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BI M U
SAI S CA PHP O CC I LNG VT L


I. MC CH :
1. Pht biu c nh ngha v php o cc i
lng vt l. Phn bit php o trc tip v
php o gin tip.
2. Nm c nhng khi nim c bn v sai s
ca php o cc i lng vt l v cch xc
nh sai s ca php o :
a) Pht biu c th no l sai s ca
php o cc i lng vt l.
b) Phn bit c hai loi sai s : sai s
ngu nhin, sai s h thng.
c) Bit cch xc nh sai s dng c, sai
s ngu nhin.
d) Tnh c sai s ca php o trc tip.
e) Tnh c sai s php o gin tip.
f) Bit cch vit ng kt qu php o,
vi s cc ch s c ngha cn thit.

II. PHP O CC I LNG VT L.
H N V SI .
Khi nghin cu cc hin tng t nhin,
trong Vt l hc ngi ta thng dng phng
php thc nghim: tin hnh cc php o cc
i lng vt l c trng cho hin tng, xc
nh mi lin h gia chng, t rt ra quy
lut vt l.
thc hin cc php o, ta phi c cc
dng c o. Tuy nhin trong thc t, hu nh
khng mt dng c o no, khng mt php o
no c th cho ta gi tr thc ca i lng cn
o. Cc kt qu thu c ch l gn ng. V
sao vy? iu ny c mu thun hay khng vi
quan nim cho rng Vt l l mt mn khoa hc
chnh xc? tr li cu hi ny, trc ht ta
cn lm r khi nim: php o cc i lng
vt l l g? v sao c s sai lch gia gi tr
thc ca i lng cn o v kt qu o? T
xc nh kt qu v nh gi c chnh
xc ca php o.
1. Php o cc i lng vt l
Ta dng mt ci cn o khi lng mt
vt. Ci cn l mt dng c o, v php o khi
lng ca vt thc cht l php so snh khi
lng ca n vi khi lng ca cc qu cn, l
nhng mu vt c quy c c khi lng
bng mt n v (1 gam, 1 kilgam...) hoc
bng bi s nguyn ln n v khi lng. Vy:
Php o mt i lng vt l l php so
snh n vi i lng cng loi c quy c
lm n v.
Cng c thc hin vic so snh ni trn
gi l dng c o, php so snh trc tip thng
qua dng c o gi l php o trc tip.
Nhiu i lng vt l c th o trc tip
nh chiu di, khi lng, thi gian,... trong khi
nhng i lng vt l khc nh gia tc, khi
lng ring, th tch,... khng c sn dng c
o o trc tip, nhng c th xc nh thng
qua mt cng thc lin h vi cc i lng o
trc tip. V d, gia tc ri t do g c th xc
nh theo cng thc g =
2
2s
t
, thng qua hai php
o trc tip l php o di qung ng s v
thi gian ri t. Php o nh th gi l php o
gin tip.
2. H n v o
Mt h thng cc n v o cc i lng
vt l c quy nh thng nht p dng ti
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nhiu nc trn th gii, trong c Vit Nam,
gi l h SI.
H SI quy nh 7 n v c bn, l:
n v di: mt (m)
n v thi gian: giy (s)
n v khi lng: kilgam (kg)
n v nhit : kenvin (K)
n v cng dng in: ampe (A)
n v cng sng: canela (Cd)
n v lng cht: mol (mol).
Ngoi 7 n v c bn, cc n v khc l
nhng n v dn xut, c suy ra t cc n
v c bn theo mt cng thc vt l no .
v d: n v lc F l niutn (N), c nh
ngha: 1 N = 1 kg.m/s
2
.
III SAI S PHP O
Nh trn ni, khi o cc i lng Vt L
phi thng qua cc dng c, my mc v con
ngi, nn kt qu o c chnh xc ph
thuc v phng tin v ngi thc nghim.
Kt qu o c c mt lch no so vi
gi tr thc c gi l sai s. C 2 loi sai s
l sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin:
1. Sai s h thng
Sai s h thng l sai s ca cc kt qu o din
bin theo mt chiu hng xc nh. Sai s ny
c th lm sai lch hn kt qu o v vy khi th
nghim phi loi tr sai n mc ti thiu. Sai
s ny thng do mt s nguyn nhn ch yu
sau:
a) Do chnh xc ca dng c o
Loi sai s ny ta khng bit c chnh xc
gi tr o ln hn hay nh hn gi tr thc, n
ph thuc vo c im cu to ca dng c o,
cn gi l sai s dng c ( Xem thm phn
ph lc).
V d: Gi s mt vt c di thc l =
32,7 mm. Dng mt thc c chia nh nht
1 mm o l, ta ch c th xc nh c c
gi tr nm trong khong gia 32 v 33 mm,
cn phn l khng th c trn thc o.
Sai s dng c l khng th trnh khi.
b) Do thit t ban u ca dng c o
Loi sai s ny l do im 0 ban u b lch i
m ta s sut trc khi o khng hiu chnh li.
Kt qu l gi tr i lng o thu c lun
ln hn, hoc nh hn gi tr thc. V d: trc
khi cn khi lng, cn ng h ch vch
100g. Nh vy, khi cn v c s, kt qu o
c u ln hn gi tr thc mt lng 0,1kg.
Sai s ny ta c th loi tr bng cch
cn chnh li im 0 hoc hin chnh gi tr o
(bng cc cng hoc tr lch ban u trong
kt qu o c)
c) Do tch cht ca i tng o
Loi sai s ny do tnh cht ca i tng
o lm nh hng ti kt qu. V d nh xc
nh khi lng ring ca mt cht trn c s
cn v o th tch ca vt. Nu trong vt c ch
khng ng nht ( khuyt tt, hc rng, .. chng
hn) th th tch o c s ln hn th tch
thc ca vt. iu ny dn ti khi lng ring
tnh c s nh hn khi lng ring thc ca
vt.
Nh vy loi sai s ny khng bit r
bn cht v ln ca n, tuy nhin c th loi
tr c bng cc thay i cch thc o ( thay
i cc i lng o v cc iu kin o v d
nh c th o trn nhiu vt khc nhau cng
lm bng mt cht xc nh khi lng
ring).
2. Sai s ngu nhin.
Sai s ngu nhin l sai s ca cc kt qu o
xy ra theo chiu hng khng xc nh c.
Loi sai s ny c th do hn ch v kh nng
gic quan ca ngi o dn n thao tc o
khng chun, hoc do iu kin th nghim
khng n nh, chu tc ng ca cc yu t
ngu nhin bn ngoi (v d: nhit phng,
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m khng kh, p sut, gi c th thng ging
mt cch hon ton ngu nhin)
Sai s ngu nhin tun theo cc quy lut thng
k vi cc hin tng t nhin. Theo l thuyt
xc sut th cc kt qu o s thng ging xung
quanh gi tr thc, v cng gn gi tr thc xc
sut cng cao. Sai s ny c th gim thiu
c bng cc o i lng lp li nhiu ln,
sau ly trung bnh cc kt qu o.
3. Cch xc nh sai s ngu nhin
a) Sai s ngu nhin lm cho kt qu php o
tr nn km tin cy. khc phc ngi ta lp
li php o nhiu ln. Khi o n ln cng mt
i lng A, ta nhn c cc gi tr khc nhau
: A1, A2, An.
Gi tr trung bnh ca chng:
1 2 n
A +A +...+A
A =
n
(1)
s l gi tr gn ng nht vi gi tr thc ca
i lng A.
b) Tr tuyt i ca hiu s gia tr trung bnh
v gi tr ca mi ln o gi l sai s tuyt i
ng vi ln o :
A
1 1
A = A A ;
A
2 2
A = A A ;
A
3 3
A = A A ; (2)
Sai s tuyt i trung bnh ca n ln o c
tnh theo cng thc:
A A A
A
1 2 n
A + A +...+ A
A =
n
( 3)
Gi tr A A xc nh theo (3) l sai s ngu
nhin. Nh vy, xc nh sai s ngu nhin
ta phi o nhiu ln. Trong trng hp khng
cho php thc hin php o nhiu ln (n < 5),
ngi ta khng tnh sai s ngu nhin bng
cch ly trung bnh theo cng thc (3), m chn
gi tr cc i
max
A A , trong s cc gi tr sai s
tuyt i thu c t (2).

4. Vit kt qu o
a) Sai s tuyt i ca php o l tng sai
s ngu nhin v sai s dng c:
A A A
,
A = A+ A (4)
Trong AA l sai s h thng. Trong iu
kin tin hnh th nghim ca chng ta, sau khi
cn chnh li thit t ban u ca dng c o (
loi tr sai s h thng do lch im 0 ban
u), ta c th ly :
AA = AA(dc). (4)
Vi AA(dc) l sai s gy bi dng c, thng
thng c th ly bng na hoc mt chia
nh nht trn dng c. Trong mt s dng c
o c cu to phc tp, v d ng h o in
a nng hin s, sai s dng c c tnh theo
mt cng thc do nh sn xut quy nh. ( xem
thm trong phn ph lc 2).
b) Sai s tng i
Sai s tng i ( hay sai s t i) oA ca
php o l t s gia sai s tuyt i v gi tr
trung bnh ca i lng o, tnh bng phn
trm:
o A =
A
A A
.100% (5)
Sai s tng i cng nh th php o cng
chnh xc.
c) Kt qu o i lng A khng cho di
dng mt con s, m cho di dng mt
khong gi tr trong chc chn c cha gi
( A AA) < A < ( A + AA )
hay l: A A = A A ( n v) (5)
hoc A= (n v) oA (%)
5. Cch xc nh sai s php o trc tip
xc nh sai s ca php o trc tip, ta c
th vn dng quy tc sau y:
a) Sai s tuyt i ca php o AA thu c
t php tnh sai s thng ch c vit n
mt hoc ti a l hai ch s c ngha.
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+ Cc ch s c ngha l tt c cc ch s c
trong con s, tnh t tri sang phi, k t ch s
khc 0 u tin.
b) gi tr trung bnh A c vit n bc
thp phn tng ng vi hng ch s c
ngha ca sai s.
V d 1 : Php o di s cho gi tr trung
bnh s = 1,36832 m, vi sai s php o tnh
c l s A = 0,0031 m, th kt qu o c
vit, vi s A ly mt ch s c ngha, nh sau:
s = (1,368 0,003) m
hoc s = 1,368 m 0,21%
c) Lu : Do cc gi tr kt qu o c l
gn ng dn ti cc gi tr sai s tnh c l
gn ng. Nu gi tr tnh sai s thu c gm
nhiu ch s, ta c th lm trn sai s. gi
tr php o vn nm trong khong tin cy th sai
s lm trn theo chiu tng, v theo quy tc
Phn tng thm phi nh hn 1/10 gi tr gc
V d 2:
Sai s l 1,6841 nu mun lm trn th th phi
ly n 2 ch s c ngha l 1,7. V phn tng
thm l (1,7-1,6841) = 0,0159 nh hn 1/10 gi
tr gc l (1.6841/10) = 0,16841.
Gi tr ny khng th lm trn n 1 ch s c
ngha ( l 2) c v phn tng thm l (2-
1,6841) = 0,3159 ln hn 1/10 gi tr gc l
(1.6841/10) = 0,16841.

V d 3: Dng thc kp c chnh xc l
0,1mm o 5 ln ng knh D ca mt ng
hnh tr kim loi, ta c cc gi tr ghi trong
bng sau (Bng 1):
Ln o D(mm) Di(mm)
1 21,5 0,02
2 21,4 0,08
3 21,4 0,08
4 21,6 0,12
5 21,5 0,02
- Gi tr trung bnh ca ng knh D tnh theo
cng thc (1):
mm 48 , 21
5
5 , 21 6 , 21 4 , 21 4 , 21 5 , 21
D =
+ + + +
=

- Sai s tuyt i ca tng ln o (Di) tnh
theo cng thc (2) c ghi trong ct 3 Bng 1.
- Sai s tuyt i trung bnh ca ng knh D
tnh theo cng thc (3).
mm 064 , 0
5
08 , 0 02 , 0 12 , 0 08 , 0 02 , 0
D =
+ + + +
= A

- Sai s dng c bng chnh xc ca thc
kp bng mm 1 , 0 D
dc
= A
- Sai s tuyt i ca php o xc nh theo
cng thc (4):
mm 164 , 0 1 , 0 064 , 0 D = + = A
Sau khi lm trn ta c D = 0,17 mm.
- Kt qu ca php o:
(21, 48 0,17) D mm =
- Sai s tng i ca php o tnh theo cng
thc (5):
0,17
0, 0079 0, 008 0,8%
21, 48
c c = = = =

Kt qu: Gi tr thc ca ng knh D nm
trong khong gi tr:
21,31mm D 21,65mm

6. Cch xc nh sai s php o gin tip
a). Php o cc i lng o gin tip l
php o m kt qu ca n c xc nh gin
tip thng qua cng thc biu din quan h hm
s gia i lng cn o vi cc i lng o
trc tip khc. Th d: vn tc ca chuyn ng
thng u c xc nh gin tip thng qua
cng thc v = s/t, trong ng i s c th o
trc tip bng thc, thi gian chuyn ng t
o trc tip bng ng h.
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b). Cch xc nh sai s ca php o gin
tip: Gi s i lng cn o F lin h vi cc
i lng o trc tip x, y, z theo hm s:
F = f(x, y, z)
Khi sai s tuyt i ca i lng F c
th xc nh theo php tnh vi phn:
dz
z
F
dy
y
F
dx
x
F
dF
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
Thay cc du vi phn d bng du ,
v khng bit r chiu thay i ca cc gi tr F
nn ta phi chn gi tr ln nht ca sai s bng
cch ly tng tr s tuyt i ca cc vi phn
ring phn:
z
z
F
y
y
F
x
x
F
F A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ A
c
c
= A
Sai s tng i cng c th tnh theo php
vi phn nh sau:
- Tnh loganpe ca hm F= f(x, y, z) l
lnF = lnf(x, y, z)
- Tnh vi phn ton phn ca lnF: d(lnF)=
dF/F
- Rt gn biu thc ca vi phn ton phn
dF/F bng cch gp nhng vi phn ring
phn cha cng vi phn ca bin dx
hoc dy hoc dz
- Ly tng gi tr tuyt i ca cc vi
phn ring phn. Thay du vi phn d
bng du sai s , ng thi thay x, y,
z, bng cc gi tr trung bnh ca chng.
V d: o lc ma st trc quay theo cng
thc:
2 1
2 1
.
h h
h h
mg f
ms
+

= , vi m, h1, h2 l cc
i lng o trc tip
Bc 1:
lnfms = lnm + lng + ln(h1-h2) - ln(h1+h2)
Bc 2: tnh vi phn ton phn ca lnfms
theo cng thc:

( ) ( )
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
h h
h h d
h h
h h d
g
dg
m
dm
f
df
ms
ms
+
+

+ + =
Bc 3: Rt gn biu thc vi phn ton
phn:

( )
2
2
2
1
2 1 1 2
2
h h
dh h dh h
g
dg
m
dm
f
df
ms
ms

+ + =
Bc 4: Ly tng gi tr tuyt i ca cc
vi phn ring phn, Thay du vi phn d
bng du sai s , ng thi thay m,h1, h2
bng cc gi tr trung bnh ca chng.

( )
2 1 1 2
2 2
1 2
2
ms
ms
h h h h
f m g
g f m
h h
c
A + A
A A A
= = + +

Trong :

2 1
2 1
h h
h h
g m f
ms
+

=

ms ms
f f . c = A
c). Nu trong cng thc vt l xc nh i lng
o gin tip c cha cc hng s (v d: t,
e,) th hng s phi c ly gn ng n s
l thp phn sao cho sai s tng i do php
ly gn ng gy ra c th b qua, ngha l n
phi nh hn 1/10 tng cc sai s tng i c
mt trong cng cng thc tnh.
- gia tc ri t do ti ni tin hnh th nghim
c th coi l hng s. Ti H Ni c th ly
g= 9,78688 (m/s
2
)
V d: Xc nh din tch vng trn thng
qua php o trc tip ng knh d ca n. Bit
d = 50,6 0,1 mm.
Ta c S =
2
d
4
t
, do sai s tng i ca
php o S:
t
t A
+ =
t
t A
+
A
=
A
% 4 , 0
d
d 2
S
S

Trong trng hp ny, phi ly t = 3,142
cho
At
t
< 0,04%.
d) Nu cng thc xc nh i lng o
gin tip tng i phc tp, cc dng c o
trc tip c chnh xc tng i cao, sai s
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1 2 3 4 5
t(100
0
C)
20
40
60
80
100
120
R()
php o ch yu gy bi cc yu t ngu nhin,
th ngi ta thng b qua sai s dng c. i
lng o gin tip c tnh cho mi ln o,
sau o ly trung bnh v tnh sai s ngu nhin
trung bnh nh trong cc cng thc (1), (2), (3).
IV. Phng php biu din kt qu o bng
th
Phng php biu din kt qu o bng th
c ng dng nhiu trong th nghim vt l,
phng php ny cho php th hin mt cch
trc quan s ph thuc hm s ca mt i
lng vt l ny vo mt i lng vt l khc.
Th d nghin cu s ph thuc ca
in tr R vo nhit t, chng ta c cc s
liu ghi trong bng di y:
T(100
0
C) R()
0,00,1 20 2
1,00,1 40 3
2,00,1 60 2
3,00,1 80 2
4,00,1 100 3

Cn c vo bng s liu trn v th
- V h trc ta , chn t l thch hp
- Vi mi cp R, t tng ng v mt im trn
th, v bao sai s ca t v R
- V ng biu din thnh mt ng lin tc
sao cho i qua bao sai s

BI TP
Bi tp mu
Dng thc kp c cp chnh xc ( chia
nh nht) l 0,1 mm o 5 ln ng knh d
v chiu cao h ca mt tr thp, cho kt qu
nh trong bng sau:
Ln o D
(mm)
H
(mm)
1 30 19,9
2 30,1 19,8
3 30 20,0
4 30,1 19,7
5 30.1 19,9
Hy cho bit kt qu php o d, h v tnh
th tch ca tr thp.
Gii
Php o d, h l php o trc tip, gi tr
trung bnh v sai s ngu nhin tnh trong
bng sau:
Ln
o
d (mm)
d A
h
(mm)
h A
1 30,0 0,06 19,9 0,04
2 30,1 0,04 19,8 0,06
3 30,0 0,06 20,0 0,14
4 30,1 0,04 19,7 0,16
5 30,1 0,04 19,9 0,04
TB 30,06 0,05 19,86 0,09
Sai s dng c bng 0,1 mm. Vy:
Sai s php o ng knh tr l:
Ad = 0,05 + 0,1 = 0,15 mm
Sai s php o chiu cao tr l:
Ah = 0,09 + 0,1 = 0,19 mm.
Kt qu: d = 30,06 0,15 (mm).
h = 19,86 0,19 (mm).
Th tch trung bnh ca tr:
t
= = =
2
h 3,142.30,06 .19,86
V 14100
4 4
d
(mm
3
).
Sai s tng i:
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A A A At
= + + = + = =
t
V d h 0,15 0,19
.
2 2 0,02 2%
30,06 19,86 V d h
Sai s tuyt i:
A = o = = V V V 14100.0,02 282 (mm
3
)
V = (14100 282 ). (mm
3
)

PH LC
1. Sai s dng c (Adc)
Sai s dng c nh nht bng chnh
xc (hay sai s) ca dng c. chnh xc ca
dng c l gi tr nh nht ca i lng cn o
m dng c c th o c.
- Thng thng chnh xc ca mi dng
c o c ghi ngay trn dng c. Th d:
Thc kp c chnh xc l 0,1mm (c ghi
trn thc) th ch c th dng thc o
c kch thc ca cc vt l 0,1mm v sai
s dng c Adc = 0,1mm.
Tng t, cn phn tch c chnh xc l
0,001g (1mg) th sai s dng c Adc = 0,001g.
v.v
- Trng hp dng c khng ghi r
chnh xc sai s dng c c ly bng gi tr
mt chia nh nht ca dng c hay cp
chnh xc ca dng c. Th d, cp chnh xc
ca ng h bm giy l 0,2s th sai s dng c
s l Adc = 0,2s. Nhng nu chia nh nht
ca dng c no c kch thc ln hn
nhiu so vi kh nng phn gii ca mt ngi
lm th nghim th c th ly sai s dng c
bng 1/2 chia nh nht ca dng c . Th
d, nhit k c chia l 1
0
khong cch gia 2
vch lin tip ln (hn 1mm) sai s dng c
ca nhit k s c ly l 0,5
0
.
- i vi cc ng h o in (ampe k,
vn k), sai s h thng c xc nh da
trn cp chnh xc ca dng c v c ghi r
trn ng h ca dng c. Cp chnh xc ca
dng c khc vi chnh xc ca dng c.
Cp chnh xc ca dng c biu th sai s tng
i, c tnh ra phn trm ca gi tr cc i
Amax m thang o c.
Trong trng hp ny sai s ca dng c c
tnh theo cng thc:
max dc
A A o = A (4)
Th d 1: Mt mili Ampe k c cp
chnh xc = 1% v thang o s dng c gi tr
cc i Imax = 100mA, th sai s tuyt i ca
bt k gi tr no m n o c trn thang ny
cng c gi tr bng:
mA 1 100 . 01 , 0 100 %. 1 I
dc
= = = A
Nu thang o c 100 vch chia th
chia nh nht trn thang o ca mili ampe k c
gi tr bng 1mA. Trong trng hp ny sai s
tnh theo cp chnh xc bng sai s dng c ly
theo gi tr chia nh nht.
Th d 2: Mt mili ampe k c cp
chnh xc = 1,5% v thang o s dng c gi
tr cc i Imax = 100mA, th sai s dng c (sai
s ca mili ampe k) khi dng thang o ny l:
mA 5 , 1 100 . 015 , 0 100 %. 5 , 1 I
dc
= = = A
Nu thang o c 100 vch chia th
chia nh nht trn thang o c gi tr bng
1mA. Khi khng c php ly sai s dng
c bng mt chia nh nht trn thang o ca
mili ampe k (bng 1mA) m phi ly sai s
dng c bng 1,5mA.
- Vi cc ng h o in hin s, tham
kho cch xc nh sai s dng c trong Ph lc
2 di y.
2. ng h o in hin s DT9205A
+

a) ng h o in hin s DT9205A
+

(Hnh 2) l loi dng c o in a nng c
chnh xc cao v nhiu tnh nng u vit so
vi ng h ch th kim. N c dng o
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8

hiu in th v cng dng in mt chiu,
xoay chiu, in tr, in dung,... Nh mt
nm chuyn mch chn thang o X, ta c th
chn thang thch hp vi i lng cn o.
b) Cch tnh sai s dng c : ng h
DT9205A
+
l dng c o in a nng hin s
loi 3 1/2 digit c 2000 im o (t 0 n 1999).
Gi s chuyn mch chn thang o X c t
di o hiu in th mt chiu (V=) ti v tr 20
(ng vi gii hn o
max
U = 20V). Nu gi tr
hiu in th o c hin th trn ng h l
U, th sai s dng c ca php o U tnh theo
cng thc :
(%). . U U n o o A = + (1)
trong o l phn gii ca thang o, tnh
bng gi tr ca mi im o :
20
0, 01
2000
V
V o = = (2)
cn o (%) l cp chnh xc ca thang o
(tnh bng sai s t i ca gii hn thang o) v
n = 1, 2, 3, l cc s nguyn . Gi tr o , n do
nh sn xut qui nh cho mi thang o, c
ghi trong ti liu hng dn s dng ca ng
h ( xem bng di y) .
Vi cc thang o th v dng khc, sai s
cng c tnh tng t nh trn.


c) Cch s dng ng h DT9205A
+
: Cn
thn trng khi s dng cc thang o hiu in th,
dng in nh ( thang 200 mV, 2 mA...). Nu
s hiu in th hoc dng in ln hn
gii hn cc thang o ny, th c th gy chy
hng ng h. V vy, nht thit phi tun th
cc quy tc sau y :
Khng c chuyn i thang o khi ang
c in t u vo ca ng h.
Khng t in p v dng in vt qu
gii hn thang o. Khi cha bit gi tr ca i
lng o, ta phi o thm d vi thang o ln
nht. Sau , ngt ng h khi mch in, ri
mi vn nm chuyn mch X chn thang o
thch hp.
o cc dng in nh hn 200mA ta
dng hai dy o cm vo l COM v l
mA trn ng h. Hai u cn li ca dy o
c mc ni tip vi on mch. Chuyn mch
chn thang o X t 200 trn di o dng
in mt chiu (k hiu l A=), hoc di
thang o dng in xoay chiu (k hiu l A~) ty
theo i lng cn o. Sau l cm mA, trong
ng h c cu ch bo v : nu dng in o
vt qu gii hn ca thang o, lp tc cu ch b
chy t v cc thang o dng nh s ngng
hot ng cho n khi cu ch c thay mi.
iu tai hi tng t cng xy ra nu ta mc
ampek song song vi hai u on mch c
hiu in th khc khng.
Hy rt thn trng khi s dng cc
thang o dng, khng chy cu ch !
o dng in c cng I > 200 mA, ta
cm hai dy o vo l COM v 10A ca
ng h, ri mc hai u dy cn li ni tip
vi mch in cn o. Vn nm chn thang o
X n v tr 10 ca di thang o dng mt chiu
(A=), hoc v tr 10 ca thang o dng xoay
chiu (A~). Sau l 10A, khng c cu ch bo
v, nn khi xy ra on mch thng gy chy
n mch ngoi hoc ngun in.
Hnh 2
X
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9

Tm li, chn thang o ng v khng
nhm ln khi thao tc o th v dng l hai
yu t cn thit bo v ng h.
o hiu in th mt chiu, xoay chiu,
hoc o in tr, ta cm hai dy o vo hai l
COM v VO ca ng h, ri mc hai u
dy cn li song song vi on mch cn o.
Vn nm chn thang o X n v tr thch hp
ca di thang o hiu in th mt chiu (V=),
hoc xoay chiu (V~) , hoc thang o in tr
(O) thch hp.