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HCM
Trng i Hc Cng Ngh Thng Tin
ti:
GVHD:
PGS.TS. VN NHN
TP.HCM 01/2014
Lp: CHK8
Li cm n
Li u tin em xin chn thnh cm n Thy Vn Nhn truyn t cho em
nhng bi hc tht b ch vi nhng cu truyn y tnh sng to v l th.
Cm n nh trng to iu kin cho em cng cc bn trong lp c th hc tp
v tip thu nhng kin thc mi.
Em cng chn thnh cm n cc bn trong lp chia s cho nhau nhng ti liu
v hiu bit v mn hc cng hon thnh tt mn hc ny.
Trong thi gian va qua mc d em c gng rt nhiu hon thnh tt ti
ca mnh, song chc chn kt qu khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em knh mong c
s cm thng v tn tnh ch bo ca Thy.
TP.H Ch Minh Thng 01/2014
Hc vin thc hin
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Li m u
Bi ton ngi du lch l mt trong nhng bi ton c nghin cu su
nht trong lnh vc ti u ha. Ni dung bi thu hoch ny s trnh by mt hng
tip cn gii quyt bi ton ngi du lch s dng gii thut di truyn.
Gii thut di truyn v c bn mun m phng li qu trnh tin ha ca
sinh vt trong t nhin vo cc bi ton ti u ha t a ra li gii tt (c th
khng l ti u nht) khi m khng th a ra c mt gii thut chnh xc hay
vic vt cn cc trng hp l bt kh thi.
Tuy nhin do thi gian v kin thc cn hn ch nn bi thu hoch kh trnh
nhng thiu st. Rt mong nhn c s thng cm v ng gp ca Qu Thy
C v cc bn hc.
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Mc lc
LI NI U ................................................................................................. 3
I. GII THUT DI TRUYN (Genetic Algorithm GA) ............................. 5
1. ng lc ............................................................................................. 5
2. Thut gii di truyn ............................................................................ 6
3. Cc ton t di truyn .......................................................................... 8
4. u tranh sinh tn ............................................................................ 13
II. BI TON NGI DU LCH (Travelling Salesman Problem - TSP) ... 13
1. Lch s bi ton ................................................................................ 13
2. Pht biu bi ton ............................................................................. 15
3. Phn tch phc tp ....................................................................... 15
II. XUT GII THUT DI TRUYN GII BI TON DU LCH .... 16
1. Gii thut xut.............................................................................. 16
2. Gii thiu chng trnh .................................................................... 24
3. Kt qu cc b d liu chun ........................................................... 25
4. nh gi gii thut v cc ci tin tng lai .................................... 27
III. Kt lun .................................................................................................... 28
Ti liu tham kho .......................................................................................... 29
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GA(Fitness, Fitness_threshold, p, r, m)
{
//Fitness: hm gn thang im c lng cho mt gi thuyt
//Fitness_threshold: Ngng xc nh tiu chun dng gii thut tm kim
//p: S c th trong qun th gi thuyt
//r: Phn s c th trong qun th c p dng ton t lai ghp mi
bc
//m: T l c th b t bin
Khi to qun th: P To ngu nhin p c th gi thuyt
c lng: ng vi mi h trong P, tnh Fitness(h)
While [max Fitness(h)] < Fitness_threshold do
To th h mi, PS
1. Chn c th: chn theo xc sut (1 r)p c th trong qun th P
thm vo PS. Xc sut Pr(hi) ca gi thuyt hi thuc P c tnh bi
cng thc:
( )
( )
( )
cp gi thuyt t qun th P,
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Khi to qun th
La chn cha m
Lai ghp
t bin
iu kin dng
t bin
Hnh 2: Lu gii thut c bn
3. Cc ton t di truyn
a. Biu din c th
Cng vic u tin khi thc hin vic gii bi ton bng gii thut di
truyn l chn cch biu din cc c th. l vic nh x cc tham s ca
bi ton ln mt chui c chiu di xc nh. Tu theo tng bi ton c th
m c nhng cch biu din khc nhau sao cho ph hp, thun li khi gii
ton. Trong c hai cch biu din thng dng nht l biu din nh phn
v biu din s dng cc hon v.
Biu din nh phn
Mi c th tng ng vi mt chui bao gm cc bit 0 v 1,
ngha ca cc bt ny ph thuc vo tng tnh hung c th. y l
cch biu din n gii nht v l cch thng dng nht trong cc
cch biu din.
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Chn lc ln cn a phng
Ln cn a phng l mt vng khp kn m c th tng tc
vi cc c th khc nm trong vng .
Theo phng php ny, mt na s c th u tin c chn bi
mt phng php bt k no khc, chng hn nh phng php bnh
xe Roulette. Sau vi mi c th chn, xc nh mt ln cn a
phng ca n v tm c th lai ghp vi n.
Chn lc loi b
Cc lm rt n gin: dng mt ngng la chn xc nh cc
c th c la chn. Theo cc c th c gi tr hm mc tiu nh
hn ngng th s b loi b, cn cc c th c gi tr hm mc tiu
ln hn ngng th c la chn.
d. Lai ghp
Php lai l qu trnh hnh thnh NST mi trn c s NST cha m,
bng cch ghp mt hay nhiu on gen ca hai (hay nhiu) NST cha m
khc nhau.
Cc cp cha m c la chn ngu nhin v xc sut xy ra lai ghp
vi mi cp c quy nh t trc.
C nhiu cch lai ghp khc nhau:
Lai ghp mt im ct, nhiu im ct
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e. t bin
t bin l tnh trng NST con khng c mt (hoc mt s) tnh trng
c trong m di truyn ca cha m.
Cc cp cha m c la chn ngu nhin v xc sut xy ra t bin
vi mi cp c quy nh t trc, thng l rt nh.
Cc php t bin thng c s dng:
o bit
Hon v: i v tr ca cc gen vi nhau
i gi tr: Thay i gi tr ti mt im gen
o on: o th t ca mt on NST bt k.
4. u tranh sinh tn
Chn nhng NST t qun th kt qu theo mt quy tc no thay th
cho cha m sinh ra th h mi. Mt s phng thc u tranh sinh tn
c bn:
Tro i hon ton cha m bng con.
Tro i ngu nhin: Chn ngu nhin k cha m v thay th bng k
con mi.
Chn nhng c th u t nht trong qun th.
II.
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III.
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M ha chu trnh
Chu trnh c m ha bng mng c th t cc s hiu ca nh.
Vi th n nh th mng c kch thc n phn t. V d chu trnh ca
th 10 nh:
C1
10
C2
10
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b. Khi to qun th
Qun th ban u c khi to bng cch sinh ngu nhin cc chu
trnh, s lng chu trnh khi to l mt na s kch thc c th ti a.
Vic sinh ngu nhin s dng hm t bin (s ni r pha di). S kch
thc c th ti a c th ty bin theo s nh ca o th cn gii, y
chn kch thc qun th l 100 c th.
c. Lai ghp
Phng thc lai ghp c thc hin da trn 2 c th u vo:
C1
10
C2
10
Con
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10
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d. t bin
Phng thc t bin c thc hin da trn 1 c th u vo:
C1
10
10
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e. Chn lc t nhin
Kch thc qun th l c nh qua cc th h. mi th h ta li c
cc c th mi sinh bng lai ghp v t bin do cn phi c s chn
lc m bo tnh cn bng ca qun th cng chnh l trnh cc li pht
sinh v b nh khi kch thc qun th qu ln.
[S c th l th h] = [Kch thc mc nh] + [S c th mi sinh]
Cch thc chn lc c th c nh gi da trn chi ph ca mi chu
trnh. C th c chn lm li gi cui cng l c th c chi ph nh nht
trong qun th sau mt s th h tin ha.
Ban u ton b qun th s c sp xp tng dn v chi ph v ch
gi li nhng c th thch nghi nht (c chi ph nh nht). Tuy nhin cch
lm ny c hn ch vi nhng b d liu ln. Khi s th h t n l mc
nht nh, vic tm ra chu trnh nh hn ngy cng kh khn cho nn tp
c th trong qun th gn nh khng bin i, iu ny lm gim s a
dng ngun gen cho tin ha cc th h sau.
Do vy ti a ra cch chn lc t nhin nh sau:
Sp xp qun th theo chi ph tng dn.
La chn ngu nhin l ch s : a (0 < a < l)
Loi c th th a [Kch thc mc nh] km thch nghi nht t
[Kch thc mc nh] c th ng u danh sch qun th.
Loi n khi s c th cn li bng kch thc mc nh.
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1;
i++)
[ S c th 1 th h] c n
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Tn b d liu
S nh
wi29.tsp
29
27603
qa194.tsp
194
9352
xit1083.tsp
1083
3617,26/3558
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Max Gen
Min cost
Time
Optimal found
100
10.000
27601,17
99,99
59
Yes
100
500.000
27601,17
99,99
903
Yes
Max Gen
Min cost
Time
Optimal found
100
10.000
11465,45
122,6
17
No
100
10.000
10147,12
108,5
192
No
100
100.000
10137,51
108,4
1783
No
Max Gen
Min cost
Time
Optimal found
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100
10.000
10774,26
297,86
80
No
100
10.000
8694,27
240,36
241
No
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Kt lun
Bo co lm r cc khi nim v gii thut di truyn v cc bc thc hin
khi p dng vo gii quyt bi ton ngi du lch. Kt qu gii thut ci t vn
cn nhiu hn ch khi thi gian gii quyt cc b d liu ln hn c 10~20 nghn
nh.
Vi thi lng c hn, bi thu hoch khng trnh c nhng sai xt, mong
c s ng gp ca Qu Thy C v cc bn.
Qua bi thu hoch, em xin chn thnh cm n PGS.TS Vn Nhn ch
dn tn tnh trong sut qu trnh hc cng nh Nh Trng to iu kin
thun li gip em hon thnh chuyn .
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