Ting Anh bi 1.

S dng gii t
Nh ha ngy hm qua, hm nay ngy cui tun ti vit bi u tin v ting Anh. Bi ny lin
quan n vic s dng gii t v lin t. C l hoi so ng, nhng ti lai ngh cn phi bt u bng
nhng kin thc so ng.
Gii t (preposition) v lin t (subordinating conjunction) ging ging nhau v c khi kh phn bit,
nhng c mt meo d phn bit chng: l nhn vo t theo sau chng.
1. Gii t thng theo sau bng mt danh t (nominaI):
Because of the bad weather. (Danh t weather l i tong ca gii t because of).
Before leaving home. (y l mnh gerund: leaving home l i tong ca gii tbefore).
After what we had done. (Mnh danh t [noun clause] what we had done l i tong ca gii
t after).
2. Lin t th theo sau bng mt cu trc ch ng - dng t m khng c mt mi Iin h no
khc dnh dng vo.
Because of the weather was bad. (Because l lin t c chc nng gii thiu mt mnh ph).
Before we left home. (Before l lin t gii thiu mt mnh ph).
Before, after, since, as, until c th c chc nng va l gii t va l lin t, ty vo ci g theo sau
chng: Since this morning; since you went away.
3. If, when, whiIe, aIthough v mt s Iin t khc c th c cu trc ch ng - dng t b[ hon
chuyn d c chc nng nh I mt mnh d gii t.
When you were mopping the floor
When mopping the floor
f it is at all possible
If at all possible
Although he was very upset
Although very upset
Trong cc cu trn when mopping the floor, if at all possible v although very upset l nhng
mnh gii t, v u ng vn pham.
4. Lin t ni hai cu vn thng I and, but, or, nor, for, yet. Nhng Iin t ny c th ni 2 t,
2 cu vn, thm ch gii thiu mt cu vn mi:
He said he would do it. And he did.
She had not planned to attend the meeting. !et she did.
5. Ni kt cu vn. Khi hai cu vn dc Ip nhau, nn s dng du chm phy. Khi hai cu vn
c Iin quan nhau, dng du chm cu:
We watched his folly develop; in fact, we nurtured it.
Thanh was a fantastically successful scientist. "owever, he did not emerge from his great career a rich
man.
Nhng du phy cng thinh thong oc s dng:
She was not pleased by his technique. She was delighted, however, by his self-control.
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Ting Anh bi 2. Sai st trong so snh
Khi oc bn tho ca cc nghin cu sinh chu, ti pht hin mt sai st rt ph bin trong nhng
cu vn c ni dung so snh. Chnh ti trc y cng tng pham phi nhng sai st ny. Trong ting
Vit, chng ta c th ni "ng A oc xp hang cao hon ng B, v cu vn hon ton ng.
Nhng trong ting Anh th cu vn cha . Trong ting Anh, khi vit v so snh chng ta cn
n ng t i km theo i tong oc so snh.
Cu vn so snh thng c ch th (subject) v i tong so snh (evaluator). Trong cu trn, ng A
l ch th, v ng B l i tong so snh.
Sai: #rang ran$s %ichael &ac$son higher than &anet &ac$son. (Trong cu ny, Janet Jackson l i
tong so snh, v cu vn ny cha y ).
ng: #rang ran$s %ichael &ac$son higher than she ranks &anet &ac$son.
1. So snh phi c th
Trong ting Anh, nht l ting Anh cho khoa hoc, so snh phi c th, ch khng nn chung chung.
Chng han nh cu sau y:
#he mountains in 'ietnam are lower and greener than (ambodia
l so snh kiu chung chung v chng ta khng bit so snh vi ci g Cambodia (ting Vit ta th ok
v c th ni nhng rng ni Vit Nam cao hon v xanh hon Cambodia nhng trong ting Anh th
khng oc ni nh th). Cu ny nn oc sa lai l:
#he mountains in 'ietnam are lower and greener than the mountains in (ambodia
Hay "vn hoa hon mt cht bng sch s dng those:
#he mountains in 'ietnam are lower and greener than those in (ambodia
2. C th b as trong so snh kp
C hai as v than thng oc s dng trong cc cu vn so snh:
In vietnam, the spread of infectious diseases is as ferocious as, if not more ferocious than, in )urope
Cu trc cu ny kh "nng n (nhng khng sai). Chng ta c th b as m cu vn vn ng (ch
cch dng du phy):
In vietnam, the spread of infectious diseases is as ferocious, if not more ferocious, than in )urope
Nhng tht ra, cu trn, theo ti c th vit gon gng hon:
In vietnam, the spread of infectious diseases is at least as ferocious as in )urope
3. Comparative v superIative
Qui lut l th ny: cu vn so snh (comparative) bao gm 2 i tong, cn cp so snh
(superlative) th c nhiu i tong. Trong ngn ng ni hng ngy, chng ta c th ni
She was the tallest of the twins
th chp nhn oc, nhng trong vn vit th cu cha chinh. Phi vit:
She was the taller of the twins
hay tong t:
I am the oldest of three brothers (ch khng phi I am the older of three brothers).
4. Lam dng other
Cu vn so snh di hnh thc tnh t thng c mt i tong oc ly lm ch th so snh
vi cc i tong khc trong nhm. C th s dng other trong cu vn vit, nhng coi chng sai!
Hy xem v d sau y:
"o (hi %inh (ity is larger than any city in 'ietnam
(Cu ny c th hiu l thnh ph H Ch Minh khng thuc nc Vit Nam!)
Nn sa lai cho r rng hon:
"o (hi %inh (ity is larger than any other city in 'ietnam
Cu sau y c th kh hiu:
"oang is older than any boy in the class
(Hoang l nam hay n?)
Sa lai:
"oang is older than any other boy in the class
Nhng cu vn sau y th th hin s lam dng other:
"oang is the oldest of all the other boys in the class.
(All y bao gm Hoang; other th lai loai b Hoang!)
Do , cn sa lai nh sau (b other):
"oang is the oldest of all the boys in the class.
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Ting Anh bi 3: Song song v cn i
Trong mt cu vn, 2 hay nhiu tng c cng c tnh oc goi l "parallel (song song). cu
vn c hiu qu tt, chng ta cn phi vit (hay ni) nhng tng song song theo cng thc sau
y: danh t i vi danh t, v jnh vi v jnh (infinitive), mnh ph vi mnh ph, v.v.
1. Danh t song song
#hey studied history, mathematics, and chemistry.
Nhng cu sau y th khng chun: #hey studied about the past, mathematics, and how matter is
constituted.
2. Infinitive
He learned to swim, to play tennis, and to ride a horse.
Ch khng phi: "e learned to play tennis, swimming, and the art of horsebac$ riding.
3. Mnh d
n her praises of the summer camp, she mentioned that the food was good, that the climate was
perfect, and that the e*uipment was superb.
Khng nn vit: In her praises of the summer camp, she mentioned that the food good, that the
climate was perfect, and what superb e*uipment they had.
Nn: #he old house was battered by the rain and bleached by the sun.
Khng nn: #he old house was battered by the rain and there was no color left because it was
standing in the open sunlight.
3. C gng vit nhng cu vn song song sao cho s t tong dong nhau
Khng nn: "e was a good scientist, but was very poor in $eeping boo$s.
Sa lai cho chinh hon: "e was a good scientist, but a poor bookkeeper.
Cu ny cng khng chun my: "e believed in democracy for the upper classes, but felt that the
common people should be ruled by their superiors,
v nn sa lai nh: "e believed in democracy for the upper classes, butautocracy for the
masses.
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Ting Anh bi 4. Ting Anh kiu M v kiu Anh
Loat bi ting Anh nhn oc nhiu phn hi ca ban oc. C ngi nghj ti nn tp trung vo
k nng vit bi bo khoa hoc hon l ting Anh v cc "ai gia ting Anh trong nc xut bn hng
trm sch v chuyn ny. Tuy nhin, nh ti ni ngay t u, y l khng phi l loat bi mang tnh
gio khoa, m chi l nhng meo, kinh nghim c nhn chia s vi cc ban thi. Ti khng c
canh tranh vi cc thy gio ting Anh. C ban oc t cu hi, xin c vn. Trong s th gi n, c 2
th m ti ngh c th em ra y bn tho. Hai th ny lin quan n nhng khc bit gia ting Anh
kiu M v ting Anh kiu . ngi Anh.
1. Du phy v and
Th th nht hi ti v cch s dng du phy (,). Ban oc hi ti rng anh vit "#hey studied history,
mathematics and chemistry thay v "#hey studied history, mathematics, and chemistry, nh vy cu
no chun hon. Ti tr li ngay rng c 2 cu u chun. Ngi M hay dng du phy trc and,
cn ngi Anh th b du phy.
C nhn ti thy ting Anh kiu M thc t hon, on gin hon, m lai nhe nhng hon ting Anh kiu
Hong hu (Queen's nglish). Do , ti quen vi cch vit ca M, v iu ny gy bc bi cho
vi ng nghip c v c theo Anh.
Ban oc cng hi c nn vit "istory, %athematics, (hemistry (thay v history, mathematics,
chemistry). Ti ngh my danh t l danh t chung, nn khng c l do g vit hoa mu t u c. Tht
vy, nhiu tp san khoa hoc by gi i hi tc gi khng nn vit hoa; ho khng chju "Study +esign
and %ethods m bt buc phi vit "Study design and methods.
2. Story v storey
Mt ban oc khc hi ti rng: "B,o Saigon #imes Wee$ly -b.n ti/ng Anh0 s1 ra ng2y 3456576, 8 trang
9: c; d<ng ch= *u.ng c,o>
37 Story Luxury Condominiums
#?i ngh@ chAc hB mu1n n;i storey -tCng0 chD $h?ng ph.i story. #hCy c; E $i/n gF $h?ng?
Ti khng ngh ho lm. Tht vy, Saigon #imes vit ng ng theo ting Anh kiu M. Trong ting
Anh kiu M, ngi ta c th vit story va chi tng va chi cu chuyn, ty theo vn cnh. Cn
ting Anh kiu Anh th phn bit rnh rot gia storeyv story.
y, ti chi mun bn thm 2 im:
Th nht I chuyn s nhiu v s t. Trong ting Anh, nhng danh t gc Latin nh datum (d
liu), condominium (cn h), addendum (ph ch), v.v. c s nhiu l data, condominia, addenda,
v.v. Nhng ngi M th bt cn qui tc ca ting Anh ca ngi Anh, nn ho vit s nhiu
l condominiums.
S nhiu ca storey hay story I stories. Do , nu mun ni 3 tng th vit ng l 9G stories.
Nhng nu vit 9GHstory (ch khng c s nhiu) th ch ny thnh mnh tnh t, v phi km
theo sau mt danh t, chng han nh "9GHstory building c ngha l building c 3 tng.
Quay tr lai cu qung co "9G Story IuJury (ondominiums, ti ngh ng l phi c du gach ni th
chun hon: 9GHStory IuJury (ondominiums.
===
Ting Anh bi . Paragraph
Khng ni ra th ai cng bit paragraph l mt oan vn, v mt oan vn bao gm nhiu cu vn
(sentence). Ni c th hon, mt paragraph c th xem l mt tiu lun nh. iu ny c ngha l
chng ta phi tun theo nhng qui lut co bn trong cch vit mt tiu lun (essay). Nhng qui lut co
bn l: cung cp cho ngi oc bit im g chng ta mun pht biu trong phn u ca
paragraph, pht trin ch bng cch s dng v d c th, ri sau l kt lun mt cch c suy
ngh.
Cu vn u tin ca mt paragraph phi l cu vn "thng bo ti chng ta mun cung cp cho
ngi oc. Chnh v th m cu vn u thng phi vit chung chung, khng mang tnh c th.
Chng ta th xem mt oan vn sau y ca Samuel P. Huntington (mt nh khoa hoc chnh trj ni
ting, v i vi ti ng cng l mt cy bt tuyt vi):
#he Knited States is becoming increasingly diverse ethnically and racially.#he (ensus Bureau
estimates that by 47:7 the American population will be 49 percent "ispanic, 3L percent blac$ and 37
percent AsianHAmerican. In the past the Knited States has successfully absorbed millions of
immigrants from scores of countries because they adapted to the prevailing )uropean culture and
enthusiastically embraced the American (reed of liberty, e*uality, individualism, democracy. Will this
pattern continue to prevail as :7 percent of the population becomes "ispanic or nonwhiteM Will the
new immigrants be assimilated into the hitherto dominant )uropean culture of the Knited StatesM If
they are not, if the Knited States becomes truly multicultural and pervaded with an internal clash of
civiliNations, will it survive as a liberal democracyM #he political identity of the Knited States is rooted in
the principles articulated in its founding documents. Will the deHWesterniNation of the Knited States, if
it occurs, also mean its deHAmericaniNationM If it does and Americans cease to adhere to their liberal
democratic and )uropeanHrooted political ideology, the Knited States as we have $nown it will cease
to eJist and will follow the other ideologically defined superpower onto the ash heap of history.
Cu u tin (#he Knited States is becoming increasingly diverse ethnically and racially) cho chng ta
bit ch ca oan vn ni v s a dang sc tc trong x hi M. Nhng oan sau , ng trnh
by d liu lm co s cho nhn xt ca mnh. Cu cui cng trong oan vn ni v ngha ca
vn a sc tc v cnh bo rng M ng trc nguy co mt identity v tnh trang ny.
Nhng thinh thong, nht l trong khoa hoc, chng ta cng khng nht thit phi tun th theo qui lut
trn. C khi chng ta trnh by v d trc ( thu ht ch ca ngi oc) v tip theo sau l mt
hay vi cu vn gii thch ngha ca v d . oan vn ngn sau y l mt v d:
u tin, gy ch cho c gi:
Since "4Hbloc$ers became available over the counter -O#(0 in drug stores, physicians have reported
that some public assistance patients have ceased their use of these medications and are eJperiencing
recurrences of epigastric distress.
Sau l vi cu vn chung chung v ngha ca cu vn trn:
Sometimes, regulations that are intended to ma$e drugs more available to patients have a paradoJical
effect of reducing their use. PQoRn vSn n2y sau Q; gi.i thTch tRi saoU Because welfare patients could
previously get the "4Hbloc$er drugs at no personal cost by prescription, but now that the drugs are
available O#(, they are no longer eligible for prescription and patients must pay for the medication.
Vit bi bo khoa hoc cng ging nh vit tiu thuyt trinh thm, hiu theo ngha phi hp dn ngi
oc ngay t u, v lm cho ngi oc khng bung oc cu chuyn. Ti thng hay ni vi
nghin cu sinh l phi c gng vit bi bo sao cho hay, hay n ni nu tng bin tp mt tp san
no t chi khng ng th ngb cng cm thy hi hn, nui tic. :-) Do , cu trc mt oan
vn rt quan trong, v nhng cu vn trong du dt v cung cp ngi oc nhng tnh (chi) tit c
th v thuyt phc. in nhc lai tm quan trong ca mt oan vn: n l mt tiu lun nh.
Ting Anh bi . Th, dang, v s ch cho mt ng t
1. Th (tense)
Mt trong nhng sai lm ti hay pht hin khi duyt cc bi bo khoa hoc l cch s dng th trong bi
bo. Chng ring g t cc tc gi chu m ngay c cc tc gi u M cng vp phi sai lm ny.
Sau y l mt s qui jnh (tht ra, chnh xc l qui c) v cch s dng th trong mt bi bo khoa
hoc.
Nu m t phong php v kt qu nghin cu ca cng trnh dang bo co, dng th qu kh
(past tense):
We found that one third of the rats survived, one thrid died, and the third rat got away.
Nu d cp dn mt cng trnh d cng b trc d trn mt tp san no d, s dng th hin
tai (present tense):
In their groundbrea$ing wor$, Smith et al report a 99V survival rate in the test population.
2. Active hay passive voice
in nhc lai: mt cu vn nh We found that goi l active voice (dang ch ng), cnit was found
that th oc goi l passive voice (dang th ng). Cu hi t ra l trong bi bo khoa hoc, chng ta
nn s dng dang no? y l mt vn m cho n nay, theo ti bit, vn cha ng ng.
Khong 2 nm trc, khi ti v ng nghip np mt bi bo quan trong cho British %edical
&ournal tng bin tp v 3 chuyn gia bnh duyt lc ng loat ph bnh ti v ti s dng dang ch
ng. Ho yu cu ti phi sa lat tt c t dang ch ng sang dang th ng. Sa xong, np lai v
qua ln bnh duyt th hai, ho t chi cng b! Nhng khong nm tr lai y cng chnh tp san
ny (v Iancetna) lai khuyn khch s dng dang ch ng.
Qua theo di cc tp san y khoa trong thi gian gn y, ti c th ni rng cng ngy cng c nhiu
bi bo m trong tc gi s dng dang ch ng. Nh vy, xu hng ch ng ny ang dn dn
tr thnh mt qui c chun. in ly vi v d:
The Lancet 2004;363:112-118
We followed up children once a day for diarrhoea and a month for anthropometry W
New EngIand JournaI of Medicine 2004;350:114-124
We enrolled :3X patients with polycythemia vera W
British MedicaI JournaI 2001; 323:382-386
I searched the (ochrane Iibrary, %edline, and )mbase to identify studies of common pathological
finding in W.
Tuy nhin, cng c trng hop m theo ti s dng dang th ng l cch "ljch s nht. Chng han
nh khi chng ta thc hin mt vic g km quan trong hon l ngi tip thu cng vic . V d:
#he patient was inYected with the test drug
oc chc chn d chju hon l
We inYected the test drug into the patient
Hay trong trng hop mt vic lm m ngi lm c th khng quan trong my:
#he patients were randomiNed into two groups by a computer program
Trong trng hop ny, ai lm ngu nhin ha cng oc, ch chng cn " hay "We.
3. S ch cho mi dng t
ng t l mt t hnh ng trong mt cu vn. Do , cc chuyn gia ting Anh cho bit c th m
mt ch trn mi ng t bit mt cu vn yu hay manh. Nu cu vn c 2 ch trn mi
ng t th cu vn oc xem l yu. V d:
#he use of an eJcessive number of words in conYunction with a single verb ma$es for a wea$
sentence, deficient in strong words, often compleJ in structure, and very li$ely complicated by a
number of subordinate clauses. -9G tZ[0
4. C gng Im phong ph cu vn
Chng ta th oc cu vn sau y:
#he elderly patient fell on a scatter rug at home. #he patient struc$ his shoulder when he landed. #he
patient sustained a fracture of left humerus.
Ba cu vn bt u bng mt ch lp i lp lai 3 ln: patient. Ba cu vn rt on gin, ngn, v c th
ni l kh nhm. Cch vit ny cho thy tc gi khng c kinh nghim vit vn.
Do , lm cho cu vn sng ng, nn c gng s dng bin th, v trnh lp lai mt t nhiu
ln. Cu vn trn c th sa lai nh sau:
#he elderly patient fell on a scatter rug at home, stri$ing his shoulder and sustaining a fracture of the
left humerus.
Ting Anh bi . ai danh t
1. S dng ai danh t cho ch th con ngi v vt th
The qui c ting Anh, it v its I dai danh t (pronoun) dc s dng trc mt ch
th I vt (khng phi con ngi). Tuy nhin, mt s dng vt m gii tnh dng vai tr
quan trng hay dng vy quen thuc vi con ngi (nh ch, mo) th c th gi
I he hay she.
Nhng dai danh t tong di (reIative pronoun) nh who, whom, that d cp dn
nhng ch th con ngi hay dng vt quen thuc vi con ngi;
cn which v thatth s dng cho cc ch th khng phi I con ngi.
V d: He is once of those who know all too well that the memories that move us fade all
too fast. (Those I ch th con ngi ca who; memories I ch th khng phi con
ngi ca that).
That c th s dng cho c con ngi v khng phi con ngi. Nhiu ngi vit gii
thng s dng that d thay th cho who, which. Tuy nhin, mt qui c chung I that
nn s dng trong mnh d xc Ip "cn cc" ca ch th, cn who vwhich th s
dng cho nhng ch th m chng ta d bit.
V d: A man that drinks and drives a car that has faulty brakes does not think much
of his wife, who must sit at home listening to the sounds of night traffic. (Manv car I
ch th cn dc nhn dang; cn wife I ch th d dc nhn dang bngwho.)
2. S dng ai danh t nh l mt mnh tham kho
Khi ch th ca mt dai danh t b[ Ioai b, cu vn c th rt kh hiu v khng r
rng. V d:
Instead of setting a total fee, the doctor charged $! a month until the work was
completed, which the medical profession considers unethical.
Trong cu ny, rt kh bit dai danh t which d cp dn ci g. Do d, cu vn c th
vit Iai r rng hon bng cch thm vo mt ch th c th nh sau:
Instead of setting a total fee, the doctor charged $! a month until the work was
completed, an arrangement that the medical profession considers unethical.
Hay nh trong cu vn sau dy mang tnh "ng ":
My father wants me to be a doctor, but this is a profession that does not appeal to me.
V khng bit this d cp dn ch th g. C th sa Iai nh sau:
My father wants me to be a doctor, but medicine is a profession that does not appeal to
me.
Mt v d khc v s dng dai danh t khng r rng:
I have visited "enson #ollege, but I do not want to go there because they are snobs
They I ai? C I ngi vit mun ni dn sinh vin ca trng:
$n my visit to "enson #ollege, I soon found out that the students are snobs. That%s
why I do not want to go there.
3. S dng ai danh t cho nhiu ch th
Khi mt dai danh t d cp dn nhiu ch th, cu vn c th kh hiu. Mt cch Im
cho cu vn d hiu hon I dt dai danh t gn ch th m ngi vit mun d cp
dn.
Khng r rng: )verybody could see that she was a beautiful little girl who looked
closely. Trong cu ny chng ta khng bit who d cp dn everybody hay I girl).
C th sa Iai r rng hon: )verybody who looked closely could see that she was a
beautiful little girl.
Nu I ngi giu ng vng cu vn trn cn c th sa Iai "vn hoa" hon:
An observant person could see that she was a beautiful little girl.
Mt v d khc v s dng dai danh t cho nhiu ch th:
M m: The doctor told him that he ought to take a vacation. (Him d cp dn ai? Bnh
nhn hay I doctor?)
Cu vn c th sa Iai tt hon:
The doctor said to him, &'ou I really ought to take a vacation.(
Hay, tt hon na:
The doctor advised the patient to take a vacation.
Ting Anh bi . S dng t ng on gin
Mt trong nhng "bnh ca ngi mi hoc vit ting Anh l hay . khoe ch. Ho c tnh s dng
nhng t kh hiu, thng c ngun gc Latin hay Hi Lap, nh ngm ni vi ngi oc rng vn
ling ng vng ca ho rt giu. Nhng trong khoa hoc, v nhu cu trong sng v chnh xc, chng ta
nn s dng nhng t on gin, d hiu, v cn phi trnh xa nhng t ng phc tap v "kiu k.
Sau y l danh sch (cha y ) mt s t cn oc "on gin ha:
1. S dng t ng "kinh t" mt cht (trong ngoc kp)
o because thay v of based on the fact that;
o for hay to thay v for the purpose of.
o there were several patients who completed . nn thay th bng several patients completed ...;
o it is suggested that a relationship may eJist (a relationship may eJist0;
o both ali$e (ali$e); one and the same (the same);
o a total of 37 subYects (37 subYects);
o four different groups (four groups);
o absolutely essential (essential);
o found previously (found);
o small in siNe (small);
o in close proJimity (in proJimity);
o very close to Nero (close to Nero);
o much better (better);
o period of time (time);
o summariNe briefly (summariNe);
o the reason is because (the reason is);
o also included -included);
o eJcept for (eJcept).
2. Chnh xc
o patient hay participant thay v subYect;
o concentration hay fre*uency thay v level.
Khng nn khi qut ha mt cch khng cn thit. Chng han nh, khng nn vit some khi chng
ta bit rng chi c 1 trng hop duy nht. Vit some khi chi c 1 l . ni dc.
#his thng khng r rng. Nn vit this test hay this problem cu vn r rng hon.
Trnh nhng t thm xng (hyperbole) nh very hay eJtremely (vn phong khoa hoc thng trm
tnh, lanh lng).
Khng s dng however hai ln trong mt oan vn, bi v thay i chiu hng l gii 2 ln trong
mt oan vn s lm cho ngi oc bc mnh.
Khng s dng however hon 1 ln trong 1 oan vn; nn tm t khc nhalthough, nevertheless,
despite, v.v.
Trnh s dng ch thiu nhn tnh (non-human agent). Chng han nh vit the authors
concluded that. thay v the study concluded that..
Trnh thnh ng thng tc (colloquialism), nh steer clear of.
Trnh as such, nh trong cu vn sau y: #he S(A# is a reliable test of state anJiety. As such, it is
suitable for eJperimental studies. C th sa lai: #he S(A# is a reliable test of state anJiety; it is
therefore suitable for eJperimental studies.
Trnh her, his v cc t ng hm k thj gii.
3. Trnh nhng t ng c th Im cho ngi dc mt ch :
At the present time (khng cn thit)
t is believed (dep, khoa hoc khng c nim tin)
ApproJimately (about)
Is re*uired (nn thay th bng is needed)
commences (begins, starts)
vast maYority (%ost)
Iiterature shows -literature no? Cn ti liu tham kho)
)levated (raised)
In eJcess of -Above)
\emale subYects -Women0
Of the same opinion (Agreed0
Be of assistance -"elp0
It seemed to the present researchers -we thought0
v.v...
Ting Anh bi . Dng du phy
Tng rng chuyn dng du phy l ti ca hoc sinh tiu hoc, nhng trong thc t th cch dng
du phy khng on gin nh chng ta tng. Ch th m sch day ting Anh cho cc nh chuyn
mn vn c mt chong hay phn di ca chong sch chi dn cch dng du phy cho ng.
Chng ni u xa, trong ci concept paper m ti c djp bn trc y, tc gi c vit mt cu m ti
ngh rng thiu du phy: "+evelopments in and related to the South (hina Sea have by and large
been consistent to the overall contemporary trend toward greater cooperation in AsiaH]acific.
Vy th du phy nn oc dng trong trng hop no? Sau y l nhng trng hop cn n du
phy.
1. Tch ri mt danh sch s vic hay di tng:
&ohn, \red, and \ran$. (Ch : c khi ngi ta khng dng n du phy cho i tong sau cng,
nh "&ohn, \red and \ran$).
"e wrote paper articles, boo$s, and short stories.
"e went across the sidewal$, down the street, and into the bar.
2. Tch ri cc mnh d trong mt cu vn phc tap dc ni bng nhng Iin t:
#he professor invited his students to lunch, and most of them accepted the invitation.
I have not completed my eJperiment, yet I plan to do another one.
3. Tch bit nhng thn t (interjection):
Oh, I thought so.
"ello, I am glad to see you here.
I try so hard, alas, to do it
!es, I will be pleased to discuss with you.
4. khi du mt cu vn mang tnh b ngha (modifier). Nhng t mang tnh b ngha thng
dng l however, nevertheless, moreover, furthermore, therefore, on the other hand.
"owever, the relationship did not eJist.
On the other hand, we found that the (\^ gene was associated with increased ris$ of hypertension.
5. khi du mt nhm t tuyt di (absoIute phrase). Nhng nhm t tuyt i l thng oc
cu trc bng ng tnh t (participle) hay ai danh t nh the sun having risen:
#he river being cold, we did not go swimming.
It seems sensible, the weather being warm, to pac$ a lunch.
6. bt du mt mnh d trc mt ch t:
+uring the long winter of 3XX3, the _ing suffered a sever illness.
(Cu ny cng c th vit: In 3X3X, the _ing suffered a severe illness).
7. bt du mt thn t trong mt th t bnh thng nh:
#he university, old and respected, went bro$e.
#he year of his graduation, 36:7, was an eventful one.
8. tch ri hai diu tong phn nhau:
I want to see a doctor, not a lawyer.
She longed to find happiness, but found misery instead.
9. khi du nhng yu t khng c gii han:
"is father, %r. Smith, was ill
%y friend, who is an engineer, is coming for a visit
10. trnh hiu Im:
+uring the summer, days become longer
(nu vit +uring the summer days become longer th ngi ta c th hiu summer days l mt danh-
tnh-t)
Soon after, the meeting was adYourned
(nu khng c du phy, ngi oc c th hiu after the meeting)
Vi nhng hng dn trn, chng ta c th quay lai vi cu vn ca Hoc vin Ngoai giao v vit lai
nh sau:"+evelopments in and related to the South (hina Sea have, by and large, been consistent
to .. Nhng cu vn nhiu sai st v cch dng t m ti bn trc y.
Ting Anh bi 1: Nhng li thng thng v vn pham
Sng nay ti phi oc duyt mt bi bo (bn tho) ca mt nhm nghin cu Hn Quc, v qua
ti pht hin rt nhiu sai lm trong cch din t v nhng sai st vn pham rt . ng. Mt trong
nhng sai lm ph bin nht ngi chu khi mi hoc ting Anh l cch s dng mao t (a v
the). Nhng mt s sai lm tiu biu cn th hin qua cch s dng du phy na. Ngoi ra, cn c
sai st mang tnh ni dung v logic v cch cu trc mt cu vn (sentence) v mt oan vn. Ti
khng th trch dn nhng sai st ca bi bo ny v ang trong vng phn bin kn, nn ti chi c th
mon bi bo bn n mt s sai st ph bin mang tnh ng.
1. Thiu du phy sau nhm t dn nhp. Chng han nh "After the analysis of blood samples of
TB patients we continued to isolate PPG, ng l phi c du phy sau ch "patients.
2. Thiu du phy trong mt cu vn ghp (compound sentence). Mt cu vn ghp thng bao
gm 2 mnh c lp nhau nhng ni vi nhau bng mt gii t nh for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Mt sai lm ph bin l thiu du phy gia hai mnh nh cu sau y: "%any studies show that
high body weight is associated with high bone mass and moreover reductions in body weight may
cause bone loss. (ng l phi c du phy trc and. Tht ra, cu ny cn c vi sai st khc na,
nhng ti khng bn y).
3. Thiu du phy trong cc mnh d khng gii han (nonrestrictive cIauses).Cn phn bit
mnh gii han v khng gii han. Chng han nh cu %y brother in the red shirt li$es ice cream,
nu ngi vit c 2 ngi anh, th thng tin v ci o mu l gii han (restrictive). Nu l restrictive
clause th chng ta khng cn du phy. Tuy nhin, nu ngi vit chi c 1 ngi anh, th thng tin v
ci o khng cn thit chi ngi , v y l mnh khng gii han. Mnh khng gii han
cn c du phy nh v d sau y: %y brother, in the red shirt, li$es ice cream.
4. Du phy ni. Mt du phy ni (comma spIice) xy ra khi hai mnh d dc Ip ni voi nhau
bng mt du phy. Chng han nh ]icasso was profoundly affected by the war in Spain, it led to
the painting of great masterpieces li$e Guernica. Mt du phy ni cng c th s dng chia mt
ch t t mt ng t. V d nh trong cu #he young ]icasso felt stifled in art school in Spain, and
wanted to leave, ch t ]icasso bj tch ra t mt trong nhng ng t ca n l wanted. ng l
khng cn du phy trong cu ny, ngoai tr tc gi mun nhn manh bng vn pham, nhng y l
tr choi nguy him i vi nhng ai cha thao vit ting Anh.
5. Thiu du phy trong mt chui s vt. Khi Iit k mt chui s vt, nn dng du phy I
diu ai cng bit, nhng vn d tranh ci I c nn dng du phy trc s vt sau cng. V d
nh trong cu "Apples, oranges, pears, and bananas..., vn t ra l c nn dng du phy trc
"and. Ngi M v Canada th ni nn, cn ngi Anh v c th ni khng nn. C nhn ti thch kiu
vit ca M (ti c nhiu l do ni nh th) nn ti hay dng du phy trc ch "and lm cu
vn r rng hon.
6. ai danh t m m. V d nh trong cu "#he boy and his father reported that he had had a
history of fragility fracture, chng ta khng bit ngi vit cp n ngi con trai hay l ngi cha
c tin s gy xong.
7. Dng sai t. Ci ny th qu hin nhin, nhng dng t cho ng trong khoa hoc khng phi l
chuyn d dng v n i hi ngi vit phi am tng vn chuyn mn v cp nht vi thng tin.
Chng han nh trong cu va trch trn, ng l tc gi phi vit l "bone mineral density ch khng
phi "bone mass, v hai thut ng ny rt khc nhau v khi nim. Trong y hoc, chng ta cn phn
bit gia "association v "relationship. Nu l nghin cu bnh chng, hay nghin cu mt thi im
(ct ngang hay cross-sectional), th mi lin h gia hai yu t nn oc m t bng thut
ng association hon l relationship. Chi khi no chng ta c bng chng can thip trong nghin cu
th nghim th mi s dng relationship thay cho association. Ngoi ra, ng nn lam dng thut ng
"lin$age v n chi s dng cho cc nghin cu v phn tch di truyn trong gia nh, ch khng phi
cho cc nghin cu qun th.
8. Thiu hay vit sai "infIected ends". nflected ends l thut ng ni n mt nhm li v vn
pham lin quan n s nht qun ca ch v ng t (subject-verb agreement), hay sai st v
whowhom, v.v... Trong ting Anh, khi chng ta thm mt mu t hay m tit (syllable) pha sau mt t
chng ta c th thay i ngha v chc nng vn pham ca cu vn. Chng han nh thm ed vo
mt ng t chng ta chuyn ng t thnh th qu kh (ai cng bit!), nhng c th bin thnh
mt tnh t, hay thm s vo mt danh t lm cho danh t c s nhiu, nhng cng c khi bin thnh
mt tnh t.
9. Sai hay thiu gii t. Gii t c khi rt . nguy him. Th xem hai cch vit Our sample
is different from the American sample v Our sample is different than the American sample, cu
no tt hon? Mc d c hai cch vitni oc s dng ph bin, nhng different from oc xem l
chun hon. Tong t, ngi ta vn cn tranh lun chung quanh ch toward v towards. Mc d
c hai u s dng kh nhiu, nhng hnh nh toward oc s dng nhiu hon (cn ngi Anh th
s dng towards nhiu hon toward).
10. Dng th khng dng. Cn cn thn trong cch dng th qu kh v hin tai trong khi vit bo
co khoa hoc. Thng thng, khi cp n y vn trong qu kh th nn dng th qu kh, nhng
nu mt mi hin h hay s kin oc chp nhn nh l "s tht th c th dng th hin tai.
Chng han nh "]revious studies have shown that high blood pressure was a ris$ of stro$e, nhng
cng c th vit "high blood pressure is a ris$ of stro$e v mi quan h ny oc chp nhn l s
tht. Khi vit bo co nghin cu ca chnh mnh, cng nn dng th qu kh. Tuy nhin, khi cp
n mt biu hay bng s liu ngay trong paper th nn dng th hin tai, chng han nh trong cu
"\igure 3 shows that diabetes was associatedwith an increased ris$ of stro$e, chng ta dng
"shows thay v "showed, nhng khi bo co v fact th chng ta dng th qu kh "was associated.
11. Nhng cu vn v duyn, v . y l cch vit ng "ght nht, v oc mt cu vn
(fragmented sentence) m chng c g hon chinh, lm mt th gi. Chng han nh cu vn "In
&apan, during the last decade and Yust before the `O\ year ny chng ni ln ci g c, v chng c
ch t v ng t. Cn loai vn nh sau "Some of the students wor$ing in ]rofessor Sminthas
laboratory last semester cn v duyn hon v ti chng bit tc gi mun ni ci g. Ti ch l c rt
nhiu sinh vin Vit Nam vit vn theo kiu ny, v n ni ln tc gi chng c t g hay chng bit
mnh mun ni g. t d.
12. Dng t b ngha (modifier) sai. T b ngha l nhng tnh t, trang t, hay mnh m ngi
vit mun khai trin thm. Nu t b ngha oc s dng ng, cu vn s c th rt "ku, rt "tho,
nhng nu dng sai th cu vn tr nn rt v duyn. Th oc cu ny "#he professor wrote a paper
on obesity in his office rt bun ci, bi v bo ph xy ra trong vn phng ca ng gio s chng?
Hay l vn phng lm vic ca ng y l noi ng vit v bo ph? Chng ta khng bit khi oc cu vn
. Nhng nu vit "In his office, the professor wrote a paper on obesity th cu vn r rng hon.
C khi ngi vit dng t b ngha mt cch . dong da, v y cng l li cn phi trnh. Th
oc cu vn sau y: "Wal$ing through the laboratory, my heart ached lm ngi oc c th hiu
rng tim ca ngi vit bj au khi bc qua phng th nghim! C l mt cch vit chun hon l
"Wal$ing through the laboratory, I felt an ache in my heart.
13. Nht qun gia ch t v dng t (subject-verb agreement). y l vn "mun tha ca
"phe ta, v ti s quay lai trong mt djp khc. Nhng y, ti su tm mt vi qui c ph bin
nht nh sau:
Khi ch t s t dc ni kt vi nhau bng "and" th ch d thnh s nhiu:Both the architect
and the interior designer li$e to push artistic boundaries.
Nhng dai danh t bt d[nh (indefinite pronouns) nh someone, anyone, no)one, anybody,
somebody, nobody, one, either, neither thng dc xem I s t: `oHone li$es to fail at
university.
Nhng danh t vi some, any, aII, most c th s t nhng cng c th s nhiu, ty thuc vo
danh t c th dm dc (countabIe) hay khng dm dc (uncountabIe): Some of the policies
were reYected whilst others were approved (policies l mt danh t c th m oc) nhng "Some of
the research was conducted at the Kniversity (research l mt danh t khng th m oc)
Mt ch t ni bng *either+or%, *neither+nor%, hay 'not only+but also%, th dng t nn chia
theo ch d gn nht: `either the lecturer nor the students want to reschedule the class. -want nhbt
*u,n vci students0
Vn kh khn khi cu vn c ch l mt danh t tp hop (collective noun) hay ai danh t tp
hop. V d nh "#he committee want a resolution to the problem l sai v committee (y ban) l mt
thc th (d thc th c nhiu thnh vin) cho nn chng ta nn vit "#he committee wants a
resolution to the problem.
Nhiu ngi nhm ln ai danh t )veryone v #heir. Chng han nh trong cu )veryone is entitled
to their opinion, ch their ng l phi l his5her bi v everyone l ai danh t s t.
Li nhn cc ban tr:
Kinh nghim ca ti v nhiu ng nghip khc khi tip xc vi ngi Vit, nht l nhng ngi tng
i du hoc nc ngoi vi nm, cho thy ho thng rt t tin v ting Anh. C ngi cn ni rng ho
lm thng djch cho cc chuyn gia nc ngoi, nh l mt bng chng v kh nng Anh ng ca ho.
Ti c cm gic ho chng cn hoc g thm na. Nhng kinh nghim c nhn ti, ngi tng sng v
lm vic trong mi trng ni ting Anh c vi chc nm, ti vn thy mnh rt dt ting Anh. C th
ti khng c nng khiu vi ting Anh, nhng ti thy ngay c ng nghip ti sinh ra v ln ln c,
M, Anh, nhng ngi hng gio s m vn sai pham ting Anh nh thng. Nn nh rng vn
pham khng chi l nhng qui jnh mang tnh bt bin. Vn pham tht ra l mt cu trc ngn ng thay
i theo thi gian. Chnh v th m vn pham l ch ca nhiu nghin cu v phn tch ca gii
khoa bng. Do , ti mun nhn vi cc ban sinh vin tr l: hoc, hoc na v hoc mi ting Anh.
ng nn qu t tin m tht bai th thm khi ra nc ngoi.
Ting Anh bi 11: Cch dng t
Mt bi bo khoa hoc d hiu l bi oc vit bng nhng t ng on gin, v cch s dng t ng
mt cch . kinh t. Vit on gin c l l mt li khuyn ph bin, nhng kinh nghim ca ti cho
thy nhiu sinh vin khi mi vo ngh thng s dng nhng t cu k, v h qu l cu vn tr nn
kh hiu. Nn nh rng mc tiu ca chng ta tc gi bi bo khoa hoc l mun cng trnh ca
mnh n vi nhiu ng nghip quc t, nhng ngi c th cha thao ting Anh. Do , s dng
nhng t ng on gin v vit sc tch l mt k nng rt quan trong.
1. Trnh nhng t km thng tin v rm r. Nhng nhm t rm r l nhng nhm t c 2 hay
nhiu t c cng ngha hay ni ln mt . Chng han nh brief in duration c th vit on gin hon
l brief. Tong t, sufficient in number c th chi on gin l sufficient. Cu the wound was of a
serious in nature c th vit gon lthe wound was of a serious, hay the solution was red in color c th
on gin ha thnh the solution was red (v red l mu). Mt li ti thng hay thy l cch vit we
repeated the eJperiment again, trong repeated v again ni cng ; do , c th vit on gin hon
l we repeated the eJperiment.
Bi tp: By gi cc ban th vit Iai nhng nhm t sau dy don gin hon, bng cch b
nhng t khng cn thit hay nhng t tha.
We carefully investigated
The past history of this concept .
They miJed together
Twenty human volunteers were recruited
The original source for this work was .
Advance planning
^lobular in shape
This x-ray film is more preferable than
t seems to appear
or a period of several minutes, the animals had been in a stressful condition
The role of cobra toxin is still a matter for speculation
The work will be completed in the notHtooHdistant future
The reaction rate was eJamined and found to vary considerably
The results would seem to indicate the possibility that impurities might be present
As a result of these eJperiments it became *uite evident that overheating of the samples had
occurred
As far as my own eJperiments are concerned, they show .
It has been found that W
It is interesting to note that .
`eedless to say W
2. on gin mt nhm t bng mt t
C nhiu pht biu m trong thc t c th chi cn 1 t l , hay thm ch khng cn thit. Chng
han nh at this point in time c th vit on gin hon l now. Hay nh the reason was because cng
c th chi vit because l .
Ban th vit Iai nhng cm t sau dy don gin hon:
n view of the fact that
Was observed to be
n the near future
n most cases
t would appear that
s suggestive of
As to whether
n the vincinity of
t was evident that
n the event that
3. Trnh nhng t "dao tao ba In". Ting Anh goi nhng t to ln l grandiloquence, hm ni
nhng t hoa m, trng l, m hnh nh ngi vit mun gy n tong cho ngi oc. Abraham
Lincoln oc bi din vn Gettysburg ngn gon lm nn lng nhiu ngi lc , nhng n nay ai
cng cng nhn l mt trong nhng bi din vn hay nht v c hiu qu nht trong ljch s chnh
trj th gii. Trong khoa hoc cng vy, chng ta cn phi trnh nhng t hoa m, v chon nhng t on
gin, d hiu thng tin trong bi bo c th chuyn ti n nhiu ng nghip.
Cc ban th vit Iai nhng cu sau dy don gin hon:
Computations were conducted on the data
t may seem reasonable to suggest that the necrotic effect may possibly be due to toxin
n studies pertaining to identification of phenolic derivatives, drying of the paper gives less
satisfactory visualiation
A method, which was found to be expedient and not very difficult to accomplish and which possessed
a high degree of accuracy on its results, was devised whereby .
4. Trnh so ng (cIich) v uyn ng (euphemism), v nhng t ng ny c khi rt kh hiu.
Chng han nh all in all th hon ton khng cn thit, cn if and when th c th thay th bng if.
Mt s so ng trong y khoa ti thng thy l the patient eJpired, the patient passed away, the
patient succumbed, the patient breathed his last, the patient has gone to his rest, v.v. c th chi on
gin vit l the patient died. Ai cng hiu die l g, nhng t ai hiu succumbed hay gone to his rest.
Cc ban th vit Iai nhng cm t hay cu vn sau dy:
nless and until
t goes without saying
Within the realm of possibility
We sacrificed the animal
We performed euthanasia on the animal
Ti s cung cp cu tr li hay goi tr li sau.
Ting Anh bi 12: Mao t
C l cch hoc ting Anh c hiu qu nht l hoc t li. Bi va qua (bi s 11) oc cc ban oc
cho n nng nhit. C c 1 emails cc ban ni nn chi ra nhng li ting Anh cc ban hoc t
. Hm nay l mng 3 Tt, v ti nhn djp ny bn vi cc ban cch dng mao t. Chi dn v cch
dng mao t rt nhiu trn internet v sch gio khoa, nn ti khng a nhc lai. Ti chi ni vi
chnh ca cch dng mao t.
Th nht I tnh xc d[nh. Mt danh t xc jnh (definite noun) khi danh t oc c ngi oc v
ngi vit bit n. Chng han nh nu ti ang mun dng ci my DA, ti c th hi k thut vin:
"(an I use the +dA machine? Ti dngthe y v c ti v k thut vin u bit ci my m ti ni
n. Nhng nu mt s vt m chi c ti hay ban bit th phi dng mao t a5an. Chng han nh nu
ti ni vi ban rng "I saw a funnyHloo$ing car today, ti dng mao t a bi v chi c ti bit ci xe ,
cn ban th khng bit.
Sau y l ngun bit mt danh t xc jnh hay khng.
1. Danh t d d dc d cp trc: saw a funny-looking professor yesterday [ln u tin ni v
mt ng gio s khng xc jnh]. He looked like an artist rather than an academic. When he saw
me, the professor walked toward my car [ln th hai, cp n ng gio s theo th xc jnh].
2. Mt so snh hay mt tnh t so snh Im cho danh t tr nn c th: #he tallest man in the
crowd is 2 m tall. [chi c mt ngi n ng cao nht trong m ng]. V d khc: Please read the
fourth paragraph on page 3. [Chi c 1 oan vn s 4 trong trang.] Today is the most important day of
my life. [Chi c 1 ngy quan trong nht]
3. Danh t m t mt c nhn, mt d[a dim hay mt s vt c bit:
#he earth revolves around the sun once every 3 days. [Chi c 1 tri t v 1 mt tri.]
4. Mt t hay cm t mang tnh b ng theo sau danh t Im cho danh t d r ngha hon: Do
you remember the doctor who went camping with us? [Dng the y ni n ngi bc s i cm
trai].
5. Vn cnh hay tnh hung Im cho danh t r rng. Chng han nh please close the door, y
chng ta dng the bi v c hai ngi u bit ci ca no oc cp n.
Nguyn tc chung: chon ng mao t cho mt danh t, cn phi xc jnh xem danh t l s t
hay s nhiu. Mt cch d dng xc jnh s t hay s nhiu l chng ta t hi c th t one trc
danh t khng. Chng han nh chng ta c th ni one eJperiment, nhng khng th ni one
$nowledge. Nu danh t khng phi l s t, th danh t t phi l s nhiu hay khng m oc
(uncountable noun). Bng sau y chi cch dng mao t da vo 2 yu t va cp:
1. Danh t s t.
(a) Nu danh t d mang tnh xc d[nh, dng the.
The boo$ in the boo$case was given to me by an old friend.
(b) Nu danh t d khng mang tnh xc d[nh, dng a,an.
My lunch consisted of a sandwich, two cookies, and a can of water. (sandwich v can l danh t s t,
chng c th l danh t xc jnh nu ngi vit v ngi oc u bit n hay cp trc y. Tuy
nhin, y chng ta chon a ni rng c hai ngi vit v oc u khng bit hai vt th ny)
2. Danh t s nhiu hay khng dm dc.
(a) Nu danh t khng mang tnh xc d[nh, dng a,an.
The technical papers that gave you last week are top secret. (S nhiu v xc jnh)
The wool that is produced in New ealand is used to make sweaters and other garments. (Wool l
danh t khng m oc nhng xc jnh do c cm t "produced in New ealand)
(b) Nu danh t d khng mang tnh xc d[nh, khng dng mao t.
Iong papers are difficult to read. ( y papers l s nhiu v khng xc jnh)
Ngoi ra, nn nh rng mt s nc v ja im phi c the:
The nited States of America
The nited Kingdom
The Soviet nion
The nited Nations (the .N.)
The rganiation of Petroleum xporting Countries (PC)
The mpire State Building
The niversity of Virginia
Chng ta bit rng a dng trc mt danh t vi ph m nh a house, a large roc$,v an dng trc
mt danh t vi nguyn m nh an interesting subYect, an eJperiment. Nhng vi nhng danh t bt
u bng nguyn m u c th dng a hay v an bi v u thng oc l yu. Do , chng ta c th
vit a university, a urban population, a useful idea. Nhng danh t c gc ting Php vi ph
m h cng c th dng a: an heir to the throne, an hourHlong lecture, an honorable agreement, v.v...
Bi tp
Th in vo cc khong trng sau y bng mao t the, aan, hay khng c mao t (in ).
1. (a) Decline and all of (b) oman mpire
2. (a) complexity of (b) problem of (c) decline and fall of the oman mpire
is made evident by (d) wide variety of causes that are emphasied in varying degrees by
(e) different authors.
3. ortunately, (a) concise formulation of dward Gibbon serves as (b) widely
accepted basis for (c) modern discussion of (d) problem.
4. According to Gibbon, (a) empire reached its peak during (b) administration of
(c) two Antonines.
. After that, however, (a) extent of (b) oman conquest became too great to be
managed by (c) oman government, and (d) decline began.
. (a) military government was weakened and finally dissolved as (b) barbarians were
allowed to constitute (c) ever-growing percentage of (d) oman legions.
. (a) victorious legions began to dominate and corrupt (b) government, weakening it
at (c) time when it most needed (d) strength to overcome (e) other problems.
Mt trong nhng li ting Anh m sinh vin Vit Nam thng hay mc phi l cch dng mao t
(article). Th tht vi cc ban, chnh ti phi mt hon nm tri tip xc v hoc hi ting Anh ngoi
ny mi dng mao t ng oc. y th m thinh thong ti vn dng sai (nhng may phc l ti
bit mnh . sai)!
have a good news for you.
The men are national beings.
The boys leave the school at four oclock.
He sent a word that he would come soon.
have read the Shakespeares Macbeth.
ou cannot set a foot in this house.
The envy is an evil passion.
He has not yet gone to the bed.
He is Daniel in judgment.
He made very wise decision.
ire broke out in our village.
Andamans are a group of islands.
Ting Anh bi 13: ao vn, din gii, tm loc v trch dn
Hm trc ti c a tin v mt trng hop ao vn ca mt gio s ngi Nam Dong. oc k bi
bo ca ng gio s ny v bi bo gc (di hon nhiu) ca tc gi ngi c, ti thy hnh nh li
chnh ca ng gio s l thiu ghi ngun v cch din gii cha at chun lm cho pham li ao vn.
Tht ra, i vi nhiu ngi Vit Nam (v chu ni chung), k c hoc sinh, sinh vin, nghin cu
sinh v thm ch gio s, ti thy ngi ta kh phn bit gia ao vn (plagiarism), din gii
(paraphrase), tm loc (summary), v c khi c trch dn (quotation). Do , cn phi xc jnh lai 4
hnh thc ny:
1. Trch dn, nh chng ta bit, c ngha on gin l ly nguyn vn ca tc gi khc nhng phi
trong ngoc " " v phi ghi nhn ngun. Mt v d trch dn l:
A WHO Expert ConsuItation states that "-+. overweight /0 1 kg,m2 corresponded to 34)356
/mean 3162 body fat in females and 47)86 /mean 62 body fat in males. If these criteria for
the percentage body fat for overweight and obesity are applied to the Asian populations, the
corresponding "MIs can be calculcated with countru)specific e9uations" (WHO Expert
Consutation, 2004).
y, chng ta thy tc gi nguyn cu vn ca WH trong ngoc kp, v khi ng ngoc kp th
ghi ngun ca oan vn.
Trong nhng bi bo khoa hoc, t khi no ngi ta trch dn, v n gy mt cm gic khng my thoi
mi. Trch dn nguyn vn c khi oc xem l mt hnh ng li bing, hay l mt cch t thi
khiu khch, mia mai. Nhng ti thy trong cc bi bo khoa hoc x hi v nhn vn, cc tc gi c xu
hng trch dn rt nhiu, c l do "vn ha lm vic ca ho. Mc d khng c qui c no v long
trch dn bao nhiu l thch hop, nhng hnh nh ai cng ng rng mt bi bo m long trch dn
hon 1 oc xem l qu mc.
2. Tm Ic l hnh thc din t lai tng chnh ca oan vn gc bng mt oan vn rt c ong
v rt chung chung, m khng hn dng lai nhng ch ca tc gi gc. Thng thng mt oan vn
tm loc chi c 3 n cu vn.
Tm loc cng l mt ngh thut, v c khi i hi ngi vit phi c mt ni lc kh v ng vng.
Sau y l vi chi dn lm mt tm loc tt. Trc ht l oc bi bo. K n l oc lai bi bo,
nh du (gach dng) nhng tng quan trong, dng du hnh trn nh du nhng t ng hay
thut ng quan trong, v tm im chnh ca bi bo. Chia bi bo lm nhiu oan v tng v vit
mt cu vn tm loc cho tng oan. K tip l vit mt oan vn tm loc. Nn nh rng trong oan
vn tm loc, tc gi c th
V d nh oan vn sau y:
Students frequentIy overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a resuIt they overuse
quotations in the finaI [research] paper. robabIy onIy about 10 of your finaI manuscript
shouId appear as directIy quoted matter. Therefore, you shouId strive to Iimit the amount of
exact transcribing of source materiaIs whiIe taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing esearch
apers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.
c th tm loc nh oan di y:
Students shouId take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to heIp minimie the
amount of quoted materiaI in a research paper (Lester 46-47).
y, tc gi vn gi chnh ca oan vn gc v c ghi ngun, nhng cu ch oc lm ngn
gon lai, b bt nhng chi tit nh 1. y l cch tm loc hop l, khng phi ao vn.
3. ao vn: Hi gio s ai hoc M (American Association of niversity Professors) jnh ngha ao
vn (plagiarism) l ly tng, phong php, hay ch ca ngi khc lm ca mnh, m khng ghi
nhn ngun gc v tc gi (nguyn vn: ta$ing over the ideas, methods, or written words of another,
without ac$nowledgment and with the intention that they be ta$en as the wor$ of the deceiver.) ao
vn l mt "ti pham trong khoa hoc, mt li khng th chp nhn oc. c rt nhiu trng hop
m nhng nh khoa hoc, sinh vin, nghin cu sinh, v.v. bj tiu tan s nghip chi v ao vn.
ao vn thng xut hin di nhiu hnh thc, ch khng phi chi trong bi bo khoa hoc hay sch
v. Chng han nh mt bc s trnh by bo co hay bi ging bng powerpoint mt hi nghj,
seminar, symposium, v.v. c s dng tng, s liu, hnh nh, cu vn ca ngi khc m khng
ghi r ngun th vn c th xem l mt hnh thc ao vn.
y l mt oan vn trong cun IiNNie Borden> A (ase Boo$ of \amily and (rime in the 3X67s ca
Joyce Williams v ng tc gi (trang 1):
The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the popuIation were the three
great deveIopments of Iate nineteenth century American history. As new, Iarger, steam-
powered factories became a feature of the American Iandscape in the East, they transformed
farm hands into industriaI Iaborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With
industry came urbaniation the growth of Iarge cities (Iike aII iver, Massachusetts, where the
Bordens Iived) which became the centers of production as weII as of commerce and trade.
v th oc oan vn sau y:
The increase of industry, the growth of cities, and the expIosion of the popuIation were three
Iarge factors of nineteenth century America. As steam-driven companies became more visibIe
in the eastern part of the country, they changed farm hands into factory workers and provided
jobs for the Iarge wave of immigrants. With industry came the growth of Iarge cities Iike aII
iver where the Bordens Iived which turned into centers of commerce and trade as weII as
production.
oan vn ny oc xem l ao vn. Tai sao? L do th nht l tc gi chi thay i vi ch v vi cu,
thay i th t ca oan vn gc. L do th hai l tc gi khng ghi ngun gc ca tng.
trnh ao vn, cn phi r ngun ca tng, d liu ca ngi khc trong bi bo khoa hoc
ca mnh. Mt cch trnh ao vn l hoc cch tm loc (nh trnh by trn) v din gii (paraphrase
s trnh by di y).
4. Din gii: Theo cch hiu chung th din gii c ngha l mt cch vit lai oan vn gc ca ngi
khc vi ch ca chnh mnh (nhng tng th vn mon t tc gi khc) v nht jnh phi ghi
ngun.
Trong bo co khoa hoc, k nng din gii rt quan trong, v n tao co hi cho cc tc gi ang hoc
ting Anh mt cch hoc ting Anh thc t nht v hu hiu nht. Kinh nghim ca ti cho thy cch
din gii tt nht l oc i oc lai oan vn gc cho n khi hiu y ngha ca oan vn, sau
t oan vn gc qua mt bn, v vit lai oan vn vi t v cch trnh by ca chnh mnh. Nu cn,
vit vi ch pha di oan vn mi vit t nhc nh mnh nn s dng hay thay i cu vn
ny nh th no. Mt vi iu quan trong cn nh khi din gii cu vn ca ngi khc nh sau:
#hD nhbt l2 gi= Qeng ngh@a cfa b.n g1c. Nn nh rng chng ta chi din gii lai, nn khng oc thay
i nhng mi quan h trong bn gc v ngha m tc gi mun ni.
#hD hai l2 dgng tZ Qhng ngh@a -synonym0. iu ny i hi ngi vit phi c mt vn ng vng kh
c th thay i ch ca ngi khc m vn khng thay i ngha gc. i vi nhng thut ng
th cch an ton nht l khng nn thay i, v lm nh th rt l ng ngh!
#hD ba l2 thay Qii vSn phRm. Cch tt nht l ct cu vn di thnh mt vi cu vn ngn, hoc gp
vi cu vn qu ngn thnh mt cu vn c ong hon. Cch th hai l thay i th active thnh th
passive cng l mt hnh thc rt hu hiu.
#hD tj l2 -n/u Qjkc0 thay Qii thD tl cfa th?ng tin. i khi cc tc gi vit vn cng rt kh hiu v ho
trnh by nhiu thng tin lm long chnh, v y chnh l co hi l tng mnh din gii th ca
mnh bng cch sp xp lai tng v thng tin mt cch logic hon.
#hD nSm l2 Qm E Q/n th,i Qn cfa t,c gi. Q/n Qo t2i. i khi tc gi l thi v cm tnh vi ti
(qua nhng t nh certain, uncertain, critical, striking, remarkable, wonderful, v.v.) v vit lai theo
hnh thc trung ha hon. Trong khoa hoc vn chong cn phi . lanh lng, trnh t ng cm tnh.
Quay lai cu vn gc trn,
The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the popuIation were the three
great deveIopments of Iate nineteenth century American history. As new, Iarger, steam-
powered factories became a feature of the American Iandscape in the East, they transformed
farm hands into industriaI Iaborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With
industry came urbaniation the growth of Iarge cities (Iike aII iver, Massachusetts, where the
Bordens Iived) which became the centers of production as weII as of commerce and trade.
nu tc gi vit:
aII iver, where the Borden famiIy Iived, was typicaI of northeastern industriaI cities of the
nineteenth century. Steam-powered production had shifted Iabor from agricuIture to
manufacturing, and as immigrants arrived in the S, they found work in these new factories. As
a resuIt, popuIations grew, and Iarge urban areas arose. aII iver was one of these
manufacturing and commerciaI centers (WiIIiams 1).
th s khng xem l ao vn m l din t lai chnh ca tc gi gc. y l mt cch din gii hop l,
chp nhn oc, bi v tc gi gi thng tin gc qua cch dng ch, v cho bit ngun gc ca
tng.
Nh ti ni trn, din gii mt oan vn ngoi k nng vn pham, c php, cn i hi mt vn ng
vng di do. Ng vng cho php chng ta dng t khc vi t gc. Mt s t c th thay th m c
th khng lm thay i ngha gc nh sau:
T chi khng gian: above, below, here, there, v.v...
T chi thi gian: after, before, currently, at present, during, earlier, later, v.v...
T chi v d: for eJample, for instance, v.v...
T chi thm na: additionally, in addition, also, moreover, furthermore, e*ually important, v.v...
T chi tong ong: also, li$ewise, in the same way, similarly, v.v...
T chi ngoai l: but, yet, however, nonetheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, v.v...
T chi loat> first, second, third, neJt, then, v.v...
T nhn manh: indeed, in fact, of course, v.v...
T chi nguyn nhn v h qu: accordingly, conse*uently, as a result, as a conse*uence, therefore,
thus, v.v...
T kt lun: finally, in conclusion, in summary, on the whole, in the end, v.v...
ao vn trong khoa hoc oc nhc n rt nhiu ln, v mt phn khng nh c lin quan n sinh
vin m ting Anh khng phi l ting me . c nhiu trng hop lun n bj thu hi v vn ao
vn. Khi ngi ta lm nghin cu sinh vin M Lai ang hoc tai c th pht hin rng ho khng c
ao vn, nhng chi v ho khng phn bit oc khc bit gia ao vn, din gii, v tm loc. Ti hi
vong bi ny s gip mt phn cho "phe ta phn bit oc 3 hnh thc trn v trnh pham phi li
lm ng tic.
Vit bi bo khoa hoc khng on gin nh nhiu ngi tng. Khng bit cc ngnh khc th sao,
nhng trong lnh vc y khoa th vit mt bi bo khoa hoc 1 trang thng ko di khong 3 thng.
Ni nh vy cc ban mi vo "ngh khng nn nh gi thp qu trnh v k nng vit mt bi bo
khoa hoc.
NVT
TB: M. oig c mt bi rt y v ao vn y:
http:facpub.stjohns.eduroigmplagiarismndex.html
Ting Anh bi 14. Vi li ting Anh rt c th chu
Trong nhng sc dn hoc ting Anh nh l mt ngn ng th 2, ti on ngi chu chng ta
thng gp kh khn hon so vi ngi u chu. C l do ngi u chu v Anh c cng vn ha
phong Ty, nhng l do gn nht l ting Anh v nhng ting gc Latin v Hi Lap c cng cch ni
v cch vit, nn ho t pham phi nhng li ngi chu chng ta hay vp phi. Ti s c gng su
tm nhng sai st trong cch vit ca ngi chu cc ban trc l thng thc, v sau l .
hoc.
Sau y l mt vi li ph bin v cch vit cu vn trong ting Anh hay thy ngi chu:
3. One of his family members is dead.
4. %y brotherps all the boo$s have been stolen.
9. \or what you are here M
q. #ell me why did you go there M
:. I, you and he will go together.
L. )Jercise is good both for wor$ as well as health
G. "e did not abstain to smo$e but persisted to purchase valuable cigars
X, #o him I did a re*uest which he did not comply.
6. I cannot bear your separation.
37. Open the last but one page of the boo$
33. I solicit your favor to grant me leave
34. #hose who are absent, I shall punish them
39. After doing the wor$, his face brightened.
3q. We shall be glad to get your good news.
3:. I feel myself feverish.
3L. !ou have no eJcuse to be forgetful.
3G. "e rose e*ual to the occasion
3X. Are your wor$ busy M
36. I am going to a picnic
47. I am a bit in a hurry
43. If one day I am good in )nglish, I would definitely admit it.
44. "ow do you thin$ to learn the )nglish M
Cc ban th sa lai nhng cu vn trn cho chun hon.
Ting Anh bi 1: cch vit mt oan vn
Mt bi bo khoa hoc thng oc vit theo cu trc MAD (introduction, methods, results, and
discussion). Mi phn bao gm mt s oan vn (paragraphs). Mi oan vn bao gm nhiu cu vn
(sentence). Mt trong nhng kh khn m ti thy sinh vin thng gp lc vit bi bo khoa hoc l
cch cu trc mt oan vn sao cho d oc v "tri chy. Tht ra, chng ring g sinh vin, ti thy
ngay c nhng thy c vn vit vn khoa hoc rt ti. Do , tng l vic d lm, nhng trong thc t
th khng d cht no. Trong bi ny ti s mch mt vi kinh nghim trong vic cu trc mt oan
vn mt cch logic v tri chy.
Mt oan vn l mt "on vj vn chong ca mt bi bo khoa hoc. iu m ngi oc k vong khi
oc mt oan vn l tng ca ngi vit v thng tin lm nn tng cho tng . Nu ngi vit
khng p ng oc k vong ny nh oan vn c nhiu tng, hay khng c bng chng th
ngi oc s cm thy ln ln hay kh chju, v s khng mun tip tc oc.
Vy th cu hi t ra l: mt oan vn phi c chc nng g? Ni mt cch v von, iu m ngi oc
mun tm trong mt oan vn khoa hoc cng chng khc g chng ta k vong mt ngi ban i:
l tinh thn ng h, kin jnh, v chu o. Mt oan vn cng cn c nhng c im nh th: c
bng chng ym tro cho tng, c lp trng kin jnh, v phi khc chit.
Bng chng. Mt oan vn tt l mt oan vn hm cha thng tin, v thng tin phi c lin quan
hay mang tnh ym tro cho lun n ca ngi vit. oan vn cn phi c lin h vi lun n mt
cch r rng, sao cho c th gii uu bit oc oan vn c jnh ni ln iu g.
Kin d[nh. Mt oan vn tt phi manh m v c khi trn tri. Mt oan vn manh m rt cn thit
pht trin mt tng chnh bng cch dng y bng chng. Mt oan vn tt khng nn c
nhng cu vn tha thi, nhng cu vn "gy g, vi bng chng chng c lin quan g vi nhau.
Khc chit y c ngha l oan vn phi "ha hop vi nhng oan vn khc trong bi bo.
Mt oan vn tt khng bao gi lm gin oan cc oan vn khc, m lc no cng c tng lin
quan vi mt oan vn trc .
Mt oan vn bao gm nhiu cu vn (sentence). Mt oan vn on gin nht phi c mt cu vn
ch , v mt s cu vn ph . Cu vn ch c mc tiu "tuyn b mt tng hay mt quan
im, cn nhng cu vn ph c chc nng cung cp chi tit v thng tin lm co s cho cu
vn ch . Do , mt oan vn tt phi hm cha nhng thng tin mang tnh khc chit v lin kt.
y, ti khng bn chi tit v k thut vit mt oan vn (v c nhiu sch chi dn), ti chi mun
chia s kinh nghim vi ban oc mt vi im chnh sau y:
3. %ri QoRn vSn chs ntn n;i ltn mnt E tj8ng hay mnt Qimm m2 th?i. Khi mi bt tay vo vit bi bo
khoa hoc, nn trnh kiu vit mt oan vn cha nhiu tng hay im nh. Hy oc oan vn sau
y:
MuscIe Iength and changes in contractiIity have been reported to have overIapping effects on
the components of excitation-contraction coupIing. MuscIe Iength is beIieved to affect the
action potentiaI, the amount of caIcium reIeased, and the rise of intraceIIuIar caIcium .; finaIIy,
muscIe Iength affects the interaction between actin and myosin and hence shortening and
force deveIopment. Changes in contractiIity are beIieved to affect the action potentiaI and the
IeveI and rise of intraceIIuIar caIcium.
Trong oan vn trn, muscle length v contractility oc bn ring l th hin qua nhiu cu vn
nhng tc gi khng ni n nhng c im tong ng gia hai kha canh ny. Nhng cu vn
cng khng trc tip minh hoa ci m tc gi goi l overlapping effect tuyn b trong cu vn u tin.
Ngoi ra, chng ta cng khng thy mi lin h gia cc cu vn trong oan vn trn. oan vn trn
c th bin tp lai cho r rng hon nh sau:
MuscIe Iength and changes in contractiIity have been reported to have overIapping effects on
the components of excitation-contraction coupIing.Both affect [MuscIe Iength is beIieved to
affect] the action potentiaI, the amount of caIcium reIeased, and the rise of intraceIIuIar
caIcium. In addition[finaIIy], muscIe Iength affects the interaction between actin and myosin
and hence affects muscIe shortening and force deveIopment. [Changes in contractiIity are
beIieved to affect the action potentiaI and the IeveI and rise of intraceIIuIar caIcium].
(nhng ch mu xanh l b, ct i).
4. ^i.i thTch. i khi, mt cu vn cn phi gii thch tai sao c hnh ng. Mc d ngi vit c th
k vong ngi oc phi hiu ti, nhng i khi chnh ngi vit phi gip ngi oc hiu ti
bng cch gii thch r rng hon.
AII of the patient data were kept in paper fiIes. The absence of even one cIerk caused deIays in
the monthIy reporting. inaIIy, management decided to interview some system anaIysts.
Trong oan vn trn, s ni kt ca 3 cu vn khng r rng my. D bit rng ngi oc c th suy
lun oc ngha ca oan vn, nhng tai sao chng ta khng vit r rng hon ngi oc khi
mt th gi? oan vn trn c th bin tp lai nh sau:
AII of the patient data were kept in paper fiIes, which took much staff time to maintain. The
absence of even one cIerk caused deIays in the monthIypatient
reports [reporting]. Management wanted computeried record keeping, which wouId take Iess
time and be more reIiabIe, and finaIIy,[mnagement] decided to interview some system anaIysts
to deveIop the new system.
3. (bu trec song song. Cn phi cu trc oan vn song song d oc. oc th oan vn sau y:
A 10 mg dose produced no affect, a 20 mg dose produced a smaII effect, but patients
demonstrated a noticeabIe effect from a 30 mg dose.
Chng ta thy tc gi c gng thay i cu trc khi ni v nh hng ca liu long 3 mg, nhng
cch vit ny lm cho cu vn kh hiu. C th vit lai nh sau:
A 10 mg dose produced no affect, a 20 mg dose produced a smaII effect, buta 30 mg dose
produced [patients demonstrated] a noticeabIe effect in patients. [fom a 30 mg dose].
4. `hbt *u,n trong c,ch vi/t. Cn phi duy tr cch vit mt cch nht qun. Nu dng th th ng
trong cu u th phi c gng theo cch dng . Chng han nh:
TopicaI appIications of the drug did not improve the condition. The condition improved after
smaII doses were deIivered intravenousIy.
Cu u theo th th ng (passive voice), nhng cu th hai th chuyn sang ch ng (active
voice). Nn duy tr nht qun cch vit nh sau:
TopicaI appIications of the drug did not improve the condition. Intravenous deIivery of smaII
doses improved the condition. [he condition improved after smaII doses were deIivered
intravenousIy].
tam kt thc bi ny, ti mi cc ban th oc mt oan vn ca Gs Samuel Huntington, mt tc
gi thuc vo hng "favorite ca ti. (Ti chi thch v ngng m cch vit ca ng y thi, ch
khng hn thch quan im chnh trj ca ng y). oan ny ti trch trong bi "The Hispanic
Challenge ng trn tp san \oreign Affairs s ra ngy 1324:
Most Americans see the creed as the cruciaI eIement of their nationaI identity. The creed,
however, was the product of the distinct AngIo-rotestant cuIture of the founding settIers. Key
eIements of that cuIture incIude the EngIish Ianguage; Christianity; reIigious commitment;
EngIish concepts of the ruIe of Iaw, incIuding the responsibiIity of ruIers and the rights of
individuaIs; and dissenting rotestant vaIues of individuaIism, the work ethic, and the beIief
that humans have the abiIity and the duty to try to create a heaven on earth, a city on a hiII.
HistoricaIIy, miIIions of immigrants were attracted to the nited States because of this cuIture
and the economic opportunities and poIiticaI Iiberties it made possibIe.
Nh c th thy, cu u tuyn b ch ca oan vn v cn cc quc gia. Cu th hai ni kt vi
cu 1 mt cch tuyt vi v mt ch ngha. Nhng cu k tip cung cp thm thng tin v d liu ym
tro cho cu vn u tin. V, cu cui cng quay lai cu ch nh l mt nhn manh. Mt oan vn
oc vit mt cch chc njch! ng l cch vit ca mt bc thy.
Vit n y ti chot nh n mt bc thy khc, khng phi trong khoa hoc, m l trong vn hoc:
Nh bin kho Son Nam. Trong mt cun sch m ti oc lu lm ri, trong tc gi k lai rng c
ln Son Nam khuyn tc gi v cch vit vn nh sau: "%2y vi/t cuu vSn ph.i c; bAp thvt. `gh@a l2 n;
$h?ng phwng lx l2ng nh2ng, QBc ltn $h?ng guy Jec c.m. PWU `;i n?m na ra l2 nhj c,i bAp thvt con
chunt cfa anh n?ng dun. 'Sn l2 ph.i nhj th/ Q;, chc $h?ng ph.i su?ng Qunt nhj bAp tay con g,i. PWU
ta ph.i dgng ch= n2o chTnh J,c nhbt, QAt gi, nhbt, Qnc Q,o nhbt Qm diyn QRt c,i E ta mu1n diyn QRt.
`gh@a l2 $hi ta dgng ch= Q; rhi, $h?ng ch= n2o thay v2o m2 hay hzn Qjkc. PWU %2y himu $h?ngM
({ng nhj m2y lla vk v|y, $hi m2y Q} chbm c? A thF c? B dg c; Q~p hzn gi2u hzn c{ng $h?ng l2m
m2y hRnh phec bng c? A[ "F hF.
Ti ngh mt li khuyn nh th trong vit vn khoa hoc cng rt thch hop.
Kinh nghim hc http:tuonganhtIh.comIien-hevi-VN-0-13.aspx
HNH THNH K NNG VIT BI BO KHOA HC CHO SINH
VIN
:,:,!43 44;8;< AM
Cng vi nhim v hc tp th sinh vin ngy nay cn tch cc tham gia nghin cu khoa
hc. uy nhin! ki"n thc v k# n$ng nghin cu khoa hc c%a sinh vin cn t&n t'i nhi(u
h'n ch". )i(u ny *+,c th- hin ./ nh0t khi sinh vin ti"n hnh nghin cu m1t *( ti
khoa hc hay vi"t m1t 23o c3o khoa hc. )- kh4c phc nh5ng y"u *i-m ny! sinh vin
c6n *+,c t.ang 27 nh5ng k# n$ng m(m c8 29n khi t.nh 2y m1t c:ng t.nh nghin cu
khoa hc c;ng nh+ khi vi"t m1t 2i 23o khoa hc. <ic hnh thnh k# n$ng vi"t 2i 23o
khoa hc c= > ngh?a @uan t.ng t.ong vic nAng cao ch0t B+,ng ho't *1ng nghin cu
khoa hc c%a sinh vin ngy nay.
I. t vn
Cghin cu khoa hc B m1t hnh thc gi3o Dc E *'i hc! B m1t khAu t.ong
@u3 t.nh hc tp! B nhAn tF ti"n 21 GH h1i ph9n 3nh vo t.+Ing *'i hc t.ong thIi
kJ c3ch m'ng khoa hc k# thut. C= c;ng B m1t hnh thc ti"n 21 v( ho't *1ng
ngh( nghip c%a sinh vin. C:ng t3c nghin cu khoa hc *+,c *+a .a cho sinh
vin Gu0t ph3t tK vic *o t'o ng+Ii c3n 21 t+8ng Bai *3p ng vi yu c6u c3ch
m'ng c%a *0t n+c. Cg+Ii sinh vin tFt nghip *'i hc ph9i *+,c t.ang 27 v( c3c
mLt B> Bun! khoa hc v thc tiMn.
)+a nghin cu khoa hc vo ho't *1ng c%a sinh vin B ph+8ng ph3p c= hiu
@u9 nh0t t.ong vic *o t'o nh5ng chuyn gia mi c= ch0t B+,ng E *'i hc. C=
ph3t t.i-n tFi +u t+ Duy s3ng t'o! nh5ng *Lc *i-m nhAn c3ch! nh5ng k# n$ng
nghin cu khoa hc c%a sinh vin! cho phNp thc hin *o t'o nh5ng chuyn gia
c= s3ng ki"n! ph3t t.i-n tnh Binh c9m khoa hc! t+ Duy sAu s4c! @uan *i-m s3ng t'o
*Fi vi vic ti"p nhn c3c t.i thc v thc hin sO Dng chPng vo gi9i @uy"t c3c
nhim v tQ chc k# thut! ng Dng v c3c v0n *( khoa hcRST.
Uo't *1ng nghin cu khoa hc c%a sinh vin *+,c th- hin E vic thc hin
c3c *( ti nghin cu thu1c chuyn ngnh *+,c *o t'o! tham gia vo c3c cu1c thi
sinh vin Bm nghin cu khoa hc c0p Vhoa! c0p .+Ing! c0p hnh phF v cao
h8n B c0p W1. UoLc khi sinh vin vi"t 2i ti-u Bun h"t m:n! vi"t 2i 23o khoa hc
*- gii thiu cho 2'n 2X! th6y c: 2i"t *"n c:ng t.nh nghin cu khoa hc c%a
mnh! c;ng B nh5ng ho't *1ng nghin cu khoa hc m sinh vin *H v *ang
tham gia.
hc t" cho th0y! ki"n thc v( ph+8ng ph3p Bun nghin cu khoa hc c%a
sinh vin <it Cam hin nay cn nhi(u h'n ch". )Lc 2it B thi"u v y"u v( Yk#
n$ng m(m t.ong nghin cu khoa hcZR[T. )8n gi9n vi k# n$ng vi"t! m1t D'ng k#
n$ng chuyn 2it! *- th- hin t+ t+Eng! > *& giao ti"p 2\ng ng:n ng5 vi"t v c3c
chu]n mc v$n 29n. V# n$ng vi"t ^VC<_ B m1t t.ong nh5ng k# n$ng giao ti"p c8
29n nh0t c%a con ng+Ii! c= vai t. .0t @uan t.ng t.ong c:ng vic c%a 20t kJ c3
nhAn no v E 20t kJ v7 t. c:ng t3c no.
hc t.'ng VC< 2\ng ti"ng <it c%a sinh vin ^`<_ <it Cam *ang .0t y"u!
*H v *ang 27 D+ Bun GH h1i! c3c nh ng:n ng5 hc *( cp t'i c3c h1i th9o khoa
hc v t.n c3c ph+8ng tin th:ng tin *'i chPng. Chi(u tI 23o *H *$ng c3c 2i
vi"t c%a `< khi"n nh5ng ai c= t.3ch nhim c;ng ph9i Ygit mnhZ 2Ei th ng:n
ng5 Yngo'i BaiZ v c3ch hnh v$n YkJ ccZ. )Lc 2it! t.ong h6u h"t c3c ch+8ng
t.nh giao B+u gi5a `< vi c3c nh Doanh nghip Do c3c c8 sE gi3o Dc *'i hc
^ab)U_ tQ chc! c3c nh Doanh nghip *(u cho .\ng nhi(u `< tFt nghip kh:ng
c= kh9 n$ng vi"t hon chcnh nh5ng v$n 29n th:ng th+Ing nh+ gi0y mIi! th+ c9m
8n! vvd! *a sF kh:ng so'n th9o *+,c c3c v$n 29n hnh chnh ^tI t.nh! c:ng
v$n! @uy"t *7nh!vvd_! kh:ng hi"m nh5ng ng+Ii c= t.nh *1 chuyn m:n cao
nh+ng kNm v( VC< *H 27 Doanh nghip *3nh .t t'i c3c cu1c pheng v0n. Chi(u
cu `< thnh *'t khfng *7nh .\ng t.ong c3c y"u tF t'o nn s thnh c:ng c%a h!
VC< chi"m m1t v7 t. .0t @uan t.ngRgT .
.ong ho't *1ng nghin cu khoa hc c%a sinh vin! k# n$ng vi"t c= 9nh
h+Eng t.c ti"p *"n ch0t B+,ng c%a c:ng t.nh nghin cu. VC< *+,c vn Dng
c th- t.ong vic sinh vin vi"t 2i 23o khoa hcRhT *- gii thiu k"t @u9 nghin
cu c%a mnh. .ong ho't *1ng nghin cu khoa hc c%a `<! c3c 2i 23o khoa
hc gi5 vai t. .0t @uan t.ng. C= kh:ng chc B 29n 23o c3o v( m1t c:ng t.nh
nghin cu! m cn B m1t *=ng g=p cho kho tng t.i thc chung c%a tp th-. `inh
vin ti"n 21 t.ong nghin cu khoa hc c;ng nhI m1t ph6n Bn vo th:ng tin tK
nh5ng 2i 23o khoa hc! 2Ei v @ua chPng m nh5ng ng+Ii Bm khoa hc c= D7p
t.ao *Qi! chia si v hc hei kinh nghim Bjn nhau. hko *=! n"u VC< kh:ng tFt!
th sinh vin kh:ng th- vi"t m1t 2i 23o khoa hc *'t ch0t B+,ng c;ng nh+ kh:ng
th- hon thin m1t c:ng t.nh nghin cu khoa hc.
Cguyn nhAn ch% y"u c%a thc t.'ng t.n B Do c3c c8 sE gi3o Dc *ai hc
^ab)U_ ch+a @uan tAm *Png mc v( c:ng t3c *o t'o v tQ chc c3c ho't *1ng
nAng cao k# n$ng m(m t.ong nghin cu khoa hc cho `<. U6u h"t c3c ch+8ng
t.nh *o t'o c%a c3c c8 sE ab)U ch+a c= hc ph6n Bin @uan *"n *o t'o VC<
cho `<. .ong c:ng t3c *3nh gi3 hc ph6n! gi9ng vin chc @uan tAm *"n *3nh gi3
n1i Dung 2i Bm m t @uan tAm chcnh sOa c3c Bli chnh t9! Bli v$n ph'm t.ong
c3c 2i Bm c%a `<m t t.i-n khai c3c 2i ki-m t.a thko hnh thc ti-u Bun! 2i tp
Bn!d )on hanh Cin! U1i `< v c3c *8n v7 chc n$ng t.ong c3c c8 sE
ab)U t tQ chc c3c ho't *1ng Bin @uan *"n .Xn Buyn VC< v c3c Bp *o t'o
VC< cho `< nh+ k# n$ng so'n th9o *8n Gin vic Bm! B> B7ch vic Bm!d
Wn c'nh *= cn c= c3c nguyn nhAn tK chnh 29n thAn `<n `< ngy cng t
*c ^2i 23o! s3ch_ c%a c3c t3c gi9 c= uy tn! t ch% *1ng v kin t. thc hnh
vi"t! ch+a @uan tAm c3c v$n 29n hnh chnh vFn .0t @uan t.ng t.ong c:ng vic
sau nym t.ong khi *= `< B'i 27 t3c *1ng tiu cc c%a ng:n ng5 chat! 2Bog! phim
9nh! t.uyn t.anh v ca nh'c th7 t.+Ing! thm ch 27 9nh h+Eng 2Ei tnh t.'ng sO
Dng sai Bli chnh t9 v ng5 ph3p t.ong c3c gi3o t.nh! ti Biu! v$n 29n! d
<i nh5ng phAn tch E t.n! 2i vi"t ny! 2\ng ph+8ng ph3p tQng h,p ti Biu
v chia si kinh nghim hc thut! t.ong *= t.ch Djn chnh tK Bo't 2i vi"t c%a
a`. CguyMn <$n u0n! Cghin cu vin cao c0p! <in nghin cu o Vhoa
aa.van ^pc_! *$ng t.n t.ang qk2 c3 nhAn c%a :ng ^qqq.nguyknvantuan.nkt_! nh\m
mc *ch giPp cho sinh vin! nh5ng ng+Ii 24t *6u tm hi-u v 2+c vo con
*+Ing nghin cu khoa hc! c= *+,c nh5ng k# n$ng c8 29n t.ong @u3 t.nh
nghin cu khoa hc! m c th- B k# n$ng vi"t 2i 23o khoa hc.
II. Cu t!" t#$n% t#&'n% "() *+t ,-. ,/0 1#0) #2"
Wi 23o khoa hc B m1t s9n ph]m khoa hc thu nhe tK m1t hay nhi(u c:ng
t.nh khoa hc kh3c. C$n c vo yu c6u Gu0t 29n v 0n hnh c%a tKng t'p ch
chuyn ngnh! th c0u t.Pc m1t 2i 23o khoa hc sr c= nh5ng *i-m kh3c nhau nh0t
*7nh. uy nhin! m1t 2i 23o khoa hc th:ng th+Ing sr 2ao g&m c3c ph6n chnh
sau *Ay! *+,c Bit k thko th t Gu0t hin t.ong 2i vi"tRsTn
(1) Tn bi bo khoa hc (Title): )6u tin! c3c 2'n sinh vin c6n chP > B tn
c%a 2i 23o! c6n ng4n gn v ph h,p *- chP Djn ^inDkGing_.
(2) Tn tc gi v a ch lin lc (Autho! " A##e!!): tit k tn ng+Ii thc
hin nghin cu v vi"t 2i 23o! *7a chc *6y *% c%a t3c gi9 *- ng+Ii *c c= th- Bin
h *+,c.
($) T%& t't v t( kh%a (Ab!tact ) *e+,o#!): u: t9 v4n t4t v0n *( v k"t @u9
nghin cu.
(-) ./t v0n 1 (2nto#uction): Cho 2i"t v0n *( nghin cu B v0n *( g v gii
thiu c3c th:ng sF nghin cu.
(3) 4h56ng ti7n v 8h56ng 8h8 nghin c9u (:ateial! an# &etho#!): W'n *H
nghin cu v0n *( 2\ng ph+8ng tin g v 2\ng c3ch no! ph9i t.nh 2y nh+ th"
no *- ng+Ii kh3c c= kh9 n$ng Bp B'i nghin cu c%a 2'n.
(;) *<t =u nghin c9u (>e!ult!): V"t @u9 nghin cu t.ong c:ng t.nh nghin
cu c%a 2'n B g! c= minh chng 2\ng sF Biu! 2i-u *&! 2i-u 2fng hoLc t.+Ing h,p
c th-.
(?) @Anh luBn (Ci!cu!!ion): C3c k"t @u9 tm *+,c c= > ngh?a g! th9o Bun v
gi9i thch k"t @u9.
(D) *<t luBn v ki<n ngh (Eonclu!ion! an# eco&&en#ation): vh9i chuy-n t9i *+,c
k"t @u9 v > ngh?a nghin cu! tK *= *+a .a nh5ng ki"n ngh7 thi"t thc! nh\m hin thc
h=a k"t @u9 hin cu.
(F) GHi c& 6n (Acko,le#ge&ent!): C9m 8n ng+Ii ti t., kinh ph nghin cu!
nh5ng ng+Ii @uan t.ng *H giPp 2'n nghin cu ^kh:ng ph9i c3c t3c gi9 vi"t
chung 2i 23o_.
(1I) Ti li7u tha& kho (>eJeence!): tit k tn c3c t3c gi9! n$m Gu0t 29n v
tn ti Biu!d m 2'n *H tham kh9o *- ph3t 2i-u t.ong 2i 23o.
III. N#3n% 45u "6u "7 t#8 9. v:. t;n% <#6n "() *+t ,-. ,/0 1#0) #2"
u1t 2i 23o hay! c;ng giFng nh+ m1t vE k7ch hoLc m1t cuFn ti-u thuy"t! c=
mE *6u! ph6n thAn v ph6n k"t. Vhi *c m1t 2i 23o nh+ vy! 2'n sr nhn th0y t3c
gi9 2i"t mnh *ang *i ti *Au v anh ta *H D ki"n *+,c ph6n k"t t.+c khi 24t *6u
vi"t *o'n *6u tin.
<i"t m1t 2i 23o tFt B m1t vic Bm kh:ng *8n gi9n chPt no! n"u kh:ng
muFn n=i B phc t'p. C= *i hei ng+Ii vi"t ph9i s3ng t'o v suy t+Engd t.ong
BLng Br. Con *+Ing Djn *"n m1t s9n ph]m hon h9o kh:ng 2ao giI B m1t con
*+Ing thfng! m B m1t con *+Ing vi nhi(u ng/ ng3ch! nhi(u *+Ing cng v
nhi(u ch:ng gai. C=i m1t c3ch ng4n gn! Bm khoa hc c6n ph9i c= thIi gian.
uli 2i 23o khoa hc B m1t c:ng t.nh khQ h'nh. wVhQ h'nhw E *Ay ph9i
*+,c hi-u thko ngh?a vKa *au khQ! vKa h'nh phPc. )au khQ t.ong @u3 t.nh chu]n
27 v vi"t thnh m1t 2i 23o v h'nh phPc khi nhn th0y 2i 23o *+,c c:ng 2F t.n
m1t t'p ch c= nhi(u *&ng nghip *c v chia si. )- *'t k"t @u9 sau cng ny! t3c
gi9 ph9i ph0n *0u Bm sao *- gi5 *+,c s cAn 2\ng gi5a tnh t.ong s3ng vi n1i
Dung ^ph9i *6y *%_. Wi 23o ph9i *+,c vi"t 2\ng m1t v$n phong cc kJ sPc tch!
nh+ng ph9i *6y *%! Bm sao h0p Djn *+,c ng+Ii *c v *- ng+Ii *c wnhp cu1cw.
)= B nh5ng yu c6u .0t kh= m kh:ng ph9i t3c gi9 no c;ng *'t *+,c. b+i *Ay
B nh5ng yu c6u c th- *Fi vi tKng ph6n c%a m1t 2i 23o khoa hc.
3.1. Ta (Title) bi bo
<( yu c6u *Fi vi ta *( m1t 2i 23o khoa hc! a`. CguyMn <$n u0n!
Cghin cu vin cao c0p! <in nghin cu o Vhoa aa.van ^pc_! ng+Ii *H c=
nhi(u n$m kinh nghim Bm vic t.ong c3c 'p ch khoa hc @uFc t" v c= nhi(u
2i vi"t chia si kinh nghim v( k# n$ng vi"t 2i 23o khoa hc cho .\ng n
a *( 2i 23o *+,c vi"t t.n t.ang *6u c%a m1t 2i 23o! th+Ing *+,c *Lt E v7
t. t.ung tAm. Vh:ng nn g'ch chAn hay vi"t nghing tn 2i 23o. vha D+i tn 2i
23o B tn t3c gi9 v n8i Bm vic! *7a chc th+ tn c%a tKng t3c gi9. ChPng ta muFn
ta *( 2i 23o ph9i Y24t m4tZ ng+Ii *c! nh0t thi"t c6n ph9i *6u t+ thIi gian vo
vic chn ch5 v chi"n B+,c chn tn cho 2i 23o. n 2i 23o kh:ng nn @u3
ng4n! nh+ng c;ng kh:ng nn @u3 Di v ph9i n=i Bn *+,c n1i Dung chnh c%a v0n
*( nghin cu.
K *Ay! ai3o s+ B+u > *Fi vi nh5ng ng+Ii Bm khoa hc n=i chung v sinh
vin khi vi"t 2i 23o khoa hc n=i .ing! Y*- c= m1t ta *( s3ng t'o! t:i *( ngh7
c3c 2'n nn tuAn th% hay t .a B Gkm GNt *"n m1t sF kha c'nh sau *Ay n
^S_ Vh:ng 2ao giI sO Dng vi"t t4t. Cn nh .\ng! sr c= nhi(u ng+Ii ngoi
B?nh vc chuyn m:n *c 2i 23o c%a 2'n! v vy vi"t t4t c= th- Bm cho h kh=
hi-u hoLc hi-u sai v( ch% *( 2i 23o c%a 2'n.
^[_ Vh:ng nn *Lt ta *( thko ki-u ngh7ch B> hay ta *( m8 h&. a *( ngh7ch
B> v m8 h& .0t nguy hi-m! n= 2i-u hin nghin cu c%a 2'n ch+a gi9i @uy"t *+,c
v0n *( g hoLc ch+a c= cAu t.9 BIi g! Bm m0t hng thP c%a ng+Ii *c.
^g_ Vh:ng nn *Lt ta *( Di. a *( 2i 23o kh:ng nn Di h8n [x tK. a *(
Di c= th- Bm cho ng+Ii *c m0t tp t.ung.
^h_ a *( 2i 23o khoa hc nn c= y"u tF mi. o"u tF mi BPc no c;ng c=
hiu @u9 thu hPt s chP > c%a ng+Ii *c.
^s_ Vh:ng nn *Lt ta *( 2i 23o nh+ m1t BIi ph3t 2i-u hay m1t nhn *7nh.
.ong khoa hc! kh:ng c= c3i g G3c *7nh v ch4c ch4n. Ch khoa hc B ng+Ii *i
tm chAn B> ch kh:ng ph9i *H tm *+,c chAn B>.
^y_ Vhi *Lt ta *( 2i 23o khoa hc c6n *Lc 2i"t chP > *"n tK kh=a. < ta *(
2i 23o sr *+,c sO Dng *- B+u t.5 t.ong c3c c8 sE D5 Biu giPp ng+Ii *c DM Dng
ti"p cn vi 2i 23o khoa hcZ.
Wn c'nh *=! sinh vin khi *Lt ta *( cho 2i 23o khoa hc c;ng c6n chP > n
u: t9 ch% *( m1t c3ch chuyn 2it t.ong m1t kh:ng gian gii h'n! kh:ng *+,c
ha hzn nhi(u h8n n1i Dung c%a 2i vi"t. h:ng th+Ing tn *( ti nu ./ ch% *(
nghin cu h8n B k"t @u9 nghin cum n 2i 23o ph9i ph9n 3nh chnh G3c v( n1i
Dung 2i vi"t v DM hi-u! t.3nh Dng ch5 vi"t t4t! c:ng thc v tK ng5 kh= hi-u. `O
Dng nh5ng tK ng5 @uan t.ng nh0t! *Lt chPng t.+c tin t.ong tn 2i 23om U'n
ch" sO Dng *1ng tK ^vk.2_m uAn thko ki-u *7nh D'ng 2i 23o c%a n8i 2'n *7nh
Gu0t 29n.
C5Ki tn bi bo khoa hc cLn ghi M cc thNng tin v1 tc gi nh5 :
{ ahi *6y *% h v tn! hc hm! hc v7! *8n v7 c:ng t3c! *in tho'i v *7a chc
kmaiB *- 2an 2in tp Bin h.
{ n t3c gi9 c6n ghi *6y *%! kh:ng sO Dng tn vi"t t4t.
{ Chc ghi tn ng+Ii tht s B t3c gi9 c= tham gia vi"t 2i.
{ ahi chP *7a chc c%a t3c gi9 thko *7nh D'ng c%a nh Gu0t 29n.
{ n t3c gi9 ghi *6u tin B t3c gi9 chnh ^sknio. autho._! th t c3c tn t3c gi9
ti"p thko *+,c ghi ty thko mc *1 *=ng g=p @uan t.ng cho nghin cu. Cg+Ii
h+ng Djn! cF v0n cho nghin cu! v *:i khi m1t t.+Eng phng th nghim hay
t.+Eng c8 @uan nghin cu muFn *+,c ghi vo nh=m tn t3c gi9 th v7 t. thch h,p
nh0t B tn t3c gi9 cuFi cng.
{ Ch5ng ng+Ii chc ti"p thu thp sF Biu hoLc giPp *| thc hin th nghim th
ghi t.ong ph6n c9m t'.
)Fi vi sinh vin vi"t 2i 23o khoa hc! c6n ghi ./ h v tn! chuyn ngnh!
khoa v t.+Ing *o t'o! gi9ng vin h+ng Djn ^n"u c=_! *&ng thIi c;ng ghi ./ sF
*in tho'i v *7a chc kmaiB *- 2an 2in tp v ng+Ii *c DM Dng Bin h.
3.2. Tm tt v t kha (Abstract !e"#or$s)
$O2O1O T%& t't
h:ng th+Ing! c= [ Bo'i t=m t4t B t=m t4t c= tiu *( v t=m t4t kh:ng c= tiu
*(. to'i t=m t4t kh:ng c= tiu *( B m1t *o'n v$n Duy nh0t t=m t4t c:ng t.nh
nghin cu. to'i t=m t4t c= tiu *( ^nh+ tn 2i 23o_ B 2ao g&m nhi(u *o'n v$n.
uy vy! D sO Dng hnh thc t=m t4t no th m1t 29n t=m t4t c;ng ph9i chuy-n
t9i *+,c nh5ng th:ng tin @uan t.ng sauRyT n
EPu hQi v &Rc Sch nghin c9uO vh6n ny m: t9 2\ng [ cAu v$n. CAu v$n th
nh0t m: t9 v0n *( m t3c gi9 @uan tAm B g! tnh t.'ng t.i thc hin t'i Gung @uanh
v0n *( nghin cu .a sao. CAu v$n th hai m: t9 mc *ch nghin cu m1t c3ch
ng4n gn v ./ .ng.
4h56ng 8h8 nghin c9uO C6n ph9i chc ./ v0n *( nghin cu sO Dng ph+8ng
ph3p nghin cu g! *Fi t+,ng tham gia nghin cu *"n tK *Au v *Lc *i-m c%a
ph+8ng ph3p! *Fi t+,ng nghin cu B g. vh6n ny vi"t t.ong kho9ng h } s cAu
v$n.
*<t =u nghin c9uO .ong ph6n ny! t3c gi9 t.nh 2y nh5ng k"t @u9 chnh
c%a c:ng t.nh nghin cu! k- c9 nh5ng sF Biu c= th- B0y Bm *i-m thi"t y"u c%a
nghin cu. V"t @u9 ny ph9i *+,c t.nh 2y sao cho t.9 BIi *+,c cAu hei mc *ch
nghin cu *Lt .a tK cAu v$n *6u tin. vh6n ny vi"t t.ong kho9ng [ *"n g cAu v$n.
*<t luBnO u1t hoLc hai cAu v$n Dnh cho ph6n k"t Bun v > ngh?a c%a k"t @u9
nghin cu. C= th- th0y! ph6n Bn ng+Ii *c sr chP tAm vo cAu v$n ny t.+c khi
*c c3c ph6n kh3c c%a 2i 23o! v vy t3c gi9 c6n ph9i chn Ba cAu ch5 sao cho *%
sc thuy"t phc v thu hPt *+,c s chP > c%a *1c gi9 t.ong [ cAu v$n @uan t.ng
ny.
@n cnh %T &Ut t%& l5Vc tWt cLn 8hi:
{ Cg4n gn! kho9ng [xx } [sx tK ^ti"ng ~nh_! kho9ng gsx } hxx tK ^ti"ng
<it! kho9ng S[ t.ang ~h_! th:ng th+Ing B m1t *o'n v$n ^pa.ag.aph_.
{ =m t4t mc *ch nghin cu! ph'm vi nghin cu! ph+8ng ph3p sO Dng!
c3c k"t @u9 chnh 2ao g&m 20t kJ ph3t hin mi no! c3c k"t Bun ch% y"u v >
ngh?a c%a chPng.
{ Vh:ng ghi B+,c kh9o thko tn 29ng hay hnh vr! v 29ng v hnh chc nn Gu0t
hin t.ong n1i Dung 2i vi"t.
{ Vh:ng sO Dng c3c ch5 vi"t t4t ngo'i t.K chPng B nh5ng thut ng5 tiu
chu]n hoLc *H *+,c gi9i thch.
{ Vh:ng ghi tn t3c gi9 v ti Biu tham kh9o.
{ Vh:ng ghi 20t kJ th:ng tin hoLc k"t Bun no n\m ngoi n1i Dung 2i vi"t.
$O2O2O T( kh%a (ke+,o#!): C3c tK kh=a *+,c Bit k *1c Bp 2n D+i t=m t4t!
kho9ng g{s tK. 0t c9 c3c tK kh=a ph9i hin Din t.ong n1i Dung ph6n t=m t4t.
3.3. %&t v'( ()(tro$*ctio()
.ong ph6n ny! t3c gi9 c6n ph9i t.9 BIi cAu hei =T>. ?)0 @-* n%#.5n "Au n-4
BC DE#4 F.F 40u F0 t#.? ?tuF4 BG. vh6n *Lt v0n *( c%a 2i 23o khoa hc c6n
cung c0p nh5ng th:ng tin sau *Ay n ^a_ *7nh ngh?a v0n *(m ^2_ nh5ng g *H *+,c
Bm *- gi9i @uy"t v0n *(m ^c_ t=m B+,c c3c k"t @u9 nghin cu t.+c *= c= Bin
@uan *"n v0n *( m t3c gi9 nghin cum ^D_ mc *ch c%a nghin cu t.ong 2i 23o
khoa hc ny B g.
3c gi9 c6n t.nh 2y nh5ng th:ng tin c8 29n *- ng+Ii *c n4m *+,c v0n *(!
> ngh?a v t6m @uan t.ng c%a v0n *( v hi-u v( mc *ch c%a 2i nghin cu. Chc
nn t.nh 2y nh5ng th:ng tin c= Bin @uan t.c ti"p *"n v0n *(! kh:ng nn *i-m
@ua nh5ng th:ng tin gi3n ti"p. Vhi *i-m @ua nh5ng c:ng t.nh nghin cu t.+c
*Ay c= Bin @uan *"n v0n *( m t3c gi9 nghin cu! c6n gii h'n t.ong nh5ng
nghin cu v th:ng tin c:ng 2F t.ong vng s n$m t.E B'i *Ay! t.3nh nh5ng nghin
cu *H t.n [x n$m hoLc t.3nh nh5ng th:ng tin t.ong gi3o t.nh *H Gu0t 29n @u3
BAu! v .0t c= th- nh5ng k"t @u9 nghin cu v nh5ng th:ng tin 0y *"n nay kh:ng
cn ph h,p n5a. uy t.nh 2y nh5ng th:ng tin c%a ng+Ii kh3c! nh+ng ph9i Dng
cAu ch5 c%a chnh t3c gi9! ch kh:ng ph9i t.ch Djn @u3 nhi(u hay BLp B'i cAu ch5
c%a ng+Ii *i t.+c. 0t c9 nh5ng th:ng tin t.ong ph6n *Lt v0n *( ph9i $n khp ti
Biu tham kh9o. ^a`. CguyMn <$n u0n nh0n m'nh_
<( mLt c0u t.Pc! ph6n *Lt v0n *( 2ao g&m m1t sF *o'n v$n kh:ng c6n tiu *(.
uy nhin! *- vi"t tFt ph6n *Lt v0n *( cho m1t 2i 23o khoa hc! a`. CguyMn <$n
u0n B+u > *Fi vi nh5ng ng+Ii Bm khoa hc! c6n ph9i chP > *"n m1t sF *i-m
c$n 29n sau n
*hNng nn vi<t =u #iO <i"t @u3 Di .0t DM Bm cho ng+Ii *c sao BHng v0n *(
chnh v c= khi Bm m0t th giI! ng+Ii *c ph9i *c nh5ng th:ng tin kh:ng c6n
thi"t.
*hNng nn iX& =ua lch !Y nghin c9u v0n 1 bZng v[n 8hong vi<t !YO vh6n
Bn nh5ng ng+Ii *c 2i 23o khoa hc B nh5ng ng+Ii c= ki"n thc chuyn m:n
v t.nh *1 nh0t *7nh. bo *=! t3c gi9 kh:ng c6n ph9i gii thiu nh5ng v0n *( Ym
ai c;ng 2i"tZ.
Tong nUi #ung 8hLn /t v0n 1 8hi 8ht biXu &Rc Sch nghin c9u c\a tc
giO )o'n v$n cuFi c%a ph6n *Lt v0n *(! B n8i *- t3c gi9 ph3t 2i-u mc *ch c%a
c:ng t.nh nghin cu. CF g4ng Duy t. nguyn t4c YtK tQng @uan *"n c th-Z.
Tc gi cLn gii thSch cc &Rc tiu v cc 8h56ng 8h8 nghin c9uT kho !tO
)7nh ngh?a 20t kJ c3c thut ng5 chuyn 2it hoLc ch5 vi"t t4t sr *+,c sO Dng sau
*= t.ong 2i vi"t. C6n ph3t 2i-u m1t c3ch Bogic v ./ .ng v( gi9 thi"t hoLc nguyn
B> nghin cu.
]1 v[n 8hongT t3c gi9 c6n *9m 29o chu]n v$n phong khoa hc khi t.nh 2y
v0n *(. uyt *Fi kh:ng Dng ng:n ng5 *7a ph+8ng hay kh]u ng5 *Ii th+Ing.
vh6n *Lt v0n *( kh:ng nn vi"t @u3 hai t.ang *3nh m3y.
=m B'i! c3ch vi"t ph6n *Lt v0n *( tFt nh0t B vKa *%! kh:ng @u3 Di v c;ng
kh:ng @u3 ng4n! nu ./ B> Do t'i sao t3c gi9 thc hin nghin cu! *&ng thIi cung
c0p c8 sE D5 Biu c6n thi"u cho ng+Ii *c! *- *1c gi9 c= c8 sE )c } Ui-u } Chn
GNt 2i 23o. )i(u @uan t.ng nh0t B sau khi *c Gong ph6n *Lt v0n *(! ng+Ii *c
2i"t *+,c t6m @uan t.ng c%a v0n *( nghin cu v t'i sao t3c gi9 B'i nghin cu
v0n *( *=. )+,c nh+ vy! coi nh+ t3c gi9 *H *'t *+,c m1t mc tiu c%a mnh! B
kch thch s t m c%a *1c gi9 v khi"n h ph9i *c nh5ng n1i Dung cn B'i c%a
2i 23o khoa hc.
3.+. ,h-.(/ ti0( v 1h-.(/ 1h1 (/hi2( c3* (4aterials a($ metho$s)
C= th- th0y! ph6n ph+8ng tin v ph+8ng ph3p nghin cu B ph6n @uan t.ng
nh0t c%a m1t 2i 23o khoa hc. Vho9ng x 2i 23o khoa hc 27 tK chFi v
ph+8ng ph3p nghin cu kh:ng thch h,p hay sai B6m. Chi(u ng+Ii *c c= th=i
@ukn *c ph+8ng ph3p t.+c! .&i sau *= h *c c3c ph6n kh3c. C"u h th0y
ph+8ng ph3p nghin cu c= ch0t B+,ng! h sr *c ti"p v ng+,c B'i. bo *=! *Ay B
ph6n m t3c gi9 c6n ph9i *6u t+ nhi(u th giI *- vi"t cho Y*'tZRT.
.ong ph6n ny! t3c gi9 ph9i t.9 BIi *+,c cAu hei! =t/" %.H I @-* %J BC
DE#)t F.F 40u F0 BG. C3ch *8n gi9n nh0t *- t.9 BIi cAu hei ny B t.nh 2y thko
t.nh t. W'n c6n cung c0p t0t c9 th:ng tin c6n thi"t *- nh5ng ng+Ii nghin cu
kh3c nhn GNt *+,c nghin cu c%a 2'n hoLc c= th- Bp B'i ph+8ng ph3p nghin
cu c%a 2'n. C3c n1i Dung g&m c=RTn
{ hIi gian v *7a *i-m thc hin nghin cu.
{ u: t9 *6y *% chi ti"t 2F t. th nghim ^n"u c=_.
{ u: t9 chnh G3c c3c *Fi t+,ng *H *+,c sO Dng t.ong nghin cu.
{ Cu chi ti"t k# thut! khFi B+,ng! ngu&n gFc v ph+8ng ph3p chu]n 27 c3c
ph+8ng tin *H *+,c sO Dng.
Eh^ _:
{ Vh:ng *+,c m8 h& v( tn! ch5 vi"t t4t.
{ 0t c9 c3c *'i B+,ng *+,c sO Dng ph9i ghi thko *8n v7 tiu chu]n.
{ 0t c9 h=a ch0t ^n"u c=_ ph9i *+,c nhn 2i"t ./ .ng *- nh5ng ng+Ii nghin
cu kh3c c= th- sO Dng Bp B'i th nghim c%a 2'n.
{ uli 2+c th nghim! thc nghim ^n"u c=_ ph9i *+,c nu ./! cho 2i"t sF B6n
Bp B'i.
{ Vh:ng *+,c *+a vo ph6n ny 20t kJ *i(u g kh:ng Bin h *"n k"t @u9
nghin cu.
{ Vh:ng t.nh 2y c3c chi ti"t kh:ng c6n thi"t v c= th- Bm ng+Ii *c nh6m
Bjn.
3.5. !6t 7*8 (/hi2( c3* (9es*lts)
<( nguyn t4c! t.ong ph6n k"t @u9! t3c gi9 ph9i t.9 BIi *+,c cAu hei! =I <#/t
#.Kn ) n#3n% %J BC DE#)t F.F 40u L.nF BG. C6n ph9i phAn 2it ./! *Au B k"t @u9
chnh! *Au B k"t @u9 ph. vh6n k"t @u9 ph9i c= 2i-u *& v 29ng sF Biu hoLc
nh5ng sF Biu minh ha c th- cho tKng k"t Bun nghin cu. Ch5ng D5 Biu ny
ph9i *+,c DiMn gi9i m1t c3ch ng4n gn t.ong v$ 29n v *- t.9 BIi B6n B+,t c3c mc
*ch nghin cu m t3c gi9 *H nu t.ong ph6n *Lt v0n *(.
vh6n k"t @u9 nghin cu ph9i *+,c vi"t m1t c3ch ng4n gn v *i thfng vo
v0n *( nu t.ong ph6n *Lt v0n *(. 0t c9 c3c 29ng thFng k! 2i-u *&! sF Biu! hnh
9nh!d ph9i *+,c chP thch ./ .ngm t0t c9 c3c k> hiu hay ch5 vi"t t4t ph9i *+,c
*3nh v6n hay chP gi9i m1t c3ch c th- *- ng+Ii *c c= th- hi-u *+,c > ngh?a c%a
nh5ng D5 kin ny. .ong ph6n k"t @u9 nghin cu! t3c gi9 chc nn t.nh 2y chAn
thc k"t @u9 nghin cu m kh:ng nn 2nh Bun hay DiMn D7ch nh5ng k"t @u9 ny
cao hay th0p! tFt hay G0u!dv nh5ng nhn GNt ny sr *+,c *( cp *"n t.ong ph6n
2nh BunRT.
)Ay B ph6n cFt B/i c%a 2i 23o. C3ch DM nh0t B t.nh 2y c3c k"t @u9 t+8ng
ng thko t.nh t c%a c3c mc tiu *H *+,c nu t.ong ph6n *Lt v0n *(
^nt.oDuction_. vh6n k"t @u9 c= th- v von B Yt.3i timZ c%a m1t 2i 23o khoa hc.
)i(u kh= kh$n Bn nh0t B Bm sao t.nh 2y .0t nhi(u D5 Biu v phAn tch chc
t.ong vi t.ang gi0y. h:ng th+Ing! t3c gi9 c= th- 24t *6u t.nh 2y nh5ng D5 Biu
*8n gi9n nh0t! nh5ng D5 Biu DM hi-u nh0t v D6n D6n cung c0p nh5ng D5 Biu phc
t'p h8n. `au *Ay B m1t vi chc Djn c th- *- c3c 2'n c= th- t.nh 2y ph6n k"t @u9
m1t c3ch thuy"t phcRSxT n
Tr-:c h6t; s1 <61 (h=(/ k6t 7*8 7*a( tr>(/ tro(/ m?t lo@t b8(/ sA li0* v
biB* C m t3c gi9 muFn *+a vo 2i 23o khoa hc. 3c gi9 nn vi"t GuFng gi0y
nh5ng k"t @u9 *+,c Gkm B thP v7! B @uan t.ng! nh+ng ch+a c= c8 sE v5ng
vng. Ch5ng k"t @u9 ny sr B *6u *( *- 2n Bun sau ny. C"u k"t @u9 nghin cu
*8n gi9n ^nh+ 2ao nhiu nam! 2ao nhiu n5! *1 tuQi t.ung 2nh! v.vd_! th kh:ng
c6n ph9i t.nh 2y t.ong 29ng sF Biu! m chc c6n m: t9 t.ong 2i 23o B *%. Ch+ng
nh5ng k"t @u9 mang tnh phc t'p th c6n ph9i c6n *"n 29ng sF Biu v 2i-u *&.
tm sao 2i"t nn chn c3ch t.nh 2y 2\ng 29ng sF Biu hay 2i-u *& Vinh
nghim c%a t:i cho th0y n"u sF Biu chnh G3c B @uan t.ng cho 2i 23o! th nn
Dng 29ng sF Bium n"u Gu h+ng ^pattk.n_ B @uan t.ng h8n B *1 chnh G3c th
nn t.nh 2y 2\ng 2i-u *&. b B 29ng sF Biu hay 2i-u *&! c6n ph9i c]n thn *Lt
tn v ghi chP c]n thn! sao cho ng+Ii *c kh:ng c6n *c ph6n chi ti"t t.ong 2i
23o vjn c= th- n4m *+,c > ngh?a c%a D5 Biu.
,hD( k6t 7*8 (2( trE(h b" (h=(/ $= li0* B F"Bm trGH cho cc mIc ti2*
ra tro(/ 1hD( $J( (hK1. vh6n k"t @u9 chnh B n8i *- t3c gi9 t.nh 2y c3i YcaZ
c%a mnh. bo *=! s khPc chi"t E *Ay .0t @uan t.ng. 3c gi9 c6n ph9i thuy"t phc
ng+Ii *c .\ng B gi9i c%a mnh B Bogic. C"u ng+Ii *c c9m th0y Bjn B1n Do D5
Biu t.nh 2y! hoLc kh:ng th- no thko D/i nh5ng DiMn gi9i c%a t3c gi9! h c= th-
kh:ng ch0p nhn k"t Bun c%a t3c gi9 ^v *= B m1t *i(u nguy hi-m_.
!hi mL t8 k6t 7*8 (/hi2( c3*; cD( 1h8i cK1 6( <* h-:(/ khc bi0t
($irectio(alit") v m3c ? khc bi0t (ma/(it*$e).
!hi mL t8 m?t b8(/ sA li0*; tr(h cch vi6t li0t k2O u1t 29ng sF Biu c= khi
c= .0t nhi(u sF Biu phc t'p! m t3c gi9 c= khi c9m th0y BPng tPng kh:ng 2i"t nn
m: t9 sF Biu no t.+c! v sF Biu no sau. Cguyn B B chn sF Biu no nQi t.1i!
@uan t.ng! v c= Bin @uan *"n mc tiu nghin cu *- t.nh 2y. C=i chung! khi
t.nh 2y 29ng sF Biu! c6n ^a_ tFi thi-u h=a BLp B'i nh5ng con sF t.ong 29ng sF Bium
^2_ cung c0p cho *1c gi9 nh5ng th:ng tin 2Q sung cho 29ng sF Biu ^nh+ng kh:ng
c= t.ong 29ng sF Biu_m v ^c_ cF g4ng sPc tch.
Tc /i8 (2( bo co k6t 7*8 FMm tN(hH ((e/ative res*lts). b B 20t c B Do
g! th t3c gi9 c;ng c6n ph9i thnh tht t.nh 2y nh5ng k"t @u9 YAm tnhZ! v *Kng
2ao giI ngh? .\ng chc v k"t @u9 kh:ng nh+ mnh tin B+,ng B nh5ng Yk"t @u9
G0uZ. C"u t3c gi9 thi"t k" c:ng t.nh nghin cu tFt! th nh5ng D5 Biu k"t @u9 *=
B tht! v c6n ph9i *+,c t.nh 2y v DiMn gi9i m1t c3ch thch h,p.
Oh=(/ i* khL(/ (2( khi trE(h b" k6t 7*8 (/hi2( c3* P Vh:ng nn *+a
vo 2i 23o nh5ng th:ng tin v D5 Biu YBLt vLtZm .3nh t.nh 2y m1t Bo't D5 Biu
m kh:ng c= > ngh?a g Bn hay kh:ng DiMn gi9i` *hNng nn #ang nhbng tSnh t(
&ang tSnh 8 /t tong 8hLn k<t =u` Vh:ng nn DiMn gi9i D5 Biu t.ong ph6n k"t
@u9` Vh:ng nn *+a .a nh5ng BIi gi3o hu0nO
4?t sA l-* Q khc cho tc /i8 khi trE(h b" 1hD( k6t 7*8 (/hi2( c3*R11S P
{ vh3t 2i-u *8n gi9n v ./ .ng.
{ W3o c3o sF Biu t.ung 2nh cng vi sai sF chu]n ^stanDa.D k..o._ hoLc *1
Bch chu]n ^stanDa.D Dkviation_ hay k"t @u9 tK phAn tch thFng k.
{ .nh 2y sF Biu t.ong 29ng hoLc hnh! kh:ng t.nh 2y Bp B'i sF Biu t.ong
ph6n vi"t. Chc nh4c B'i sF Biu *H *+,c t.nh 2y t.ong 29ng hoLc hnh *Fi vi c3c
sF Biu @uan t.ng nh0t. Cng m1t n1i Dung sF Biu th chn t.nh 2y 2\ng hnh
hoLc 29ng! kh:ng t.nh 2y c9 hai.
{ C= th- t.nh 2y sF Biu kh:ng c= > ngh?a thFng k n"u nh+ chPng c= 9nh
h+Eng *"n vic gi9i thch k"t @u9.
{ Chc t.nh 2y sF Biu c= Bin @uan *"n ch% *( 2i 23o nh+ *H *7nh ngh?a t.ong
ph6n gii thiu.
{ )3nh sF t0t c9 29ng v hnh thko th t.
{ Chc nn t.nh 2y nh5ng 29ng v hnh c6n thi"t! ./ .ng v c= gi3 t.7.
{ C6n t.3nhn `F Biu Bp *i Bp B'im sF Biu kh:ng c= > ngh?a thFng k kh:ng c6n
thi"tm c3c 29ng v hnh kh:ng c6n thi"tm c3c tK ng5 kh:ng c6n thi"t.
{ vh6n k"t @u9 c;ng c= th- vi"t chung vi 2nh Bun nh+ng ph9i phAn 2it ./
n1i Dung no B k"t @u9! n1i Dung no B 2nh Bun.
3.T. UE(h l*K( (Visc*ssio()
vh6n 2nh Bun ^biscussion_ B ph6n cuFi c%a n1i Dung c%a m1t 2i 23o khoa
hc! v n= c= chc n$ng giFng nh+ B m1t DiMn gi9i k"t @u9 nghin cu. ChPng ta
2i"t .\ng ph6n *Lt v0n *( t.9 BIi cho cAu hei YTi !ao l& nghin c9u n+ cZm ph6n
ph+8ng tin v ph+8ng ph3p t.9 BIi cho cAu hei Y.d l& gA v l& a !ao cZm ph6n
k"t @u9 nghin cu B nh\m t.9 BIi cho cAu hei Y.d 8ht hi7n nhbng gA cZm v ph6n
2nh Bun sr tp t.ung vo t.9 BIi cho cAu hei =Oh=(/ 1ht hi0( c Q (/hWa
/E XC
)Ay *+,c Gkm B ph6n kh= nh0t c%a m1t 2i 23o khoa hc. .ong ph6n ny
nh nghin cu ph9i gi9i thch > ngh?a c%a k"t @u9 nghin cu v g,i > cho nghin
cu t.ong t+8ng Bai. )- vi"t *+,c ph6n 2nh Bun tFt cho 2i 23o khoa hc! t3c gi9
c6n B+u > nh5ng *i-m c$n 29n sauRS[T n
{ Vh:ng Bp B'i nh5ng g *H *( cp t.ong ph6n B+,c kh9o ti Bium
{ tin h c3c k"t @u9 vi c3c cAu hei *+,c *Lt .a t.ong ph6n *Lt v0n *(m
{ Cho th0y k"t @u9 v gi9i thch ph h,p vi nhau nh+ th" no hoLc kh:ng
*&ng > nh+ th" no vi k"t @u9 t.ong c3c ti Biu *H c:ng 2F t.+c *=m
{ h9o Bun v( c3c v0n *( B> thuy"t c%a v0n *( nghin cum
{ Chc .a > ngh?a c%a k"t @u9 nghin cum
Eh^ _:
{ W3m s3t c3c mc tiu nghin cum
{ uAn thko t.nh t c%a c3c mc tiu nghin cum
{ .3nh c3c chi ti"t kh:ng c6n thi"t hoLc BLp B'i th:ng tin tK nh5ng ph6n t.+c
*=m
{ Vh:ng *+a vo th9o Bun c3c ph+8ng ph3p! @uan s3t hay k"t @u9 kh3c vi
ph6n *H t.nh 2ym
efO ggu+hn ][n Tu0n ch a c0u t^c ; iX& th5Hng #ang khi vi<t 8hLn bAnh
luBn cho &Ut bi bo khoa hc nh5 !au :
^S_ =m B+,c gi9 thuy"t! mc *ch nghin cu v ph3t hin chnh c%a c:ng
t.nh nghin cum
^[_ `o s3nh nh5ng k"t @u9 ny vi k"t @u9 c%a nh5ng nghin cu t.+c *=m
^g_ ai9i thch k"t @u9 2\ng c3ch *( .a m: hnh mi hay gi9 thuy"t mim
^h_ Vh3i @u3t h=a v nu > ngh?a c%a k"t @u9m
^s_ Wn v( nh5ng +u *i-m v h'n ch" c%a c:ng t.nh nghin cum
^y_ )+a .a k"t Bun tQng th- sao cho ng+Ii *c c= th- B?nh h1i m1t c3ch DM
Dng.
3.Y. !6t l*K( v ki6( (/hZ ([o(cl*sio(s a($ recomme($atio()
Tong 8hLn n+T tc gi cLn l5u _ nhbng iX& c6 bn !auR13S :
{ ta chn c3c k"t Bun @uan t.ng nh0t vi c3c Bun c ./ .ng cho tKng k"t
Bun.
{ Vh:ng t.nh 2y Bp B'i c3c sF Biu c%a k"t @u9.
{ vh9i 23m s3t c3c ch% *( *H t.nh 2y t.ong ph6n *Lt v0n *(! kh:ng *+a vo
c3c k"t Bun gAy ng'c nhin! kh3c vi ch% *( 2i vi"t.
{ )( Gu0t nghin cu t.ong t+8ng Bai *Fi vi k"t @u9 *H *'t *+,c hoLc *( ngh7
3p Dng k"t @u9 n"u nghin cu c= k"t @u9 tht thuy"t phc.
3.\. ]^i c8m .( (Acko#le$/eme(ts)
.ong 2i 23o khoa hc c= th- c= hoLc kh:ng ph6n BIi c9m 8n. C"u c=! th:ng
th+Ing ngay sau ph6n k"t Bun v ki"n ngh7 B m1t ph6n nhe *- t3c gi9 vi"t vi
Dng c9m 8n. C9m 8n nh5ng *&ng nghip! 2'n 2X! th6y c: *H giPp *| cho c:ng
t.nh nghin cu! nh+ng h kh:ng *% tiu chu]n *- *ng tn t3c gi9. C9m 8n
nh5ng c8 @uan *H ti t., cho c:ng t.nh nghin cu! hay nh h9o tAm *H giPp *|
ti(n 2'c cho t3c gi9 t.ong @u3 t.nh Bm vic.
3._. Ti li0* tham kh8o (9e`ere(ces)
t+u >! kh:ng *3nh sF *( mc cho ph6n ti Biu tham kh9o. ahi *6y *% c3c ti
Biu tham kh9o *H phc v cho @u3 t.nh vi"t 2i. Vh:ng *+,c Bit k c3c ti Biu
tham kh9o m t.ong 2i 23o kh:ng sO Dng *"n D5 Biu. i Biu tham kh9o nn
*+,c cp nht g6n thIi *i-m nghin cu nh0t! kh:ng nn Dng ti Biu @u3 c; v
B'c hu. .nh t s4p G"p! c3ch vi"t ti Biu tham kh9o ph9i tuAn thko @uy *7nh c
th- c%a 2an 2in tp c%a tKng t'p ch! hoLc tp san hay k y"u khoa hc.
IV. N#3n% @&u M "#0 ?.n# v.5n 1#. t#)* 1#H0 "/" t-. @.Ku t5n *>n%
IntNnNt v- ?/"# ,/0O t>< "#P
-O1O finh vin khi tha& kho cc ti li7u tn &ng intenet v !ch boT t8
chS th5Hng &'c 8hi &Ut !W lii !au :
^S_ )'o v$n. U1i gi3o s+ *'i hc u# ^~mk.ican ~ssociation o nivk.sity
v.oksso.s_ *7nh ngh?a *'o v$n ^pBagia.ism_ B B0y > t+Eng! ph+8ng ph3p! hay ch5
c%a ng+Ii kh3c Bm c%a mnh! m kh:ng ghi nhn ngu&n gFc v t3c gi9. )'o v$n
B m1t Yt1i ph'mZ t.ong khoa hc! m1t Bli kh:ng th- ch0p nhn *+,c. )H c= .0t
nhi(u t.+Ing h,p m nh5ng nh khoa hc! sinh vin! nghin cu sinh! v.vd 27
tiu tan s nghip chc v *'o v$nRShT. `inh vin khi nghin cu khoa hc v vi"t
2i 23o khoa hc th+Ing sO Dng nguyn v$n phong c%a ng+Ii kh3c m kh:ng
*+a vo t.ong ngoLc kNp v kh:ng c= chP thch ./ .ng v( tn t3c gi9! tn ti Biu
tham kh9o! *7a chc t.n m'ng hoLc tn s3ch! nh Gu0t 29n! n$m Gu0t 29n.
^[_ biMn gi9i > t+Eng! k"t @u9 nghin cu c%a ng+Ii kh3c m kh:ng ghi
ngu&n. hko c3ch hi-u chung th DiMn gi9i c= ngh?a B m1t c3ch vi"t B'i *o'n v$n
gFc c%a ng+Ii kh3c 2\ng ch5 c%a chnh mnh ^nh+ng > t+Eng th vjn m+,n tK t3c
gi9 kh3c_ v nh0t *7nh ph9i ghi ngu&n. uy vy! m1t 21 phn sinh vin kh:ng thc
hin *+,c *i(u ny! c3c km Yh&n nhinZ DiMn gi9i > t+Eng! Yt. tuZ! Ych0t G3mZ
c%a ng+Ii kh3c m kh:ng ghi ngu&n tham kh9o.
^g_ `O Dng k"t @u9 nghin cu! ph+8ng ph3p nghin cu! sF Biu! gi9 thuy"t
nghin cu c%a ng+Ii kh3c! ti"n hnh t.n *Fi t+,ng v kh3ch th- kh3c *- *+a vo
2i vi"t! c:ng t.nh nghin cu! *Fi t+,ng! kh3ch th- nghin cu c%a mnh. Vh:ng
t sinh vin khi Bm kh=a Bun tFt nghip hoLc vi"t 2i 23o khoa hc! *H ngang
nhin sO Dng g6n nh+ nguyn vzn k"t @u9 nghin cu c%a ng+Ii kh3c! chc thay
*Qi *Fi t+,ng! kh3ch th-! *7a *i-m nghin cu *- vi"t thnh c:ng t.nh nghin cu
c%a mnh.
-O2O :Ut !W l5u _ cho !inh vin khi tSch #jnT t%& l5VcT #ihn gii k!n 8hl&
tS tu7m c\a ng5Hi khc :
{ Vhi t.ch Djn nguyn v$n BIi v$n! BIi ph3t 2i-u! BIi nhn *7nh! dc%a ng+Ii
kh3c! ng+Ii t.ch Djn ph9i *+a vo t.ong ngoLc kNp hoLc chP thch c th- tn t3c
gi9! tn s3ch! nh Gu0t 29n! n$m Gu0t 29n hoLc *7a chc t.ang qk2 c= n1i Dung t.ch
Djn. C1i Dung t.ch Djn kh:ng v+,t @u3 [x ton 21 n1i Dung 2i vi"t.
{ =m B+,c B hnh thc DiMn t9 B'i > t+Eng chnh c%a *o'n v$n gFc 2\ng m1t
*o'n v$n .0t c: *ng v .0t chung chung! m kh:ng hfn Dng B'i nh5ng ch5 c%a
t3c gi9 gFc. h:ng th+Ing m1t *o'n v$n t=m B+,c chc c= g *"n cAu v$n. Y=m
B+,c c;ng B m1t ngh thutZ! v c= khi *i hei ng+Ii vi"t ph9i c= m1t n1i Bc kh3
v( ng5 vng.
`au *Ay B vi chc Djn *- Bm m1t t=m B+,c tFt n .+c h"t B *c 2i 23om V"
*"n B *c B'i 2i 23o! *3nh D0u ^g'ch Dng_ nh5ng > t+Eng @uan t.ng! Dng D0u
hnh t.n *- *3nh *6u nh5ng tK ng5 hay thut ng5 @uan t.ng! v tm *i-m chnh
c%a 2i 23om Chia 2i 23o Bm nhi(u *o'n v( > t+Eng v vi"t m1t cAu v$n t=m B+,c
cho tKng *o'nm `au *= B vi"t m1t *o'n v$n t=m B+,cRSsT.
{ hko a`. CguyMn <$n u0n! khi DiMn gi9i v$n phong c%a ng+Ii kh3c! sinh
vin c6n B+u > m1t sF *i-m nh+ sau n
Th9 nh0t l gib ^ng nghna c\a bn gWc. Cn nh .\ng chPng ta chc DiMn gi9i
B'i! nn kh:ng *+,c thay *Qi nh5ng mFi @uan h t.ong 29n gFc v > ngh?a m t3c
gi9 muFn n=i.
Th9 hai l #ang t( ong nghna (!+non+&). )i(u ny *i hei ng+Ii vi"t ph9i c=
m1t vFn ng5 vng kh3 tFt *- c= th- thay *Qi ch5 c%a ng+Ii kh3c m vjn kh:ng
thay *Qi > ngh?a gFc. )Fi vi nh5ng thut ng5 chuyn m:n th c3ch an ton nh0t B
kh:ng nn thay *Qi.
Th9 ba l tha+ pi v[n 8h&O C3ch tFt nh0t B c4t cAu v$n Di thnh m1t vi
cAu v$n ng4n! hoLc ghNp vi cAu v$n @u3 ng4n thnh m1t cAu v$n c: *ng h8n.
Th9 t5 l (n<u 5Vc) tha+ pi th9 tq c\a thNng tin. ):i khi c3c t3c gi9 vi"t v$n
c;ng .0t kh= hi-u v h t.nh 2y nhi(u th:ng tin Bm BoHng > chnh! v *Ay chnh
B c8 h1i B t+Eng *- mnh DiMn gi9i > c%a mnh 2\ng c3ch s4p G"p B'i > t+Eng v
th:ng tin m1t c3ch Bogic h8n.
Th9 n[& l X _ <n thi U c\a tc gi Wi vKi nUi #ung bi vi<tO ):i khi t3c
gi9 *- B1 th3i *1 v c9m tnh vi *( ti v ng+Ii vi"t c= th- vi"t B'i thko hnh thc
t.ung ha h8n. .ong khoa hc! v$n ch+8ng c6n ph9i B'nh Bng! t.3nh tK ng5 c9m
tnh.
V. Q+t ?9 %.H. <#/< %.!< ?.n# v.5n #Jn# t#-n# 1R nSn% v.Tt ,-. ,/0 1#0)
#2"RSyT
3O1O gPng cao nhBn th9c cho Ui ngr cn bU =un l_T ging vin v f] v1
tL& =uan tng c\a ks n[ng &1& tong nghin c9u khoa hcO
h:ng @ua c3c h1i ngh7 khoa hc! c3c cu1c hp chuyn m:n!d BHnh *'o c3c
c8 sE ab)U c6n Bm cho *1i ng; c3n 21 @u9n B>! gi9ng vin v `< nhn thc
*Png h8n v( vai t. c%a k# n$ng m(m khi nghin cu khoa hc! coi vic hon
thin n= B m1t t.ong nh5ng mc tiu *o t'o @uan t.ng c%a c8 sE ab)U. CAng
cao k# n$ng m(m t.ong nghin cu khoa hc cho `< kh:ng chc giPp `< hc tp
tFt h8n! m cn g=p ph6n thPc *]y s ph3t t.i-n ton Din phong t.o nghin cu
khoa hc c%a ton t.+Ing.
3O2O @p !ung hc 8hLn o to ks n[ng &1& tong nghin c9u khoa hc vo
ch56ng tAnh o toO
C3c c8 sE ab)U c6n @uy *7nh hc ph6n k# n$ng m(m t.ong nghin cu
khoa hc B hc ph6n 24t 2u1c t.ong ch+8ng t.nh *o t'o c%a t0t c9 c3c chuyn
ngnh. Uc ph6n ny c= th- c= khFi B+,ng tK [ *"n g tn chc! *+,c 2F t. ngay
t.ong hc kJ *6u tin c%a kh=a hc.
)o t'o k# n$ng m(m t.ong nghin cu khoa hc vi [x B> thuy"t x
thc hnh 2Ei thc hnh c= > ngh?a @uy"t *7nh t.ong vic nAng cao n$ng Bc
nghin cu khoa hc c%a `<. C1i Dung *o t'o c6n g4n vi nhim v hc tp v
vic Bm t+8ng Bai c%a `< ^nh+ n1i Dung vi"t ti-u Bun! Bun v$n! B> B7ch v *8n
Gin vic! c:ng v$n! vvd_.
3O$O .pi &Ki cNng tc nh gi hc 8hLnO
Chc *'o c3c tQ 21 m:n v ton th- a< *Qi mi *3nh gi3 hc ph6n thko
h+ng t$ng c+Ing c3c hnh thc 2i tp Bn! ti-u Bun! kh=a Bun! Bun v$n!d
*&ng thIi @uan tAm h8n *Fi vi ho't *1ng *3nh gi3! chcnh sOa ^c3c Bli chnh t9!
ng5 ph3p! chu]n v$n 29n!..._ c%a `<. `m *+a c3c tiu chu]n! tiu ch *3nh gi3
k# n$ng m(m t.ong nghin cu khoa hc vo khung *i-m *3nh gi3 Bun v$n! *&
3n tFt nghip cng vi *3nh gi3 v( n1i Dung v hnh thc.
3O-O T[ng c5Hng hot Ung tn lu+7n ks n[ng nghin c9u khoa hc cho f]
{ )on hanh Cin! U1i `<! .ung tAm vic Bm `< v c3c *8n v7 Bin @uan
nn *7nh kJ tQ chc giao B+u `< vi Doanh nghip *- `< c= *7nh h+ng v *1ng
c8 .Xn Buyn k# n$ng m(m t.ong nghin cu khoa hc! sm @ukn thu1c c3c Bo'i
v$n 29n Bin @uan t.c ti"p *"n c:ng vic sau khi .a t.+Ing.
{ m chn c3c *8n v7! c3 nhAn c= thnh tch v( nghin cu khoa hc *- Bin
k"t tQ chc c3c Bp *o t'o ng4n h'n cho `<.
{ Q chc c3c 2i tp nghin cu khoa hc *3nh gi3 n$ng Bc nghin cu
khoa hc c%a `< ^ki"n thc ng:n ng5! k# n$ng sO Dng ng:n ng5! k# thut t.nh
2y v$n 29n!d_ v sO Dng k"t @u9 nghin cu *- giPp `< n4m *Png v *% thc
Bc ^c;ng nh+ thi"u s=t! t3c h'i!..._ v( ki"n thc! k# n$ng nghin cu khoa hc! tK
*= tp t.ung vo vic .Xn Buyn nAng cao nh5ng h'n ch"! thi"u s=t.
{ hc hin c3c n1i san chuyn *( v( nghin cu khoa hc! *Ii sFng hc
*+Ing! d v khuy"n khch `< vi"t 2i. Ch5ng 2i vi"t *'t ch0t B+,ng c%a `<
c6n *+,c phQ 2i"n .1ng .Hi.
{ ChP > tQ chc c3c h1i th9o v( k# n$ng m(m t.ong nghin cu khoa hc E
c0p khoa! tKng chuyn ngnh thu1c khoa *- `< c= *1ng c8 t .Xn Buyn c th-!
ph h,p vi chuyn ngnh *ang *ko *uQi.
{ h:ng @ua h1i th9o *- tKng 2+c khch B! t:n vinh thnh @u9 .Xn Buyn
ki"n thc! k# n$ng nghin cu khoa hc c%a `<.
=m B'i! nAng cao k# n$ng m(m t.ong nghin cu khoa hc cho `< B yu
c6u c0p thi"t hin nay. Uiu @u9 .Xn Buyn k# n$ng nghin cu khoa hc c%a `<
*"n *Au kh:ng chc Da vo s ch% *1ng! tch cc c%a `<! gi9ng vin m cn c6n
nhi(u gi9i ph3p kh3c nhau t3c *1ng vo @u3 t.nh 2Q sung *o t'o ki"n thc! k#
n$ng ny cho `< c%a BHnh *'o c8 sE ab)U.
Cgu&n n CguyMn <$n +Ing! Unh thnh k# n$ng vi"t 2i 23o khoa hc cho
sinh vin! )Lc san khoa hc sF ! CAu B'c 21 Ch Am B> t+8ng Bai! Uc vin
u9n B> gi3o Dc! [xSg.
T-. @.Ku t#)* 1#H0
S. qqq.nguyknvantuan.nkt ! CguyMn <$n u0n! C3ch vi"t m1t 2i 23o khoa hc ^vh6n S{[{g{h{s_
[. qqq.nguyknvantuan.nkt! )'o v$n! DiMn gi9i! t=m B+,c v t.ch Djn
g. httpngs.ctu.kDu.vn } a,i > c3ch vi"t m1t 2i 23o khoa hc
h. .6n <$n Ung! W3o ab) nBink! CAng cao k# n$ng vi"t cho sinh vin
[1] t+,c t.ch RSx } SSh m Uong ~nh { )l h7 ChAu ^[xx_. Tq hc c\a !inh vin. CWabT
[2] YV# n$ng m(m B kh3i nim cn .0t mi mi *Fi vi gii khoa hc <it Cam. Ch
khoa hc sr Ychuyn nghipZ v Ythnh c:ngZ h8n khi h *+,c t.ang 27 k# n$ng ny. d
c= [ k# n$ng m(m m c3c nh khoa hc <it Cam c6n ph9i c9i ti"n v hc hei! *= B k#
n$ng th:ng tin v ngo'i giao. V# n$ng th:ng tin E *Ay B kh9 n$ng t.uy(n *'t th:ng tin
khoa hc *"n *&ng nghip t.ong v ngoi n+c @ua vi"t v n=i chuynZa`. CguyMn <$n
u0n! Cghin cu vin cao c0p! <in nghin cu o Vhoa aa.van ^pc_.
[3] t+,c t.ch! .6n <$n Ung! W3o ab) nBink! CAng cao k# n$ng vi"t cho sinh
vin
[4] Wi 23o khoa hc B m1t 2i 23o c= n1i Dung khoa hc *+,c c:ng 2F t.n m1t tp san
hoLc t'p ch khoa hc! *H *+,c th:ng @ua h1i *&ng ph9n 2in c%a tp san hoLc t'p ch.
u1t cAu hei th:ng th+Ing B t'i sao c3c nh khoa hc ph9i vi"t 2i 23o khoa hc C=
nhi(u B> Don C= th- B *- *=ng g=p ki"n thc t.ong m1t B?nh vc chuyn m:n! hl t., ph3t
t.i-n ngh( nghip! c= th- c:ng 2F k"t @u9 c:ng t.nh Cghin cu khoa hc c%a mnh...
^hko `. )inh <$n Ch+,ng } .+Ing *'i hc `ao )e_
[5] km httpngs.ctu.kDu.vn } a,i > c3ch vi"t m1t 2i 23o khoa hc
[6] t+,c t.ch! qqq.nguyknvantuan.nkt! C3ch vi"t m1t 2i 23o khoa hc ^vh6n S_
[7] t+,c t.ch! qqq.nguyknvantuan.nkt! C3ch vi"t m1t 2i 23o khoa hc ^vh6n g }
vh+8ng ph3p_
[8] km httpngs.ctu.kDu.vn } a,i > c3ch vi"t m1t 2i 23o khoa hc
[9] t+,c t.ch! qqq.nguyknvantuan.nkt! C3ch vi"t m1t 2i 23o khoa hc ^vh6n h } V"t
@u9_
[10] t+,c t.ch! qqq.nguyknvantuan.nkt! C3ch vi"t m1t 2i 23o khoa hc ^vh6n h } V"t
@u9_
[11] km httpngs.ctu.kDu.vn } a,i > c3ch vi"t m1t 2i 23o khoa hc
[12] km httpngs.ctu.kDu.vn } a,i > c3ch vi"t m1t 2i 23o khoa hc
[13] km httpngs.ctu.kDu.vn } a,i > c3ch vi"t m1t 2i 23o khoa hc
[14] t+,c t.ch! qqq.nguyknvantuan.nkt! )'o v$n! DiMn gi9i! t=m B+,c v t.ch Djn
[15] .ch! qqq.nguyknvantuan.nkt! )'o v$n! DiMn gi9i! t=m B+,c v t.ch Djn
[16] km! .6n <$n Ung! W3o ab) nBink! CAng cao k# n$ng vi"t cho sinh vin
C3c tin kh3c