Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Li m u
T khi chic my tnh u tin ra i cho n nay my tnh vn khng nh vai tr ln ca n trong s pht trin kinh t_ x hi. Cng ngh thng tin ngy nay pht trin vt bc, tin hc c ng dng rng r i trong tt c cc ngnh, cc lnh vc ca i sng, c bit l trong lnh vc qun l. n 112 Ci cch hnh chnh v thc hin chnh ph in t ca Th tng Chnh ph mang li li ch to ln thit thc cho cng vic qun l ca cc ngnh cc cp. Mng LAN c s dng rng r i v ph bin, cc s, ban ngnh, c quan, x nghip u lp t h thng qun tr mng ny. To iu kin cho cng vic qun l thun tin nhanh chng , chnh xc hn, hiu qu cng vic cao hn. Trong khun kh n tt nghip h K thut vin chng ti trnh by v: Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng Lan trong c quan x nghip n c b cc lm 2 phn: Phn 1: Tng quan v mng. Chng 1 Tng quan v mng my tnh , trong chng ny trnh by cc kin thc c bn v mng, phn loi mng my tnh theo phm vi a l (LAN, WAN, GAN, MAN), theo TOPO v theo tng chc nng. Chng 2 M hnh tham chiu h thng m OSI v b qun thc m hnh TCP/IP, trong chng ny trnh by cc kin thc c bn v mng chy trn b giao thc TCP/IP, m hnh OSI. Chng 3 Mng Lan v thit k mng Lan , trong chng ny trnh by cc kin thc c bn v LAN, cc phng php iu khin truy cp trong LAN, cc cng ngh v cc chun cp, cc phng php i cp. Phn 2: Thit k mng LAN. 1. Yu cu thit k. 2. Phn tch thit k h thng. 3. Ci t cu hnh h thng. 4. D ton chi ph mua vt t, thit b. Mc ch nghin cu n Kho st thit k v xy dng mng LAN cho c quan x nghip chng ti c th thit k v xy dng cc mng LAN, WAN, v cc mng khc phc v theo yu cu ca thc t. Do thi gian v kin thc c hn nn bi vit cn nhiu hn ch, rt mong s ng gp kin ca cc thy c v cc bn. Chng ti chn thnh cm n!

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Cc t ting Anh vit tt trong n T vit tt CPU DNS FTP GAN HTTP ICMP IGMP IP ISO LAN MAC MAN NIC NLSP OS - IS OSI OSPF RIP SMTP STP TCP TCP/IP UDP UTP WAN WWW Dng y Center Processor Unit Domain Name System File Transfer Protocol Global Area Network Hypertext Transfer Protocol Internet Control Message Protocol Internet Group Messages Protocol Internet Protocol International Standard Oranization Local Area Network Media Access Control Metropolitan Area Network Network Information Center Netware Link Servise Protocol Open System Interconnection Intermediate System To Intermediate System Open Systems Interconnect Open Shortest Path First Routing Information Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Shield Twisted Pair Transmission Control Protocol Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol User Datagram Protocol Unshield Twisted Pair Wide Area Network World Wide Web

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Mc lc
Li ni u ............................................................................................... Cc t vit tt trong n........................................................................ Phn 1: Tng quan v mng ................................................................. Chng 1: Tng quan mng my tnh................................................. 1.1.Khi nim mng my tnh ....................................................... 1.2.Phn loi mng my tnh ......................................................... 1.2.1. Phn loi theo phm vi a l ....................................... 1.2.2. Phn loi theo k thut chuyn mch ........................... 1.2.2.1. Mng chuyn mch knh .................................... 1.2.2.2. Mng chuyn mch bn tin ................................. 1.2.2.3. Mng chuyn mch gi ....................................... 1.2.3. Phn loi theo TOPO .................................................... 1.2.3.1.Mng hnh sao ...................................................... 1.2.3.2.Mng dng vng ................................................... 1.2.3.3.Mng dng tuyn(Bus topolory) ........................... 1.2.3.4.Mng kt hp ............................................................................... 1.2.4.Phn loi theo chc nng............................................... 1.2.4.1.Mng theo m hnh Client- Server ....................... 1.2.4.2.Mng ngang hng................................................. 2 3 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 17 18 22 22 25 26 28 29

Chng 2: M hnh tham chiu h thng m

OSI v b giao thc TCP/IP ................................................ 2.1. M hnh OSI .......................................................................... 2.1.1. Mc ch, ngha ca OSI........... 2.2.2. Cc giao thc trong OSI ............................................... 2.2.3. Chc nng ch yu ca cc ......................................... tng ca m hnh OSI ................................................... 2.2. B giao thc TCP/IP .............................................................. 2.2.1. Tng quan v TCP/IP ................................................... 2.2.2. So snh OSI v TCP/IP ................................................. 2.2.3. Cc giao thc c bn trong b giao thc TCP/IP 2.2.3.1. Giao thc hiu nng IP ........................................ 2.2.3.2. Giao thc hiu nng UDP ................................... 2.2.3.3. Giao thc hiu nng TCP.....................................

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Chng 3: Mng LAN v thit k mng LAN.................................... 3.1. Cc thit b LAN c bn ......................................................... 3.1.1. Cc thit b chnh ca LAN .......................................... 3.1.1.1. Card mng- NIC .................................................. 3.1.1.2. Repeater- B lp .................................................. 3.1.1.3. Hub ...................................................................... 3.1.1.4. Lin mng ........................................................... 3.1.1.5. Cu ni (bridge) .................................................. 3.1.1.6. B dn ng (router) ......................................... 3.1.1.7. B chuyn mch(switch) ..................................... 3.1.2. H thng cp dng cho LAN ....................................... 3.1.2.1. Cp xon.............................................................. 3.1.2.2. Cp ng trc ...................................................... 3.1.2.3. Cp si quang ...................................................... 3.2. Thit k mng LAN ............................................................... 3.2.1. M hnh phn cp ......................................................... 3.2.2. M hnh an ninh an ton............................................... 3.2.3. Cc bc thit k .......................................................... 3.2.3.1. Phn tch yu cu s dng ................................... 3.2.3.2. La chn cc thit b phn cng ......................... 3.2.3.3. Cc phn mm mng ........................................... 3.2.3.4. Cng c qun l qun tr ..................................... 3.2.4. Xy dng mng LAN quy m mt to nh. ................. 3.2.4.1. Cc thit b cn thit. .......................................... 3.2.4.2. Phn tch yu cu ................................................ 3.2.4.3. Thit k h thng ................................................ Phn 2: Kho st thit k mng ........................................................... 1. Yu cu thit k............................................................................. 2. Phn tch thit k h thng ............................................................ 2.1. Bn v chi tit b tr cc thit b ......................................... 2.2. S u ni mng my tnh ca Cng ty ......................... 3. Ci t, cu hnh h thng. ............................................................ 3.1. Ci t cc dch v cho server ............................................ 3.2. Thit lp cu hnh TCP/IP cho cc my trm ..................... 3.3. Thc hin kim tra hot ng ca mng............................. 3.3.1. Qu trnh kim tra dng m hnh OSI ........................... 32 32 32 32 33 33 35 35 39 41 42 42 42 43 44 44 45 50 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 53 53 58 58 58 58 58 60 63

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip 3.3.2. Kim tra mng vi lnh Ping ......................................... 3.3.3. Kim tra cc thng s cu hnh TCP/IP......................... 4. D ton chi ph mua thit b, vt t ............................................... Kt lun. ................................................................................................. Hng pht trin ................................................................................... Danh mc ti liu tham kho ............................................................... Ph lc ................................................................................................... 1. Ph lc 1 ............................................................................... 1.1. Phng php bm u RJ- 45 .................................... 1.2. 2. Ph lc 2: Hng dn cu hnh dch v .............................. cp pht a ch ng DHCP ............................... 2.1. Ci t DHCP ............................................................. 2.2. Cu hnh DHCP .......................................................... 3. Ph lc 3: Hng dn cu hnh chia s kt .......................... ni Internet v chia s my in.............................. 63 64 65 68 69 70 71 71

Phng php lp t Outlet cho cc nt mng........... 76 77 77 80 84

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Phn 1: Tng quan v mng

************************ Chng 1

Tng quan v mng my tnh.

Vo nhng nm 50 , nhng h thng my tnh u tin ra i s dng cc bng n in t nn kch thc rt cng knh tiu tn nhiu nng lng. Vic nhp d liu my tnh c thc hin thng qua cc ba c l v kt qu c a ra my in, iu ny lm mt rt nhiu thi gian v bt tin cho ngi s dng. n nhng nm 60 cng vi s pht trin ca my tnh v nhu cu trao i d liu vi nhau, mt s nh sn xut my tnh nghin cu ch to thnh cng cc thit b truy cp t xa ti cc my tnh ca h, v y chnh l nhng dng s khai ca h thng my tnh . V cho n nhng nm 70, h thng thit b u cui 3270 ca IBM ra i cho php m rng kh nng tnh ton ca Trung tm my tnh n cc vng xa. Vo nm 1977 cng ty Datapoint Corporation tung ra th trng mng ca mnh cho php lin kt cc my tnh v cc thit b u cui bng dy cp mng, v chnh l h iu hnh u tin. 1.1. Khi nim v mng my tnh : Ni mt cch c bn, mng my tnh l hai hay nhiu my tnh c kt ni vi nhau theo mt cch no . Khc vi cc trm truyn hnh gi thng tin i, cc mng my tnh lun hai chiu, sao cho khi my tnh A gi thng tin ti my tnh B th B c th tr li li A. Ni mt cch khc, mt s my tnh c kt ni vi nhau v c th trao i thng tin cho nhau gi l mng my tnh. PC1 PC2

Hnh 1-1: M hnh mng cn bn. Mng my tnh ra i xut pht t nhu cu mun chia s v dng chung d liu. Khng c h thng mng th d liu trn cc my tnh c lp mun chia s vi nhau phi thng qua vic in n hay sao chp trn a mn, CD Romiu ny gy nhiu bt tin cho ngi dng.

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip T cc my tnh ring r, c lp vi nhau, nu ta kt ni chng li thnh mng my tnh th chng c thm nhng u im sau: - Nhiu ngi c th dng chung mt phn mm tin ch. - Mt nhm ngi cng thc hin mt n nu ni mng h s dng chung d liu ca n, dng chung tp tin chnh (master file ) ca n, h trao i thng tin vi nhau d dng. - D liu c qun l tp trung nn an ton hn , trao i gia nhng ngi s dng thun li hn, nhanh chng hn. - C th dng chung cc thit b ngoi vi him, t tin (my in, my v). - Ngi s dng trao i vi nhau th tn d dng (Email ) v c th s dng mng nh l mt cng c ph bin tin tc, thng bo v mt chnh sch mi, v ni dung bui hp, v cc thng tin kinh t khc nh gi c th trng, tin rao vt (mun bn hoc mun mua mt ci g ), hoc sp xp thi kho biu ca mnh chen ln vi thi kho biu ca cc ngi khc - Mt s ngi s dng khng cn phi trang b my tnh t tin (chi ph thp m cc chc nng li mnh ). - Mng my tnh cho php ngi lp trnh mt trung tm my tnh ny c th s dng cc chng trnh tin ch ca cc trung tm my tnh khc cong ri, s lm tng hiu qu kinh t ca h thng. - Rt an ton cho d liu v phn mm v phn mm mng s kho cc tp (files ) khi c nhng ngi khng quyn truy xut cc tp tin v th mc . 1.2. Phn loi mng my tnh : 1.2.1. Phn loi theo phm vi a l: Mng my tnh c th phn b trn mt vng l nh th nht nh v c th phn b trong phm vi mt quc gia hay quc t. Da vo phm vi phn b ca mng ngi ta c th phn ra cc loi mng nh sau: Mng cc b LAN ( Local Area Network ) : l mng c lp t trong phm vi hp, khong cch gia cc nt mng nh hn 10 Km. Kt ni c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao v d cp ng trc thay cp quang. LAN thng c s dng trong ni b c quan, x nghip Cc LAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh WAN.

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Mng th MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network) : L mng c ci t trong phm vi mt th hoc mt trung tm kinh t - x hi c bn knh khong 100 Km tr li.Cc kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao (50100 Mbit/s ). Mng din rng WAN ( Wide Area Network ) : Phm vi ca mng c th vt qua bin gii quc gia v thm ch c chu lc.Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng. Cc WAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh GAN hay t n l GAN. Mng ton cu GAN (Global Area Network ) : L mng c thit lp trn phm vi tri rng khp cc chu lc trn tri t.Thng thng kt ni thng qua mng vin thng v v tinh. Trong cc khi nim trn, WAN v LAN l hai khi nim c s dng nhiu nht. 1.2.2. Phn bit theo phng php chuyn mch ( truyn d liu ) 1.2.2.1. Mng chuyn mch knh ( circuit - switched network ) Trong trong trng hp ny khi c hai trm cn trao i thng tin vi nhau th gia chng s c thit lp mt knh (circuit) c nh v duy tr cho n khi mt trong hai bn ngt lin lc. Cc d liu ch c truyn theo con ng c nh ( hnh 1).
Data2 Data1 Data3

S2

S4 S6

S1 S3 S5

Hnh 1-2. Mng chuyn mch knh

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Mng chuyn mch knh c tc truyn cao v an ton nhng hiu xut x dng ng truyn thp v c lc knh b b khng do c hai bn u ht thng tin cn truyn trong khi cc trm khc khng c php s dng knh truyn ny v phi tiu tn thi gian thit lp con ng (knh) c nh gia 2 trm. Mng in thoi l v d in hnh ca mng chuyn mch knh. 1.2.2.2 Mng chuyn mch bn tin ( Message switched network) Thng tin cn truyn c cu trc theo mt phn dng c bit gi l bn tin. Trn bn tin c ghi a ch ni nhn, cc nt mng cn c vo a ch ni nhn chuyn bn tin ti ch . Tu thuc vo iu khin v mng, cc thng tin khc nhau c th c gi i theo cc con ng khc nhau u im : Hiu xut s dng ng truyn cao v khng b chim dng c quyn m c phn chia gia cc trm. Mi nt mng (hay nt chuyn mch bn tin) c th lu d thng bo cho n khi knh truyn ri mi gi thng bo i, do gim c tnh trng tc nghn mng. C iu khin vic truyn tin bng cch sp xp u tin cho cc thng bo. C th tng hiu xut s dng gii thng ca mng bng cch gn a ch qung b gi thng bo ng thi n nhiu ch. Nhc im : Phng php chuyn mch bn tin l khng hn ch kch thc ca cc thng bo, lm cho ph tn lu tr tm thi cao v nh hng n thi gian p ng v cht lng truyn i. Mng chuyn mch bn tin thch hp vi cc dch v thng tin kiu th in t hn l vi cc p dng c tnh thi gian thc v tn ti tr nht nh do lu tr v x l thng tin iu khin ti mi nt. 1.2.2.3 Mng chuyn mch gi Phng php ny mi thng bo c chia thnh nhiu phn nh hn gi l cc gi tin (pachet) c khun dng quy nh trc. Mi gi tin cng cha cc thng tin iu khin, trong c a ch ngun (ngi gi) v ch ( ngi nhn) ca gi tin. Cc gi tin v mt thng bo no c th c gi i qua mng n ch bng nhiu con ng khc nhau. Cn c vo s th t cc gi tin c ti to thnh thng tin ban u.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Phng php chuyn mach bn tin v phng php chuyn mch gi l gn ging nhau. im khc bit l cc gi tin c gii hn kch thc ti a sao cho cc nt mng c th x l ton b thng tin trong b nh m khng cn phi lu tr tm thi trn a. Nn mng chuyn mch gi truyn cc gi tin qua mng nhanh hn v hiu qu hn so vi chuyn mch bn tin. 1.2.3. Phn loi my tnh theo TOPO: Topology ca mng l cu trc hnh hc khng gian m thc cht l cch b tr phn t ca mng cng nh cch ni gia chng vi nhau. Thng thng mng c ba dng cu trc l: Mng dng hnh sao (Star topology ), mng dng vng (Ring Topology ) v mng dng tuyn (Linear Bus Topology ). Ngoi ba dng cu hnh k trn cn c mt s dng khc bin tng t ba dng ny nh mng dng cy, mng dng hnh sao - vng, mng hnh hn hp, 1.2.3.1. Mng hnh sao (Star topology) Mng sao bao gm mt b kt ni trung tm v cc nt. Cc nt ny l cc trm u cui, cc my tnh v cc thit b khc ca mng. B kt ni trung tm ca mng iu phi mi hot ng trong mng ( hnh 2).

Hnh 1-3. Cu trc mng sao Mng dng sao cho php ni cc my tnh vo mt b tp trung bng cp, gii php ny cho php ni trc tip my tnh vi b tp trung khng cn thng qua trc bus, nn trnh c cc yu t gy ngng tr mng. M hnh kt ni dng sao ny tr ln ht sc ph bin. Vi vic s dng cc b tp trung hoc chuyn mch, cu trc sao c th c m rng bng cch t chc nhiu mc phn cp, do d dng trong vic qun l v vn hnh. u im : Hot ng theo nguyn l ni song song nn nu c mt thit b no mt nt thng tin b hng th mng vn hot ng bnh thng. Cu trc mng n gin v cc gii thut ton n nh.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Mng c th d dng m rng hoc thu hp. D dng kim sot ni, khc phc s c. c bit do s dng kt ni im - im nn tn dng c ti a tc ca ng truyn vt l. Nhc im : Kh nng m rng ca ton mng phc thuc vo kh nng ca trung tm. Khi trung tm c s c th ton mng ngng hot ng. Mng yu cu ni c lp ring r tng thit b cc nt thng tin n trung tm. di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch (trong vng 100m vi cng ngh hin tai). 1.2.3.2. Mng dng vng (Ring topology) Mng dng ny b tr theo dng xoay vng, ng dy cp c thit k lm thnh mt vng trn khp kn, tn hiu chy quanh theo mt vng no . Cc nt truyn tn hiu cho nhau mi thi im ch c mt nt m thi. D liu truyn i phi c km theo a ch c th ca mi trm tip nhn. u im: Mng dng vng c thun li c th m rng ra xa, tng n dy cn thit t hn so vi hai kiu trn. Mi trm c th t c tc ti a khi truy nhp. Nhc im : ng dy phi khp kn, nu b ngt mt ni no th ton b h thng cng b ngng.

Hnh 1-4. Cu hnh mng vng

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip 1.2.3.3. Mng dng tuyn (Bus topology) Thc hin theo cch b tr ngang hng, cc my tnh v cc thit b khc. Cc nt u c ni v vi nhau trn mt trc ng dy cp chnh chuyn ti tn hiu. Tt c cc nt u s dng chung ng dy cp chnh ny. hai u dy cp c bt bi mt thit b gi l terminator. Cc tn hiu v d liu khi truyn i u mang theo a ch ni n. terminator

Hnh1-5. Cu trc mng hnh tuyn u im : Loi cu trc mng ny dng dy cp t nht. Lp t n gin v gi thnh r. Nhc im : S n tc giao thng khi di chuyn d liu vi lu lng ln. Khi c s c hng hc on no th rt kh pht hin, li trn ng dy cng lm cho ton b h thng ngng hot ng. Cu trc ny ngy nay t c s dng. 1.2.3.4. Mng dng kt hp L mng kt hp dng sao v tuyn ( star/bus topology) : Cu hnh mng dng ny c b phn tch tn hiu (spitter) gi vai tr thit b trung tm, h thng dy cp mng c th chn hoc Ring Topology hoc Linear Bus Topology. u im ca cu hnh ny l mng c th gm nhiu nhm lm vic cch xa nhau, ARCNET l mng dng kt hp Star/Bus Topology. Cu hnh dng ny a li s uyn chuyn trong vic b tr ng dy tng thch d dng i vi bt k to nh no. Kt hp cu hnh sao v vng (Star/Ring Topology). Cu hnh dng kt hp Star/Ring Topology, c mt th bi lin lc c chuyn vng quanh mt ci b tp trung.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip 1.2.4. Phn loi theo chc nng: 1.2.4.1. Mng theo m hnh Client- Server: Mt hay mt s my tnh c thit lp cung cp cc dch v nh file server, mail server, web server, printer server.Cc my tnh c thit lp cung cp cc dch v c gi l server, cn cc my tnh truy cp v s dng dch v th c gi l Client. u im: do cc d liu c lu tr tp trung nn d bo mt, backup v ng b vi nhau. Ti nguyn v dch v c tp trung nn d chia s v qun l, c th phc v cho nhiu ngi dng. Nhc im: cc server chuyn dng rt t tin, phi c nh qun tr cho h thng. 1.2.4.2.Mng ngang hng (Peer- to- Peer): Cc my tnh trong mng c th hot ng va nh mt Client va nh mt Server.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Chng 2

M hnh tham chiu h thng m OSI v b giao thc TCP/IP

2.1.M hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnect): thi k u ca cng ngh ni mng, vic gi v nhn d liu ngang qua mng thng gy nhm ln do cc cng ty ln nh IBM, HoneyWell v Digital Equipment Corporation t ra tiu chun ring cho hot ng kt ni my tnh . Nm 1984 t chc tiu chun ho Quc t ISO(International Standard Oranization) chnh thc a ra m hnh OSI(Open Systems Interconnect) l tp hp cc c im k thut m t kin trc mng dnh cho vic kt ni cc thit b khng cng chng loi. M hnh OSI c chia thnh 7 tng, mi tng bao gm cc hot ng thit b v giao thc mng khc nhau. Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Hnh 2-1:M hnh OSI by tng 2.1.1.Mc ch v ngha ca m hnh OSI: M hnh OSI (Open System Interconnection ): l m hnh tng kt nhng h thng m, l m hnh c t chc ISO c xut nm 1977 v cng b nm 1984. cc my tnh v cc thit bi mng c th truyn thng vi nhau phi c nhng quy tc giao tip c cc bn chp nhn. M hnh OSI l m khun mu gip chng ta hiu c cc chc nng mng din ra ti mi lp.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Trong m hnh OSI c by lp, mi lp m t mt phn chc nng c lp. S tch ri ca m hnh nay mang li li ch sau: - Chia hot ng thng tin mng thnh nhng phn nh hn, n gin hn gip chng ta d kho st v tm hiu hn. - Chun ho cc thnh phn mng cho php pht trin mng t nhiu nh cung cp sn phm. - Ngn chn c tnh trng s thay i ca mt lp lm nh hng n cc lp khc, nh vy gip mi lp c th pht trin c lp v nhanh chng hn, - M hnh tham chiu OSI nh ngha cc quy tc cho cc ni dung sau: Cch thc cc thit b giao tip v chuyn thng c vi nhau. Cc phng php cc thit b trn mng khi no th c truyn d liu, khi no th khng c. Cc phng php m bo truyn ng bn nhn. Cch thc vn ti, truyn, sp xp v kt ni vi nhau. Cch thc m bo cc thit b mng duy tr tc truyn d liu thch hp Cch biu din mt bit thit b truyn dn. - M hnh tham chiu OSI c chia thnh 7 lp vi cc chc nng sau: Application Layer ( lp ng dng ): giao din gia ng dng v mng. Presentation Layer (lp trnh by ): tho thun khun dng trao i dc liu. Session Layer (lp phin ): cho php ngi dng thit lp cc kt ni. Transport Layer (lp vn chuyn ): m bo truyn thng gia hai h thng. Network Layer (lp mng ): nh hng d liu truyn trong mi trng lin mng

16

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Data link Layer (lp lin kt d liu ): xc nh truy xut n cc thit b. Physical Layer (lp vt l ): chuyn i d liu thnh cc bit v truyn i. 2.1.2.Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI: Trong m hnh OSI c hai loi giao thc chnh c p dng : Giao thc lin kt ( Connection- Oriented )v giao thc khng lin kt (Connection Less). - Giao thc lin kt: Trc khi truyn d liu hai tng ng mc cn thit lp mt lin kt logic v cc gi tin c trao i thng qua lin kt ny, vic c lin kt logic s nng cao s an ton trong truyn d liu. - Giao thc khng lin kt : Trc khi truyn d liu khng thit lp lin kt logic m mi gi tin c truyn c lp vi cc gi tin trc hoc sau n. Nh vy vi giao thc c lin kt , qu trnh truyn thng phi gm ba giai on phn bit: - Thit lp lin kt (logic): Hai thc th ng mc hai h thng thng lng vi nhau v tp cc tham s s s dng trong giai on sau(truyn d liu). - Truyn d liu: d liu c truyn vi cc c ch kim sot v qun l km theo ( nh kim soat li, kim sot lung d liu, ct/ hp d liu ) tng cng tin cy v hiu qu ca vic truyn d liu . - Hu b lin kt (logic): gii phng ti nguyn h thng c cp pht cho lin kt dng cho lin kt khc. i vi giao thc khng lin kt th ch duy nht mt giai on truyn d liu m thi . Gi tin ca giao thc: Gi tin (Packet ) c hiu nh l mt n v thng tin dng trong vic lin lc, chuyn giao d liu trong mng my tnh .Nhng thng ip (message) trao i gia cc my tnh trong mng, c to thnh cc gi tin cc gi ngun. V nhng gi tin ny khi ch s c kt hp li thnh cc thng ip ban u. Mi gi tin c th cha ng cc yu cu phc v, cc thng tin iu khin v d liu.

17

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Application
Data hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r Data Data Data Data Data trl

Application

Data hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r hd r Data Data Data Data Data trl

Presentation Session Transport Network

Data Link
hd r

Presentation Session Transport Network

Data Link
hd r

Physical

Physical

Hdr: phn u gi tin. Trl: phn kim li (tng lin kt d liu ) Data: phn d liu ca gi tin Hnh 2-2:Phng thc xc lp gi tin trong m hnh OSI Trn quan im m hnh mng phn tng , mi tng ch thc hin mt chc nng l nhn d liu t tng bn trn chuyn giao xung cho tng bn di v ngc li. Chc nng ny thc cht l gn thm v g b phn u (header) i vi cc gi tin trc khi chuyn n i. Ni cch khc, tng gi tin bao gm phn u(header) v phn d liu. Khi i n mt tng mi gi tin s c ng thm mt phn u khc v c xem nh l gi tin ca tng mi, cng vic trn tip din cho ti khi gi tin c truyn ln ng dy mng n bn nhn. Ti bn nhn cc gi tin c g b phn u trn tng tng tng ng v y cng l nguyn l ca bt c m hnh phn tng no. 2.1.3. Cc chc nng ch yu ca cc tng trong m hnh OSI: Tng ng dng (Application Layer): L tng cao nht ca m hnh OSI, n xc nh giao din gia cc chng trnh ng dng ca ngi dng v mng. Gii quyt cc k thut m cc chng trnh ng dng dng giao tip vi mng. Tng ng dng x l truy cp mng chung, kim sot lung v phc hi li. Tng ny khng cung cp dch v cho tng no m n cung cp dch v cho cc ng dng nh: truyn file, gi nhn mail, Telnet, HTTP, FTP,SMTP Tng trnh by (Presentation Layer): Lp ny chu trch nhim thng lng v xc lp dng thc d liu c trao i n m bo thng tin m lp ng dng ca h thng u cui

18

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip gi i, lp ng dng ca mt h thng khc c th c c. Lp trnh by thng dch gia nhiu dng d liu khc nhau thng qua mt dng chung, ng thi n cng nn v gii nn d liu . Th t byte, bit bn gi v bn nhn quy c quy tc gi nhn mt chui byte v bit t tri qua phi hay t phi qua tri nu hai bn khng thng nht th s c s chuyn i th t cc byte, bit vo trc hoc sau khi truyn. Lp trnh by cng qun l cc cp nn d liu lm gim s bt cn truyn. Trong giao tip gia cc ng dng thng qua mng vi cng mt d liu c th c nhiu cch biu din khc nhau . Thng thng dng biu din dng bi ng dng ngun v dng biu din dng bi ng dng ch c th khc nhau do cc ng dng c chy trn cc h thng hon ton khc nhau. Tng phin(Session Layer) Lp ny c tc dng thit lp qun l v kt thc cc phin thng tin gia hai thit b truyn nhn. N t tn nht qun cho mi thnh phn mun i thoi vi nhau v lp nh x gia cc tn vi a ch ca chng. Lp phin cung cp cc dch v cho lp trnh by, cung cp s ng b ho gia cc tc v ngi dng bng cch t nhng im kim tra vo lung d liu. Bng cch ny nu mng khng hot ng th ch c d liu truyn sau im kim tra cui cng mi phi truyn li. Lp ny cng thi hnh kim sot hi thoi gia cc qu trnh giao tip, iu chnh bn no truyn, khi no, trong bao lu. Trong trng hp mng l hai chiu lun phin th ny sinh vn hai ngi s dng lun phin phi ly lt truyn d liu. mt thi im ch c mt ngi s dng quyn c bit c gi cc dch v nht nh ca tng phin. Vic phn b tng ny thng qua vic trao i th bi. Tng vn chuyn(Transport Layer): Tng vn chuyn cung cp cc chc nng cn thit gia tng mng v cc tng trn, n phn on d liu t h thng my truyn v ti thit d liu vo mt lung d liu ti h thng my nhn m bo rng vic bn giao cc thng ip gia cc thit b ng tin cy. Tng ny thit lp duy tr v kt thc cc mch o m bo cung cp cc dch v sau: - Xp th t cc phn on: Khi mt thng ip ln c tch thnh nhiu phn on nh bn giao , tng vn chuyn s sp xp th t trc khi gip ni cc phn on thnh thng ip ban u.

19

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip - Kim sot li: Khi c phn on b tht bi , sai hoc trng lp, tng vn chuyn s yu cu truyn li. - Kim sot lung : Tng vn chuyn dng cc tn hiu bo nhn xc nhn. Bn gi s khng truyn i phn on d liu k tip nu bn nhn cha gi tn hiu xc nhn rng nhn c phn on d liu trc y . Tng vn chuyn l tng cui cng chu trch nhim v mc an ton trong d liu nn giao thc tng vn chuyn ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht ca tng mng. Tng mng (Network Layer): Chu trch nhim lp a ch cc thng ip, din dch a ch v tn logic thnh a ch vt l ng thi n cng chu trch nhim gi packet t mng ngun n mng ch. Tng ny quyt nh hng i t my ngun n my ch N cng qun l lu lng trn mng chng hn nh chuyn i gi, nh tuyn va kim sot tc nghn d liu. Nu b thch ng mng trn b nh tuyn (router) khng th truyn d liu m my tnh ngun gi i, tng mng trn b nh tuyn s chia s d liu thnh nhng n v nh hn. Tng mng quan trng nht khi lin kt hai loi mng khc nhau nh mng Ethernet vi mng Token Ring khi phi dng mt b tm ng (quy nh bi tng mng) chuyn cc gi tin t my ny sang my khc v ngc li. i vi mt mng chuyn mch gi (packet- switched network) gm cc tp hp cc nt chuyn mch gi ni vi nhau bi cc lin kt d liu.Cc gi d liu c truyn t mt h thng m ti mt h thng m khc trn mng phi c chuyn qua mt chui cc nt. Mi nt nhn gi d liu t mt ng vo (incoming link) ri chuyn tip n ti mt ng ra (outgoing link) hng n ch ca d liu . Nh vy mi nt trung gian n phi thc hin cc chc nng chn ng v chuyn tip. Ngi ta c hai phng thc p ng cho vic chn ng l phng thc x l tp trung v x l ti ch: - Phng thc chn ng x l tp trung c c trng bi s tn ti ca mt (hoc vi trung tm iu khin mng, chng thc hin vic lp ra cc bng ng i ti tng thi im cho cc nt v sau gi cc bng chn ng ti tng nt dc theo con ng c chn . Thng tin tng th ca mng

20

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip cn dng cho vic chn ng ch cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti trung tm iu khin mng. - Phng thc chn ng x l ti ch c c trng bi vic chn ng c thc hin ti mi nt ca mng. Trong tng thi im , mi nt phi duy tr cc thng tin ca mng v t xy dng bng chn ng cho mnh. Nh vy cc thng tin tng th ca mng cn dng cho vic chn ng cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti mi nt. Tng lin kt d liu (Data Link): L tng m ngha c gn cho cc bit c truyn trn mng. Tng lin kt d liu phi quy nh c cc dng thc, kch thc , a ch my gi v nhn ca mi gi tin c gi i. N phi xc nh c c ch truy cp thng tin trn mng v phng tin gi mi gi tin sao cho n c a n cho ngi nhn nh. Tng lin kt d liu c hai phng thc lin kt da trn cch kt ni cc my tnh , l phng thc im- im v phng thc imnhiu im. Vi phng thc im - im cc ng truyn ring bit c thit lp ni cc cp my tnh li vi nhau. Phng thc imnhiu im tt c cc my phn chia chung mt ng truyn vt l. Tng lin kt d liu cng cung cp cch pht hin v sa li c bn m bo cho d liu nhn c ging hon ton vi d liu gi i. Nu mt gi tin c li khng sa c, tng lin kt d liu phi ch ra c cch thng bo cho ni gi bit gi tin c li n gi li. Cc giao thc tng lin kt d liu chia lm hai loi chnh l cc giao thc hng k t v cc giao thc hng bit. Cc giao thc hng k t c xy dng da trn cc k t c bit ca mt b m no ( nh ASCII hay EBCDIC), trong khi cc giao thc hng bit li dng cc cu trc nh phn( xu bt ) xy dng cc phn t ca giao thc (n v d liu , cc th tc), v khi nhn, d liu s c tip nhn ln lt tng bit mt. Tng vt l (Physical): L tng cui cng ca m hinh OSI, n m t cc c trng vt l ca mng: Cc loi cp ni cc thit b, cc loi u ni c dng, cc dy cp c th di bao nhiu.Mt khc cc tng vt l cung cp cc c trng in ca cc tn hiu c dng khi chuyn d liu trn cp t mt my ny n mt my khc ca mng, k thut ni mch in tc cp truyn

21

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip dn. Tng vt l khng quy nh mt ngha no cho cc tn hiu ngoi cc gi tr nh phn l 0 v 1. cc tng cao hn ca m hnh OSI nghi ca cc bit tng vt l s c xc nh. Mt s c im ca tng vt l: - Mc in th. - Khong thi gian thay i in th. - Tc d liu vt l. - Khong ng truyn ti a. 2.2. B giao thc TCP/IP: TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol. 2.2.1. Tng quan v b giao thc TCP/IP: TCP/IP l b giao thc cho php kt ni cc h thng mng khng ng nht vi nhau. Ngy nay,TCP/IP c s dng rng r i trong cc mng cc b cng nh trn mng Internet ton cu. TCP/IP c xem l gin lc ca m hnh tham chiu OSI vi bn tng nh sau: - Tng lin kt mng (Network Access Layer). - Tng Internet (Internet Layer). - Tng giao vn (Host- to Host Transport Layer). - Tng ng dng (Application Layer). Applications Transport Internetwork Network Interface And Hardware IP ARP/RARP Network Interface And Applications TCP/UDP ICMP

Hnh 2-3: Kin trc TCP/IP Tng lin kt: Tng lin kt ( cn c gi l tng lin kt d liu hay l tng giao tip mng) l tng thp nht trong m hnh TCP/IP , bao gm cc thit b

22

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip mng v chng trnh cung cp cc thng tin cn thit c th hot ng, truy nhp ng truyn vt l qua thit b giao tip mng . Tng Internet: Tng Internet (cn gi l tng mng) x l qu trnh gi tin trn mng. Cc giao thc ca tng ny bao gm : IP(Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), IGMP (Internet Group Messages Protocol). Tng giao vn: Tng giao vn ph trch lung d liu gia hai trm thc hin cc ng dng ca tng mng. Tng ny c hai giao thc chnh: TCP (Transmission Protocol) v UDP (User Datagram Protocol). TCP cung cp mt lung d liu tin cy gia hai trm, n s dng cc c ch nh chia nh cc gi tin ca tng trn thnh cc gi tin c kch thc thch hp cho tng mng bn di, bo nhn gi tin, t hn ch thi gian time- out m bo bn nhn bit c cc gi tin gi i. Do tng ny m bo tnh tin cy, tng trn s khng cn quan tm n na. UDP cung cp mt dch v n gin hn cho tng ng dng . N ch gi cc gi d liu t trm ny n trm kia m khng m bo cc gi tin n c ti ch. Cc c ch m bo tin cy cn c thc hin bi tng trn. Tng ng dng: Tng ng dng l tng trn cng ca m hnh TCP/IP bao gm cc tin trnh v cc ng dng cung cp cho ngi s dng truy cp mng. C rt nhiu ng dng c cung cp trong tng ny m ph bin l: Telnet: s dng trong vic truy cp mng t xa, FTP (File Transfer Protocol): dch v truyn tp, Email: dch v th tn in t, www (World Wide Web).

23

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip User Data Application
Appl Header

User Data TCP

TCP header

Application data TCP segment IP

IP header

TCP header

Application data Ethernet driver Ethernet

IP datagram
Ethernet header IP header TCP header

Application data

Ethernet trailer

Ethernet frame 46 to 1500 bytes Hnh 2-4:Qu trnh ng / m gi d liu trong TCP/IP Cng tng t nh m hnh OSI khi truyn d liu qu trnh tin hnh t tng trn xung tng di, qua mi tng d liu c thm vo mt thng tin iu khin c gi l phn header. Khi nhn d liu th qu trnh ny xy ra ngc li, d liu c truyn t tng di ln v qua mi tng th phn header tng ng c ly i v khi n tng trn cng th d liu khng cn phn header na. Hnh v 0-10 cho ta thy lc d liu qua cc tng . Trong hnh v ny ta thy ti cc tng khc nhau d liu c mang nhng thut ng khc nhau: - Trong tng ng dng d liu l cc lung c gi l stream. - Trong tng giao vn, n v d liu m TCP gi xung tng di gi l TCP segment. - Trong tng mng, d liu m IP gi ti tng di c gi l IP datagram. - Trong tng lin kt , d liu c truyn i gi l frame. -

24

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Application Layer

TCP stream

UDP message

Transport Layer Segment Internet Layer datagram Network Access Layer frame datagram frame packet

Hnh2-5: Cu trc d liu trong TCP/IP 2.2.2. So snh TCP/IP vi OSI: TCP/IP vi OSI: mi tng trong TCP/IP c th l mt hay nhiu tng ca OSI.Bng sau ch r mi tng quan gia cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP vi OSI: OSI TCP/IP Physical Layer va Data link Layer Data link Layer Network Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Transport layer Session Layer, Presentation Layer, Application Layer Application Layer S khc nhau gia TCP/IP vi OSI ch l: - Tng ng dng trong m hnh TCP/IP bao gm lun c 3tng trn ca m hnh OSI. - Tng giao vn trong m hnh TCP/IP khng phi lun m bo tin cy ca vic truyn tin nh trong tng giao vn ca m hnh OSI m cho php thm mt la chn khc l UDP.

25

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip 2.2.3. Mt s giao thc trong b giao thc TCP/IP : 2.2.3.1. Giao thc hiu nng IP (Internet Protocol): Gii thiu chung: Giao thc lin mng IP l mt trong nhng giao thc quan trng nht ca b giao thc TCP/IP . Mc ch ca giao thc lin mng IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni ca mng con thnh lin mng truyn d liu . IP l giao thc cung cp dch v phn pht datagram theo kiu khng lin kt v khng tin cy ngha l khng cn c giai on thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu , khng m bo rng datagram s ti ch v khng duy tr thng tin no v nhng datagram gi i. Khun dng n v d liu dng trong IP c th hin nh hnh v: Bits
1 6

1 2

2 0

2 4

2 8

3 1

Type of 1 Version IHL Service

2 Words

Total Length Flags Fragment Offset

Header

Identification

3 Time to live Protocol 4 5 6

Header Checksum

Source Address Destination Address Options Data begins here Hnh 2-6: Khun dng d liu trong OSI Padding

ngha cc tham s trong IP header: - Version (4 bit) : ch phin bn hin hnh ca IP c ci t. - IHL (4 bit): ch di phn header tnh theo n v t (word32 bit). - Type of Service (8 bit): c t tham s v yu cu dch v . - Total length (16 bit): ch di ton b IP datagram tnh theo byte. - Indentification (16 bit) : l trng nh danh.

26

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip - Flags (3 bit) : cc c s dng trong khi phn on cc datagram. - Flagment Offset (13 bit): ch v tr ca on phn mnh trong datagram tnh theo n v 64 bit. - TTL(Time to Live ) : thit lp thi gian tn ti ca datagram. - Protocol (8 bit): ch giao thc tng trn k tip. - Header checksum (16 bit): kim sot li cho vng IP header. - Source address (32 bit) : a ch IP trm ch. - Option: Khai bo cc tu chn do ngi gi yu cu. Kin trc a ch IP (IPv4): a ch IP (IPv4): C di 32 bits v c tch thnh 4 vng , mi vng 1 byte thng c biu din di dng thp phn v cch nhau bi du chm (.). VD: 203.162.7.92. a ch IPv4 c chia thnh 5 lp A, B, C, D, E, trong 3 lp a ch A, B, C c dng cp pht. Lp A (0) cho php nh danh ti 126 mng vi ti a 16 triu trm trn mi mng. Lp B (10): cho php inh danh ti 16384 mng vi ti a 65534 trm trn mi mng. Lp C (110) : cho php nh danh ti 2 triu mng vi ti a 254 trm trn mi mng. Class A 0 7- bits netid 14- bits netid 21- bits Class C 1 1 0 netid 28- bits Multicast group ID 27- bits Reserved for future use 24- bits hostid 16- bits hostid 8- bits hostid

Class B

Class D

Class E

Hnh 2-7: Phn lp a ch IPv4 27

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Lp D (1110) dung gi gi tin IP n mt nhm cc trm trn mng (cn gi l lp a ch multicast). Lp E (11110) dng d phng. Lp A B C D E Khong a ch 0.0.0.0 n 127.255.255.255 128.0.0.0 n 191.255.255.255 192.0.0.0 n 223.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 n 239.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 n 247.255.255.255

Hnh 2-8: Bng cc lp a ch Internet a ch mng con: i vi cc a ch lp A, B s trm trong mt mng l qu ln v trong thc t thng khng c mt s lng trm ln nh vy kt ni vo mt mng n l. a ch mng con cho php chia mt mng ln thnh cc mng con nh hn. Ta c th dng mt s bit u tin ca trng hostid trong a ch IP t a ch mng con. Chng hn i vi mt a ch thuc lp A, vic chia a ch mng con c th c thc hin nh sau: 3 1 2 01 8 1 6 4 Class A 0 Net ID Subnet number Host ID Subnet Hnh2-9 : Chia mng con Mt n a ch mng con: Bn cnh a ch IP, mt trm cng cn c bit vic nh dng a ch mng con: bao nhiu bit trong trng hostid c dng cho phn a ch mng con(subnetid). Thng tin ny c ch ra trong mt n a ch mng con (subnet mask).Subnet mask cng l mt s 32 bit vi cc bit tng ng vi phn netid v subnetid c t bng 1 cn cc bit cn li c t bng 0. 2.2.3.2. Giao thc hiu nng UDP(User Datagram Protocol): UDP l giao thc khng lin kt , cung cp dch v giao vn khng tin cy c, s dng thay th cho TCP trong tng giao vn. Khc vi TCP, UDP khng c chc nng thit lp v gii phng lin kt, khng c c ch

28

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip bo nhn (ACK), khng sp xp tun t cc n v d liu (datagram) n v c th dn n tnh trng mt hoc trng d liu m khng h c thng bo cho ngi gi. Khun dng ca UDP datagram c m t nh sau: Bits 16 Source Port Length Destination Port Checksum

31

Data begins here Hnh 2-10: Khun dng UDP datagram - S hiu cng ngun (Source Port -16 bit): s hiu cng ni gi datagram. - S hiu cng ch (Destination Port 16 bit): s hiu cng ni datagram chuyn ti. - di UDP (Length 16 bit): di tng cng k c phn header ca UDP datagram. - UDP Checksum(16 bit): dng kim sot li, nu pht hin li th UDP datagram s b loi b m khng c mt thng bo no tr li cho trm gi. UDP c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng (port number) nh danh duy nht cho nn UDP c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng dng cho cc ng dng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn. 2.2.3.3. Giao thc TCP(Tranmission Control Protocol): TCP v UDP l hai giao thc tng giao vn v cng s dng giao thc IP trong tng mng. Nhng khng ging nh UDP, TCP cung cp dch v lin kt tin cy v c lin kt . C lin kt y c ngha l hai ng dng s dng TCP phi thit lp lin kt vi nhau trc khi trao i d liu. S tin cy trong dch v c cung cp bi TCP c th hin nh sau:

29

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip - D liu t tng ng dng gi n c TCP chia thnh cc segment c kch thc ph hp nht truyn i. - Khi TCP gi 1 segment , n duy tr mt thi lng ch phc p t trm nhn. Nu trong khong thi gian phc p khng gi ti c trm gi th segment c truyn li. - Khi TCP trn trm nhn d liu t trm gi ti trm gi 1 phc p tuy nhim phc p khng c gi li ngay lp tc m thng tr mt khong thi gian . - TCP duy tr gi tr tng kim tra (checksum) trong phn Header ca d liu nhn ra bt k s thay i no trong qu trnh truyn dn. Nu 1 segment b li th TCP pha trm nhn s loi b v khng phc p li trm gi truyn li segment b li . TCP cung cp kh nng iu khin lung. Mi ca lin kt TCP c vng m (buffer) gii hn do TCP ti trm nhn ch cho php trm gi truyn mt lng d liu nht nh (nh hn khn gian buffer cn li). iu ny trnh sy ra trng hp trm c tc cao chim ton b vng m ca trm c tc chm hn. Khun dng ca TCP segment c m t nh sau:
Bits 1 6

0 1 2 Words 3 4 Offset 5 6

1 2

Source Port

2 2 2 0 8 4 Destination Port

3 1

Sequence Number Acknowledgment Number Reserved Checksum Options Data begins here Flags Window Urgent Pointer Padding Header

H2-11: Khun dng TCP segment

30

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Cc tham s trong khn dng trn c ngha nh sau: - Source Port (16 bits) l s hiu cng ca trm ngun. - Destination Port (16 bits) l s hiu cng ca trm ch. - Sequence Number (32 bits) l s hiu byte u tin ca segment tr khi bit SYN c thit lp. Nu bit SYN c thit lp th sequence number l s hiu tun t khi u ISN (Initial Sequence Number ) v byte d liu u tin l ISN +1. Thng qua trng ny TCP thc hin vic qun l tng byte truyn i trn mt kt ni TCP. - Acknowledgment Number (32 bits): S hiu ca segment tip theo m trm ngun ang ch nhn v ngm nh bo nhn tt cc segment m trm ch gi cho trm ngun. - Header Length (4 bits): S lng t (32 bits) trong TCP header, ch ra v tr bt u ca vng d liu v trng Option c di thay i. Header length c gi tr t 20 n 60 byte. - Reserved(6 bits) : dnh dng trong tng lai. - Control bits: cc bit iu khin . URG : xc nh vng con tr khn c hiu lc. ACK : vng bao nhn ACK Number c hiu lc. PSH : Chc nng PUSH. RST : khi ng li lin kt . SYN :ng b ho cc s hiu tun t (sequence number) FIN : khng cn d liu t trm ngun. - Window size(16 bits): cp pht th kim sot lung d liu (c ch ca s trt). - Checksum (16 bits) : m kim sot li cho ton b segment c phn header v d liu . - Urgent Pointer(16 bits): con tr tr ti s hiu tun t ca byte cui cng trong dng d liu khn cho php bn nhn bit c di ca d liu khn. Vng ny ch c hiu lc khi bit URG c thit lp. - Option ( di thay i): Khai bo cc tu chn cuat TCP. - TCP data ( di thay i): cha d liu ca tng ng dng c di ngm nh l 536 byte. Gi tr ny c th iu chnh c bng cch khai bo trong vng Option.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Chng 3

Mng LAN v thit k mng LAN

3.1 Cc thit b LAN c bn: Mng cc b LAN lad h chuyn thng tc cao c thit k kt ni cc my tnh v cc thit b x l d liu khc nhau cng hot ng vi nhau trong mt khu vc a l nh nh mt tng ca to nh, hoc trong mt to nh. Mt s mng LAN c th kt ni li vi nhau trong mt khu lm vic. Cc mng LAN tr nn thng dng v n cho php nhng ngi s dng dng chung nhng tI nguyn quan trng nh my in mu, a CDROM, cc phn mm ng dng v nhng thng tin cn thit khc. Trc khi pht trin cng ngh LAN cc my tnh l c lp vi nhau, b hn ch bi s lng cc chng trnh tin ch, sau khi ni mng LAN r rng hiu qu ca chng tng ln gp bi. 3.1.1.Cc thit b ni chnh ca LAN: 3.1.1.1.Card mng NIC(Network Interface Card) Card mng _ NIC l mt thit b c cm vo trong my tnh cung cp cng kt ni vo mng.Card mng c coi l thit b hot ng lp 2 ca m hnh OSI. Mi card mng c cha mt a ch duy nht l a ch MAC- Media Access Control. Card mng iu khin vic kt ni ca my tnh vo cc phng tin truyn dn trn mng. Card thc hin cc chc nng quan trng: - iu khin lin kt lun l: lin lc vi cc lp trn trong my tnh. - Danh nh: cung cp mt danh nh l a ch ca MAC. - ng Frame: nh dng, ng gi cc bit truyn ti. - iu khin truy xut mi trng: cung cp truy xut c t chc chia s mi trng. - Bo hiu: to cc tn hiu v giao tip vi mi trng bng cch dng cc b thu pht tch hp sn. Card mng quyt nh phn ln cc c tnh ca LAN nh: - Kiu cp. - Topo. - Phng php truy nhp mng. - Tc truyn thng tin.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Thit b host khng phi l mt phn ca bt c lp no ca m hnh OSI, chng hot ng ti tt c 7 lp ca m hnh OSI: kt ni vt l vi mi trng mng bng mt card mng vi cc lp OSI khc c thc hin bng phn mm bn trong host.

3.1.1.2. Repeater B lp: Repeater l mt thit b hot ng mc 1 ca m hnh OSI khuych i v nh thi li tn hiu. Thit b ny hot ng mc 1 (Physical. repeater khuych i v gi mi tn hiu m n nhn c t mt port ra tt c cc port cn li. Mc ch ca repeater l phc hi li cc tn hiu trn ng truyn m khng sa i g. 3.1.1.3. Hub:

L mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht ca LAN, y l im kt ni dy trung tm ca mng, tt c cc trm trn mng LAN c kt ni thng qua hub. Mt hub thng thng c nhiu cng ni vi ngi s dng gn my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi. Mi cng h tr mt b kt ni dy xon 10 BASET t mi trm ca mng. Khi c tn hiu

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Ethernet c truyn t mt trm ti hub, n c lp I lp li trn khp cc cng ca hub. Cc hub thng minh c th nh dng, kim tra, cho php hoc khng cho php bi ngi iu hnh mng t trung tm qun l hub. C ba loi hub: - Hub n (stand alone hub ). - Hub phn tng (stackable hub, c ti liu gi l hub sp xp ). - Hub modun (modular hub ) Modular hub rt ph bin cho cc h thng mng v n c th d dng m rng v lun c chc nng qun l, modular c t 4 n 14 khe cm, c th lp thm cc modun 10 BASET. Stackable hub l mt tng cho nhng c quan mun u t ti thiu ban u cho nhng k hoch pht trin LAN sau ny. Nu phn loi theo kh nng ta c 2 loi: - Hub b ng (Passive hub): Hub b ng khng cha nhng linh kin in t v cng khng x l cc tn hiu d liu, n c chc nng duy nht l t hp cc tn hiu t mt s on cp mng. - Hub ch ng (Active hub ): Hub ch ng c nhng linh kin in t c th khuych i v x l tn hiu in t truyn gia cc thit b ca mng. Qu trnh x l d liu c gi l tI sinh tn hiu, n lm cho tn hiu tr nn tt hn, t nhy cm v li do vy khong cch gia cc thit b c th tng ln. Tuy nhin nhng u im cng ko theo gi thnh ca hub ch ng cao hn nhiu so vi hub b ng. V c bn, trong mch Ethernet, hub hot ng nh mt repeater c nhiu cng. Ch : U ban k thut in t (IEEE 0 ) n ngh dng cc tn sau y ch 3 loi dy cp dng vi mng Ethernet chun 802.3. - Dy cp ng trc si t (thick coax ) th gi l 10 BASET5 (Tc 10 Mbps, tn s c s, khong cp ti a 500m ). - Dy cp ng trc si nh (thin coax ) gi l 10 BASET2 (Tc 10 Mbps, tn s c s, khong cp ti a 200m ). - Dy cp xon khng v bc (twisted pair ) gi l 10 BASET (Tc 10 Mbps, tn s c s, s dng cp si xon ). - Dy cp quang (Fiber Optic Inter- Repeater Link ) gi l FOIRL.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip 3.1.1.4.Lin mng (Iternetworking ) Vic kt ni cc LAN ring l thnh mt lin mng chung gi l Iternetworking. Iternetworking s dng 3 cng c chnh: bridge, router v switch. 3.1.1.5.Cu ni (bridge ): L mt thit b c x l dng ni hai mng ging nhau hoc khc nhau n c th c dng vi cc mng c giao thc khc nhau. Cu ni hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn khng nh b tip sc phi pht li tt c nhng g n nhn c th cu ni c c cc gi tin ca tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI v x l chng trc khi quyt nh c truyn i hay khng. Khi nhn c cc gi tin Bridge chn lc v ch truyn i nhng gi m n thy cn thit. iu ny lm cho Bridge tr nn c ch khi ni mt vi mng vi nhau v cho php n hot ng mt cch mm do. A B C D E F

Bridge A B C D E F

Hnh 3-3: Hot ng ca cu ni.

thc hin c iu ny trong Bridge mi u kt ni c mt bng cc a ch cc trm c kt ni vo pha , khi hot ng cu ni xem xt mi gi tin n nhn c bng cch c a ch ca nI gi v nhn v da trn a ch pha nhn c gi tin n quyt nh gi gi tin hay khng gi v b sung bng a ch. Khi c a ch ni gi Bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu c th Bridge s

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip cho rng l gi tin ni b thuc phn mng m gi tin n nn khng gi gi tin i, nu ngc li th Bridge mi huyn gi tin d i sang pha bn kia. y chng ta thy mt trm khng cn thit chuyn thng tin trn ton mng m ch trn phn mng c trm nhn m thi. Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physic Datalink Physic Datalink Physic Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physic

Hnh 3-4: Hot ng ca Bridge trong m hnh OSI. nh gi mt Bridge ngi ta thng a ra khi nim: lc v vn chuyn. - Qua trnh x l mi gi tin c gi l qu trnh lc trong tc lc th hin trc tip kh nng hot ng ca Bridge. - Tc chuyn vn c th hin s gi tin/ giy trong th hin kh nng ca Bridge chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng kh. Hin nay c hai loi Bridge ang c s dng l Bridge vn chuyn v Bridge bin dch. Bridge vn chuyn dng ni hai mng cc b cng s dng mt giao thc truyn thng ca tng lin kt d liu, tuy nhin mi mng c th s dng loi dy ni khc nhau. Bridge vn chuyn khng c kh nng thay i cu trc cc gi tin m n nhn c m ch quan tm ti vic xem xt v chuyn vn gi tin i. Bridge bin dch dng ni hai mng cc b c giao thc khc nhau n c kh nng chuyn mt gi tin thuc mng ny sang gi tin thuc mng kia trc khi chuyn qua. V d: Bridge bin dch ni mt mng Ethernet v mt mng Token ring . Khi cu ni thc hin nt token ring v mt nt Enthernet trn

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip mng Ethernet. Cu ni c th chuyn mt gi tin theo chun ang s dng trn mng Enthernet sang chun ang s dng trn mng Token ring. Tuy nhien ch y cu ni khng th chia mt gi tin ra lm nhiu gi tin cho nn phait hn ch kch thc ti a cc gi tin ph hp vi c hai mng. V d nh kch thc ti a ca cc gi tin trn mangh Ethernet l 1500 bytes v trn mng Token ring l 6000 bytes do vy nu mt trm trn mng Token ring gi mt gi tin cho trm mng Ethernet vi kch thc ln hn 1500 bytes th khi qua cu ni s lng bytes d s b cht b.

Ethernet Bridge

Token ring

Hnh 3-5: Bridge bin dch. Ngi ta s dng Bridge trong cc trng hp sau: - M rng mng hin nay khi t ti khong cch ti a do Bridge sau khi x l gi tin pht li gi tin trn phn mng cn li nn tn hiu tt hn b tip sc. - Gim bt tc nghn mng khi c qu nhiu trm bng cch s dng Bridge khi chng ta chia mng ra thnh nhiu phn bng cc Bridge, cc gi tin trong ni b tng phn mng s khng c cho php qua phn mng khc ni cc mng c giao thc khc nhau. Mt vi Bridge cn c kh nng la chn i tng vn chuyn. N c th ch chuyn vn nhng gi tin ca nhng a ch xc nh.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip V d: Cho php gi tin ca my A, B qua Bridge 1, gi tin ca my C, D qua Bridge 2.

Ethernet Bridge Bridge

Token ring

Hnh 3-6 : Lin kt mng s dng 2 Bridge. Mt s Bridge c ch to thnh mt b ring bit, ch cn c dy v bt. Cc Bridge khc ch to nh card dng cm vo my tnh, khi trn my s s dng phn mm Bridge. Vic kt hp phn mm vi phn cng cho php uyn chuyn hn trong hot ng ca Bridge. Bridge l thit b lin kt mng c dng gim bt cc min ng ln, tng bng thng cho mt host nh chia mng thnh nhng segment nh hn v gim s lng ti phi chuyn qua gia cc segment. Bridge tng lng ph trn mng 10-30% do mt thi gian a ra cc quyt nh. Bridge c khuynh hng lm vic tt nht vi nhng ni ti thp. Khi ti gia cc segment tr nn nng n, cc bridge c th tr nn tht c chai v truyn thng s chm li. Vi gi tin qung b th bridge lun lun phi chuyn chng v nu c qu nhiu cuc qung b din ra trn mng s gy ra cc time out, lm chm ti v mng hot ng km cht lng.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip 3.1.1.6.B dn ng (router ): Router l mt thit b hot ng trn tng mng, n c th tm c ng I tt nht cho cc gi tin qua nhiu kt ni I t trm gi thuc mng u n trm nhnthuc mng cui. Router c th c s dng trong vic ni nhiu mng vi nhau v cho php cc gi tin c th I theo nhiu ng khc nhau ti ch. Khc vi Bridge hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn Bridge phi x l mi gi tin trn ng truyn th Router c a ch ring bit v n ch tip nhn v x l cc gi tin gi n m thi. Khi mt trm mun gi gi tin qua Router th n phi gi gi tin vi a ch trc tip ca Router ( Trong gi tin phi cha cc thng tin khc v ch n ) v khi gi tin n Router th Router mi x l v gi tip. Khi x l cc gi tin Router phi tm c ng i tt nht trong mng da trn cc thng tin no c v mng, thng thng trn mi Router c mt bng ch ng (Router table ) ti u da trn mt thut ton xc nh trc. Ngi ta phn chia Router thnh hai loi l Router c ph thuc giao thc (The protocol dependent Routers ) v Router khng ph thuc giao thc (The protocol independent Routers) da vo phng thc x l cc gi tin khi qua Router. Router c th ph thuc giao thc. Ch thc hin vic tm ng v truyn gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc ch khng chuyn i phng cch ng gi ca gi tin cho nn c hai mng phi dng chung mt giao thc truyn thng. Routers khng ph thuc vo giao thc c th lin kt cc mng dng giao thc truyn thng khc nhau v c th chuyn i gi tin ca giao thc ny sang giao thc ca gi tin kia. Router cng chp nhn kch thc cc gi tin khc nhau (Router c th chia nh mt gi tin ln thnh nhiu gi tin nh trc truyn trn mng ).

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Application Presentation . Session Transport Network Datalink Physic Network Datalink Physic Network Datalink Physic Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physic

Hnh 3-7: Hot ng ca Router trong m hnh OSI ngn chn vic mt mt d liu Router cn nhn bit c ng i no c th chuyn vn v ngng chuyn vn khi ng b tc. Cc l do s dng Router: - Router c cc phn mm lc u vit hn l Bridge do cc gi tin mun i qua Router cn phi gi trc tip n n nn gim c s lng gi tin qua n. V thng c s dng trong khi ni cc mng thng qua c ng day thu bao t tin do n khng truyng d liu ln ng truyn. - Router c th xc nh c ng i an ton v t nht trong mng nn an ton ca thng tin c m bo hn. Trong mt mng phc hp khi cc gi tin lun phin chuyn cc ng c th gy nn tnh trng tc nghn ca mng th cc Router c th c ci t c phng thc nhm trnh c tc nghn. Cc phng thc hot ng ca Router : l phng thc m mt Router c th ni vi Router khc qua chia s thng tin v mng hin c. Cc chng trnh chy trn Router lun xy dng bng ch ng qua vic trao i cc thng tin vi cc Router khc. - Phng thc vct khong cch: mi Router lun lun truyn i thng tin v bng ch ng ca ring mnh trn mng, thng qua cc Router khc s cp nht ln bng ch ng ca mnh/ - Phng thc trng thi tnh: Router ch truyn c thng bo khi c pht hin c s thay di trong mng v ch khi cc Router khc

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip cp nht li bng ch ng, thng tin truyn i khi thng l thng tin v ng truyn. Mt s giao thc hot ng chnh ca Router - RIP (Routing Information Protocol ) c pht trin bi Xerox Network system v s dng SPX/ IPX v TCP/ IP. RIP hot ng theo phng thc vct khong cch. - NLSP (Netware Link Servise Protocol ) c pht trin bi Novell, dng thay th RIP hot ng theo phng thc vct khong cch, mi Router c bit cu trc ca mng v vic truyn cc bng ch ng gim i. - OSPF (Open Shortest Path First ) l mt phn ca TCP/ IP vi phng thc trng thi tnh, trong c xt ti u tin, gi ng truyn, mt ng truyn thng - OS - IS (Open System Interconnection Intermediate System to Intermediate System ) l mt phn ca TCP/ IP vi nhng phng thc trng thi tnh, trong c xt ti u tin, gi ng truyn, mt truyn thng 3.1.1.7.B chuyn mch (switch ): Chc nng chnh cua switch l cng mt lc duy tr nhiu cu ni gia cc thit b mng bng cch da vo mt loi ng truyn xng sng (backbone ) ni ti tc cao. Switch c nhiu cng, mi cng c th h tr ton b Ethernet LAN hoc Token Ring. B chuyn mch kt ni mt s LAN ring bit v cung cp kh nng lc gi d liu gia chng. Cc switch l loi thit b mng mi, nhiu ngi cho rng, n s tr nn ph bin nht v n l bc u tin trn con ng chuyn sang ch truyn khng ng b ATM.

Hnh 3-8: M hnh b chuyn mch

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip 3.1.2. H thng cp dng cho LAN: 3.1.2.1.Cp xon: y l loi cp gm 2 ng dy bng ng c xon vo nhau lm gim nhiu in t gy ra bi mi trng xung quanh v gia chng vi nhau. Hin nay c 2 loi cp xon l cp c bc kim loi (STP-Shield Twisted Pair) v cp khng bc kim loi (UTP-Unshield Twisted Pair). Cp c bc kim loi (STP): Lp bc bn ngoi c tc dng chng nhiu in t, c loi c mt i dy xon vo nhau v c loi c nhiu i dy xon vo nhau. Cp khng bc kim loi (UTP) : tnh tng t nh STP nhng km hn v kh nng chng nhim t v suy hao v khng c v bc. STP v UTP c 2 loi (Category-Cat) thng dng: Loi 1 v 2 (Cat1 & Cat2) : thng ding cho truyn thoi v nhng ng truyn tc thp (nh hn 4Mb/s). Loi 3 (Cat3) : Tc truyn d liu khong 16Mb/s, n l chun hu ht cho cc mng in thoi. Loi 4 (Cat4) : Thch hp cho ng truyn 20Mb/s. Loi 5 (Cat5) : Thch hp cho ng truyn 100Mb/s. Loi 6 (Cat6) : Thch hp cho ng truyn 300Mb/s. y l loi cp r , d lp t tuy nhin n d b nh hng ca mi trng. 3.1.2.2. Cp ng trc: Cp ng trc c 2 ng dy dn v chng c cng 1 trc chung , 1 dy dn trung tm (thng l dy ng cng) ng dy cn li to thnh ng ng bao xung quanh dy dn trung tm ( dy dn ny c th l dy bn kim loi v v n c chc nng chng nhim t nn cn gi l lp bc kim). Gia 2 dy dn trn c 1 lp cch ly, v bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp. Cp ng trc c suy hao t hn so vi cc loi cp ng khc ( nh cp xon i) do t b nh hng ca mI trng. Cc mng cc b s dng cp ng trc c th c kch thc trong phm vi vi ngn mt, cp ng trc c s dng nhiu trong cc mng dng ng thng. Hai loi cp thng c s dng l cp ng trc mng v cp ng trc dy. ng knh cp ng trc mng l 0,25 inch v dy l 0,5 inch. C hai loi cp u lm vic cng tc nhng cp ng trc mng c hao suy tn hiu ln hn.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Hin nay c cp ng trc sau : RG -58,50 m: dng cho mng Ethernet RG - 59,75 m: dng cho truyn hnh cp Cc mng cc b s dng cp ng trc c di thng t 2,5 - 10Mbps, cp ng trc c suy hao t hn so vi cc loi cp ng khc v n c lp v bc bn ngoi, di thng thng ca mt on cp ni trong mng l 200m, thng s dng cho dng Bus. 3.1.2.3. Cp si quang Cp si quang bao gm mt dy dn trung tm (l mt hoc mt b si thu tinh c th truyn dn tn hiu quang) c bc mt lp v bc c tc dng phn x cc tn hiu tr li gim s mt mt tn hiu. Bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp. Cp si quang khng truyn dn c cc tin hiu in m ch truyn cc tn hiu quang v khi nhn chng s li chuyn i tr li thnh cc tn hiu in. Cp quang c ng knh t 8.3 - 100 micron, do ng knh li thu tinh c kch thc rt nh nn rt kh khn cho vic u ni, n cn cng ngh c bit vi k thut cao v chi ph cao. Di thng ca cp quang c th ln ti hng Gbps v cho php khong cch i cp kh xa do suy hao tn hiu trn cp rt thp. Ngoi ra v cp si quang khng dng tn hiu in t truyn d liu nn n hon ton khng b nh hng ca nhiu in t v tn hiu truyn khng b pht hin v thu trn bng cc thit b in t ca ngi khc. Nhc im ca cp quang l kh lp t v gi thanh cao, nhng nhn chung cp quang thch hp cho mi mng hin nay v sau ny. Cc loi cp Cp xon cp Cp ng trc mng Chi tit Bng ng, Bng ng, 2 co 4 cp dy dy, ng (loi 3,4,5) knh 5mm Chiu di 100m 185m on ti a S u ni ti a trn 2 mt on 30 Cp ng trc dy Bng ng, 2 dy, ng knh 10mm 500m Cp quang Thu tinh 2 si 1000m

100

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Chy c 10Mbps Chy 100 c Mbps Chng nhiu Tt Bo mt tin cy Trung bnh Tt c c Tt Trung bnh Trung bnh Khng tt Kh Thp c c Tt Trung bnh Kh Khng tt Kh Trung bnh c c Tt Hon ton Kh Tt Trung bnh Cao

Khc phc Tt li Qun l D dng Chi ph cho Rt thp mt trm

Hnh 3-9: Bng cc loi cp 3.2.Thit k mng LAN: 3.2.1. M hnh phn cp (Hierarchical models):

Access

Distribution

Core

Hnh 3-10: M hnh phn cp

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip - Cu trc: Lp li (Core Layer ): y l trc sng sng ca mng (backbone) thng dng cc b chuyn mch c tc cao(Hight- Speed Switching) thng c cc c tnh nh tin cy cao, cng sut d tha, kh nng t khc phc li, kh nng thch nghi cao, p ng nhanh, d qun l, kh nng lc gi, hay lc cc tin trnh trong mng. Lp phn tn(Distribution Layer): L danh gii gia lp truy nhp v lp li ca mng. Lp phn tn m bo chc nng nh m bo gi d liu n tng phn on, m bo an ninh an ton, on mng theo tng nhm cng tc, chia min Broadcast/multicast, nh tuyn gia cc LAN o (VLAN), chuyn mi trng chuyn dn, nh tuyn gia cc min, to bin gii gia cc min trong nh tuyn tnh v ng, thc hin cc b lc gi ( theo a ch theo s hiu cng), thc hin cc c ch m bo cht lng dch v QOS. Lp truy nhp (Access Layer): cung cp cc kh nng truy nhp cho ngi dng cc b hay t xa truy nhp vo mng. Thng c thc hin bng cc b chuyn mch (switch) trong mi trng campus, hay cng ngh WAN. - nh gi m hnh: Gi thnh thp. D ci t. D m rng. D c lp li. 3.2.2. M hnh an ninh an ton: An ton v bo mt lun l l do khin chng ta chn gii php lp t kiu mng da trn my phc v. Trong mi trng da trn my phc v, ch bo mt do ngi qun tr mng qun l, bng cch t ra cc chnh sch v p t cc chnh sch y cho tng ngi dng trn mng. Khi nim: Theo mi nh ngha rng th an ninh an ton mng dng ring, hay mng ni b l gi khng cho ai lm ci m mng ni b khng mun cho lm.

45

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Vy khi kt ni LAN phi trin khai c ch no thc hin yu cu an ninh an ton. Chng ta gi l an ninh an ton mng. Ti nguyn m chng ta mun bo v l g? L cc dinhcj v m mng ang trin khai L cc thng tin quan trng m mng ang lu gi, hay cn lu chuyn . L cc ti nguyn phn cng v phn mm m h thng mng c cung ng cho nhng ngi dng m n cho php. Nhn t mt kha cnh khc th vn an ninh an ton khi thc hin kt ni LAN cn c th hin qua tnh bo mt (confidentiality ), tnh ton vn (integrity) v tnh sn dng (availability) ca cc ta nguyn v phn cng, phn mm, d liu v cc dch v ca h thng mng. Vn an ninh - an ton cn th hin qua mi quan h gia ngi dng vi h thng mng v ti nguyn trn mng. Cc quan h ny c xc nh , c m bo qua cc phng thc xc thc (authentication ), xc nh c php (authorization ) dng v b t chi (repudiation ). Chng ta s xt chi tit: Tnh bo mt: Bo m ti nguyn mng khng b tip xc, b s dng bi ngi khng c thm quyn. Chng hn d liu truyn i trn mng c m bo khng b ly trm cn c m ho trc khi truyn. Cc ti nguyn u c ch v c bo v bng cc cng c v cc c ch an ninh an ton. Tnh ton vn: m bo khng c vic s dng, v sa i nu khng c cho php, v d nh ly hay sa i d liu, cng nh thay i cu hnh h thng bi nhng ngi khng c php hoc khng c quyn. Thng tin lu hay truyn trn mng v cc tp cu hnh h thng lun c m bo gi ton vn. Chng ch c s dng v c sa i bi nhng ngi ch ca n hay c cho php. Tnh sn dng: Ti nguyn trn mng lun c m bo khng th b chim gi bi ngi khng c quyn. Cc ti nguyn lun sn sng phc v nhng ngi c php s dng. Nhng ngi c quyn c th c dng bt c khi no. Thuc tnh ny rt quan trng, nht l trong cc dch v mng phc v cng cng (ngn hng, t vn, chnh ph in t,).

46

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Vic xc thc: Thc hin xc nh ngi dng c quyn dng mt ti nguyn no ng thng tin hay ti nguyn phn mm v phn cng trn mng. Vic xc thc thng kt hp vi s cho php, hay t chi phc v. Xc thc thng c dng l mt khu (password), hay cn cc ca ngi dng nh vn tay hay cc du hiu c dng. S cho php xc nh ngi dng c quyn thc hin mt hnh ng no nh c ghi mt tp (ly thng tin ), hay chy chng trnh (dng ti nguyn phn mm), truy nhp vo mt on mng (dng ti nguyn phn cng), gi hay nhn th in t, tra cu c s d liu, dch v mng Ngi dng thng phi qua giai on xc thc bng mt khu (password, RADIUS ) trc khi c php khai thc thng tin hay mt ti nguyn no trn mng. Xy dng an ninh an ton mng khi kt ni LAN nh th no? Cc bc xy dung: Xc nh cn bo v ci g? Xc nh bo v khi nhng loi tn cng no ? Xc nh nhng mi e do an ninh c th ? Xc nh cc cng c m bo an ninh ? Xy dng m hnh an ninh an ton. Thng kim tra cc bc trn, nng cp, cp nht v h thng khi c mt l hng an ninh - an ton c cnh bo. Mc ch ca vic xy dng m hnh an ninh an ton khi kt ni LAN l xy dng cc phng n trin khai vn an ninh an ton khi kt ni v a LAN vo hot ng. u tin mc ch v yu cu v vn an ninh an ton h thng ng dng phi c vch ra r rng. Chng hn mc tiu v yu cu an ninh an ton khi kt ni LAN cho cc c quan hnh chnh nh nc s khc vi vic kt ni LAN cho cc trng i hc. Th hai, m hnh an ninh an ton phi ph hp vi cc chnh sch, nguyn tc v lut l hin hnh. Th ba, phi gii quyt c vn lin quan n an ninh an ton mt cch ton ca. C ngha l phi m bo c v phng tin k thut v con ngi trin khai. Mt s cng c trin khai m hnh an ninh an ton H thng tng la 3 phn (three-part firewall System)

47

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip - H thng tng la l g? Tng la l mt cng c phc v cho vic thc hin an ninh an ton mng t vong ngoi, nhim v ca n nh l h thng hn ro vong ngoi ca c s cn bo v. Khi kt ni hai hay nhiu phn t ca LAN nguy c mt an ninh ti cc im kt ni l rt ln, tng la l cng c c chn t ti cc im kt ni . Tng la trong ting Anh l Firewall, l ghp ca hai t fireproof v wall ngha l ngn khng cho la chy lan. Trong xy dung, tng la c thit k ngn khng cho la chy lan t phn ny ca to nh sang phn khc ca to nh khi c ho hon. Trong cng ngh mng, tng la c xy dng vi mc ch tng t, n ngn nga cc him ho t pha cng ng cc mng cng cng hay mng Internet, hay tn cng vo mt mng ni b (internal networt) ca mt cng ty, hay mt t chc khi mng ny kt ni qua mng cng cng, hay internet. - Chc nng ca h thng tng la: Tng la dt cng vo/ ra ca mng, kim sot vic truy cp vo ra ca mng ngn nga vi tn cng t pha ngoi vo mng ni b. Tng la phi kim tra, pht hin, d tm du vt tt c cc d liu i qua n lm c s cho cc quyt nh (cho php, loi b, xc thc, m ho, ghi nht k) kim sot cc dch v ca mng n bo v. m bo mc an ninh an ton cao, tng la phi c kh nng truy nhp, phn tch v s dng cc thng tin v truyn thng trong 7 tng v cc trng thi ca cc phin truyn thng v cc ng dng. Tng la cng phi c kh nng thao tc cc d liu bng cc php ton logic, s hc nhm thc hin cc yu cu v an ninh an ton. Tng la bao gm cc thnh phn: cc b lc hay sng lc.

Mng trong

B lc vo

Gateway B lc Cng vo/ ra ra

Mng ngoi

M hnh tng la Hnh 3-11: M hnh logic ca tng la

48

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Tng la chnh l cng (gateway) vo/ ra ca mt mng ni b (mng trong), trn c t hai b lc vo/ra kim tra d liu vo/ra mng ni b. Xc nh v tr t tng la trong h thng mng hin i. Theo truyn thng th tng la c t ti v tr vo/ra mng ni b (mng c bo v) vi mng cng cng (mng ngoi), hay mng internet (khi kt ni vi internet). Ngy nay trong mt t chc khi kt ni LAN c th ni mng khc nhau, v do yu cu an ninh an ton ca on mng khc nhau. Khi tng la s c t v tr vo/ ra ca on mng cn bo v. D liu vo/ra mng ni b vi mng ngoi u i qua tng la, do tng la, do tng la c th kim sot v m bo d liu no l c th c chp nhn (acceptable) cho php vo/ra mng ni b. V mt logic th tng la l im tht (choke point). C ch ny bt buc nhng k tn cng t pha ngoi H thng tng la chia thnh ba phn (Three- Part Fire Wall System) c bit quan trng tring thit k WAN. y chng ti ch nu mt s kha cnh chung nht cu trc ca m hnh trong thit k mng LAN.

Error! Hidden Corporate Systems

Advertise Route to Isolation LAN Only

Bastion Hosts

Internet
Inside Filter Outside Filter

Hnh 3-12 : M hnh tng la 3 phn

49

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip - LAN c lp lm vng m gia mng cng tc vi mng bn ngoi (LAN c lp c gi l khu phi qun s hay vng DMZ). - Thit b nh tuyn trong c ci t b lc gi c t gia DMZ v mng cng tc. - Thit b nh tuyn ngoi c ci t b lc gi c t gia DMZ v mng ngoi. 3.2.3. Cc bc thit k: 3.2.3.1. Phn tch yu cu s dng: - Xc nh muc tiu s dng LAN: ai s dng LAN v yu cu dung lng trao i d liu loi hnh dch v , thi gian p ng, yu cu pht trin ca LAN trong tng lai, xc nh ch s hu v qun tr LAN. - Xc nh s lng nt mng hin thi v tng lai (rt ln trn 1000 nt, va trn 100 nt v nh di 10 nt ). Trn c s s ln nt mng, chng ta c phng thc phn cp, chn k thut chuyn mch, v chn k thut chuyn mch. - Da vo m hnh phng ban phn on vt l m bo hai yu cu an ninh v m bo cht lng dch v. - Da vo m hnh TOPO la chn cng ngh i cp. - D bo cc yu cu m rng. 3.2.3.2. La chn cc thit b phn cng: Da trn cc phn tch yu cu v kinh ph d kin cho ic trin khai, chng ta s la chn nh cung cp thit b ln nht nh l Cisco, Nortel, 3COM, Intel Cc cng ngh tin tin nht ph hp vi iu kin VIt Nam (kinh t v k thut ) hin c trn th trng, v s c trong tng lai gn. Cc cng ngh c kh nng m rng. Phn cng chia lm 3 phn: h tng kt ni (h thng cp ), cc thit b ni (hub, switch, bridge, router ), cc thit b x l (cc loi server, cc loi my in, cc thit b lu tr) 3.2.3.3.La chn phn mm: - La chn h iu hnh Unix (AIX, OSP, HP, Solais, ), Linux, Windows da trn yu cu v x l s lng giao dch, p ng giao dch, p ng thi gian thc, kinh ph, an ninh an ton.

50

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip - La chn cc cng c pht trin ng dng phn mm nh cc phn mm qun tr c s d liu (Oracle, Informix, SQL, Lotusnote,) cc phn mm portal nh Websphere, - La chn cc phn mm mng nh th in t (Sendmail, PostOffice, Netscape, ), Webserver (Apache, IIS,). - La chn cc phn mm m bo an ninh an ton mng nh phn mm tng la (PIX, Checkpoint, Netfilter,), phn mm chng virut (VirutWall, NAV,) phn mm chng t nhp v phn mm qut l hng an ninh trn mng. - La chn cc phn mm qun l v qun tr mng. 3.2.3.4. Cng c qun tr: Cc cng c qun tr c th c ci t trn my ch hoc ci t trn my trm (Ci t Administrative Tools). Cc cng c qun tr c th khng xut hin trong cc nhm cng c qun tr. Chng bao gm nhng cng c thng dng v nhng cng c nng cao sau: Component Services. Computer Management. Data Source (ODBC). Distributed File System. Event Viewer. Internet Services Manager. Licensing. Local Security Pollcy. Performance. Routing And Remote Access. Server Extention Adminstrator. Services. Telnet Servser Adminstrator. Active Directory User And Computer. Active Directory Sites And Services. 3.2.4.Xy dng mng LAN quy m mt to nh: Xy dng LAN trong to nh iu hnh , phc v cho cng tc nghin cu v ging dy.

51

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip 3.2.4.1. H thng mng bao gm: H thng cc thit b chuyn mch (switch,switch c chc nng nh tuyn laver 3 switch ) cung cp nn tng mng cho cc my tnh c th trao i thng tin vi nhau. Do ton b phn mng xy dng tp trong 1 to nh nn h thng cp truyn dn s s dng bao gm cc cp ng tiu chun UTP CAT5 v cp quang a mode. Cng ngh mng cc b s s dng l Ethernet/ fastEthernet/ GigabitEthernet tng ng tc 10/100/100 Mbps chy trn cp UTP hoc cp quang. - Cc my ch dch v nh `c s d liu qun l, ging dy, truyn thng - Cc my tnh phc v cho cng tc nghin cu khoa hc : Cung cp cc thng tin cho sinh vin, gio vin, v cung cp cng c lm vic cho cc b ging dy, cc b mn, khoa. - Cc my tnh phc v ring cho cng tc qun l hnh chnh nhm thc hin mc tiu tin hc ho qun l hnh chnh. 3.2.4.2: Phn tch yu cu: - Mng my tnh l mng LAN Campus Network c bng thng rng khai thc hiu qu cc ng dng, c s d liu c trng ca t chc cng nh p ng cc kh nng chy cc ng dng a phng tin ( hnh nh, m thanh,) phc v cho cng tc ging dy t xa - Mng xy dng da trn nn tng cng ngh truyn dn tc cao Ethernet/ fastEthernet/ GigabitEthernet v h thng cp mng xon UTP CAT 5 v cp quang a mode. - Mng cn c n nh cao v kh nng d phng m bo cht lng cho vic truy cp cc d liu quan trng cng nh o to t xa. H thng cc mng phi c kh nng d phng 1:1 cho cc kt ni Switch switch cng nh m bo kh nng sa cha cch ly s c d dng. - Mng c kh nng cung cp vic ging dy t xa trong phm vi t chc nn cc ng dng phi p ng thi gian thc. - H thng cp mng cn c thit k m bo p ng cc yu cu v kt ni tc cao v kh nng d phng cng nh m rng ln cc cng ngh mi.

52

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip - Mng cn m bo an ninh an ton cho ton b thit b ni b trc cc truy nhp tri php mng ngoi cng nh t cc truy nhp gin tip c mc ch ph hoi nn cn c tng la. - LAN ny c cu thnh bi cc Switch chuyn mch tc cao hn ch ti thiu xung t d liu truyn ti ( non Blocking) cc switch c kh nng to cc LAN o phn on mng thnh cc phn on nh hn cho tng phng ban. - Vic phn chia cc phn mng LAN o cho php cc phng ban t chc c cc phn mng my tnh c lp tin cho vic pht trin cc ng dng ni b cng nh tng cng tnh bo mt gia cc phn mng my tnh ca cc phng ban khc nhau. - Mng m bo kh nng nh tuyn trao i thng tin gia cc phn mng LAN o khc nhau cho php cc phn mng khc nhau c th kt ni n nhau thng qua mi trng mng dng chung. 3.2.4.3. Thit k h thng : H thng chuyn mch v nh tuyn trung tm cho LAN - H thng chuyn mch chnh bao gm cc Switch c kh nng x l tc cao c c cu phn thnh 2 lp l lp phn tn ( distribution) v lp cung cp truy nhp (access) cho cc u cui my tnh. Switch truy cp lm nhim v cung cp cng truy nhp cho cc u cui my tnh v tch hp cng truy cp vi mt cao. Cc kt ni gia switch truy cp v switch phn phi l cc kt ni truyn ti d liu qua li cho cc LAN o nn c tc cao 100/100 Mbps. Cc switch truy cp cung cp cc cng truy cp cho my tnh mng c tc thp hn nn cn c cng 10/100 Mbps. - H thng Switch phn phi theo cu hnh chun s bao gm 2 switch c cu hnh mnh p ng c yu cu chuyn mch d liu tc cao v tp trung lu lng n ti cc access switch. Cu hnh 2 switch phn phi cho php mng li c d phng cao ( d phng nng 1:1) tuy nhin trong trng hp quy m mng ban u khng ln v chi ph hn ch vn c th trin khai mng vi mt mng switch phn phi dp ng c yu cu hot ng.

53

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip - H thng cc Switch truy cp cung cp cc my tnh ng kt ni vo mng d liu. Do phn ln cc giao tip mng cho cc my tnh u cui cng nh server hin ti c bng thng 10/100 Mbps nn cc switch truy cp cng s dng cng ngh 10/100 base TX Fast Ethernet v p ng mc tiu cung cp s lng cng truy nhp ln cho php m rng s lng ngi truy cp v mng. Cc ng kt ni gia switch truy cp v switch phn phi c goi l cung cp kt ni ln (up Link) . Mng my ch ni b Switch phn tn layer 3 Chc nng layer 3 Chc nng layer 2
Switch truy cp Switch truy cp

My ch c s d liu

My ch qu ly

My trm

My trm

My trm

My trm

My trm

My trm

My trm

My trm

My trm My trm

My trm

Mng LAN mi trong to nh

My trm

Kt ni 100Mbps Kt ni 10Mbps Hnh 3-13: M hnh thit k

54

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Phn 2 Kho st thit k mng 1. Yu cu thit k: - Thc hin xy dng mt h thng mng ni b trong phm vi mt to nh 1 tng c 100 nt mng c b tr cc thit b (Cc t phn phi, cc thit b mng, cc my tnh v my ch) nh trong bn thit k (xem ph lc). - H thng mng c thit k theo TOPO hnh sao hai mc, gm cc Switch 100/1000 Mbps t ti trung tm mng (mc 1), cc switch 10/100 Mbps b tr to phn khu lm vic, cc tng (mc 2) chi tit xem ph lc. - H thng my ch phc v c t ti trung tm mng gm c 1 my ch mail phc v vic gi / nhn th in t, my phc v ( Gateway,Proxy, DHCP), my ch phc v nh mt trung tm d liu v cung cp cc cng c cho vic qun tr h thng. - H thng cp truyn dn cn oc m bo v yu cu kt ni tc cao, kh nng d phng hn ch thp nht nhng s c xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh ngoi ra p ng c kh nng m rng mng trong tng lai. 2. Phn tch, thit k h thng. S patchpanel 24 port STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Port/ Patchpanel 1/1 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8 1/9 1/10 1/11 K hiu Outlet 105.1.1 105.1.2 105.1.3 105.1.4 105.1.5 105.1.6 105.1.7 105.1.8 105.1.9 105.1.10 105.1.11 S Phng 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 107

55

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 1/12 1/13 1/14 1/15 1/16 1/1 1/2 1/3 1/1 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8 1/9 1/10 1/11 1/1 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8 1/9 1/10 1/11 1/12 1/13 1/14 1/15 105.1.12 105.1.13 105.1.14 105.1.15 105.1.16 104.1.1 104.1.2 104.1.3 103.1.1 103.1.2 103.1.3 103.1.4 103.1.5 103.1.6 103.1.7 103.1.8 103.1.9 103.1.10 103.1.11 102.1.1 102.1.2 102.1.3 102.1.4 102.1.5 102.1.6 102.1.7 102.1.8 102.1.9 102.1.10 102.1.11 102.1.12 102.1.13 102.1.14 102.1.15 107 106 106 106 106 104 104 104 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 101 101 101 101 101 101 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102

56

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Theo s thit k. y l m hnh sao m rng hai mc: Mc 1: H thng cp xon UTP CAT 5 c ni n Phng mng trung tm gm c cc Switch 100/1000 Mbps , cc my ch. Mc 2: H thng cp xon UTP CAT5 c ni t cc u cui backbond n cc my tnh ca ngi dung. Hin nay cp xon UTP CAT5 rt thng dng, c s dng nhiu trong cc m hnh mng v gi thnh lp t r, d i dy, d qun l. Trong s thit k tit kim cc khon chi tiu mua thit b th chng ti t cc phng : kinh doanh, phng gim c, phng hnh chnh tng hp c kt ni chung vo mt Switch 10/100 Mbps t ti phng 105. Phng k ton, phng d n c ni chung vo mt Switch t ti phng 102.Ring phng k thut t ring mt Switch 10/100 Mbps ti phng 103 Mt Switch 100/1000 Mbps t ti trung tm mng(Phng mng- 104), c ba Switch 10/100 Mbps c ni vi Switch trung tm. Mi phng trong Cng ty c lp t thm mt my In SamSung Laser Printer 1740 (A4,600dpi, 17ppm,8MB), mt my qut Epson Scanner Perfection 1270 (A4; 1200dpi; 48 bit color; Scan& Copy; USB Port). Cc Outlet c gn trn tng cch sn nh 30 cm, trn cc outlet chng ti nh du k hiu: a.b.c. Trong : a: phng t thit b Switch, b: v tr my c t trn backbond s b; c: s cng trn backbond. H thng cc switch truy cp cung cp cho cc my tnh ng kt ni vo mng d liu. Do phn ln cc giao tip mng cho my tnh u cui cng nh server hin nay c bng thng 10/100Mbps nn chng ti s dng cc switch truy cp cng s dng cng ngh 10/100 Base TX FastEthernet v p ng mc tiu cung cp s lng cng truy nhp ln cho php m rng s lng ngi truy cp mng cho tng lai. V yu cu lp t l m hnh mng hai mc nn trong qu trnh lp t v i dy chng ti cn trng ba cng trn Switch trung tm m bo c th m rng mng trong tng lai. Mng cn c n nh cao v kh nng d phng m bo cho vic truy cp cc ng dng d liu quan trng cng nh qun l nn chng ti phi s dng h thng cp mng c kh nng d phng 1:1 cho cc kt ni switch- switch cng nh m bo kh nng sa cha, cch ly s c d dng.

57

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip 2.1. H thng chuyn mch Theo s thit k (tham kho bn v phn ph lc). H thng mng gm c 1 Switch 100/1000Mbps 24 port c dt ti phng mng trung tm, cc Switch truy cp c t ti cc phn khu lm vic v cc tng. Cc Switch truy cp c kt ni vi Switch trung tm qua cng Uplink 2.2. H thng cp Ton b h thng mng 7c b tr trong mt ta nh nn h thng cp truyn dn nn ch s dng cp ng xon loi UTP CAT5 c b tr i ni cch chn tng 30 cm t cc Switch truy cp n cc v tr t my tnh.Cng ngh mng cc b LAN s c dng l Erthernet/ Fast Ethernet tng ng vi tc 10/100 Mbps. C hai h thng cp chnh. H thng cp backbond kt ni cc Switch truy cp n h thng Switch trung tm v h thng cp UTP kt ni t cc Packpanel ti cc u cui backbond n cc outlet c. T phn phi v cc Outlet d. H thng ngun cung cp v cc thit b d phng. e. H iu hnh mng v cc phn mm lin quan 3. Ci t, cu hnh h thng 3.1. Ci t cc dch v cho Server: Cu hnh ti thiu ca my Server: My tnh: Pentium II 300 Mhz, 256MB RAM tr ln. H iu hnh: Microsoft Windows 2000 Server, Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server vi Service Pack 1 tr ln hay Microsoft Windows 2000 Datacenter v cc partition phi nh dng theo NTFS. Cu hnh mng LAN (Local Area Network) : Mng LAN nn cu hnh theo IP tnh (tt c cc my u gn mt a ch IP v Subnet mask) 3.2. Thit lp cu hnh TCP/IP cho cc my trm: Theo s thit k trn, h thng mng c 100 nt mng nn ta s s dng lp C t a ch IP cho cc my trm. a ch lp C: N N N H 24 BIT

58

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Vi a ch IP lp C : 192.168.0.*/24 tng ng vi 28 = (256 -2) my. Thit lp t a ch IP cho cc my trong LOCAL khi s dng tnh nng ny Internet sharing t ng gn IP my ch l 192.168.0.1 IP ng Win 2k Start -> Setting -> Control Panel -> Network and Dial- up Connections. Click chut phi vo Local Area Connection chn Properties. Nhp kp chut vo Internet Protocol (TCP/ IP) Click chn Obtain DNS Server Address Automatical (Xem hnh 0-8) -> OK

Hnh 3-1 Win XP Start -> Setting -> Control Panel -> Network and Dial- up Connections. Click chut phi vo Local Area Connection chn Properties. Nhp kp chut vo Internet Protocol (TCP/ IP) Click chn Obtain DNS Server Address Automatically (Xem hnh 09) -> OK

59

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hnh 3-2 IP tnh Win 2k: Start -> Setting -> Control Panel -> Network and Dial up Connections. Click chut phi vo Local Area Connection chn Properties. Nhp kp chut vo Internet Protocol (TCP/IP ) Sau nhp cc a ch ln lt cho IP address, Gateway, DNS nh sau (Xem hnh 0-10)

Hnh 3-3 Win XP: Start -> Setting -> Control Panel -> Network Connections Nhp chut phi vo Local Area Connection chn Properties Nhp kp chut vo Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

60

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Sau nhp cc a ch ln lt cho IP address, Gateway, DNS nh sau ( Xem hnh 0-11) IP address: 192.168.0.x (gi tr X khc 1) Gateway: 192.168.0.1 (IP my ch) DNS: 192.168.0.1 (IP my ch)

Hnh 3-4 Thit lp bt tnh nng Internet connection sharing ti my ch Win 2K To kt ni (Xem to kt ni) Nhp chut phi vo biu tng kt ni -> Properties nh du chn Enable Internet Connect sharing (Xem hnh 0-12)

Hnh 3-5 Win XP To kt ni (Xem cch to kt ni) Nhp chut phi vo biu tng kt ni -> Properties

61

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip nh du chn Allow other network(Xem hnh 0-13)

Hnh 3-6 Ch : Trng hp bn c nhiu kt ni, v d: VNN1260- VNN1269FPT th Internet connection sharing ch bt cho duy nhp mt kt ni m thi, nu bn chn tnh nng ny cho kt ni khc th bn phi chn li. 3.3. Thc hin kim tra hot ng ca mng: T chc IEEE v TIA/EIA xy dng cc chun cho php bn kim tra th xem mng c hot ng mc c th chp nhn c hay khng.Nu mng qua c cc kim tra th ny v c chp nhn tha m n cc tiu chun thit lp. Gi tr c s ny l mt ghi nhn im bt u ca mng hay nng lc hot ng c lp t mi. Cn bit rng s o c s l quan trng. Cng vic kim tra th khng kt thc ch v ci t mng c tha nhn l ph hp vi cc tiu chun. Ta tip tc kim tra mng thng xuyn m bo phm cht ca mng lun t mc nh. Ta c th lm vic ny bng cch so snh cc s o hin hnh vi cc gi tr ghi khi h thng c xem l hot ng tt. Nu c thay i ng k so vi cc gi th c s, iu ny ch ra rng c ci g khng n i vi mng. Lp li kim tra th vi mng, v so snh da trn cc s o c s, s gip bn pht hin ra cc vn mng c bit c th do s l o ha, thc t bo tr ti, thi tit v cc yu t khc.

62

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip 3.3.1. Qu trnh kim tra dng m hnh OSI: Tng quan v qu trnh kim tra th Presentation Application Sesstion Transport Network Data Link Physical Hnh 0-14: Cc s c thng xy ra trn cc mng IP l kt qu ca cc li trong lc nh a ch. iu quan trng l kim tra cu hnh a ch ca bn trc khi tip tc cc bc cu hnh tip theo. Vic kim tra c bn mt mng nn thc hin theo th t tng lp ca m hnh tham chiu OSI n lp k tip. Mi kim tra c trnh by trong phn ny s tp trung trn cc hot ng mng ti mt lp c ch nh trong m hnh OSI. Nh trnh by trn hinh 0-14 cc lnh telnet, ping, trace, show ip router, show interfaces v debug l cc lnh cho php ta kim tra mng. 3.3.2. Kim tra lp mng vi lnh ping Nh mt cng c tr gip chun on cu ni mng cn bn, nhiu giao thc mng h tr mt giao thc phn hi (echo). Cc giao thc phn hi c dng kim tra cc gi giao thc c ang c nh tuyn khng. Lnh ping gi mt gi n host ch v i gi phc p t host ch ny. Kt qu t giao thc phn hi gip nh gi v tin cy ca ng dn ti host (path to host), thi gian tr trn ng dn, host c c tip cn hay khng hoc ang thc hin chc nng. Kim tra s lin thng gia cc my: Ping <a ch IP/ hostname ca my cn kim tra > Start -> Run -> nh cmd (Windows 2k), command (Windows98) Telnet

Ping Trace Show ip route Show interface

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

3.3.3. Kim tra cc thng s cu hnh mng: Cch vo kim tra h thng mng: Start-> Run -> CMD ->OK

Lnh: IPConfig C php: ipconfig/all Cng dng: Kim tra a ch cu hnh ca my hin thi, nu my dng dch v DHCP th a ch IP khng c nh sau mi ln khi ng my tnh.

Lnh: Nslookup C php: Nslookup Cng dng: Kim tra dch v DNS, sau khi nh lnh ny my yu cu nhp a ch IP ca my cn tm tn hoc nhp tn my phn gii a ch IP. Nhp lnh Exit thot.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

4. D ton chi ph mua thit b ,vt t: STT S lng Tn thit b Cu hnh my ch CPU: Intel Pentium 4 2.26GHz-512K- BUS 533 MHz (Tray) HDD: Maxtor 80.0 GB DiamondPlus 9(7200rpm) Serial ATA; 8MB cache RAM:DDRam 512MB bus 400 (PC3200) Kingston- Retail Box Mainboard: GIGABYTE 81865 GVMK- Intel 865P (HT)-Dual DDRam 400 Serial ATA;Sound 8 Channel & NIC onboard; AGP 8X; 533/800 FSB FDD: Mitsumi FDD 1.44 MOUSE: Mitsumi Scroll Mouse PS/2 KEYBOARD:Mitsumi Key board PS/2 & Serial MONITOR: Samsung SyncMaster 15 (591S)Made in Vit Nam CASE: Apollo Full Size ATX 350W- 066 (C USB) CD ROM:SamSung CDRom 52X Speed- Box LOA:Microlab Subwoofer M560- 2.1 (400W) WEB CAM: ZOOM ADSL X4 Etherner + USB/ Router/ Gateway/ Firewall/ Splitter Gi thnh $ 118.0 $ 73.0 $ 52.0 $ 74.0

$ 7.0 $ 4.0 $ 6.0 $ 90.0 $ 21.0 $ 15.0 $ 18.0 $ 80.0

65

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip UPS(B lu in): Santak UPS offine 1000 VA $ 99.0 (TG 1000) My qut: Epson Scanner Perfection 1270 (A4; $ 106.0 1200dpi; 48 bit color; Scan& Copy; USB Port) My in: SamSung Laser Printer 1740 $ 146.0 (A4,600dpi, 17ppm,8MB)- China

7 7

Cu hnh my khch
CPU: Intel Celeron 1.8GHz - 128K - BUS 400MHz (Tray) HDD: Maxtor 40.0GB (7200rpm) ATA 133; 2MB cache RAM: DDRam 128MB bus333 (PC2700) VData, AM1, Elixir Mainboard: PRETECH PM266A- VIA chipset (No Prescott )- DDRam 266 VGA & Sound & NIC onboard; 01 AGP 4X; Upto P4 2.8 GHz; 533 FSB FDD: Mitsumi FDD 1.44 MOUSE: Mitsumi Scroll Mouse PS/2 KEYBOARD: Mitsumi Key board PS/2 & Serial MONITOR: LG Studioworks 15 (505 G)Made in Viet Nam pollo Full Size ATX 350w T99(Khng USB) $ 66.0 $ 52.0 $ 12.5 $ 50.0

100

$ 7.0 $ 4.0 $ 6.0 $ 87.0 $ 20.0 $ 26 $ 0.3 $ 10.0 $ 86.0

Cc thit b mng
3 hp 200 1 2 AMP Cat 5 UTP 4- pair CMR rated, Solid Cable AMP RJ- 45 Conector Km bm dy mng RJ 11 v RJ 45 Cnet/ Repotec Switch HUB 10/100 24 Port

- Gi thnh my ch: Tng = $ 657 = 10.236.200 vnd. - Gi thnh my khch: Tng =$ 324.5 = 5.055.720 vnd. 100 my=100*5.055.720 = 505.572.000 vnd. - Cc thit b mng:

66

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip * Dy cp xon UTP CAT 5: =$ 26 = 405.080 vnd 3*405.080 =1.215.240 vnd. * u ni RJ 45: =$ 0.3= 4.674 vnd. 200* 4.674 =934.800 vnd. * Km bm : =$10 =155.800 vnd. * Switch 10/100 Mbps : = $ 86 = 1.339.880 vnd. 3* 1.339.880 = 4.019.640 vnd. - My quyt: =$ 106 =1.651.480 vnd 7* 1.651.480 = 11.560.360 vnd. - My in : =$ 146 = 2.274.680 vnd. 7* 2.274.680 = 15.922.760 vnd. Tng tin: = 535.286.316 vnd

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Kt lun
Trong thi gian nghin cu v vn dng nhng kin thc c trang b nh trng v cc lnh vc khc. Chng ti xy dng h thng mng ni b cho mt to nh 1 tng c 100 nt mng, c thit k theo TOPO hnh sao hai mc. H thng my ch t ti trung tm mng v cung cp cc cng c cho vic qun tr h thng. H thng cp truyn dn m bo kt ni tc cao, hn ch mc thp nht nhng s c xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh ngoi ra p ng c kh nng m rng trong tng lai. Trong n ny, chng ti a ra mt s khi nin c bn nhm hon thin hn cc khi nim v h thng mng thng dng nht hin nay. Chng ti hy vng rng nhng khi nim ny c th p dng cho cc lnh vc cng ngh thng tin ni chung v cc ngnh lin quan n mng my tnh ni ring. Trong qu trnh thc hin n, chng ti nhn c s gip tn tnh ca thy gio Nguyn Hi H gip chng ti hon thnh tt n tt nghip ny.V thi gian lm n hn hp, kinh nghim thc t cha nhiu nn n khng trnh khi nhng sai st, rt mong s gp ca cc thy c gio v cc bn.

CHNG TI Xin chn thnh cm n.

Ngi thc hin n. L Hu Ho. Phm Th Ngc Hon. Nguyn Th Thanh Tm.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hng pht trin

Mng LAN hin nay c s dng mt cch rng r i v ph bin ti cc c quan, x nghip. Bn cnh cc loi hnh kt ni mng tuyn thng dng dy cp hu tuyn, kt ni mng khng dy(Wireless) tr thnh xu th mi trong s pht trin ca Cng ngh thng tin. u im ln nht ca mng khng dy l cho php ngi s dng c th truy cp bt k lc no v bt c ni u Thit lp mng khng dy khng tn km thi gian, cng sc v khng phc tp nh cc h thng mng truyn thng khc. Ngoi ra hot ng ca mng n nh,ci t n gin, gi c phi chng l nhng yu t c trng th hin s pht trin vt bc ca mng khng dy. T nhng u im vt tri ca mng ca mng ny, chc chn trong tung lai gn mng LAN khng dy s c a vo s dng mt cch rng r i ti cc c quan, x nghip. Chnh v vy mng khng dy s l i tng chng ti nghin cu trong thi gian ti.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

ti liu tham kho

[1]. Internetworking Design Basics, Copyright Cisco Press 2003. [2]. Internetwork Design Guide, Copyright Cisco Press 2003. [3]. ISP Network Design. IBM. [4]. LAN Design Manual. BICSI. [5]. Mng cn bn - NXB thng k. [6]. Mng my tnh v cc h thng m - Nguyn Thc Hi [7]. Mng my tnh . Nguyn Gia Hiu. [8]. Gio trnh : Thit k v xy dng mng LAN v WAN (Chng trnh tng th ci cch hnh chnh ca CP giai on2001-2010). [9]. TCP/IP Network Administration. Craig Hunt, OReilly & Associates . [10]. Trang web: www. Quantrimang.com.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Phn Ph lc
1. Ph lc1. 1.1. Phng php bm dy nmng RJ- 45. Cp mng RJ 45 c tm dy, chia lm bn cp, mi cp hai dy xon li vi nhau ( nhm chng nhiu ).

So snh cp mng ( tri) v cp in thoi. bm dy chy vi tc 10/100 Mbps, chng ta ch dng 2 cp dy ( mt cp truyn, mt cp nhn). i vi mng tc 100 Mbps vi ch Full Duplex ( truyn v nhn ng thi ), cn dng tt c 4 cp. V tt c cc cp dy u hon ton ging nhau ( truyn /nhn). Tuyt i khng s dng 1 dy cp ny + 1 dy cp khc dng cng mt chc nng. Dng sai nh vy hai dy truyn nhn s gy nhiu ln nhau, mng vn chy c, nhng khng t c tc nh 10/100 Mbps. Hn na, kinh nghim cho thy lm vy s b lc tn hiu truyn khi on dy qu 30 mt, nhng thc t, n ch c th truyn tt trong phm vi di 85 mt. di ngn nht cho php l 0,25 mt v b mt k thut, cc vng xon ca cc cp dy to nn mt in tr, khi gi tr in tr ny gim xung di mc cho php ( dy ngn hn 0,25cm) th cc mch in ca card mng s khng phn bit c tn hiu truyn ti qua dy. Bm dy 10/100 Mbps, bn ch cn 2 cp, 2 cp cn li bn phi b ra hoc sp t chng theo quy cch bm dy mng 100Mbps Full Duplex. Trn thc t nu bn sp t lon x 2 cp d ny c th lm cho card mng b ic hoc b cm nh hn, v card mng khng th nhn bit chnh xc l n c th dng tc na cho loi dy ny ( c vi loi card xn cng b trng hp ny). Hin nay tt c cc loi card mng u h tr tc 10/100Mbps (c loi ch h tr 100Mbps m khng h tr 10Mbps Bn cn ch

71

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip khng mua nhm).Mi qua Hub hay trc tip PC PC u c th t tc 100Mbps. Cp ni trc tip 2 my PC vi nhau:

S bn cp thng ni PC qua Hub.

Cp 1 u 1 u 2 6 2 3 2 1 6 2

Cp 3 3 5 1 5

Cp 4 4 8 4 8

Cp 7 7 -

Cp ni PC qua Hub

72

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip S bm cp cho ni PC qua PC. Cp C C 2

C 7 -

p1 u1 u2 2 2

p3

p4

1 6 1 6

3 5 3 5

4 8 4 8

7 -

Cp- cn chc chn l cp CAT 5, tt nht l ta nn chn cp Straight- Through cha c u ni, khi ta ch cn thay i th t ca u ni bn kia. Connectos (u u ni)- Cc cp u cho c u ni tun theo chun CAT 5 RJ- 45 (Registered Jack), RJ-45 tng t nh u cui dy in thoi (tuy nhin, dy in thoi ch c 4 dy nh). Ta cng cn kim tra cc u cui m ta mun u ni c theo chun CAT5 khng. Do cng c cc loi Jack khc s dng cho cc loi cp khc (v d cp ng trc). Crimper- Dng c bm Stripper- Dng c tut dy, tt nhin ta c th s dng dao thay th. Tt nhin khi s dng cn cn thn u dy c tut p v khng b hng khi cho vo gic cm. Cutters- Ta cn c mt cp km cho php ta ct c mt s cp theo mt ng thng. y l nhim c quan trng do chng ta cn m bo cc dy trong si cp c chiu di bng nhau.

73

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip Thc hin lp t RJ-45: Nh vy chng ta chun b c cc cng vic cn thit trc khi lm dy cp u cho. u tin, ta ct mt giai on dy cp thch hp vi cch m chng ta cn, tt nhin khng th di qu. Bc 1: Co v ca dy cp mt on khong 5cm mi u cui cp, cn ch y khi khng ct vo si cp nh bn trong, nu c ta cn thc hin li bc ny.

Bc 2: Tri dy cp, cn cm thn sao cho cc dy khng b tch ri nhau ra

Bc 3: Mi vic tr nn kh d dng, ta cn quyt nh cc u cp no cn c to. Nu ta lm t u th cn c hai u gic. Nu ta s dng cp c to sn (Straight Through) th ch cn mt u gic. Hnh di y ch cho ta bit th t cc dy trong cp vi tng u cp.

74

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Ta tch tng si i trong cp, ch khng tch n phn nha, sp xp chng theo th t tng u cp theo hnh v, dng km ct dy, yu cu phn dy lad 1,2 cm v vt ct cn thng.

Bc 4: y cc u dy vo gic theo ng th t, nh hnh v

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Bc 5: Dng km bm c nh gic.

Kim tra xem cp c to thnh cng cha, trn hnh v di y cho ta hai trng hp cp tt v cp cha t yu cu (rt d b hng phn tip xc).

Kt lun: Nh vy ta to thnh cng cp u cho CAT 5 thng dng. By gi vi hai my tnh c card mng (c gi thnh r ch khong 10 USD) ta c th to thnh mt mng hai my tnh dng cp u cho vi di cp cho php ti 100m. Ngoi ra, vi nguyn l nh trn ta c th to ra cp u cho cho nhiu chun cp khc nhau ( v d nh cp CAT 1, CAT 3, E1, T1theo cc chun gic RJ 48, RS 232,). 1.2. Phng php lp t Outlet cho cc nt mng: Cc Outlet c gn trn tng cch nn nh 30 cm. Trn cc Outlet ta s nh du v tr cc nt mng, backbon v switch c t ti v tr xc nh d qun l, sa cha v xc nh h hng mt cch d dng.
Tng

Outlet
30 cm

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

2. Ph lc 2: Hng dn cu hnh cp pht a ch ng DHCP: 2.1. Ci t: Cc my khch s nhn i ch IP mt cch t ng t dch v cp pht a ch ng DHCP. Dch v ny ci t trn my ch nh sau:

Start/ control pannel / Add or remove programs.

77

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hp thoi NetWork Services xut hin. a hp sng n mc Network Service v nhn nt Details lm xut hin ca s Network Servies.

Trong ca s Network Services nh du chn mc Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) v nhn OK.

78

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tr li hp thoi Network Services chn Next tip tc.

Windows s cu hnh v ci t cc thnh phn ca dch v DHCP. Trong qu trnh ci t Windows i hi phi Insert a CD Windows Server 2003.

n khi hp thoi Completing The Windows Components Wizard, chn Finish hon tt.

79

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip 2.2. Cu hnh DHCP: T menu Start / Administrator tool/ DHCP.Ca s DHCP xut hin.

Trong ca s DHCP. Chn menu Action/ New Scope.

Hp thoi New Scope Wizard xut hin chn Next tip tc.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hp thoi Scope Name xut hin, nhp tn v ch thch cho Scope. Sau chn Next.

Hp thoi IP Address Range xut hin. Nhp a ch bt u v a ch kt thc cho d y a ch cp pht, ng thi nhp a ch Sup net mask. Ri chn Next sang bc tip theo.

Hp thoi Add Exculusions dng xc nh d y a ch cn loi b ra khi danh sch a ch cp pht ca bc 5.

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Trong hp thoi Lease Duration, cho bit thi gian m cc my Client c th s dng cc a ch IP ny. Mc nh y l 8 ngy . Chn Next tip tc.

Hp thoi Configure DHCP Option xut hin. Ta c th chn Yes, I want to configure these option now ( Nu thit lp thm cc cu hnh ty chn khc), hoc chn No, I will configure these options later (nu hon tt vic cu hnh cho Scope). Chn No, I will configure these options later, nhn Next nu tip tc.

82

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Trong hp thoi Activate Scope hi ta c mun kch hot Scope ny khng . V Scope ch c th cp pht a ch khi c kch hot. Chn Yes, I want to activate this scope now. Nhn Next tip tc.

Hp thoi Completing The New Scope Wizard thng bo vic thit lp cu hnh cho scope hon tt, nhn Finish kt thc.

83

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip 3. Ph lc 3. Hng dn cu hnh chia s kt ni Internet v chia s my in Khi kt ni Internet v s dng mng LAN cho c quan, x nghip, th tt c cc my tnh trong c quan, x nghip u c th truy cp Internet v khai thc s dng d liu ca cc my khc. S dng cu hnh chia s kt ni Internet v chia s my in cng l mt trong nhng tin ch ca mng LAN. Ti mt phng lm vic c nhiu my tnh, ch cn mt my in, my in c th nhn, c v in d liu ca cc my trong phng. Nh vy s gim dc chi ph thu mua thit b v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao. Ci t my in: c th ci t c my in ta lm theo cc bc sau: B1: Start -> Printers and Faxes

Ca s Printers xut hin. Ta chn Add a printer

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Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hp thoi Add printer Wizard xut hin. Nhn Next tip tc.

Hp thoi Lacal or Network Printer xut hin, ta chn mc : Local printer attached to this computer. Tch vo Automatically detect Nhn Next tip tc.

Hp thoi New Printer Detection xut hin. My t ng tm.

85

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Nhn Next tip tc

Hp thoi Select a Printer Port xut hin. Ta chn mc : Use the following port. Nhn Next tip tc.

Hp thoi Intall Printer Software xut hin. Ta chn loi my in cn ci t. Nhn Next tip tc.

86

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hp thoi Use Existing Driver xut hin. Ta chn mc Keep existing driver (recommended) . Nhn Next tip tc.

Hp thoi Name Your Printer xut hin . Chn Yes. Nhn Next tip tc.

Hp thoi Printer Sharing. Chn mc: Share name ri nhp tn my in vo. Nhn Next tip tc.

87

Kho st, thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hp thoi Location and Comment xut hin. Nhn Next tip tc.

Hp thoi Print Test Page xut hin. My hi c in th kim tra hay khng ,ta c th chn Yes hoc No. Nhn Next tip tc.

Nhn Finish kt thc ci t.

88