
}
k
. Ta nh ngha
d(x, y) =

k=1
1
2
k
.
|a
k
b
k
|
1 +|a
k
b
k
|
, x = {a
k
}, y = {b
k
}
1. Chng minh d l metric trn X.
2. Gi s x
n
= {a
n
k
}
k
, n N

, x = {a
k
}
k
. Chng minh
x
n
d
x lim
n
a
n
k
= a
k
, k N

7
3. Chng minh (S, d) y .
Gii.
1. u tin ta nhn xt rng chui s nh ngha s d(x, y) l hi t v s hng th k nh
hn 1/2
k
.
Vi x = {a
k
}, y = {b
k
}, z = {c
k
}, cc tnh cht i), iii) kim tra nh sau:
i) Hin nhin d(x, y) 0,
d(x, y) = 0 a
k
= b
k
k N

x = y
iii) T l lun bi 1 ta c
|a
k
b
k
|
1 +|a
k
b
k
|

|a
k
c
k
|
1 +|a
k
c
k
|
+
|c
k
b
k
|
1 +|c
k
b
k
|
k N

Nhn cc bt ng thc trn vi 1/2

k
ri ly tng, ta c
d(x, y) d(x, z) + d(z, y)
2. Ta c
d (x
n
, x) =

k=1
1
2
k
.
|a
n
k
a
k
|
1 +|a
n
k
a
k
|
n N

Gi s x
n
x. Ta c: k N

1
2
k
.
|a
n
k
a
k
|
1 +|a
n
k
a
k
|
d(x
n
, x) ()
|a
n
k
a
k
|
2
k
d (x
n
, x)
1 2
k
d (x
n
, x)
_
khi n ln d (x
n
, x) <
1
2
k
_
Do lim
n
a
n
k
= a
k
.
Gi s lim
n
a
n
k
= a
k
k N

.
Cho > 0 ty . Ta chn s k
0
sao cho

k=k
0
+1
1
2
k
<

2
. Xt dy s:
s
n
=
k
0

k=1
1
2
k
.
|a
n
k
a
k
|
1 +|a
n
k
a
k
|
, n N

Do lims
n
= 0 nn c n
0
sao cho s
n
<

2
n n
0
.
Vi n n
0
, ta c
d(x
n
, x) = s
n
+

k=k
0
+1
(. . . ) s
n
+

k=k
0
+1
1
2
k
<
8
Nh vy ta chng minh
> 0 n
0
: n n
0
d(x
n
, x) <
hay limd(x
n
, x) = 0.
3. Xt ty dy Cauchy {x
n
} trong (S, d), x
n
= {a
n
k
}
k
. L lun tng t () ta c
|a
n
k
a
m
k
|
2
k
d(x
n
, x
m
)
1 2
k
d(x
n
, x
m
)
0 khi m, n
Suy ra {a
n
k
}
n
l dy Cauchy trong R, do hi t.
t a
k
= lim
n
a
n
k
v lp phn t a := {a
k
}. p dng cu 2) ta c x
n
a trong (S, d).
Bi 4 Trn X = C
[0,1]
xt cc metric
d(x, y) = sup
0x1
|x(t) y(t)|
d
1
(x, y) =
1
_
0
|x(t) y(t)| dt
1. Chng minh: (x
n
d
x) (x
n
d
1
x)
2. Bng v d dy x
n
(t) = n(t
n
t
n+1
), chng minh chiu trong cu 1) c th khng
ng.
3. Chng minh (X, d
1
) khng y .
Gii.
1. Ta c
|x(t) y(t)| d(x, y) t [0, 1]

_
1
0
|x(t) y(t)| dt d(x, y)
_
1
0
dt = d(x, y)
d
1
(x, y) d(x, y) x, y C
[0,1]
Do , nu limd(x
n
, x) = 0 th cng c limd
1
(x
n
, x) = 0.
2. K hiu x
0
l hm hng bng 0 trn [0, 1]. Ta c:
d
1
(x
n
, x
0
) =
_
1
0
|x
n
(t) x
0
(t)| dt =
_
1
0
n(t
n
t
n+1
) dt =
n
(n+1)(n+2)
0 khi n .
9
d(x
n
, x
0
) = sup
0t1
n(t
n
t
n+1
) = n
_
n
n+1
_
n
.
1
n+1
(hy lp bng kho st hm n(t
n
t
n+1
)
trn [0, 1]). Do
lim
n
d(x
n
, x
0
) = lim
n
_
n
n + 1
_
n
.
n
n + 1
=
1
e
= 0
Suy ra x
n
d
/ x
0
.
3. Xt dy {x
n
} C
[0,1]
xc nh nh sau:
x
n
(t) =
_
_
_
0 t [0,
1
2
]
n(t
1
2
) t [
1
2
,
1
2
+
1
n
]
1 t [
1
2
+
1
n
, 1]
(n 2)
Trc tin ta chng minh {x
n
} l dy Cauchy trong
_
C
[0,1]
, d
1
_
.
Tht vy, vi m < n, ta c:
d
1
(x
n
, x
m
) =
_
1
0
|x
n
(t) x
m
(t)| dt
=
_
1/2+1/m
1/2
|x
n
(t) x
m
(t)| dt

_
1/2+1/m
1/2
1.dt =
1
m
Do lim
m,n
d
1
(x
n
, x
m
) = 0
Ta chng minh {x
n
} khng hi t trong
_
C
[0,1]
, d
1
_
.
Gi s tri li:
x C
[0,1]
: limd
1
(x
n
, x) = 0
Khi
d
1
(x
n
, x)
_
1/2
0
|x
n
(t) x(t)| dt =
_
1/2
0
|x(t)| dt , n N

_
1/2
0
|x(t)| dt = 0 x(t) 0 trn [0,
1
2
].
Mt khc, vi mi a
_
1
2
, 1
_
ta c
1
2
+
1
n
< a khi n ln.
Do
d
1
(x
n
, x)
_
1
a
|x
n
(t) x(t)| dt =
_
1
a
|1 x(t)| dt
x(t) = 1 t [a, 1] (l lun nh trn)
Do a >
1
2
ty , ta suy ra x(t) = 1 t (
1
2
, 1].
Ta gp mu thun vi tnh lin tc ca hm x.
10
2 Tp m, tp ng. Phn trong, bao
ng ca mt tp hp
1. Tp m. Phn trong
Cho khng gian metric (X, d).Vi x
0
X, r > 0, ta k hiu B(x
0
, r) = {x X : d(x, x
0
) < r}
gi l qu cu m tm x
0
, bn knh r.
nh ngha 1 Cho tp hp A X.
1. im x c gi l im trong ca tp hp A nu r > 0 : B(x, r) A
2. Tp hp tt c cc im trong ca A gi l phn trong ca A, k hiu Int A hay

A. Hin
nhin ta c Int A A.
3. Tp A gi l tp m nu mi im ca n l im trong. Ta qui c l m. Nh vy,
A m A = Int A (x A r > 0 : B(x, r) A)
Tnh cht.
1. H cc tp m c ba tnh cht c trng sau:
i) , X l cc tp m.
ii) Hp ca mt s ty cc tp m l tp m.
iii) Giao ca hu hn cc tp m l tp m.
2. Phn trong ca A l tp m v l tp m ln nht cha trong A.
Nh vy:
(B A, B m) B Int A
V d. Qu cu m B(x
0
, r
0
) l tp m.
Tht vy, x B(x
0
, r
0
) ta c r = r
0
d(x, x
0
) > 0. Ta s ch ra B(x, r) B(x
0
, r
0
). Vi
y B(x, r), ta c d(y, x
0
) d(y, x) + d(x, x
0
) < r + d(x, x
0
) = r
0
nn y B(x
0
, r
0
).
V d. Trong R vi metric thng thng, cc khong m l tp m.
Tht vy, trong R ta c B(x, r) = (x r, x + r).
Mi khong hu hn (a, b) l qu cu tm
a+b
2
, bn knh
ba
2
nn l tp m.
(a, +), (a R) l tp m v x (a, +) ta t r = xa th (xr, x+r) (a, +).
V d. Trong R
2
vi metric thng thng mi hnh ch nht m A = (a, b) (c, d) l tp m.
Tht vy, xt ty x = (x
1
, x
2
) A. Ta t r = min{x
1
a, b x
1
, x
2
c, d x
2
} th c
B(x, r) A.
nh l 1
1. Mi tp m trong R l hp ca khng qu m c cc khong m i mt khng giao
nhau.
2. Mi tp m trong R
2
l hp ca khng qu m c cc hnh ch nht m.
11
2. Tp ng. Bao ng ca mt tp hp
nh ngha 2
1. Tp hp A X gi l tp ng nu X \ A l tp m.
2. im x c gi l mt im dnh ca tp A nu A B(x, r) = , r > 0.
3. Tp tt c cc im dnh ca A gi l bao ng ca A, k hiu l A hay Cl A.
Hin nhin ta lun c A A.
Tnh cht.
1. , X l cc tp ng.
Giao ca mt s ty cc tp ng l tp ng.
Hp ca hu hn tp ng l tp ng.
2. A l tp ng v l tp ng nh nht cha A.
Nh vy (B A, B ng) B A
3. A ng A = A.
nh l 2
1. x A ({x
n
} A : limx
n
= x)
2. Cc tnh cht sau l tng ng:
a) A l tp ng;
b) {x
n
} A(limx
n
= x x A).
V d. Qu cu ng B

(x
0
, r) := {x X : d(x, x
0
) r} l tp ng.
Chng minh. Do s tng ng ca tnh cht a), b) nn ta chng minh B

(x
0
, r) c tnh
cht b). Xt ty dy {x
n
} m {x
n
} B

(x
0
, r), x
n
x, ta phi chng minh x B

(x
0
, r).
Tht vy:
_
d(x
n
, x
0
) r n = 1, 2, . . .
limd(x
n
, x
0
) = d(x, x
0
) (do tnh cht 3) ca s hi t)
d(x, x
0
) r (pcm)
12
Bi tp
Bi 1 Chng minh rng trong mt khng gian metric ta c
1. A B A B;
2. A B = A B;
3. A = A
Gii.
1. Ta c: (B l tp ng, B A) B A.
2. Ta c: A A B, B A B (do cu 1)) nn A B A B
Mt khc:
_
A B l tp ng (do A, B ng)
A B A B
A B A B (do tnh cht nh nht ca bao ng)
3. Ta c A l tp ng nn n bng bao ng ca n.
Bi 2 Trong C
[a,b]
ta xt metric hi t u. Gi s x
0
C
[a,b]
. Ta xt cc tp sau:
M
1
={x C
[a,b]
: x(t) > x
0
(t) t [a, b]}
M
2
={x C
[a,b]
: x(t) x
0
(t) t [a, b]}
M
3
={x C
[a,b]
: t [a, b] : x(t) x
0
(t)}
Chng minh M
1
m, M
2
v M
3
ng.
Gii.
Chng minh M
1
m. Xt ty x M
1
, ta c
x(t) x
0
(t) > 0 t [a, b]
r := inf
atb
[x(t) x
0
(t)] > 0 (v t
0
[a, b] : r = x(t
0
) x
0
(t
0
) > 0)
Ta s chng minh B(x, r) M
1
. Tht vy, vi y B(x, r) ta c:
sup
atb
|y(t) x(t)| < r
|y(t) x(t)| < r t [a, b]
y(t) > x(t) r t [a, b]
y(t) x
0
(t) > x(t) x
0
(t) r r r = 0 t [a, b]
y M
1
13
Chng minh M
2
ng.
Gi s {x
n
} M
2
, x
n
d
x, ta cn chng minh x M
2
. Ta c
_
_
_
lim
n
x
n
(t) = x(t) t [a, b]
_
do x
n
d
x
_
x
n
(t) x
0
(t) t [a, b], n N

(do x
n
M
2
)
Suy ra x(t) x
0
(t)t [a, b] , do x M
2
.
Chng minh M
3
ng.
Cch 1. t M
4
=
_
x C
[a,b]
: x(t) < x
0
(t) t [a, b]
_
. Ta c M
3
= C
[a,b]
\ M
4
v M
4
l
tp m (chng minh tng t M
1
m) nn M
3
ng.
Cch 2. Gi s {x
n
} M
3
, x
n
d
x ta cn chng minh x M
3
.
Do x
n
M
3
nn tn ti t
n
[a, b] tha x
n
(t
n
) x
0
(t
n
). Dy {t
n
} b chn nn c dy con
{t
n
k
}
k
hi t v mt t
0
[a, b]. Ta s chng minh x(t
0
) x
0
(t
0
). u tin ta chng minh
lim
k
x
n
k
(t
n
k
) = x(t
0
) (1)
Tht vy:
|x
n
k
(t
n
k
) x(t
0
)| |x
n
k
(t
n
k
) x(t
n
k
)| +|x(t
n
k
) x(t
0
)| d(x
n
k
, x) +|x(t
n
k
) x(t
0
)| (2)
v v v phi ca (2) hi t v 0 khi k nn (1) ng.
T x
n
k
(t
n
k
) x
0
(t
n
k
) v (1) ta c x(t
0
) x
0
(t
0
). Ta chng minh t
0
[a, b] : x(t
0
)
x
0
(t
0
) hay x M
3
.
Bi 3 Trong C
[a,b]
vi metric hi t u ta xt cc tp hp sau:
M
1
=
_
x C
[a,b]
: x l n nh, 0 x(t) 1 t [a, b]
_
M
2
=
_
x C
[a,b]
: x l ton nh, 0 x(t) 1 t [a, b]
_
Chng minh M
1
khng l tp ng, M
2
l tp ng.
14
GII TCH (C S)
Chuyn ngnh: Gii Tch, PPDH Ton
Phn 1. Khng gian metric
3. nh x lin tc
(Phin bn chnh sa)
PGS TS Nguyn Bch Huy
Ngy 20 thng 12 nm 2004
Tm tt l thuyt
1 nh ngha
Cho cc khng gian metric (X, d), (Y, ) v nh x f : X Y
Ta ni nh x f lin tc ti im x
0
X nu
> 0, > 0 : x X, d(x, x
0
) < = (f(x), f(x
0
)) <
Ta ni f lin tc trn X nu f lin tc ti mi x X
2 Cc tnh cht
Cho cc khng gian metric (X, d), (Y, ) v nh x f : X Y .
nh l 1. Cc mnh sau tng ng
1. f lin tc ti x
0
X
2. {x
n
} X (limx
n
= x
0
) = limf(x
n
) = f(x
0
)
1
H qu. Nu nh x f : X Y lin tc ti x
0
v nh x g : Y Z lin tc ti y
0
= f(x
0
)
th nh x hp g f : X Z lin tc ti x
0
.
nh l 2. Cc mnh sau tng ng
1. f lin tc trn X
2. Vi mi tp m G Y th tp nghch nh f
1
(G) l tp m trong X.
3. Vi mi tp ng F Y th tp f
1
(F) l tp m trong X.
3 nh x m, nh x ng, nh x ng phi
Cho cc khng gian metric X, Y v nh x f : X Y .
nh x f gi l nh x m (ng) nu vi mi tp m (ng) A X th nh f(A) l
tp m (ng).
nh x f gi l nh x ng phi nu f l song nh lin tc v nh x ngc f
1
: Y X
lin tc.
4 Mt s cc h thc v nh v nh ngc
Cho cc tp X, Y khc trng v nh x f : X Y . Vi cc tp A, A
i
X v B, B
i
Y , ta
c
1. f(

iI
A
i
) =

iI
f(A
i
), f(

iI
A
i
)

iI
f(A
i
)
2. f
1
(

iI
B
i
) =

iI
f
1
(B
i
), f
1
(

iI
B
i
) =

iI
f
1
(B
i
)
f
1
(B
1
\ B
2
) = f
1
(B
1
) \ f
1
(B
2
)
3. f(f
1
(B)) B ("=" nu f l ton nh)
f
1
(f(A)) A ("=" nu f l n nh)
Bi tp
Bi 1. Trong khng gian C
[a,b]
, ta xt metric d(x, y) = sup
atb
|x(t) y(t)| v trong R ta xt
metric thng thng. Chng minh cc nh x sau y lin tc t C
[a,b]
vo R.
2
1. f
1
(x) = inf
atb
x(t)
2. f
2
(x) =
b

a
x
2
(t)dt
Gii. 1. Ta s chng minh |f
1
(x) f
1
(y)| d(x, y) (*)
Tht vy
f
1
(x) x(t) = y(t) + (x(t) y(t)) y(t) + d(x, y) t [a, b]
= f
1
(x) d(x, y) y(t), t [a, b]
= f
1
(x) d(x, y) f
1
(y) hay f
1
(x) f
1
(y) d(x, y)
Tng t, ta c f
1
(y) f
1
(x) d(x, y) nn (*) ng. T y, ta thy
{x
n
}, lim
n
x
n
= x = lim
n
f
1
(x
n
) = f
1
(x)
2. Xt ty x C
[a,b]
, {x
n
} C
[a,b]
m limx
n
= x, ta cn chng minh limf
2
(x
n
) = f
2
(x)
Ta c
|x
2
n
(t) x
2
(t)| = |x
n
(t) x(t)|.|x
n
(t) x(t) + 2x(t)|
d(x
n
, x).[d(x
n
, x) + M] (M = sup
atb
2|x(t)|)
= |f
2
(x
n
) f
2
(x)|
b

a
|x
2
n
(t) x
2
(t)|dt
d(x
n
, x)[d(x
n
, x) + M](b a)
Do limd(x
n
, x) = 0 nn t y ta c limf
2
(x
n
) = f
2
(x) (pcm)
Ghi ch. Ta c th dng cc kt qu v nh x lin tc gii bi tp 3 (2). V d, chng
minh tp
M = {x C
[a,b]
: x(t) > x
0
(t), t [a, b]} (x
0
C
[a,b]
cho trc )
l tp m, ta c th lm nh sau. Xt nh x
f : C
[a,b]
R, f(x) = inf
atb
(x(t) x
0
(t))
Ta c:
f lin tc (l lun nh khi chng minh f
1
lin tc)
3
M = {x C
[a,b]
: f(x) > 0} = f
1
((0, +)), (0, ) l tp m trong R
Bi 2. Cho cc khng gian metric X, Y v nh x f : X Y . Cc mnh sau l tng
ng
1. f lin tc trn X
2. f
1
(B) f
1
(B) B Y
3. f(A) f(A) A X
Gii. 1) 2) Ta c

f
1
(B) l tp ng (do f lin tc v B Y l tp ng)
f
1
(B) f
1
(B)
= f
1
(B) f
1
(B) (do tnh cht "nh nht" ca bao ng)
2) 3) t B = f(A) trong 2), ta c f
1
(f(A) ) f
1
(f(A)) A
Do f(f
1
(f(A) )) f(A) = f(A) f(A)
3) 1) Xt ty tp ng F Y , ta cn chng minh f
1
(F) l tp ng.
t A = f
1
(F), ta c
f(A) f(A) = f(f
1
(F)) F = F (do F ng)
= f
1
(f(A)) f
1
(F)
= A A
Vy A = A nn A l tp ng.
Bi 3. Trong C
[a,b]
ta xt metric d(x, y) = sup{|x(t) y(t)|, a t b}. Cho : [a, b] R R
l hm lin tc. Chng minh nh x sau y lin tc
F : C
[a,b]
C
[a,b]
, F(x)(t) = (t, x(t))
Gii. C nh x
0
C
[a,b]
, ta s chng minh F lin tc ti x
0
.
t M = 1 + sup
atb
|x
0
(t)|. Cho > 0 ty .
Hm lin tc trn tp compact D := [a, b] [M, M] nn lin tc u trn D. Do ,
tn ti s
1
> 0 sao cho
(t, s), (t

, s

) D, |t t

| <
1
, |s s

| <
1
= |(t, s) (t

, s

)| <
4
t = min(
1
, 1). Vi mi x C
[a,b]
, d(x, x
0
) < , ta c
|x(t) x
0
(t)| < t [a, b]
x(t) [M, M] (do |x(t) x
0
(t)| < 1, t [a, b])
Do , |(t, x(t)) (t, x
0
(t))| < , t [a, b]
= |F(x)(t) F(x
0
)(t)| < , t [a, b]
= d(F(x), F(x
0
)) <
Nh vy, ta chng minh
> 0, > 0 : x C
[a,b]
, d(x, x
0
) < d(F(x), F(x
0
)) <
hay F lin tc ti x
0
.
Bi 4. Cho cc khng gian metric X, Y v song nh f : X Y . Chng minh cc mnh
sau tng ng
1. f
1
: Y X lin tc
2. f l nh x ng
Gii. Ta c (f
1
: Y X lin tc)
(A X, A ng (f
1
)
1
(A) ng trong Y )
(A X, A ng f(A) ng)
(f : X Y l nh x ng)
Bi 5. Cho khng gian metric (X, d). Vi x X, = A X, ta nh ngha
d(x, A) = inf
yA
d(x, y)
Chng minh cc khng nh sau y
1. nh x f : X R, f(x) = d(x, A) lin tc
2. x A d(x, A) = 0
3. Nu F
1
, F
2
l cc tp ng, khc v F
1
F
2
= th tn ti cc tp m G
1
, G
2
sao cho
F
1
G
1
, F
2
G
2
, G
1
G
2
=
Gii. 1. Ta s chng minh |f(x) f(x

)| d(x, x

) (*)
Tht vy, ta c d(x, y) d(x, x

) + d(x

, y) y A
= inf
yA
d(x, y) d(x, x

) + inf
yA
d(x

, y)
= d(x, A) d(x

, A) d(x, x

)
5
2. Ta c
d(x, A) = 0 ({x
n
} A : lim
n
d(x, x
n
) = 0) (do tnh cht ca inf v d(x, A) 0)
({x
n
} A : limx
n
= x)
x A
3. Ta xt nh x g : X R, g(x) = d(x, F
1
) d(x, F
2
)
Ta c g lin tc theo cu 1)
t G
1
= {x X : g(x) < 0}, G
2
= {x X : g(x) > 0}, ta c
G
1
G
2
=
G
1
, G
2
l cc tp m (do G
1
= g
1
((, 0)), G
2
= g
1
((0, +)), (0, +),(, 0)
l cc tp m v g lin tc).
F
1
G
1
v x F
1

d(x, F
1
) = 0
d(x, F
2
) > 0 (do x / F
2
v kt qu cu 2))
g(x) < 0
Tng t, F
2
G
2
Bi tp t gii c hng dn
Bi 6. Cho cc khng gian metric X, (Y
1
, d
1
), (Y
2
, d
2
). Trn Y
1
Y
2
, ta xt metric
d((y
1
, y
2
), (y

1
, y

2
)) = d
1
(y
1
, y

1
) + d
2
(y
2
, y

2
)
Gi s rng f
1
: X Y
1
, f
2
: X Y
2
l cc nh x lin tc. Chng minh rng nh x
f : X Y
1
Y
2
, f(x) = (f
1
(x), f
2
(x)) lin tc.
Hng dn
S dng nh l 1 v iu kin hi t trong khng gian metric tch trong bi tp 1.
Bi 7. Cho cc khng gian metric X, Y v nh x f : X Y . Chng minh cc mnh sau
tng ng:
1. f lin tc trn X
2. f
1
(Int B) Int f
1
(B) B Y
6
Hng dn
1) 2) p dng nh l 2 v tnh cht "ln nht" ca phn trong.
2) 1) p dng nh l 2 v tnh cht G = Int G nu G m.
Bi 8. Cho cc khng gian metric (X, d), (Y, ) v cc nh x lin tc f, g : X Y . Ta nh
ngha nh x
h : X R, h(x) = (f(x), g(x)), x X
1. Chng minh h lin tc
2. Suy ra rng tp A := {x X : f(x) = g(x)} l tp ng.
Hng dn
1. Chng minh rng nu d
n
d
x th h(x
n
) h(x) trong R, s dng tnh cht y
n

y,
z
n

z th (y
n
, z
n
) (y, z)
2. A = h
1
({0}), {0} l tp ng trong R
Bi 9. Cho khng gian metric (X, d) v A, B l cc tp ng khc , khng giao nhau. Chng
minh rng tn ti nh x lin tc f : X R sao cho
0 f(x) 1, x X,
f(x) = 0, x A,
f(x) = 1, x B
Hng dn
Chng minh hm f(x) =
d(x, A)
d(x, A) + d(x, B)
cn tm.
7
GII TCH (C S)
Chuyn ngnh: Gii Tch, PPDH Ton
Phn 1. Khng gian metric
4. Tp compact, khng gian compact
(Phin bn chnh sa)
PGS TS Nguyn Bch Huy
Ngy 20 thng 12 nm 2004
Tm tt l thuyt
1 nh ngha
Cho cc khng gian metric (X, d)
1. Mt h {G
i
: i I} cc tp con ca X c gi l mt ph ca tp A X nu A

iI
G
i
Nu I l tp hu hn th ta ni ph l hu hn.
Nu mi G
i
l tp m th ta ni ph l ph m.
2. Tp A X c gi l tp compact nu t mi ph m ca A ta lun c th ly ra c
mt ph hu hn.
3. Tp A c gi l compact tng i nu A l tp compact.
1
2 Cc tnh cht
2.1 Lin h vi tp ng
Nu A l tp compact trong khng gian metric th A l tp ng.
Nu A l tp compact, B A v B ng th B l tp compact.
2.2 H c tm cc tp ng
H {F
i
: i I} cc tp con ca X c gi l h c tm nu vi mi tp con hu hn J I
th

iJ
F
i
= .
nh l 1. Cc mnh sau l tng ng:
1. X l khng gian compact.
2. Mi h c tm cc tp con ng ca X u c giao khc .
nh l 2. Gi s f : X Y l nh x lin tc v A X l tp compact. Khi , f(A) l
tp compact.
H qu. Nu f : X R l mt hm lin tc v A X l tp compact th f b chn trn A
v t gi tr ln nht, nh nht trn A, ngha l:
x
1
, x
2
A : f(x
1
) = inf f(A), f(x
2
) = sup f(A)
nh l 3 (Weierstrass). Trong khng gian metric X, cc mnh sau l tng ng:
1. Tp A X l compact.
2. T mi dy {x
n
} A c th ly ra mt dy con hi t v phn t thuc A.
2.3 Tiu chun compact trong R
n
Trong khng gian R
n
(vi metric thng thng), mt tp A l compact khi v ch khi n ng
v b chn.
2.4 Tiu chun compact trong C
[a,b]
nh ngha. Cho tp A C
[a,b]
.
2
1. Tp A c gi l b chn tng im trn [a, b] nu vi mi t [a, b] tn ti s M
t
> 0
sao cho |x(t)| M
t
, x A.
Tp A c gi l b chn u trn [a, b] nu tn ti s M > 0 sao cho
|x(t)| M, t [a, b], x A.
2. Tp A gi l ng lin tc tc trn [a, b] nu vi mi > 0, tn ti s > 0 sao cho vi
mi t, s [a, b] m |t s| < v vi mi x A th ta c |x(t) x(s)| < .
V d. Gi s A C
[a,b]
l tp cc hm x = x(t) c o hm trn (a, b) v |x

(t)| 2, t (a, b).

Tp A l lin tc ng bc. Tht vy, do nh l Lagrange ta c
|x(t) x(s)| = |x

(c)(t s)| 2.|t s|

Do , cho trc > 0, ta chn =

2
th c:
x A, t, s [a, b], |t s| < |x(t) x(s)| <
Nu thm gi thit A b chn ti im t
0
[a, b] th A b chn u trn [a, b]. Tht vy
|x(t)| |x(t) x(t
0
)| +|x(t
0
)| = |x

(c).(t t
0
)| +|x(t
0
)|
2(b a) + M
t
0
t [a, b], x A
nh l 4 (Ascoli - Arzela). Tp A C
[a,b]
(vi metric hi t u) l compact tng i khi
v ch khi A b chn tng im v ng lin tc trn [a, b].
Bi tp
Bi 1. 1. Cho X l khng gian metric compact, {F
n
} l h cc tp ng, khc rng, tha
mn F
n
F
n+1
(n = 1, 2, . . . ). Chng minh

n=1
F
n
=
2. Gi s {F
n
} l h c tm cc tp ng, b chn trn R. Chng minh

n=1
F
n
=
Gii. 1. Ta chng minh {F
n
} l h c tm. Nu J N l tp hu hn, ta t n
0
= max J
th s c

nJ
F
n
= F
n
0
=
Ghi ch. Dng khc ca cu 1) l: Cho F
1
l tp compact, F
n
(n 2) l cc tp ng
khc v F
1
F
2
. Khi

n=1
F
n
=
3
2. Ta xy dng dy tp hp {K
n
} nh sau:
K
1
= F
1
, K
n
=
n

k=1
F
k
(n 2)
Th th ta c
K
n
compact, K
n
= (do h {F
n
} c tm)
F
1
F
2
,

n=1
K
n
=

n=1
F
n
Do , theo ghi ch trn ta c

n=1
K
n
=
Bi 2. Cho X l khng gian compact v f : X R lin tc. Chng minh f b chn trn X
v t gi tr nh nht.
Gii. t a = inf f(x), ta c a (ta hiu cn di ng ca tp khng b chn di l
). Ta lun c th tm c dy s {a
n
} sao cho a
n
> a
n+1
, lima
n
= a. Ta t F
n
= {x
X : f(x) a
n
} (n 1), ta c
F
n
l tp ng (do F
n
= f
1
((, a
n
]))
F
n
= (do a
n
> a = inf f(X)
F
n
F
n+1
(do a
n
> a
n+1
)
Do , theo bi 1) th tn ti x
0

n=1
F
n
. Ta c
f(x
0
) a
n
n = 1, 2, . . .
f(x
0
) a
Vy f(x
0
) = a, ni ring a = . Ta c pcm.
Bi 3. Cho khng gian metric (X, d) v A, B l cc tp con khc ca X. Ta nh ngha
d(A, B) = inf
xA,yB
d(x, y)
1. Gi s A, B l cc tp compact, chng minh tn ti x
0
A, y
0
B sao cho
d(A, B) = d(x
0
, y
0
)
2. Gi s A ng, B compact v A B = , chng minh d(A, B) > 0.
Nu v d chng t kt lun khng ng nu thay gi thit B compact bng B ng.
4
Gii. 1. Tn ti cc dy {x
n
} A, {y
n
} B sao cho limd(x
n
, y
n
) = d(A, B). Do A
compact nn {x
n
} c dy con {x
n
k
}
k
hi t v mt phn t x
0
A. Xt dy con tng
ng {y
n
k
}
k
ca {y
n
}. Do B compact nn {y
n
k
}
k
c dy con {y
n
k
i
}
i
hi t v mt phn
t y
0
B.
Ta c:
lim
i
x
n
k
i
= x
0
(v l dy con ca {x
n
k
})
lim
i
d(x
n
k
i
, y
n
k
i
) = d(A, B) (v l dy con ca {d(x
n
, y
n
)})
lim
i
d(x
n
k
i
, y
n
k
i
) = d(x
0
, y
0
) (h qu ca bt t gic)
Do , d(x
0
, y
0
) = d(A, B)
2. Gi s tri li, d(A, B) = 0. Khi , ta tm c cc dy {x
n
} A, {y
n
} B sao
cho limd(x
n
, y
n
) = 0.
Do B compact nn {y
n
} c dy con {y
n
k
}
k
hi t v y
0
B. T
d(x
n
k
, y
0
) d(x
n
k
, y
n
k
) + d(y
n
k
, y
0
)
ta suy ra lim
k
x
n
k
= y
0
Do A l tp ng, {x
n
k
} A nn ta suy ra y
0
A, mu thun vi gi thit
A B = .
Trong R
2
ta xt metric thng thng v t
A = {(t, 0) : t R},
B =

t,
1
t

: t > 0

Ta c A, B l cc tp ng, A B =
t x = (t, 0), y =

t,
1
t

(t > 0)
Ta c d(x, y) =
1
t
0 (t +)
Do , d(A, B) = 0
Bi 4. Cho khng gian metric (X, d) v A X, l tp compact, V l tp m cha A. Ta k
hiu B(A, ) := {x X : d(x, A) < }
Chng minh tn ti s > 0 sao cho B(A, ) V .
Gii. Cch 1
Do A V v V l tp m nn x A, r
x
> 0 : B(x, 2r
x
) V
5
H {B(x, r
x
) : x A} l mt ph m ca tp compact A nn tn ti x
1
, . . . , x
n
sao cho
A
n

k=1
B(x
k
, r
x
k
)
t = min{r
x
1
, . . . , r
x
2
}, ta s chng minh B(A, ) V .
Xt ty y B(A, ), ta c
d(y, A) <
x A : d(y, x) <
k = 1, n : x B(x
k
, r
x
k
)
Khi , d(y, x
k
) d(y, x) + d(x, x
k
) < + r
x
k
2r
x
k
Do , y B(x
k
, 2r
x
k
) V
Cch 2
t B = X \ V , ta c B ng v A B = nn theo bi 3 ta c d(A, B) > 0. Chn
= d(A, B). Ta s chng minh B(A, ) V hay ch cn chng t B(A, ) B =
Tht vy, nu c y B(A, ) B, th ta c
d(y, A) < x A : d(y, x) <
Mt khc x A, y B nn d(x, y) d(A, B) = . V l.
Bi 5. Cho X, Y l cc khng gian metric, vi X l khng gian compact v f : X Y l
song nh lin tc. Chng minh f l nh x ng phi.
Gii. Ta cn chng minh nh x ngc f
1
lin tc. Do mt bi tp 3, ch cn chng t f
l nh x ng.
Vi A X l tp ng, ta c
A compact f(A) compact
f(A) ng
Vy f l nh x ng.
Cc bi tp t gii
Bi 6. Cho cc khng gian metric compact X, Y v nh x f : X Y . Chng minh cc mnh
sau tng ng:
1. f lin tc
2. f
1
(K) l tp compact vi mi tp compact K Y
6
Hng dn
S dng lin h gia tnh compact v tnh ng.
Bi 7. Cho khng gian metric (X, d) v cc tp A, B khc , trong A compact. Chng
minh tn ti im x
0
A sao cho d(x
0
, B) = d(A, B).
Hng dn
S dng d(A, B) = inf
xA
d(x, B)
Bi 8. Cho khng gian metric (X, d) v f : X X l nh x lin tc. im x gi l im bt
ng ca f nu f(x) = x.
1. Chng minh tp im bt ng ca f l tp ng.
2. Gi s X l compact v f khng c im bt ng no. Chng minh tn ti s c > 0 sao
cho d(f(x), x) c x X
Hng dn
t h(x) = d(f(x), x), x X th h : X R lin tc.
1. Ch rng: x bt ng h(x) = 0
2. Cn chng minh inf
xX
h(x) > 0
Ngoi ra, cu 1) c th chng minh trc tip da vo lin h gia tnh cht ng v s hi
t, cu 2) c th dng phn chng gii.
7
GII TCH (C S)
Ti liu n thi cao hc nm 2005
Phin bn chnh sa
PGS TS Nguyn Bch Huy
Ngy 26 thng 1 nm 2005
5. Bi n tp
Bi 1:
Trn X = C
[0,1]
ta xt metric hi t u. Cho tp hp A = {x X : x(1) = 1, 0 x(t)
1 t [0, 1]} v nh x f : X R, f(x) =

1
0
x
2
(t) dt.
1. Chng minh inf f(A) = 0 nhng khng tn ti x A f(x) = 0.
2. Chng minh A khng l tp compact.
Gii
1. t = inf f(A). Ta c f(x) 0 x A nn 0.
Vi x
n
(t) = t
n
, ta c x
n
A
f(x
n
) =

1
0
t
2n
dt =
1
2n + 1
0 (n )
Do = 0.
Nu f(x) = 0, ta c:

1
0
x
2
(t) dt = 0, x
2
(t) 0, x
2
(t) lin tc trn [0, 1]

= x(t) = 0 t [0, 1]
= x / A.
2. Ta c:

f lin tc trn X, nhn gi tr trong R (xem bi tp 3)
f(x) = inf f(A) x A
= A khng compact (xem l thuyt 4).
1
Bi 2:
Cho (X, d) l khng gian metric compact v nh x X X tha mn
d(f(x), f(y)) < d(x, y) x, y X, x = y. (1)
Chng minh tn ti duy nht im x
0
X tha mn x
0
= f(x
0
) (ta ni x
0
l im bt ng ca
nh x f).
Gii
Ta xt hm g : X R, g(x) = d(f(x), x), x X. Ta ch cn chng minh tn ti duy nht
x
0
X sao cho g(x
0
) = 0.
p dng bt ng thc t gic v iu kin (1), ta c
|g(x) g(y)| = |d(f(x), x) d(f(y), y)| 2d(x, y)
nn g lin tc. T y v tnh compact ca X ta c:
x
0
X : g(x
0
) = inf g(X) (2)
Ta s chng minh g(x
0
) = 0. Gi s g(x
0
) = 0; ta t x
1
= f(x
0
) th x
1
= x
0
, do :
d(f(x
1
), f(x
0
)) < d(x
1
, x
0
)
d(f(x
1
), x
1
) < d(f(x
0
), x
0
)
g(x
1
) < g(x
0
), mu thun vi (2).
Vy g(x
0
) = 0 hay f(x
0
) = x
0
.
chng minh s duy nht ta gi s tri li, c x

= x
0
v x

= f(x

). Khi :
d(x

, x
0
) = d(f(x

), f(x
0
)) < d(x

, x
0
)
Ta gp mu thun.
Bi 3:
Cho cc khng gian metric (X, d), (Y, ) v nh x f : X Y . Trn X Y ta xt metric
d
1
((x, y), (x

, y

)) = d(x, x

) +(y, y

), (x, y), (x

, y

) X Y.
v xt tp hp G = {(x, f(x)) : x X}.
1. Gi s f lin tc, chng minh G l tp ng.
2. Gi s G l tp ng v (Y, ) l khng gian compact, chng minh f lin tc.
Gii
1. Xt ty dy {(x
n
, f(x
n
))} G m lim(x
n
, f(x
n
)) = (a, b) (1)
Ta cn chng minh (a, b) G hay b = f(a).
T (1), ta c
limx
n
= a (2), limf(x
n
) = b (3).
2
T (2) v s lin tc ca f ta c limf(x
n
) = f(a); kt hp vi (3) ta c b = f(a) (pcm).
2. Xt ty tp ng F Y , ta cn chng minh f
1
(F) l tp ng trong X:
chng minh f
1
(F) ng, ta xt ty dy {x
n
} f
1
(F) m limx
n
= a v cn chng t
a f
1
(F).
Ta c:

f(x
n
) F, n N

F l tp compact (do F ng, Y compact)

= {x
n
k
} : lim
k
f(x
n
k
) = b F.
Khi :
lim
k
(x
n
k
, f(x
n
k
)) = (a, b), (x
n
k
, f(x
n
k
)) G, G ng
= (a, b) G hay b = f(a).
Vy f(a) F hay a f
1
(F) (pcm).
Bi 4:
Cho khng giam metric compact (X,d) v cc nh x lin tc f
n
: X R (n N

) tha mn
cc iu kin sau:
f
1
(x) f
2
(x) . . . , lim
n
f
n
(x) = 0 x X ()
Chng minh dy {f
n
} hi t u trn X v khng, ngha l:
> 0 n
0
: n n
0
= sup
xX
|f
n
(x)| < ()
p dng phng php sau: vi > 0 cho, t
G
n
= {x X : f
n
(x) < }, n N

Ch cn chng minh tn ti n
0
sao cho G
n
0
= X.
Gii
Trc tin t gi thit (*) ta suy ra rng f
n
(x) 0 x X, n N

. Ta c:
G
n
l tp m (do f
n
lin tc v G
n
= f
1
n
(, ))
G
n
G
n+1
, (do f
n
(x) f
n+1
(x))
X =

n=1
G
n
(do x X n
x
: n n
x
f
n
(x) < )
Do X l khng gian compact ta tm c n
1
, n
2
, . . . , n
k
sao cho
X =
k

i=1
G
n
i
3
t n
0
= max{n
1
, . . . , n
k
} ta c X = G
n
0
. Khi n n
0
ta c G
n
G
n
0
nn G
n
= X. T y
ta thy (**) ng.
Bi 5:
Cho khng gian metric compact (X, d) v nh x lin tc f : X X. Ta nh ngha
A
1
= f(X), A
n+1
= f(A
n
), n = 1, 2, . . . , A =

n=1
A
n
.
Chng minh A = v f(A) = A.
Gii
Ta c
= A
1
X, A
1
compact (do X compact v f lin tc).
Dng quy np, ta chng minh c rng
= A
n
A
n+1
, A
n
compact n = 1, 2, . . .
T y ta c {A
n
} l h c tm cc tp ng trong khng gian compact. Do A = 0.
Bao hm thc f(A) A c suy t
f(A) f(A
n1
) = A
n
n = 1, 2, . . . ( do A A
n1
, vi quy c A
0
= X).
chng minh A f(A), ta xt ty x A. V x A
n+1
= f(A
n
) nn
n = 1, 2, . . . x
n
A
n
: x = f(x
n
).
Do X compact nn c dy con {x
n
k
}, lim
k
x
n
k
= a. Khi
x = lim
k
f(x
n
k
) (do cch xy dng {x
n
})
= f(a) (do f lin tc)
Ta cn phi chng minh a A. C nh n, ta c
x
n
k
A
n
khi n
k
n (do x
n
k
A
n
k
A
n
)
= a = lim
k
x
n
k
A
n
(do A
n
ng).
Vy a A
n
n = 1, 2, . . . ; do a A v x = f(a) f(A). (pcm).
4
GII TCH (C S)
Chuyn ngnh: Gii Tch, PPDH Ton
Phn 2. Khng gian nh chun
nh x tuyn tnh lin tc
1. Khng gian nh chun
(Phin bn chnh sa)
PGS TS Nguyn Bch Huy
Ngy 25 thng 2 nm 2005
L thuyt
1 Chun
Gi s X l mt khng gian vect (k.g.v.t) trn trng s K (K = R hoc K = C). Mt nh
x p : X R c gi l mt chun trn X nu tha mn cc iu kin sau cho mi x, y X,
mi K:
i) p(x) 0
p(x) = 0 x = ( ch phn t khng trong X)
ii) p(x) = [[p(x)
iii) p(x + y) p(x) + p(y)
S p(x) gi l chun ca phn t x.
Thng thng, ta dng k hiu [[x[[ thay cho p(x).
Mnh 1. Nu p l mt chun trn k.g.v.t X th ta c:
1
1. [p(x) p(y)[ p(x y) (hay [[[x[[ [[y[[[ [[x y[[) x, y X.
2. d(x, y) := p(x y) l mt mtric trn X, gi l mtric sinh bi chun p (hay d(x, y) =
[[x y[[)
V d 1. Trn R
n
nh x
x = (x
1
, . . . , x
n
) [[x[[ =

k=1
x
2
k

1/2
l chun, gi chun Euclide. Mtric sinh bi chun ny chnh l mtric thng thng ca R
n
.
V d 2. Trn C[a, b], nh x x [[x[[ := sup
atb
[x(t)[ l mt chun mtric sinh bi chun
ny l mtric hi t u trn C[a, b]
2 Khng gian nh chun
nh ngha 1.
Khng gian vect X cng vi chun [[ [[ trong n, c gi l mt khng gian nh chun
(kgc), k hiu (X, [[ [[).
Cc khi nim hi t, tp m, ng, compact, dy Cauchy, trong (X, [[ [[) c hiu
l cc khi nim tng ng i vi mtric sinh bi chun.
Ni ring, trong (X, [[ [[) ta c
B(x
0
, r) = x X : [[x x
0
[[ < r
( lim
n
x
n
= x(cng vit x
n
||||
x)) lim
n
[[x
n
x[[ = 0
(x
n
l dy Cauchy) lim
n,m
[[x
n
x
m
[[ = 0.
nh ngha 2. Kgc (X, [[ [[) c gi l khng gian Banach nu X vi mtric sinh bi [[ [[
l khng gian y .
V kgc l trng hp c bit ca khng gian mtric nn tt c cc kt qu v khng gian
mtric cng ng cho kgc. Ngoi ra, ta c cc kt qu sau v kgc.
Mnh 2. Cho Kgc (X, |.|) trn trng s K v cc dy x
n
, y
n
X,
n
K,
limx
n
= x, limy
n
= y, lim
n
= . Khi :
1. lim|x
n
| = |x|
2. lim(x
n
+ y
n
) = x + y, lim
n
x
n
= x.
H qu. Cc nh x f, g : X X, f(x) = x + 0 + x, g(x) =
0
x (
0
K0) l ng
phi.
2
3 Chun tng ng
nh ngha 3. Hai chun |.|
1
, |.|
2
trn kgvt X gi l tng ng (vit |.|
1
|.|
2
) nu tn
ti cc hng s dng a, b sao cho
|x|
1
a|x|
2
, |x|
2
b|x|
1
x X
Mnh 3. Gi s |.|
1
, |.|
2
l hai chun tng ng trn kgvt X. Khi :
1. (limx
n
= x theo |.|
1
) (limx
n
= x theo |.|
2
)
2. (X, |.|
1
) y (X, |.|
2
) y .
4 Mt s khng gian nh chun
4.1 Khng gian nh chun con
Cho kgc (X, |.|) v X
0
l mt kgvt con ca X. K hiu |.|
0
l thu hp ca |.| trn X
0
th
|.|
0
l mt chun trn X
0
. Cp (X
0
, |.|
0
) gi l kgc con ca (X, |.|).
4.2 Tch ca hai kgc
Cho cc kgc (X
1
, |.|
1
), (X
2
, |.|
2
). Tch cc X
1
X
2
s tr thnh kgvt nu ta nh ngha
cc php ton
(x
1
, x
2
) + (y
1
, y
2
) = (x
1
+ y
1
, x
2
+ y
2
) (x
1
, x
2
) = (x
1
, x
2
)
Kgvt X
1
X
2
vi chun
|(x
1
, x
2
)| := |x
1
|
1
+|x
2
|
2
()
hoc vi chun tng ng vi (*), gi l kgc tch ca cc kgc (X
1
, |.|
1
), (X
2
, |.|
2
).
Ta d dng kim tra c cc tnh cht sau:
Dy (x
n
1
, x
n
2
) hi t v phn t (x
1
, x
2
) trong kgc tch khi v ch khi cc dy x
n
i
hi t
v x
i
trong kgc (X
i
, |.|
i
), i = 1, 2.
Nu (X
i
, |.|
i
)(i = 1, 2) l cc khng gian Banach th kgc tch cng l khng gian Banach.
4.3 Kgc hu hn chiu
Gi s X l kgvt m chiu v e = e
1
, . . . , e
m
l mt c s ca X. Khi nh x
x =
m

k=1

k
e
k
|x|
e
:=

k=1
[
k
[
2

1/2
l mt chun, gi l chun Euclide sinh bi c s e.
3
Mnh 4.
1. Trn mt khng gian hu hn chiu, hai chun bt k lun tng ng vi nhau.
2. Trn kgc hu hn chiu, mt tp l compact khi v ch khi n ng v b chn.
3. Mt khng gian nh chun hu hn chiu lun l khng gian u . Do , mt kgvt
con hu hn chiu ca mt kgc l tp ng trong khng gian .
nh l 1 (Riesz). Nu qu cu B(, 1) := x X : |x| 1 ca cc kgc X l tp compact
th X l khng gian hu hn chiu.
5 Chui trong kgc
Nh c php ton cng v ly gii hn, trong kgc ta c th a ra khi nim chui phn t
tng t khi nim chui s.
nh ngha 4. Cho kgc (X, |.|) v dy x
n
cc phn t ca X. Ta ni chui phn t

n=1
x
n
()
hi t v c tng bng x nu nh x = lim
n
s
n
, trong : s
1
= x
1
, s
n
= x
1
+ +x
n
(n N

)
Nu chui s

n=1
|x
n
| hi t th ta ni chui (**) hi t tuyt i.
Mnh 5. Nu X l khng gian Banach th mi chui hi t tuyt i l chui hi t
4
Bi tp
Bi 1. K hiu C
1
[a,b]
l khng gian cc hm thc x = x(t) c o hm lin tc trn [a, b]. C
1
[a,b]
l kgvt trn R vi cc php ton thng thng v cng hai hm v nhn hm vi s thc. Ta
nh ngha p
1
(x) = [x(a)[ + sup
atb
[x

(t)[ , p
2
(x) = sup
atb
[x(t)[, p
3
(x) = sup
atb
[x(t)[ +[x

(t)[
1. Chng minh p
1
, p
2
, p
3
l cc chun trn C
1
[a,b]
.
2. Chng minh p
2
, p
3
3. Chng minh p
1
p
3
Gii.
1. lm v d, ta kim tra p
1
l chun.
i) Hin nhin ta c p
1
(x) 0 x C
1
[a,b]
; hn na
p
1
(x) = 0

x(a) = 0
x

(t) = 0 t [a, b]

x(a) = 0
x(t) l hm hng s
x(t) = 0t [a, b].
ii) p
1
(x) = [x(a)[ + sup
atb
[x

(t)[ = [[

[x(a)[ + sup
atb
[x

(t)[

= [[p
1
(x)
iii) Vi x, y C
1
[a,b]
ta c
[x(a) + y(a)[ +[(x(t) + y(t))

[ [x(a)[ +[y(a)[ +[x

(t)[ +[y

(t)[
p
1
(x) + p
1
(y) t [a, b]
= p
1
(x + y) p
1
(x) + p
1
(y).
2. D thy p
2
(x) p
3
(x) x C
1
[a,b]
. Ta s chng minh khng tn ti s c > 0 sao cho
p
3
(x) cp
2
(x) x C
1
[a,b]
()
Xt dy x
n
(t) = (t a)
n
, n N

. D dng tnh c:
p
2
(x
n
) = (b a)
n
p
3
(x
n
) = (b a)
n
+ n(b a)
n1
Do , nu tn ti c > 0 (*) ng th ta c
(b a)
n
+ n(b a)
n1
c(b a)
n
n = 1, 2,
b a + n c(b a) n = 1, 2,
Ta gp mu thun.
5
3. Ta d dng kim tra p
1
(x) p
3
(x) x C
1
[a,b]
Mt khc ta c:
[x(t)[ [x(a)[ +[x(t) x(a)[ = [x(a)[ +[x

(c)(t a)[(p dng nh l Lagrange)

[x(a)[ + (b a) sup
atb
[x

(t)[
Mp
1
(x) t [a, b] (M = max1, b a)
[x

(t)[ p
1
(x) t [a, b].
Do p
3
(x) (M + 1)p
1
(x) x C
1
[a,b]
.
Vy p
1
p
3
.
Bi 2. K hiu l
2
l khng gian cc dy s thc x =
k

k
tha mn iu kin

k=1

2
k
<
vi cc php ton thng thng v cng hai dy s v nhn dy s vi s thc. Trn l
2
ta xt
chun |x| =

k=1

2
k

1/2
nu x =
k
l
2
1. Xt cc dy s e
n
=
n,k

k
(n N

) trong
n,k
= 1 nu n = k,
n,k
= 0 nu n ,= k.
Chng minh rng nu x =
k
l
2
th x =

n=1

n
e
n
2. Chng minh l
2
y .
Gii.
1. t s
n
=
1
e
1
+ +
n
e
n
, ta cn chng minh lim
n
s
n
= x
Ta c:
s
n
= (
1
, ,
n
, 0, 0, )
x s
n
= (0, , 0,
n+1
,
n+2
, ), |x s
n
| =

k=n+1

2
k

1/2
V chui

k=1

2
k
hi t nn lim
n

k=n+1

2
k
= 0.
Vy lim
n
|x s
n
| = 0 (pcm).
2. Gi s x
n
l dy Cauchy trong l
2
, x
n
=
n
k

k
, n N

.
Vi mi k N

, ta c:
[
n
k

m
k
[

k=1
[
n
k

m
k
[
2

1/2
= |x
n
x
m
| (1)
6
v x
n
l dy Cauchy nn
n
k

n
l dy Cauchy trong R, do hi t.
t a
k
= lim
n

n
k
(k N

) v lp dy s a = a
k

Tip theo ta s chng minh a l

2
v lim
n
|x
n
a| = 0
Cho > 0 ty . Do x
n
l dy Cauchy ta c n
0
tha mn
n, m N

, n, m n
0
|x
n
x
m
| < .
T (1) ta c
N

k=1
[
n
k

m
k
[
2
<
2
N N

, n, m n
0

k=1
[
n
k
a
k
[
2

2
N N

, n n
0
(ta cho m trong bt trn)

k=1
[
n
k
a
k
[
2

2
n n
0
(2)
T (2) ta suy ra x
n
a l
2
(n n
0
) v do a = x
n
(x
n
a) cng thuc l
2
. Hn
na, ta chng minh:
> 0n
0
: n n
0
= |x
n
a|
hay l lim|x
n
a| = 0
Ghi ch
trn ta khng kim tra l
2
l kgvt v cc iu kin ca chun. lm v d, ta s chng
minh rng nu x =
k
l
2
, y =
k
l
2
th x + y l
2
v |x + y| |x| + |y|. Tht vy,
ta c theo bt ng thc Bunhiakowski:

N
k=1
(
k
+
k
)
2
=

N
k=1

2
k
+ 2

N
k=1

k

k
+

N
k=1

2
k
|x|
2
+ 2|x|.|y| +|y|
2
N N

.
Cho N ta c pcm.
Bi 3. Gi m l khng gian cc dy s thc x =
k

k
b chn vi chun |x| = sup[
k
[ : k
N

.
1. Chng minh m l khng gian Banach.
2. K hiu c l tp hp cc dy s hi t. Chng minh c l khng gian con ng ca m.
Gii. 1.
Vi mi k N

, ta c:
7
[
n
k

m
k
[ sup[
n
k

m
k
[ : k N

= |x
n
x
m
|
v do x
n
l dy Cauchy nn
n
k

n
l dy Cauchy trong Rv do vy, hi t.
t a
k
= lim
n

n
k
v lp dy s a = a
k

k
.
Ta chng minh a m v lim|x
n
a| = 0
Cho > 0, ta tm c n
0
sao cho
n, m n
0
|x
n
x
m
| <
Ta c:
[
n
k

n
k
[ < k N

, n, m n
0
[
n
k
a
k
[ k N

, n n
0
(cho m trong bt trn)
sup
k
[
n
k
a
k
[ n n
0
.
Nh vy, ta chng minh:
* (x
n
a) m, do a = x
n
(x
n
a) m.
* > 0 n
0
: n n
0
|x
n
a|
hay lim|x
n
a| = 0.
2. Gi s ta c dy x
n
c, x
n
=
n
k

k
m x
n
hi t v a = a
k
m ta cn chng minh
a c. Mun vy, ta ch cn chng minh a l dy Cauchy.
Cho > 0, ta tm c n

sao cho
sup
k
[
n

k
a
k
[ = |x
n
a| < /3(do a = limx
n
trong m)
V x
n
=
n

k

k
c nn n l dy Cauchy, do c k
0
sao cho:
k, l k
0
[
n

k

n

l
[ < /3.
Vi k
0
ny, ta c:
k, l k
0
[a
k
a
l
[ [a
k

n

k
[ +[
n

k

n

l
[ +[
n

l
a
l
[
< /3 + /3 + /3 =
Vy a
k
l dy Cauchy (pcm).
Bi 4. Cho kgc X v cc tp A, B X khc . Chng minh
1. Nu A m th A + B m
8
2. Nu A, B compact th A + B compact.
3. Nu A ng, B compact th A + B ng
Gii.
1. Trc tin ta chng minh rng b B th A + b l tp m.
Tht vy, nh x f : X X, f(x) = x + b l ng phi nn
A m f(A) m hay A + b m
Do A + B =

bB
(A + b) nn A + B m.
2. Xt ty dy x
n
A + B, ta chng minh x
n
c dy con hi t v phn t thuc
A + B.
Ta c: x
n
= a
n
+ b
n
vi a
n
A, b
n
B.
Do A compact nn a
n
c dy con a
n
k

k
hi t v mt a A. Do B compact nn dy
b
n
k

k
c dy con b
n
k
l

l
hi t v b B. Tng ng vi dy b
n
k
l

l
ta c dy a
n
k
l

l
vn hi t v a.
Suy ra dy con x
n
k
l
= a
n
k
l
+ b
n
k
l
hi t v a + b (pcm).
Ghi ch: Cu ny c th gii nh sau:
Xt kgc tch X X v nh x f : X X X, f(x, y) = x + y. Ta c:
(f lin tc, AB l tp compact trong X X) = f(AB) l tp compact trong X.
Do f(A B) = A + B ta c pcm.
3. Xt dy ty x
n
A + B, x
n
= a
n
+ b
n
, a
n
A, b
n
B m limx
n
= x, ta cn chng
minh x A + B
Do B compact nn b
n
c dy con b
n
k
hi t v mt b B. Khi a
n
k
= x
n
k
b
n
k
hi t v x b v v A ng nn x b A.
Ta c x = (x b) + b nn x A + B (pcm).
Bi 5. Cho kgc (X, |.|) v X
0
l khng gian con hu hn chiu ca X. Chng minh tn ti
x
0
X
0
sao cho
|a x
0
| = inf
xX
0
|a x|
9
Gii. t d = inf|a x| : x X
0
v chn dy x
n
X
0
tha mn lim|a x
n
| = d.
Ta c: |x
n
| |a| +|a x
n
| nn x
n
b chn
M > 0 : x
n
B(, M)
Tp B(, M) X
0
compact (do dimX
0
< ) nn x
n
c dy con x
n
k
hi t v x
0
X
0
.
Khi :
d = lim
k
|a x
n
k
| (v |a x
n
k
|
k
l dy con ca |a x
n
|)
= |a x
0
|
Ghi ch: Bi ny cn c th gii bng cch tm s M > 0 sao cho
inf
xX
0
|a x| = inf
xX
0
B(,M)
|a x|
Sau s dng tnh compact ca tp X
0
B(, M) v tnh lin tc ca hm x |a x|
Bi 6. Cho kgc X v A X l tp li. Chng minh tc tp A, Int A cng li.
Gii (Hng dn). C nh s t (0, 1)
chng minh tA + (1 t)(A) (A) ta dng lin h gia im dnh v s hi t.
chng minh t Int A + (1 t) Int A Int A ch cn kim tra v tri l tp m, cha
trong A.
Bi 7. Gi s trong kgc X, tp S = x X : |x| = 1 l compact. Chng minh dimX < .
Gii. Xt nh x f : K X X, f(, x) = x. Khi , qu cu B(0, 1) l nh ca mt tp
compact qua nh x f.
10