70.The reference holes in standard aluminum area-amplitude ultrasonic test blocks contain: A. B. C. D.

Flat-bottomed holes Concave-surface holes Convex-surface holes Conical-shaped holes

71.The gradual loss of sonic energy as the ultrasonic vibrations travel through the material is referred to as: A. B. C. D. Reflection Refraction Reproducibility Attenuation

72. A term used to describe numerous small indications on the cathode ray tube screen resulting from test part structure, numerous small discontinuities, or both is often referred to as: A. B. C. D. Multiple back reflections Multiple front reflections Hash Resonance

73. When testing a plate, increasing the frequency of an ultrasonic longitudinal wave will result in: A. B. C. D. An increase in its velocity A decrease in its velocity No change in its velocity A reversal in its velocity

74. Ultrasonic waves transmitted into and received from the test material in the form of repetitive bursts of acoustic energy is called: A. B. C. D. Pulse-echo testing Continuous wave testing Resonance testing None of the above

75. Metal blocks which contain one or more drilled holes to simulate discontinuities are called: A. B. C. D. Scrubbers Crystal collimators Single plane angulators Reference blocks

76. If the major dimensions of a discontinuity in a 6-inch thick aluminum plate lie parallel to the entry surface at a depth of 3 inches, it will be best detected by: A. B. C. D. A straight beam test An angle beam test A surface wave test A lamb wave test

77. The existence of a discontinuity will not produce its specific indication on the CRT screen when using the: A. B. C. D. Straight beam testing method Surface wave testing method Angle beam testing method Immersion testing method

78. The depth of a discontinuity cannot be determined when using: A. B. C. D. Straight beam testing method. Through transmission testing method. Angle beam testing method. Immersion testing method.

79. When inspecting coarse-grained material, which of the following frequencies will generate a sound wave that will be most easily scattered by the grain structure? A. B. C. D. 1.0 MHz 2.25 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz

80. Which of the following search units would contain the thickest crystal? A. B. C. D. A 1 megahertz search unit. A 5 megahertz search unit. A 15 megahertz search unit. A 25 megahertz search unit.

81. Search units constructed with a plastic wedge or standoff between the transducer element and the test piece are commonly used for: A. B. C. D. Dual transducer straight beam contact testing. Angle beam contact testing. Surface wave contact testing. All of the above.

82. A search unit containing three or more individual transducer elements is often referred to as a: A. B. C. D. Dual transducer Sandwich transducer Mosaic transducer Paint-brush transducer

83. Sound can be focused by means of special curved adapters located in front of the transducer element. These adapters are referred to as: A. B. C. D. Scrubbers Acoustic lenses Angle beam adapters Single plane adapters

84. A test method in which the parts to be inspected are placed in a water bath or some other liquid couplant is called: A. B. C. D. Contact testing Immersion testing Surface wave testing Through transmission testing

85. A separate time base line imposed on the viewing screen of some ultrasonic testing instruments that permits measurement of distances is often referred to as: A. B. C. D. An initial pulse A time/distance line A marker Through transmission testing

86. A term used to describe the ability of an ultrasonic testing system to distinguish between the entry surface response and the response of discontinuities near the entry surface is: A. B. C. D. Sensitivity Penetration Segregation Resolution

87. The phenomenon whereby an ultrasonic wave changes direction when the wave crosses a boundary between materials with different velocities is called: A. B. C. D. Refraction Reflection Penetration Rarefaction

88. In a test where the transducer is not perpendicular to the inspection surface, the angle of incidence is equal to: A. B. C. D. The angle of refraction. The angle of reflection. The shear wave angle. One-half the shear wave angle.

89. The product of the acoustic velocity of sound in a material and the density of the material is the factor that determines the amount of reflection or transmission of ultrasonic energy when it reaches an interface. This term is called: A. B. C. D. Acoustic impedance Velocity Wave length Penetration

90. Ultrasonic waves that travel along the surface of a material and whose particle motion is elliptical are called: A. B. C. D. Shear waves Transverse waves Longitudinal waves Rayleigh waves

91. The interference field near the face of a transducer is often referred to as the: A. B. C. D. Fresnel zone or near zone. Acoustic impedance. Exponential field. Phasing zone.

92. When the incident angle is chosen to be between the first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave mode within the part will be a: A. B. C. D. Longitudinal wave Shear wave Surface wave Lamb wave

93. The formula used to calculate the angle of refraction within a material is called: A. B. C. D. Fresnel's law Fraunhofer's law Snell's law Lamb's law

94. In a material with a given velocity, when frequency is increased, the wavelength will: A. B. C. D. Not be effected Increase Decrease Double

95. Which circuits electronically amplify return signals from the receiving transducer and often modify the signals into a form suitable for display? A. B. C. D. Pulser circuits Marker circuits Timer circuits Receiver-amplifier circuits

96. What is the most common type of data display used for ultrasonic examination of welds? A. B. C. D. A-scan display B-scan display C-scan display An x-y plot

97. Which is a plot of signal amplitude versus time? A. B. C. D. A-scan display B-scan display C-scan display None of the above

98. Which circuits modify the return signal from the receiving transducer into a form suitable for display on an oscilloscope or other output device? A. B. C. D. Pulser Receiver-amplifier Clock Sweep

99. Which circuit generates a burst of energy which is applied to the sending transducer? A. B. C. D. Pulser Receiver-amplifier Damping Clock

100. Which circuit coordinates operation of the entire ultrasonic instrument system? A. B. C. D. Damping Receiver-amplifier Clock Power supply

101. A plan view display or recording of a part under examination is called: A. B. C. D. C-scan display. A-scan display. An X-axis plot. A strip chart recording.

102. Ultrasonic data which is presented in a form representative of the cross-section of the test specimen is called: A. B. C. D. A-scan presentation. B-scan presentation. C-scan presentation. An X-Y plot.

103. What type of ultrasonic examination uses wheel-type search units that eliminate the use of a tank? A. B. C. D. Through transmission testing. Contact testing. Resonance testing. Immersion testing.

104. In addition to other functions, a probe manipulator in a mechanical immersion scanning unit permits: A. B. C. D. Use of the through transmission technique. Use of high scanning speeds. Detection of obliquely-oriented discontinuities. Utilization of less skilled operators.

105. A type of data presentation most likely to be used with a high speed automatic scanning system is: A. B. C. D. A-scan presentation. A velocity versus amplitude plot. C-scan presentation. A plot of echo height versus depth.

106. The component in a conventional immersion system which spans the width of the immersion tank is called: A. B. C. D. An articulator. A bridge. A manipulator. A search tube.

107. Which component in an ultrasonic immersion system is used to adjust and maintain a known transducer angle? A. B. C. D. A carriage A manipulator A search tube An index system

108. An amplitude type gate is necessary for all: A. B. C. D. Shear wave examinations. Longitudinal wave examinations. Automatic examinations. Manual examinations.

109. When a C-scan recording is used to produce a permanent record of an ultrasonic test, the information displayed is typically the: A. B. C. D. Discontinuity depth and size. Discontinuity depth, orientation, and size. Discontinuity location and depth. Discontinuity location and size (plan view).

110. Rough entry surface conditions can result in: A. B. C. D. A loss of echo amplitude from discontinuities. An increase in the width of the front surface echo. Both A and B. None of the above.

111. As the grain size increases in a material, its principal effect in ultrasonic testing is on: A. B. C. D. The velocity of sound. The attenuation. The acoustic impedance. The angle of refraction.

112. In straight beam pulse echo testing a discontinuity with a rough reflecting surface perpendicular to the incident wave will have what effect on the detected signal in comparison to a smooth flat-bottom hole of the same size? A. B. C. D. Increase it. Decrease it. Have no effect on it. Decrease the width of the pulse of it.

113. Ultrasonic vibrations can be propagated only in the longitudinal mode in which of the following media? A. B. C. D. Machine oil Aluminum Ice Beryllium

114. If the velocity of a longitudinal mode wave in a given homogeneous material is .625 cm/micro sec. at 1/2 inch below the surface, what is the velocity at 2 inches below the surface? A. B. C. D. 1/4 the velocity at 1/2 inch. 1/2 the velocity at 1/2 inch. The same as the velocity at 1/2 inch. None of the above.

115. If a 5.0 MHz transducer is substituted for a 2.25 MHz transducer what would be the effect on the wavelength of a longitudinal mode wave produced in the test specimen? A. B. C. D. The wavelength would be longer. The wavelength would remain constant. The wavelength would be shorter. The wavelength would vary directly with the acoustic impedance.

116. What can cause irrelevant indications on the cathode ray tube? A. B. C. D. Contoured surfaces Edge effects Surface conditions All of the above

117. The proper interpretation and evaluation of the presented defect signals are essential to any nondestructive test.A common method for the estimation of defect size is the use of a: A. B. C. D. Double transducer test Piezoelectric standard Mode conversion Reference standard

118. Another name for Fresnel Zone is: A. B. C. D. Fraunhofer Zone Near Field Far Field Torrid Zone

119. Attenuation is a: A. B. C. D. Test display characteristic. Test material parameter. Transducer characteristic. Form of testing.

120. For discontinuity geometries other than flat, the echo amplitude is usually ____________ from that observed for a flat defect, of similar orientation perpendicular to the sound beams. A. B. C. D. Identical Increased Decreased Elongated

121. What must be done to evaluate discontinuities that are oriented at an angle to the entry surface so that the sound beam will strike the plane of the discontinuity at right angles? A. B. C. D. Change the frequency Grind the surface Angulate the search unit Increase the gain

122. The pulser circuit in an ultrasonic instrument is used to: A. B. C. D. Control the horizontal and vertical sweep. Activate the transducer. Control transducer timing between transmit and sweep. Generate markers that appear on horizontal sweep.

123. An A-scan CRT display which shows a signal both above and below the sweep line is called a: A. B. C. D. Video display RF display Audio display Frequency modulated display

124. A B-scan display shows the relative: A. Distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and its through- dimension thickness. B. Distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and it's length in the direction of transducer travel. C. Cross-sectional area of a discontinuity above a predetermined amplitude. D. None of the above.

125. Surface (Rayleigh) waves traveling on the top face of a block: A. Are not reflected from a sharp edge corner. B. Are reflected from a sharp edge corner. C. Travel through the sharp edge corner and are reflected from the lower edge. D. Are absorbed by a sharp corner.

126. Surface (Rayleigh) waves traveling on the top face of a block are attenuated by the presence of: A. B. C. D. A curved surface A heavy couplant Machining marks and rough surfaces. Both B and C

127. The velocity of sound in a material is dependent upon the: A. B. C. D. Frequency of the wave Wavelength Material properties Vibration cycle

128. To vary or change the wavelength of sound being used to test a part, you would change the: A. B. C. D. Sound wave frequency. Diameter of the transducer. Electrical pulse voltage. Pulse repetition rate.

129. Ultrasonic vibrations are commonly used to: A. B. C. D. Examine materials for discontinuities. Examine materials for thickness. Examine materials for mechanical properties. All of the above.

130. Which of the following has the longest Fresnel zone? A. B. C. D. 1/2-inch diameter 1.0 MHz. 1/2-inch diameter 2.25 MHz. 1-1/8-inch diameter 1.0 MHz. 1-1/2-inch diameter 2.0 MHz.

131. When contact testing, if the ultrasonic instrument is set with an excessively high pulse repetition rate, which of the following may occur? A. B. C. D. The screen trace will become too light to see. The time-base line will become distorted. The initial pulse will disappear. Ghost or "phantom" indications will appear on screen during scanning.

132. The advantages of immersion testing include which of the following? A. B. C. D. Inspection speed increased. Ability to control and direct sound beams. Adaptability for automated scanning. All of the above.

133. Longitudinal wave velocity in water is approximately one-fourth the velocity in aluminum or steel. Therefore the minimum water path should be: A. B. C. D. Four times the test piece thickness. One-half the test piece thickness. One-fourth the test piece thickness plus 1/4 inch. None of the above.

134. In immersion testing a wetting agent is added to the water to: A. B. C. D. Adjust the viscosity. Help eliminate the formation of air bubbles. Prevent cloudiness. None of the above.

135. The indication on the cathode ray tube(CRT) which represents the far boundary of the material being tested is called: A. B. C. D. Hash The initial pause The "main bang" The back surface reflection

136. In immersion testing, the position of the search unit is often varied to transmit sound into the test part at various angles to the front surface.Such a procedure is referred to as: A. B. C. D. Angulation. Dispersion. Reflection testing. Refraction.

137. The cable that connects the ultrasonic instrument to the search unit is specially designed so that one conductor is centered inside another.The technical name for such a cable is: A. B. C. D. BX cable Conduit Coaxial cable Ultrasonic conductor cable-grade 20

138. The process of comparing an instrument or device with a standard is called: A. B. C. D. Angulation Calibration Attenuation Correlation

139. Another name for a compressional wave is: A. B. C. D. Lamb wave Shear wave Longitudinal wave Transverse wave

140. A second name for Rayleigh waves is: A. B. C. D. Shear waves Longitudinal waves Transverse waves Surface waves

141. A material used between the face of a search unit and the test surface to permit or improve the transmission of ultrasonic vibrations from the search unit to the material being tested is called: A. B. C. D. A wetting agent A couplant An acoustic transmitter A lubricant

142. The piezoelectric material in a search unit which vibrates to produce ultrasonic waves is called: A. B. C. D. A backing material A lucite wedge A transducer element or crystal A couplant

143. Ultrasonic testing of material where the search unit is in direct contact with the material being tested may be: A. B. C. D. Straight beam testing Surface wave testing Angle beam testing All of the above

144. An advantage of using lithium sulfate in search units it that: A. B. C. D. It is one of the most efficient generators of ultrasonic energy. It is one of the most efficient receivers of ultrasonic energy. It is insoluble. It can withstand temperatures as high as 700 degrees celsius.

145. Which of the following search units would contain the thinnest quartz crystal? A. B. C. D. A 1-MHz search unit A 5-MHz search unit A 15-MHz search unit A 25-MHz search unit

146. A 25-megahertz search unit would most likely be used during: A. B. C. D. Straight beam contact testing. Immersion testing. Angle beam contact testing. Surface wave contact testing.

147. The amount of beam divergence from a crystal is primarily dependent on the: A. B. C. D. Type of test Tightness of crystal backing in the search unit Frequency and crystal size Pulse length

148. When an ultrasonic beam passes through the interface between two dissimilar materials at an angle, a new angle of sound travel takes place in the second material due to: A. B. C. D. Attenuation Rarefaction Compression Refraction

149. The velocity of surface waves is approximately ________ the velocity of shear waves in the same material. A. B. C. D. Two times Four times One-half Nine-tenths

150. Under most circumstances, which of the following frequencies would result in the best resolving power? A. B. C. D. 1 megahertz 5 megahertz 10 megahertz 25 megahertz

151. Which of the following materials of the same alloy is most likely to produce the greatest amount of sound attenuation over a given distance? A. B. C. D. A hand forging A coarse grained casting An extrusion The attenuation is equal in all materials

152. In contact testing, the entry surface indication is sometimes referred to as: A. B. C. D. The initial pulse The "main bang" or transmitter pulse Both A and B None of the above

153. A screen pattern containing a large number of low-level indications (often referred to as "hash") could be caused by: A. B. C. D. A crack A large inclusion Coarse grained material A gas pocket

154. A test method employing two separate search units on opposite surfaces of the material being tested is called: A. B. C. D. Contact testing Surface wave testing Through-transmission testing Lamb wave testing

155. The number of complete waves which pass a given point in a given period of time (usually one second) is referred to as the: A. B. C. D. Amplitude of a wave motion Pulse length of a wave motion Frequency of a wave motion Wavelength of a wave motion

156. The boundary between two different materials which are in contact with each other is called: A. B. C. D. A rarefactor A refractor An interface A marker

157. When the motion of the particles of a medium is parallel to the direction of propagation, the wave being transmitted is called a: A. B. C. D. Longitudinal wave Shear wave Surface wave Lamb wave

158. When the motion of the particles of a medium is transverse to the direction of propagation, the wave being transmitted is called a:

A. B. C. D.

Longitudinal wave Shear wave Surface wave Lamb wave

159. "25 million cycles per second" can also be stated as: A. B. C. D. 25 kilohertz 2500 kilohertz 25 megahertz 25 microhertz

160. Moving a search unit over a test surface either manually or automatically is referred to as: A. B. C. D. Scanning Attenuating Angulating Resonating

161. A term used in ultrasonics to express the rate at which sound waves pass through various substances is: A. B. C. D. Frequency Velocity Wave length Pulse length

162. When a vertical indication has reached the maximum signal height which can be displayed or viewed on the CRT of an ultrasonic instrument, the indication is said to have reached its:

A. B. C. D.

Distance-amplitude height Absorption level Vertical level Limit to resolution

163. An ultrasonic testing technique in which the transducer element is not parallel to the test surface is called: A. B. C. D. Angle beam testing Immersion testing Contact testing Through-transmission testing

164. Most commercial ultrasonic testing is accomplished using frequencies between: A. B. C. D. 1 and 25 kilohertz 0.2 and 25 megahertz 1 and 1,000 kilohertz 15 and 100 megahertz

165. In an A-scan presentation, the horizontal base line represents the: A. B. C. D. Amount of reflected ultrasonic sound energy Distance traveled by the search unit Elapsed time or distance None of the above

166. Which of the following test frequencies would generally provide the best penetration in a 12-inch thick specimen of coarse-grained steel? A. B. C. D. 1.0 MHz 2.25 MHz 5.0 MHz 10 MHz

167. In a basic ultrasonic test pattern (A-scan) for contact testing,the initial pulse (assume no sweep delay is used): A. Is the high indication on the extreme left side of the screen that represents the entry surface of the inspected part. B. Is the first pulse that occurs near the right side of the screen and represents the opposite boundary of the inspected part. C. Is an indication that appears and disappears during screening. D. Is always the second pulse from the left on the viewing screen. 168. An ultrasonic test using a straight beam contact search unit is being conducted through the thickness of a flat part such as a plate.This test should detect:

A. Laminar-type flaws with major dimensions parallel to the rolled surface. B. Transverse-type flaws with major dimensions at right angles to the rolled surface. C. Radial flaws with major dimensions along length, but radially oriented to the rolled surface. D. None of the above.

169. In ultrasonic testing, a liquid coupling medium between the crystal surface and the part surface is necessary because: A. Lubricant is required to minimize wear on the crystal surface. B. An air interface between the crystal surface and the part surface would almost completely reflect the ultrasonic vibrations. C. The crystal will not vibrate if placed directly in contact with the surface of the part being inspected. D. The liquid is necessary to complete the electrical circuit in the search unit.

170. Entry surface resolution is a characteristic of an ultrasonic testing system which defines its ability to: A. Detect discontinuities oriented in a direction parallel to the ultrasonic beam. B. Detect discontinuities located in the center of a forging containing a fine metallurgic structure. C. Detect minute surface scratches. D. Detect discontinuities located just beneath the surface in the part being tested.

171. During ultrasonic testing by the immersion method, it is frequently necessary to angulate the search unit when a discontinuity is located in order to: A. Avoid a large number of back reflections that could interfere with a normal test pattern. B. Obtain a maximum response if the discontinuity is not originally oriented perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam. C. Obtain the maximum number of entry surface reflections. D. Obtain a discontinuity indication of the same height as the indication from the flat-bottomed hole in a reference block.

172. All other factors being equal, which of the following modes of vibration has the greatest velocity? A. B. C. D. Shear wave Transverse wave Surface wave Longitudinal wave

173. On the area-amplitude ultrasonic standard test blocks, the flat- bottomed holes in the blocks are: A. All of the same diameter B. Different in diameter, increasing by 1/64-inch increments from the No. "1" block to the No. "8" block. C. Largest in the No. "1" block and smallest in the No. "8" block. D. Drilled to different depths from the front surface of the test block.

174. In immersion testing, verification that the search unit is normal to a flat entry surface is indicated by: A. B. C. D. Maximum reflection from the entry surface Elimination of water multiples Proper wavelength Maximum amplitude of the initial pulse

175. Sound waves of a frequency beyond the hearing range of the human ear are referred to as ultrasonic waves or vibrations, and the term embraces all vibrational waves of frequency greater than approximately: A. B. C. D. 20,000 hertz 2 megahertz 2 kilohertz 200 kilohertz

176. The velocity of sound waves is primarily dependent on: A. The pulse length B. The frequency C. The material in which the sound is being transmitted and the mode of vibration. D. None of the above.

177. A disadvantage of using natural quartz crystals in a search unit is that: A. B. C. D. It will dissolve in water. It is the least effective generator of ultrasonic energy of all commonly used materials. It is mechanically and electrically unstable. It easily loses it operating characteristics as it ages.

178. An advantage of using a ceramic transducer in search units is that: A. B. C. D. It is one of the most efficient generators of ultrasonic energy. It is one of the most efficient receivers of ultrasonic energy. It has a very low mechanical impedance. It can withstand temperatures as high as 700 degrees celsius.

179. The primary purpose of reference blocks is to: A. B. C. D. Aid the operator in obtaining maximum back reflections. Obtain the greatest sensitivity possible from an instrument. Obtain a common reproducible signal. None of the above.

180. When testing by the surface wave method, patches of oil or dirt on the surface may: A. B. C. D. Block the progress of all sound. Attenuate the sound. Have no effect on the test. Cause both an attenuation of sound and indications on the screen.

181. In immersion testing, the most commonly used couplant is: A. B. C. D. Water Oil Glycerine Alcohol

182. Which of the following frequencies will produce the shortest wavelength pulse? A. B. C. D. 1.0 megahertz 25 megahertz 10 megahertz 5 megahertz

183. The angle of incidence is: A. B. C. D. Greater than the angle of reflection Less than the angle of reflection Equal to the angle of reflection Not related to the angle of reflection

184. On many ultrasonic testing instruments, an operator conducting an immersion test can remove that portion of the screen presentation that represents water distance by adjusting a: A. B. C. D. Pulse length control. Reject control. Sweep delay control. Sweep length control.

185. "100,000 cycles per second" can be written: A. B. C. D. 10 kilohertz 100 kilohertz 100 MHz 0.1 kilohertz.

186. A search unit with a frequency greater than 10 MHz will most likely be used during: A. B. C. D. A straight beam contact test of aluminum ingot An angle beam contact test of a steel pipe A surface wave contact test of a metallic plate An immersion test

Level 1 UT answers: 70.A 71.D 72.C 73.C 74.A 75.D 76.A 77.D 78.B 79.D 80.A 81.D 82.D 83.B 84.B 85.C 86.D 87.A 88.B 89.A 90.D 91.A 92.B 93.C 94.C 95.D 96.A 97.A 98.B 99.A 100.C 101.A 102.B 103.D 104.C 105.C 106.B 107.B 108.C 109.D 110.C 111.B 112.B 113.A 114.C 115.B 116.D 117.D 118.B 119.B 120.C 121.C 122.B 123.B 124.B 125.B 126.D 127.C 128.A 129.D 130.D 131.D 132.D 133.C 134.B 135.D 136.A 137.C 138.B 139.C 140.D 141.B 142.C 143.D 144.B 145.D 146.B 147.C 148.D 149.D 150.D 151.B 152.C 153.C 154.C 155.C 156.C 157.A 158.B 159.C 160.A 161.B 162.C 163.A 164.B 165.C 166.A 167.A 168.A 169.B 170.D 171.B 172.D 173.B 174.A 175.A 176.C 177.B 178.A 179.C 180.D 181.A 182.B 183.C 184.C 185.B 186.D