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NHIT NG LC HC K THUT

(Thermodynamics)

HUNH PHC HIN B MN CNG NGH NHIT LNH KHOA C KH

thermodynamics

GII THIU CHUNG V MN HC


Thi lng/s tn ch: 14 tun/2 tn ch Cch thc nh gi kt qu hc tp: 2 bi kim tra trc nghim (15%/mt bi) Kim tra gia hc k: 20% ( thi trc nghim thi gian: 45 pht ). Thi cui k: 50% ( thi vit thi gian: 90 pht ). Ti liu tham kho:

[1] Hong nh Tn , L Ch Hip - Nhit ng lc hc k thut, NXB KHKT 1997. [2] Hong nh Tn, Bi Hi - Bi tp Nhit ng lc hc KT v truyn nhit, NXB HQG Tp HCM - 2002. [3] Yunus A.Cengel, Micheal A. Boles - Thermodynamics, An Engineer Approach, International Edition - 1994. [4] David Halliday- Robert Resnick- Fearl Walker - Fundamentals of Physics, Wiley Publisher.

thermodynamics

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CHNG 1: M U

thermodynamics

Ni dung

Gii thiu mn hc Khi nim & nh ngha Thuyt ng hc phn t Cc thng s trng thi Phng trnh trng thi ca vt cht th kh Hn hp kh l tng

thermodynamics

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1. Gii thiu mn hc
C Nng Nhit nng

Nhit ng lc hc k thut

thermodynamics

2. Cc khi nim v nh ngha

H nhit ng

Ngun nhit

H nhit ng kn. H nhit ng h. H nhit ng on nhit. H nhit ng c lp.


Ngun nng Ngun lnh

ng c nhit My lnh Bm nhit

Cht mi gii Trng thi v trng thi cn bng Qu trnh thun nghch v khng thun nghch Pha v cht thun khit

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2. Cc khi nim v nh ngha

H nhit ng
H nhit ng Kn H on nhit C lp 0 0 0 0 Khi lng 0 Cng Nhit lng

thermodynamics

2. Cc khi nim v nh ngha

Ngun nhit ng c nhit, my lnh, bm nhit

Ngun nng
Q1

Ngun nng
ng c nhit Q2

Cng W
My lnh, bm nhit

Cng W
Ngun lnh

Ngun lnh
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2. Cc khi nim v nh ngha

Cht mi gii

Kh l tng:

Th tch bn thn ca cc phn t kh bng khng. Lc tng tc gia cc phn t kh bng khng.

Cht thun khit

thermodynamics

3. Thuyt ng hc phn t ca cht kh

M hnh ca Joule

Cc phn t kh ch chuyn ng tnh tin, tc ca cc phn t bng nhau theo mi phng. B qua tng tc gia cc phn t, b qua nh hng ca trng trng Phng trnh biu din trng thi ca cht kh:
. = Vi

. .

. .

= ()

Nu p =const, V t l thun vi T (L Charles v Gay Lussac) Nu T = const, p.V = const (nh lut Boyle)

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M hnh ci tin ca Clausius

Tnh n nh hng ca tng tc gia cc phn t.

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4. Cc thng s trng thi


Nhit p sut Th tch ring v khi lng ring Ni nng Enthalpy Entropy

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thermodynamics

4. Cc thng s trng thi

Nhit

L thng s biu th mc nng hay lnh ca mt vt. Thng s quy nh mc chuyn ng ca dng nhit.

L thc o ng nng trung bnh ca v s cc phn t ang chuyn ng tnh tin (i vi kh l tng) . . = . . k = 1,3805.1023 J/K - hng s Boltzmann

Video

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4. Cc thng s trng thi

Nhit

Cc thang o nhit

Thang nhit Thang nhit bch phn Fahrenheit (Celcius scale) (Fahrenheit scale) n v Chuyn i
oC oF

Thang nhit tuyt i (Thermodynamic temperature scale) Thang nhit Kelvin K T(K) = t(oC) + 273,15 Thang nhit Rankine
oR

t(oC)

t(oF) = 1,8.t(oC) +32

T(oR) = 1,8.T(K) T(oR) = t(oF) + 459,67

Cc thit b o nhit in hnh

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thermodynamics

4. Cc thng s trng thi

p sut

L p lc tc ng ln mt n v din tch b mt ranh gii theo phng php tuyn vi b mt .


= ( )
p sut tuyt i p sut d p sut kh quyn

n v:

H SI: N/m2(Pa); kgf/cm2, mH2O, mmHg, bar, at. H I.P: inHg, psi, tonf/in2. Bng chuyn i n v: bng 1.1/trang 23, TL[1] p sut d pd (gage pressure) chn khng pck (vacuum pressure) p sut kh quyn po (atmosphere pressure) p sut tuyt i p (absolute pressure)
Chn khng tuyt i

Phn loi:

p sut chn khng

p sut tuyt i

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4. Cc thng s trng thi

p sut

Cc thit b o p sut

Thit b o p sut kh quyn:Barometer.


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Thit b o p sut chn khng: Vacummeter

Thit b o p sut d: Manometer,

thermodynamics

4. Cc thng s trng thi

Th tch ring v khi lng ring

Th tch ring v (m3/kg)

Khi lng ring (kg/m3)

16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Khi lng ring (kg/m) Nc Du Thy ngn

Trong :

V: th tch (m3) G: khi lng (kg)

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4. Cc thng s trng thi

V d: s dng p k dng ch U o p sut


kh trong bnh nh hnh bn. Bit mi cht lm vic bn trong ng ch U l nc, c khi lng ring = 1000 kg/m3. Chnh lch mc cht lng gia hai nhnh l h = 10 cm. Xc nh: p sut d v p sut tuyt i ca khi kh cha trong bnh. Nu mi cht s dng bn trong ng ch U l thy ngn c = 13600 /3 , xc nh li gi tr h? C nhn xt g v kt qu nhn c?

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thermodynamics

4. Cc thng s trng thi

Ni nng:

L tt c cc thnh phn nng lng ca h nhit ng lin quan n cc phn t vi m ca h (nguyn t v phn t).

U = f(T,v) i vi kh l tng: U = f(T) n v:

H SI (International system of unit): J (Joule) H I.P (Imperial unit): BTU (British thermal unit) 1 BTU = 1,055 kJ * Tnh cho mt 1kg mi cht u = U/G (J/kg)

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4. Cc thng s trng thi

Enthalpy:

L mt thng s trng thi c tnh gin tip qua biu thc:


I = U + p.V (J) Tnh cho 1kg mi cht: =


= + . ( )

i vi kh l tng: i = f(T) dS = 0 khi QT thay i trng thi ca mi cht l on nhit thun nghch. dS =

Entropy: entropy l mt hm nhit ng.

(J/K) khi QT thay i trng thi l thun nghch.


Tnh cho 1 kg mi cht: =

(.)

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thermodynamics

5. Phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng


Kh l tng Phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng


Quan h gia cc thng s trng thi p,v,T ca kh l tng Phng trnh Clapeyron (1799 1864):

. = . . = . p.V = G.R.T Trong :


p: p sut tuyt i ca cht kh (N/m2, Pa) : th tch ng vi 1 kmol cht kh (m3/kmol). v: th tch ring ca cht kh (m3/kg). : hng s ph bin ca cht kh - = 8314J/(kmol.K) R: hng s cht kh R = = . G: khi lng khi kh (kg) T: nhit tuyt i ca khi kh (K)

Video
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thermodynamics

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6. Hn hp kh l tng

Hn hp kh l tng: cc mi cht thnh phn bn trong u l kh l tng v c trn ln li theo kiu c hc. Vd: khng kh, sn phm chy

VD: Khi khng kh c cha trong bnh kn c th tch V = 1m3 v nhit t = 35oC. Xc nh nhit v th tch ca cc kh thnh phn trong khi kh ni trn.

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thermodynamics

6. Hn hp kh l tng
Hn hp kh l tng gm n kh thnh phn. Thnh phn khi = lng

= Thnh phn th tch =


= Thnh phn mol =


/ ( )

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6. Hn hp kh l tng

nh lut Gibbs-Dalton

p sut ring phn


= . .

=
=

Video
nh lut Gibbs Dalton cng c pht biu cho enthalpy v entropy v ni nng ca kh l tng

=
=

;
=

= =

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thermodynamics

6. Hn hp kh l tng

Cc i lng c trng ca hn hp
Hn hp kh c n kh, thnh phn khi lng v th tch ca kh th i l: gi, ri. Khi lng tng ng vi 1kmol hn hp (kg/kmol) Hng s cht kh R ca hn hp Rhh (J/kg.K) Theo thnh phn khi lng = ( / ) =

Theo thnh phn th tch

=
=

= . (
=

= /(
=

. )

= Th tch ring ca hn hp (m3/kg) Khi lng ring ca hn hp (kg/m3) Phn p sut ca cc kh


24 thnh phn p i
=

=
=

=
=

= . .

thermodynamics

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KT THC CHNG 1

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