Avesta Glossary Text

3
Introductory remarks

I

T here exists an Avesta glossary which gives the Prs
g

meanings of Avesta words, occurring either singly, or in phrases,
and goes by the name of Frahang i im : ek due to its first entry.

1. This glossary was originally compiled from the texts
which belonged all to the Semantic Study of the Avesta. Only
chapter two gives us some idea of the Grammatical Study of
the Avesta language in the absence of the Prs
g
treatises on
Grammar
1
.

2. The compilation date of the glossary may have been some
time in the late period of the Sasanian dynasty. However, its
different sources are from various and older ages.

3. The first chapter deals with the numerals in Avesta. The
cardinal, ordinal and fractional numbers are enumerated from
one to ten. Some numerals are missing in the extant copies
of the glossary. Av. paoirim, the first time, has been considered
as an ordinal possibly due to its Zand fradum = Av. fratoma-
ordinal first.
The next chapter (2) arranges Avesta words according to
different categories:

1
Cf. Dk iv M 428 nibeg i ! #$%& '() xnend ped hamtgih i g
b
isn i~ hangm
snsagn the (Indian) book called Vykarana, Grammar, corresponding to the
treatises of the (Persian) savants of the time.

4
Gender: masculine (nar) and feminine (mvag) for (animate)
nouns. The concept of the neuter gender is absent.
Number: singular (ek), dual (do) and plural (si, vas) for both
nouns and verbs.
Case: three special cases are mentioned, viz., the ablative
(a:is)
2
, instrumental (pedis), and genitive (avis)
3
cases. This part
is lacking in the extant glossary.
Quality: least (nidum), medium (mevnag), and foremost
(agri).
Language: common Avesta and GIic Avesta.
Principle: some Avesta words are regarded as good (veh) or
Ahuric, and some others as evil (vattar) or Davic.
Transposition: equivalent (ham-handzag) and non-
equivalent (juttar, jud-handzag) forms.
Moreover, this chapter contains a number of indeclinables,
and different terms for the female and male human beings.
The third chapter treats of the composition of the body and its
qualities. Parts five and six are devoted to the vocabulary of
recitation.
From the fourth to the twenty-fourth chapters the words are
arranged according to the sounds recorded by the Avesta
alphabet (den-dibirih).
Ch. 4 / ! y
This chapter contains words beginning with y. Moreover, it
treats of the relative pronoun ya- who, which, and some
indeclinables which start with the letter y, e.g., va/a/ G va/.
The G/ic form of the relative pronoun is expressly mentioned.
Ch. 5 " s, s, # / $ s
This chapter contains word with initial or internal letter s/s/s
as well as words beginning with % k, & , ' x, ( p, * f. The last
word, anhita, may belong to another (lost) chapter dealing with
words beginning with + n or containing it (or ,n, - ).

2
a:isih i a: k hn ved. Cf. Dk iv M 425 a:isn visn.
3
avisih i ~ k hn pevvanned. Cf. Dk iv M 425 avisn pevvann.

5
Ch. 6 . m
Ch. 7 / a, 0
Ch. 8 1 v
Ch. 9 2 u
Ch. 10 ( p
Ch. 11 . m
We notice that there are two chapters possibly belonging to
two different texts for the letter m. The word mm occurs in
both.
Ch. 12 3 s
Ch. 13 * f
Ch. 14 4 d
Ch. 15 5 j
Ch. 16 6 b
Ch. 17 7 r
Ch. 18 8 t
Ch. 19 9 c
Ch. 20 : z
Ch. 21 ; g/ * #
Ch 22 < / =
Ch. 23 > /
Ch. 24 ? h
The twenty-fifth chapter enumerates various specified,
committed sins or crimes. Some Avesta names for crimes, such
as duoui.buzda and tvusas, are not mentioned in the extant
Avesta (according to the synopsis of the Niktama, this naska
had given their specifications), and some, such as sus (also
mentioned in the Petit ern
g
), are nowhere else specified. Some
names for crimes are given in their Prsg forms it is possible
that their Avesta forms are missing in our copies.

6
The twenty-sixth chapter contains miscellaneous words and
phrases.
The last chapter (27) treats of the units of length and distance
and the measures of time.

4. The extant Avesta glossary is obviously incomplete since
the last line of the book itself introduces an Avesta quotation
from the DuzdIr.jata.

5. Avesta fragments adduced in the Glossary:

N Ch. Extant Lost

1 2.3 Vd 7.38
cikaya bao&'.vartahe <ci*aya>
2 3.1
aor+ca par+ca tarasca

3 3.3 Niktama
kaya h-ti masya!h' a.&a
y'i aparaya paiti mast-r-0nya

kaya kasya!h'
y'i paourvaya paiti mast-r-0nya
4 3.3 Niktama
nar va0&an-m
ast-m 'im mast-r-0n1m
v3spaca y' mast-r-0n1m am1sta
x
v
ar.ci*1m a.t" aye cikayat'
5 3.4
+ty
par+ty
6 3.5
at-m-mci sa!h-m
7 3.5 Yt 10.89
b-r-zata vaca
8 3.5

7
amavata vaca
9 3.5
v+x.b-r-tiby' v+r-*ra0niby'
10 3.6
ra*5y ux&
11 3.6
ux&-m sr3r-m pairit-m ava.st+t-m d-r-t'.srao-m
12 3.6 (Vn 18.20)
ux&ana masy' vah ya*a da!r' ux&'.vac
13 3.6
guta s+sn
14 3.7
haoy' dain'
15 3.7
par' pasca
16 3.7
a&ar' upar'
17 3.7
v3sp" na.m1
18 3.7
fr+r-zu
ap+r-zu
19 3.8
xayamna apaiti.-r-ta
20 3.8 (Vn 20-21)
tanva.ca haosrava!h-m uruna.ca dar-0-m hava!
v
h-m
21 3.8
bva v3sp' a6hu astv azar-s' amar71 afri*y' apuy1
dar-0-m ya yave visp+i
22 3.8
asp' a0ry'.t-m'
da#have var-mn' ata
gav1m azin1m
ar-j'
23 4.1 Y 35.6
ya*+ + ut+ n+ v+ n+ir3 v+ va.d+ hai*3m
24 4.1 Y 19.7
ya*a 3m z
25 4.1
nit-maci ava.1m st+r1m ya*a nar ma&-myehe va0&an-m

8
26 4.1
ya*a ati paityahmi a*a bun-m +
27 4.2 Y 46.16
ya*r+ a$+ hacait. +rmaiti
28 4.2
ya*ra ava hvar- uza.iti
29 4.2
ya*ra v' ahur' mazd frada*-m baxa
30 4.2
ya*aca kahm+ici <h+t1m>
31 4.3 Y 37.1
v5 g1mc+ a$-mc+ d+
32 4.3
y' naire p-r-n-mn+i n'i paiti.da&+iti
g+tumca varasca zrv+n-mca
vispaca ahubya ratubya d+itya ra*5ya fr+rai*ya a$ahe d+t+i
vahitahe
33 4.4
y' naire aoxte fr+ m. cici
34 4.4
y+ nara g+tum bara.te
35 4.4 Y 31.4
yehy+ v-r-d+ vana.m+ druj-m
36 4.4 Y 28.4
yava is+i tav+c+ <ava xs+i a.. a$ahy+>
37 4.4 Y 48.2
y+m"%g p-r-*+ jimait3
38 4.5
yavata gaya jvaiti
39 4.5
y
a
va gay' mar-ta
40 4.5
yava a.te a6h-n zara*utra
41 4.5
yao0-m frajai&yeiti
42 4.5

9
y'it' *5ax+i hv'it' paitit+i
43 4.6
y9-m y'i ma$y+ka
44 4.6
yuxta pouruasp'
45 4.6
yunji%ti t. y'i pu*ra *ra.taonahe
46 4.6
yuxta ca*5ar-.aspahe
47 4.6 Vd 19.29
y+t-m ga.*an1m
48 4.6 (N 42)
y+t-m astryete
49 4.6 Y 9.18
y+*51m pairikan1mca
50 4.6
y6hya avar-ta
51 4.6
y+r-.dr+j' vir'.maza6h'
52 4.6
ya.y-%ta pat-%ta
53 4.6 Y 9.11
ya.ya%t3m +p-m
54 4.6
ya.tu<'> za.man'
55 4.7
yaocina surahe
56 4.7
yaoxtay' ava.bar-t1m
57 4.7 Vd 21.2
yayata dunma
58 4.7
yaodanahe d+ra
59 4.7
yezi t. ya.tatar- <yezi te ni yaetataro>
60 4.7
yazu pu*r' ahurahe mazd

10
61 4.7 (Yt 1.9)
yaza.a m1m yas'.b-r-t+by' <zao*r+by'>
62 4.7 Y 31.7
yast+ ma%t+ <pouruy'>
63 4.7
yavahe sar-&a
64 4.7
yaz+i +p-m frazd+naom
65 4.7 Y 72.6
yasn-mca vahm-mca aojasca zavar-ca +fr3n+mi
66 4.7 Vd 3.14
yava.ca yava.tta.ca
67 5
k' asti ka.'
vidu.d+t'
y' a.ta pairi ar-*ra fraz+naiti
68 5 Yt 17.14
vastrsca ko$ b+maniv
69 5 Y 62.5
kar'.r+z1m vy+xan1m
70 5 Yt 8.40
hapta karv1m
71 5 Vd 9.10
karasci frak+ray'i
72 5
z-m' karuy
73 6 Yt 10.5
v3sp-m+i a6
v
he <astvaite mi*r' y' vouru.gaoyaoiti>
74 7
asta ium
75 16
bii fram+t'
76 20
zur'.b-r-t avar-t
77 20 Vd 18.55
zinda y+tum-nta
78 23

11
*51m xratu
79 24
ha&a6r'.p1m mazd+i.ux&1m
80 25.2 (N 42)
p-s'.tanu
tan9m piryete
81 25.2
U
Sktama
*ripi*5'
+
z3 asti +tar ahurahe mazd hama bipi*5'
ai5i.g+me a*a nar' asavan'
82 25.2
panca.dasa pasv' sraoni.mas
83 26 Y 23.3
kvaci& ai#h z-m'
84 26 Vd 8.100
kasci& a6h-u astvat'
85 26 Y 4.2
ca&ca a$aon' st'i
86 27.1
cvaiti a.tsaya
87 27.1
ya*a v+ g+m1n dvaca dasaca a%tar-.i*51m
88 27.1
bi a.tava& daxmayasti yava& yujyasti
89 27
<bi a.tava& asnayasti yava& daxmayasti>
90 27.1
<bi a.tava& tacar-m yava& asnayastim>
91 27.1
bi a.tava& h+*r-m yava& tacar-m
92 27.2 Y 57.10
h9 fr+m'.d+it3m
93 27.2
u1m s9r1m
94 27.2
raoca6h1m fragat'i&

12
95 27.2
dva.dasa!h+*r-m asti a0rim ayar-
96 27.2
a.t-m nit-m-m h+*r-m *ri.vacahim
97 27.2
ta& g+mahva *ri.g+mim
98 27.2
ta& &ka.ahe ta& v3kayehe
99 27.2
ta& ar-*ahe ta& ar-*avan'
100 27.2
u
vay' zut'
We notice that 71 fragments are no longer extant in the
Avesta texts.

6. The value of our Glossary depends on that of the Prsg
renderings of Avesta words in the Zand, on which I have to quote
here from Hosheng, Henning and Bailey.
Hosheng Jamasp, VII: As regards the meanings which the
glossarist gives to the words, they are in most instances correct.
Walter B. Henning: However critical one may be towards
the Tradition, as contained in Pahlavi translations, there is no
denying that it has often preserved the true meaning of word-
stems even where it failed in the grammatical analysis. Purely on
the basis of experience I should claim that a Pahlavi translation
sets up a presumption of verity that holds until it is displaced by
argument.
4

Harold W. Bailey: The unevenness of the Magus
scholarship is matter of wonder. A case where the Maguss
interpretation is a surprise is Av. :oman- wages, glossed by
Pahl. mizd pay, reward, while the base zam- to pay has only

4
W. B. Henning, A forgotten Avestan word, Dr J.M. Unvala Memorial
Volume, Bombay, 1964, 41-4, 43.

13
recently been recognised in Sogd. zam-, and in Pasto :oman,
:amna stipend.
5
See ch. 20.

II

The manuscript tradition of the Avesta Glossary consists of
various codices, four of which will be taken into account in the
present edition. The two authoritative manuscripts are M 51b
(earlier D.H, or MH 6b) and K 20: one was written by Pestan
Rm towards the end of the 14
th
century from a manuscript of
Rustam Mihrbn Marzbn Jahisnayyr who came to India from
Persia (after 1269 A.D.); the second was written in the later half
of the 14
th
century from a slightly older manuscript of Mihrbn
Kayhusr Mihrbn Spendyd Mihrbn Marzbn Bahrm who
came to India at the invitation of a Parsi merchant by the name of
Chhil son of Sngan of Cambay.
6
The two manuscripts of
Rustam and Mihrbn depended on a single (lost) manuscript.
TD 28 and F 3 belong to the branch of M 51.

M 51b

The manuscript of Pestan Rm was preserved in the library
of Dastur Khorsedji of Surat, and presented in 1864 to Dr. Martin
Haug in recognition of the great services rendered by him to
Zand and Sanscrit philology.
7
It is now preserved in the

5
H.W. Bailey, Apastk, Papers in Honour of Prof. Mary Boyce, 1, AI 24,
Leiden, 1985, 9-14, 14.
6
See Shahpurshah Hormasji Hodivala, Studies in Parsi History, Bombay, 1920,
The Colophons of Mihrpn Kaikhusr, 118-133.
Jamshid Cawasji Katrak, Mitro-Awan Kaikhusrov, his Avesta and Pahlavi
Manuscripts and their Colophons with date-equations, Journal of the K.R. Cama
Oriental Intitute, 48, 1980, 220-40.
7
Hoshengji Jamaspji, XI. See also Christian Bartholomae, Die
Zendhandschriften der K. Hof.-und-Staatsbibliothek in Mnchen, Mnchen, 1915, M
51a,b (Haug 6a,b).

14
Staatsbibliothek of Munich. The text of the Glossary goes from
folio 106v to 126r.
So we read on fol. 126r, at the end of the Glossary:
nibist-um man den-bannag herbed-:dag pestan rm a:
nasl i mobed horma:d
e
vr.
I, Pestan (son of) Rm, a servant of the dan (religion), an
aIrapaiti (priest) by birth, of the family of the high priest
Hormazdyr, wrote (the Glossary).
The next colophon on fol. 204 r is as follows:
fra:aft fra:menid en mdavn i fst i frvn abg en
ard
v
vir: andar r: i amurdad mh sahrever sl sas-sad astdah
prsig. man den-bannag rustahm i mihrbn i mar:bn i
fahisnavvr i herbed a: dast-nibg i~ herbed mihrbanhag i
srsivr i ve
h
sbuhr i herbed nibist. ped va:adn kmag bavd.
Finished, completed this MJF (Text of Yista Fryna) and
this AVN (Book of Ardy Virz) on the day of Amurdd of the
month of ahrever, in the Prsg year 618 (= 1269 A.D.). I, the
servant of the religion, Rustahm, (son of) Mihrbn, (a
descendant) of Marzbn, of the teaching priest Jahisnayyr,
wrote (them) from the manuscript of the teaching priest
Mihrbanhag (son of) Srsiyr (son of) the teaching priest
Vehsbuhr. Deo volonte!
Then follows this colophon:
fra:aft fra:menid en ard
v
vir: abg en mdavn i fst i
frvn andar r: i fravardin mh vahman sl haft-sad sast-u-sas
va:degird shn sh ohrma:dn. man den-bannag herbed-:dag
avistd pestan rm kmden sahrivr nervsang shemard
sahrivr bahrm mobed horma:d
e
vr i herbed rmivr a: dast-
nibeg i rustahm i mihrbn nibist. ped va:adn kmag bavd. a:
sahrestn i + () ,- .
Finished, completed this AVN and this MJF on the day of
Fravardn of the month of Vahman, in the year 766 after the era
of Yazdegird (= 1397 A.D.), king of kings, a descendant of
Ohrmazd. I, the servant of the religion, a priest by birth, Master
Pestan, (son of) Rm, (a descendant) of Kmdn, of ahriyr, of

15
Nerysang, of hemard, of ahriyr, of Bahrm, of the high
priest Hormazdyr, of the teaching priest Rmiyr, wrote (them)
from the manuscript of Rustahm, son of Mihrbn. Deo volonte!
From the city of + () ,- /Baroch?/.

K 20

K 20 is a manuscript copy of Mihrbn. It was brought from
India to Copenhagen by Rasmus Rask during his trip to the east
in 1816-23, and is now preserved in the Royal Library of
Copenhagen. In K 20 is contained a series of twenty Avesta and
Prsg texts. The seventh text is the Avesta Glossary which
occupies folios 74v to 88r of K 20. At the head of the folio 83v
we read:
!"#$ &'() *+,- ./ '0!+12
Mihrbn, (son of) Kayhusr. Deo volonte!
The codex contains three colophons. The first colophon,
written on folio 38r, at the end of the Book of Ardy Virz and
the Text of Yista Fryna, runs as follows:
fra:aft fra:menid en mdavn i~ fst i frvn abg en ard
v

vir: andar r: rasn ud mh dav sl sas-sad navad va:degirdig.
man den-bannag herbed:d mihrbn kavhusr i mihrbn i~
spendvd i mihrbn i mar:bn a: dast-nibeg i~ herbed
mihrbanhag i srs
i
vr i ve
h
sbuhr i herbed nibist. ped va:adn
kmag bavd.
Finished, completed this MJF and this AVN, on the day of
Rasn, in the month of Day, in the year 690 of Yazdegird (= 1321
A.D.). I, the servant of the Religion, a priest by birth, Mihrbn,
(son of) Kayhusr, (a descendant) of Mihrbn, of Spendyd, of
Mihrbn, of Marzbn, wrote (them) from the manuscript of the
teaching priest Mihrbanhag, (son) of Srs
e
yr, (a descendant) of
the teaching priest Vehsbuhr. Deo volonte!
The second colophon, written on folio 51, at the end of
miscellaneous texts (i.e., the indication of the midday shadow;
three chapters of the Avesta book Hdxt with a Prs
g
version; a

16
fragment of the Ohrmazd Yast, Yt 1.30, 1.28; a discussion of
Angra Mainyu and Asma about three subjects, seasonal
festivals, sacrificial repasts, and next-of-kin marriage), is as
follows:
andar r: rasn mh dar per:gar sl haft-sad vist prsig
andar vist va:degird shn sh ohrma:dn. man den-bannag
herbed:d mihrbn i kavhusr i mihrbn spendvd mihrbn
./ 0 /mar:bn/ i 1 ' 23& /spendvd/ i mihrbn mar:bn @
andar hindstn ped sahrestn 4 ' 5/ 2,$ /kumbvat/ nibist. ped~
va:adn kmag bavd. harv ke xnd ham:d u-s kr a:is
kund u-s peccen a:is kund. an [6/ 7[ ke nibistr hom ped
nekih nm bared ud ped vahist bahr ar:nig drd u-s ped getig
tan husr u-s ped meng ravn gardmnig bavd. edn bavd,
edndar bavd.
(Finished) on the day of Rasn, in the month of the victorious
!dar, in the Prs
g
year 720, (that is) in the year 740 after the era
of Yazdegird (= 1371 A.D.), king of kings, a descendant of
Ohrmazd. I, the servant of the religion, a priest by birth,
Mihrbn (son) of Kayhusr, (a descendant) of Mihrbn, of
Spendyd, of Mihrbn, of Marzbn, of /Vahrm/
8
, wrote
(them) in India, in the city of Cambay. Deo volonte!
The third colophon, written on folio 74r, at the end of the
yist n-syist (proper and improper), is as follows:
./ '0!+12 "!340+5 6470 8$" 82 .9:') 4;<=5 >'9 +/3*+?) +12 6'2 :"! :*: :"!
!3+2 '0!+12 *+,-
On the day of !dar, in the month of the victorious Mihr, in
the Prs
g
year 700 (= 1351 A.D.). I, the servant of the religion, a
priest by birth, Mihrbn Kayhusr Mihrbn Marzbn, (wrote
this book of the n).

8
Corrected according to the colophons of MK and K1. See also :
Behramgore Tahmuras Anklesaria, Introduction to Dastur Jamaspjis Pahlavi
Texts, as contained in manuscript MK, Part II, Bombay, 1913.

17
TD 28

The codex TD 28 belongs to the private library of
Behrmgore Tahmuras Anklesaria. It comprises the Cdag
abestg ghn (Selected Avesta of the GI), three chapters
of the Hdxt Nask, a fragment of the Ohrmazd Yast (Yt 1.30,
28), the yist n-syist, the Glossary (pp. 131.9-174.14), etc. On
pp. 174.15-175.2 there appears a colophon which appertains to
the Glossary:
@AB '<9*! 4C &'DE @ ! 23& (89%& :) ;' ' < + '' =>?$ * @ '(A>B @ C 4 %3& (8 @ ''
D?-' 7 EA) < (F/ C ($ @ G$%,H?BE) @
nibist-um man den-bannag herbed-:dag pestan rm a:
nasl i mobed horma:d
e
vr.

F 3

F 3 belongs to the collection of Mss of Dastur Erachji Sorabji
Meherji Rana now housed in the First Dastur Meherjirana
Library of Navsari. It contains four texts: the Yasna
(abbreviated) with full ritual directions in Prsg (pp. 1-60); the
Recitation of Fravasi with the consecration of the sacrificial cake
(pp.61-65); the Avesta Glossary (pp. 1-67); the VaI Nask (pp.
1-38). The glossary was copied on the day of Ardavahist, in the
month of !bn, in the year 1234 of Yazdegird by Erachji Sorabji
in the city of Navsari.

III

The Avesta Glossary was published for the first time by
Anquetil Duperron along with a French translation.

$ Anquetil Duperron

18
Zend-Avesta, ouvrage de Zoroastre, tome second, Paris,
1771, 432-475.
The glossary was not given in its original form, but in an
alphabetical arrangement. In his introductory remarks he said:
Ce Vocabulaire est peu considrable; & lon pourroit
laugmenter ainsi que le Vocabulaire Pehlvi, en plaant sous la
lettre qui leur conviendrait, les mots des phrases dont jai donn
dans les notes la traduction littrale. Mais, tous succinct quest ce
petit Dictionnaire, ce qui en rend lOriginal prcieux, cest quil
est le seul Ouvrage de cette nature que les Parses connoissent. Je
puis mme assurer que plusieurs des plus habiles Destours
ignorent quil existe. Jai omis quelques mots & quelques
phrases dont le sens ne ma pas paru clair dans lOriginal. 432
The judgement of Destur Hoshengji on the work of Anquetil
is hardly laudatory : The arrangement, as well as the meaning
and translation in Pahlavi and French are so incorrect, that, for all
practical purposes, they are useless. (I)

$ Hoshengji Jamaspji and Martin Haug

Hoshengji Jamaspji prepared an edition of this Glossary,
along with an English translation, during the year 1865. Haug
added many notes to the work of the young Dastr.
An Old Zand-Pahlavi Glossary edited in the original
characters with a transliteration in Roman letters, an English
translation and an alphabetical index by Destur Hoshengji
Jamaspji, high-priest of the Parsis in Malwa, India, revised with
notes and introduction by Martin Haug, Bombay, 1867.
In preparing his edition Hosheng chiefly used the ms. M 51b;
but he sometimes consulted five other mss:
2. DJ: The second ms was written by Destur Jamshed
Jamasp Asa of Nausari (my great-grand-father), and is in my
possession. It was written in the year Yazdegird 1160.
3. The third ms written by Destur Jamshed Edal Behram
Jamshed Jamasp Asa (my uncle) in the year Yezdegard 1194
which is also in my possession.

19
4. DN: The fourth ms written by Destur Nosherwan Jamasp
Asa at Nausari in the year 1150, also in my possession.
5. The fifth ms written by Destur Asa Nosherwan of Jamasp
Asa family (my father-in-law) in the year 1208.
The sixth, a very correct ms which is about 300 or 350 years
old. The name of the author, or the year in which it was written is
not mentioned. It belongs to my friend Jamaspji Bomanji
Bhownagari of Surat. XI-XII
The postscript given in his edition is as follows:
sar baved abestg v:. nibis-am man den-bannag herbed-:d
pestan rm a: nasl i mobed horma:dvr.

$ Hans Reichelt

Reichelt edited the copy of the Glossary Haugs manuscript,
with a transcription and an alphabetical index of Avesta words.
He also noted the variants of K 20.
Der Frahang om (Zand-Pahlavi Glossary), I. Einleitung,
(Text), Wiener Zeitschrift fr die Kunde des Morgenlandes,
1900, 177-213; II. Index der Awestawrter, WZKM, 1901, 117-
186.

$ James Darmesteter

Darmesteter transcribed and translated into French the Avesta
sentences or fragments of sentences quoted in the Glossary. They
amount to the number of seventy-one.
Le Zend-Avesta, troisime volume: Origines de la littrature
et de la religion zoroastriennes, Appendice la traduction de
lAvesta (Fragments des Nasks perdus et index), Paris, 1893, 13-
28 : 2. Fragments cits dans le Farhang zend-pehlvi.

$ Gert Klingenschmitt

20
Finally, Klingenschmitt prepared a critical edition of the
Glossary, based on two main copies of this text, one in K 20, and
the other in M 51b.
Farhang-i im. Edition und Kommentar, (Teildruck),
Erlangen, 1968.

21
Abbreviations

Languages

Akkad. Akkadian Toch. Tocharian (A, B)
Arab. Arabic Ved. Vedic
Aram. Aramaic Wax. Wax
Ard. dialect of Ardestn Ya. Yanb
Arm. Armenian Yazd. Dialect of Yazd (Zor.)
Ask Askun Yid. Yida
Av. Avesta(n)
Bact. Bactrian
Bal. Bal%
Fars. Frs (/ Persian)
G GIic Avesta
Georg. Georgian
Gil. Glak
Gr. Greek
Guj. Gujarati
Hebr. Hebrew
Hitt. Hittite
Khot. Khotanese
Khow. Khowari
Khwar. Khwarezmian
Kurd. Kurdish
Lat. Latin
Lur. Lur
OPers. Old Persian
Orm. (rmr
Osset. Ossetic
Par. Par%
Parth. Parthian (Pahlavng)
Pas. Pas
Past. Past
Paz. Pzand
Pers. Persian (Prsg)
Pkt. Prkrt
Sangl. Sangl%
Skt. Sanskrit
Sogd. Sogdian
Syr. Syriac
u. un
Tab. Tabar

22
Grammatical Terms

1 singular (noun) opt. optative
2 dual (noun) pass. passive
3 plural (noun) perf. perfect
abl. ablative pl. plural
acc. accusative pl1 first person plural (verb)
act. active (voice) Pl2 second person plural (verb)
adv. adverb Pl3 third person plural (verb)
aor. aorist postp. postposition
art. article ppp. passive past participle
caus. causative prep. preposition
comp. comparative pres. present (tense)
conj. conjuction pr.n. personal name
d1 first person dual (verb) pron. pronoun, pronominal
d2 second person dual (verb) ptc. participle
d3 third person dual (verb) relat. relative
dat. dative s singular
dem. demonstrative subj. subjunctive
denom. denominative subord. subordinate
des. desiderative voc. vocative
dir. direct
du. dual
encl. enclitic
f. feminine
fut. future (tense)
gen. genitive
imp. imperative
inch. inchoative
ind. indicative
indecl. indeclinable
inf. infinitive
inj. injunctive
instr. instrumental
interrog. interrogative
iter. iterative
loc. locative
m. masculine
mid. middle (voice)
nom. nominative
nt. neuter
num. numeral
obl. oblique

23
Texts

A ;frinagn VZ Vizidagih i :dsprahm
AfZ ;frin i :ardust X
v
R X
v
eskrih i redakn
Aog. Aogomadaec Y Yasna
Bd Bundahisn Yt Yast
Bd (Ind.) Bundahisn (Indian) Z The Book of Zambasta
Bd (TD) Bundahisn (mss. TD1, 2) ZVY Zand i vahman yasn
CHP Cidag handarz i prvkesn
CK Cim i kustig = PDK
DB The OPers. Inscription of Darius at Bisitun
DD Ddestn i denig
Dk Denkird
Dk M Denkird (Madan)
Fr D Fragment Darmesteter
Fr W Fragment Westergard
G Gh
H Herbedestn
HAM Handarz i darbd i mahrspendn
HKR Husr i kavdn ud redak-e
Hn Hoxt Nask
MHD Mdavn i ha:r ddestn
MJF Mdavn i fst i frvn
MX Meng xrad
N Nirangestn
P Pursisnih
PDK Pus i dnisn-gmag = CK
Ps The Book of Psalms
Purs.EA Pursisnih i Emed i Asavahistn
RP the so-called Rivyat Pahlavi
RV 'gveda
Sr Sih-rzag
SS Sr soxan (= Sr frin)
at. Brah. (atapathabrhmana
GV ak-ud-gumnigih vi:r
n yist ne-svist
VAM Vzag e-cand darbd i mahrspendn
Vd Videvdd
VD Vi:irgird i denig
Vn Vae/ Nask
Vr Visprad
VYt Vistsp Yast

24
Other abbreviations

ant. antonym
B Buddhist
Barth. Christian Bartholomae
C Christian
Cf. compare
col. colophon
corr. correct
Darm. James Darmesteter
ed. edited by
Geld. Karl Geldner
gl. glossed
H. Hoshengji Jamaspji
Haug Martin Haug
id. idem
inscr. inscription
Kl. Gert Klingenschmitt
lit. literally
Man. Manichaean
Ms. manuscript
Mss. manuscripts
opp. opposite
r recto
Reich. Hans Reichelt
v verso
Z Zand
ZA Zend-Avesta
Zor. Zoroastrian

25
Text M!"#$

! C '' I$J < K3%& ' !
' K=?$%&
L
< ' (8 4 ''($%& 2! M

!"
#$% '( ) *+, ((
!!
-
' ! ' N>A/ 0
OP
< ! 21 #$
./ 0 12#3 4 ( 56 #789 ( "

9
4E F& K,?$%&' ' * 8C!" G
10
6 4 7(H8 #$%,A)'

11
4E F& ''($%& 2! '' 8H'7I0 G F

12
& N>A/ 0 J K+-

26

L ) M

A B C.
+,
(8%! 4
OQ
D EFG H 7 B C.
+-
C 2R ' ;
OS
D 7IFG 2 C/2 C T U
OV
D 4 2 C/2 58
OW
D 6 H 8 H C.
+.
2& * X
PY
D 4 2 /2 HH J C ' 58 (8 D 8 H KL M C
/+
5$ D N 7 H O B
C.
//
21 * X D N /7 HH P C.
/,
N N 7 HH P C.
/0
O ' 5$ (8 D N 7 B C/2QL
/-

@($%=?>?- 4
PS
D QLIKRFS CIKRFS 2 C/T/
/1
Z @ ($J() @ 4 M 8 U H 7 B C.
/2

Z (>$%! ; D C/VWXG C Z' ;' D C.XYZF[ZFG C Z' @' 4
PL
D C"/2Q\W
,3
5$

13
K F4E F& E B .
14
P$ G
15
K F4E F& 7IEFG ] .
16
&"+) G
17
Q?) G
18
4E 5H8 [ *" G
19
G K F& F 6 H 8 H .
20
4E 2H& \]- X [ +R$"" G
21
& 8 H EKL G F 8 H ^ 7 M C
22
& N 7 H O H .
23
4E FK F&
24
G
25
G N 7 B ^ /22
26
& 23^>?- 4 [ G @($%3,>?- 4 S;- T?9 K F @($%^>?- 4 4E F @( $%,F>?- 4
27
G IKRFS ^ /I2 F 6 9 ] C/IQLIKR Z ]- ($%&() @ 4 4E F Z @ ($J() @ 4 M /T/IQLIKRFS C
28
4E FK F& Q_ H 7 ] .
29
S;- TU7) K C Z' @' 4
30
G ' ^ "/22

27
5$ D ' ` U C.
,+
__ ;' D C.XYZF[GFa
bc
! @ @' 4 D / ` Z/ C.XY
23=$ @' 4 D CdaFeEFf
bb
' ($ ;' D CdaFegh/ 4 ($%H& ; D

L :7 M

` ! 7 0 N>A/ * ($
aQ
! 7 21 b #$ c ' ' d%& 4 @ ' d%,H- #$ _
ae
8 ' ( 2! _ '
=$J 2,>?- ' d%,>- d%,)
aS
' ' 2& ' 4($%^/ ' d%,/ _ ' f$ d%,??)
aV
' ! U d%& < 7
fg 23& '($ '' 2& C ' ' @ U d%& < () @ 231 7 '' 2& ' ($ + d%,$J < fg '($
C @ '' 23& 2,H- 21 '($ ($ 3& 4 d%3& Z (8%& 7 ' ' h)
aW
i (89%& ' 7 _ ; @
* ' 68 2&' Z ' 9T ! 21 #$ (8 2& X ! U (B 9T j
C/22 k
aL
4 ' d 58 b c D /22 H Ci k 4 ' d 58 4' 9T D /II H 6 HH C/
l k m 4 ' d 58 B # c ' 4' 9T k 4 ' d 58 ($ ($%=) ' 21' ]) k 4 ' d 58
21 d ' 9T'(F/ D /II HH M C
03
k 4 ' d + 58 '' 23=- 4
QO
D /22 HH J jh H C&
0/

31
4E FK F& ' ` .I
32
G .XYZF[G/
33
G Ff M daFe
34
G N>A/ V'W*+- K F nF>A/ # ($ X

35
& + @ #$ _ 4E FK F < @ #$ X

36
G d%,>?- @ d%,) X

37
& FG d o X p p d%& 4E FK F o X p p q 6 F f$ d%,) X

38
4E FK r) X
39
4E FK E$ X
40
G F& /II HH E X
41
K F& + '' 23,H- 4 F + 21 4 X

28
k 4 ' d ' 58 (8 ' ' (8 4 d%,>?- ' D /II HH J C
kb
k
QQ
(>$%! + '(>- ' '($ ($%& D
/II HH J C
kl
< k 4 ' 58 d d p q' ' q '
QS
D CFS/II
01
< k 4 ' d 4 58 @ s$ D
mnI HH / C
02
< k 4 ' ($%! 58 d ($ D C&o7gpFa (8%! 4
QL
C 2tA>A) D C/TFa
? H & Z '(8%& (BE$ 58 X D E H C/KR
-3
(8 2& #$ d%3& D () @ 7 M Cqe 2!
eO
7 H(8 ; < () @ 7 7 H(8 ; r) D C&FpFa C '' #$ ' '(8 D
'' @ p%,$ Z' ($%u _
eP
2v$ k (8%! wwxy8 4 2&
ea
9 H C&FrFp
TEFn M C 1 7/ g ` 3! Ci
lk
@ Z' 2& 'z TEFn M C 1 7/ ` @ ' Z ($%u D 2v$
58 h) wwxy8 2& 9 H 8FrFp M C @ ' Z (8 9T D 5$ 2v$ h) ''(y8 2& 9 H CstFp
'(Fy$ 9T(B @ 4 ' Z (8 Z 9T b '(8%& < + h) (8 d' U ! b 21 2&(8 #$ 6/ X k 58
9 H 8FrFp M C ' k ($ 9 H CstFp ' 2v$ ! X
ee
4 + 9T E$ 9 H CstFp
'($%& E$ 2& Z '(8%& b < ($ D

42
4E FK FG F& 1 / HH J jh H u X
43
4E FK FG F& 1 / HH J X
44
6 k 4 ' 58 d X
45
4E FK FG F& 1 / HH J v C 6 F /II HH J X
46
6 (8%! ($ ' X
47
4E FK FG F& 1 FS/ C 6 F FS/II C
48
6 6I M w] HH 0 X
49
K F& (8%! 4 < X
50
G Y F M H /KR X
51
4E FK FG F& &Fe 6 F &/qe X
52
@ Z' *($%u
53
G x>>y8 2& 4E FK F wxy8 ' 2& X
54
& CETEFn 1 7/ g ` 3! i X
55
4E FK FG F& ! s- 6 F ! ]>- X

29
22/ C.gp0
lx
#) ' { ' c 58 D C.gpqyLz
-1
#) ' { ' c 5$ ' 2v$
! X
eW
4 + ! 9T 21 #$ E$ Z '(8%& b < $ 5 D { | P C. #) D 1 M C
-.
#) ' { D
1 } C
43
#) {' < ($%t$%& * D + M C
4+
() 7
SP
D + } C () 7
Sa
< ($%t$%& * D Cqf 2,$
(8%& #$ fg 58 d' D (8%& 2,$ #$ fg (8%! C D 1 B C 2,$ (8%& #$ fg (8 2&
SQ
2,$
(8%& #$ fg ($%=?$%&($
Se
D CFG/ 2,$ (8%& #$ fg d%,/
SS
' 2,$ (8%& #$ fg
(A) s$ ' 2,$ (8%& #$ fg + d' @
z q()
SV
(8%! 2v$ 4 qfo7gG HH C"2 58 2v$ qfo7gG H C2 2v$ 5$
qfo7gG H C.~f2 D ! () q 2v$ (8%! 4 qfo7gG/ H %2 A C 2v$ 58
qfo7gG/ H CFp2 2v$ 5$ qfo7gG/ H C.~fFp2 D 58 d' 2v$ (8%! 4 C"7Ff
2v$ 58 C/7Ff 5$ 2v$ 7Ff A C D

56
6 F& ! 22/ .gp0 X
57
6 F& ! .gpqyLz
58
! s-
59
G F& 1 E 6 F4E FK F 1 M X
60
K FG 1 o X
61
G mf X
62
#) ' { F N 6 () 7 XO
63
#) ' { F N 6 () 7 XO
64
6 F4E F& (8%& #) #$ ;' G F (8%& #) fg #$ ;' X
65
G F& ($ q ! ($%,- 4E FK F 0 q ! p ($%& X
66
4E FK F G p%,/ X
67
G qf7QG C

30
'(Fy$ 6$%=-' 4 qf H 7 H qf CFp H 7 H Fp HH J qf C H 7 H C.~fFp D ($ 2v$ C
1 CF[f/ 1 C/Qaq_Ff/
42
1 C.~fF[f/ D 2v$
SL
d%,>?- }5 C 5 / C
13
C2
5 ?/ B C D (8%& 2,$ fg #$ Z 2,A) * M ' 2v$ C '' T($%u 5$%& r) '' @ 4 M
4 @ 4 + ($ ' 4 +qyf A sRFGC H C
1+
+~eo 4 A sRFGC H C D 2v$ '' 4 T($%u
VP
1 C2T/ D
=-' 2v$ 4 1 H C022/T
b
D + 2v$ ' (A) 7 9T
VQ
KRo7Fn H C
l
D 2tA>$ 2v$ 4
1 !Wqr H C/22Fa C D 2v$
VS
2,$ (8%& #$ fg K[h B C. ' 4 9T M CF_qe
E$ M 2,$ (8%& #$ fg CFYZF" D 2,$ (8%& #$ fg 2 4 = C/T + ' @ 7 M 2,$
(8%& #$ fg sRFGFa H C
Cm#G/
12
22FW A C Z '(8%& ''($%& 2& 58 ' 6$%=- '
(8%! 4 ($%u T
VL
M Fh C ! () q 7 5$ ' ' r) '(FB * M '(8%^>?-($ + ' @ 7 +
WY
7 '

68
G 1 Qaq[f/ C
69
K F4E I$
70
4E FK F& 5 $/ C
71
K F& +qyf A sRFG H C G F +qyf A %#RFGC C 4E F +qyf A sRFGC H C
72
2v$ '' 4 u T($% +~eo 4 A F#RFG C
73
K F4E F& =-' 2v$ 4 1 C2T/ 1 H 022/T C G F =?-' 2v$ 4 1 C2T/ 1 C022/T/
74
' (A) 7 9T
75
G /KRo7Ff C 4E F& F /KRo7Fn C K F >o7Fn r) C 3
76
Superfluous. Not in H.

77
$F&FGFa C
Corr. ! ' 4 ' 12
79
& (8%& T
80
4E FK p

31
($%u T + 6$%u' '(8%!' i M '($%!
WO
6$%=-' q
WP
2v$ ' 58 ' d r) 2&E8 '' 2& M '($%!
Wa
%& ($%u |p @ 4 M ' (Ay>B
WQ
($%u |p%1 @ 4 M C 2! ($%u (A>- G?- #>$%1 |p%,?- '

L :$ M

Xa 1 C.(K] C($ ' ! s- ($%=?$ * 2&'($%& M q_Xa ` M C ($ @ 2,$%=$
Z ($ '(8%& C < _ 2t$ 'z M TE/7Xa M C
)l
($ (} Z 21 ($ '(8%& C < _ 'z
+ d%,~?- M %Xa g 7 g C*+ ($ 4 =} Z '(8%& C 1 4 d%3& < ($ E$%& M .qn H CF]
+ N$ Z '(8%& #$%t-' M ma CF,h/7F_ CFS07FG CFS07 ($ '(} '
C '(} ' @ 2t?} M o7F_Xa 21 C d%! c 7 #Ay$ 4 21' 4 M
C.gfEF-Xa
24
7 9T < C ($ '' (Ay$ (8 ' b 7 2& < C (} '' 6$%=- M b ' <
k (} 6$%=-
WV
1 CFh7/ D ' C 58 '' ' 2tA~$ 5$ 4 F- CFh
22
D
1 C.gfEF-CXaE
2.
7 d%31 T M C.gfEF-CFLI7IEFG
./
C 7 G- T M
( ( C0aF[h C ' 21 M CXhFG 1 C0a/K[h/
.1
C d%! 21' ]}
LP
M 7Xh H C
C ' 21 < 2./ ' ; < (FB * M

81
6 ? / + / C
82
& 6$%,- 4E FK F 6$%,-' 6 F 6$%,-' T
83
(Ay>B
84
'($%!
85
G CETE/7Xa
86
G C.gfEFpXa
87
G s?-
88
4E FK F& CF23F-
89
G 1 CCCz ?E K F 1 M CCCXa
90
G CCCF4I7IEFG
91
G C0a/K[h/2XhFG

32
/ C/T C 21' < (} 6$%=- ! U 2,$ < p%,/ ' 2,$ < 4 p%& Z (8%& ' C ''
23!' ' ; 68 ''' 2&
La
M CFrFp
.k
!5ga H 6ZF7hFe C M C
.-
/ C/T
4 @ G$ ($ 7 9T b < p%,/ C 21' M M H C
.4
CFr/7FG/
.1
FG H 8 H C
o7g[hFe = CF7f
.2
7 ' d%! c 2t/ ]} M ! ]} (8 C @ d (8 U ' c d%! Mc
CFrFp
..
6ZF7hFp M C M H C
+33
CFr/II7IEFG
+3+
FG H 8 H C
[hFe o7g = CF7f
+3/
8 7 ' C d%=-
OYa
@ 1 C.gf/V9/ (} 6$%=- 68 ''' 2&
OYQ
M
C"7Ff 1 C.gf/V9/ '' q #8%,$ G$ b 58 d' < o' @ '($ + d' (8%& 5/ (8 9T M
C.g[h/ M H C.
+3-
e 7g[hF o = + P C.
+34
2t$ (8%! 4 2t/ ]} M 1 B CFSF:h
M o7g[hFe C = + P C.
+31
./ P CF[h #Ay$ b
OYW
($%u(B ' 7 ' 2t/ ]} i
(8%& C @ ' @ ' ! G$' + ' d 5$%& '' ($%u M 7F" M 9C H > P C.
+3.
/ 8 } C
++3

92
K FG C 21' d% 1 ' ]} & F C 21' d%! ]}' 4E F C 21' d%,8 ]}
93
G '(>>y8 2&
94
4E FK F& CF7p
95
G 6ZFrFhFe M C
96
& ! CE 4E FK F M C G F CE
97
4E FK F& /7FG/ H C/
98
6 F& CF7#9/K[hFe 4E FK FG F CF7#9K[hFe
99
K F4E F& CF7p
100
& ! CE 4E FK F M C G F CE
101
4E FK F& CFr/7IEFG G F FG A CFrI7I
102
4E FG F& F#9/K[hFe H C/ F K CFrF#9/K[hFe
103
4E FK F& C p%,-
104
G '(>>y8 2&
105
& / CE22 4E FK FG F / 22 A C 6 F 2Q3/ A C
106
G F& +/2/K[hFe P C. 6 FK F +/22/K[hFe P C. 4E F +2/K[hFe P C.
107
s9/K[hFe P C.
108
6 F4E FK F& qE$
109
& 7F" M 9 H C.oKR G F 7F" M 9 H +FR P C. K F ; 9E7/ H C.oKR 6 F4E ; 7/ M 9 H C.oKR
110
/ 8 } C$

33
/ - C0r
+++
9 H 8FrFp M C
++/
8 ($ @ ! ' Z ($%u * d%3& 6}' ($%3u ' < qb
@ Z' 9T(8
++,
Z (8%& ' b < C '' (} 6$%=- 2t/ ]} b ' < ! ($ * ($ E$%& ]"/
68 ''' ($%u
OOQ
# Z '(8%& 68 2&''' d #8%,$'' G$ b < C @ 23=- ($ ' + d' 2,A/ '' 9T
2t$ (8%! C 4 =} (8%! 4 \]"/ ' (8%! 4 4 =} b (B #$E$ ($%u ' 7 ' 2t$ + ' d
2,A/ 2&'' @ !' ' G$ 6}' + ' d 5$%& '' '($%u ($ ! @ ' Z ($%u d%3& ' 6} ($%3u < b q
@ ' Z (8 9T j
/ H + H % M C *(8%!
OOe
M C/I7I
++4
nT(} M 4 A H C/KR
++1
Z E$%u M C.g#LFG
++2

C T U < Z E$%u M + J CFYZ ' (8 * M C:I CFf0 4:/
++.
=?- $ G < '($%^/
< *(8' M J <[f J 7FG C J <[f J C 23& '' '($%u ' '(~B' '($%u < (8' M
E/ ` C/7 u$ M 4 +q[f/ M C '($9%&(H8 M J YZ CF C 6/' M
CFYZ7F:h ! G- < '($%&(H8 M
? H C/II: ($ (B ($ M 1 C*W0 ' ($ %T M 1 CFS/
+/3
(8 + '($%u M C.gYZFh
'($%1 M :0 H !5 H /II H 8 H C"
+/+
($%u d%3,???$
OPP
M Kh H C/7 4(8' 4' d%3& M
? H 8 M C C 23^} d%3& M KZ/ 4 M C ($%& #$ d%3& M C/KeFf 1 C*W0
+/,

111
6 FG <f/ C 4E FK F& F C07f/
112
4E F& 9 H Fp H 8/ M C
113
& @ ' Z ' 9T
114
4E FK F& 68 ''' _ G F '(>)E8 ($%u
115
G C *(8%! J C *($%3=-
116
6 F4E F& C/I7I K F C/2I7I G F I7I # C/
117
G 4 E H C/KR
118
G C.g#4FG
119
& :I ! CFf04:/
120
4E 1 CFS0 K F 1 C=90
121
K F& 2T0 P 8 H /II H 8 H C" 4E F T0 H P 8 H /II H 8 H C"
122
4E FK F& %& ($ d% 3,??$
123
C/K#eFf 1 C*W0

34
! 2! (8 + ($%u M jegeg[f/ H C&
+/0
C.gYZFh i @ ;' '($%1 Z '(8%& ^) d%3& M
6ZFhC07:X- M C
+/-
7 ($%3&' _ M Fa H C.gR 1 9/ J C #$%=$ #>$
(8 + ($%u d%3& M 4>IKW H C 1 9/ J C
+/4
|d%u(>$ &
OPV
(8 + ($%u d%3& M CF_/:o7gn
1 CFS/ + (}' 9T (8 + ($%u d%3& M C&FrF\W 1 C*W0 C 2! =$ q%3
OPW
(8 + ($%u d%3&
OPL
M CF_/IIFe/ 1 CFS/ ($E$ ' 9T (8 + ($%u d%3& M
1 CFYZF\W/ (8 + ($%u ' < (8%& @ 68 d%3,H-
OaY
M 1 8o7gnC*W0 H <n M C
1 s9/KRo70 H <n M C (8 + ($%u ' '(>?- ($%u < _ C (>- Z 4 d%3,) M
<?R/7 J VWI C J C b < C '(>A) 7 _ M Kh C.oVWI B .o7 C
+,+

FG H 7 `H 8o7o 4 C.g_q[hC/II/ C.o M C.gLE/KhC
+,/
7 _ < ' (8 4
< ' 4 2,>- < k * 68' 2! < 23=$9%& (>?- U
Oaa
fg C '' 2t- ' + ! 4 ' @
* ' 68 ' 2& M CF#L/VWI
+,0
@Fe A M C
+,-
1 / B ? J C
+,4
CFR/
+,1
4
KZ/ M VWI C M C 1 9/ J C b < 7 _ ($%u p%,$ 2./ ' ; %u d u G- Z '(8%& b

124
& jeg[" H C& G F jeg_F" H C& 6 F4E FK F jeg_C H C&
125
6 FK F4E F& 6ZFh07TX- M C
126
6 F4E FK F& C/4>IKW 1 9/ J C G F C4>IKW 1 9/ J C
127
K F& H]$%&(>$ J Z*+[
128
4E FK F& C 2! d% 3,$ G F C 2! d%,8%,$
129
6 (8 + ($%&
130
4E FK F& (8%& @ 68 d% 3,H-'
131
G Kh H C.o7
132
G C.g4E/Kh
133
4E F& 23=$9%& s$ < K F 23=$9%& d% ,~$ G F 23=$9%& < (>?- U
134
G CF#4/VWI
135
& Cm7LFe 6 F4E FK F <LFe M C
136
4E FG 1 6Z/ J C
137
& ! CFR/

35
($%& #$ < 7 _ 68 '''
OaW
M C&E/Ke
+,.
(8 C @ M C&/II/Ke 68 ''' 2&
OQY
M CIKe
68 '''
OQO
M FG H 8 HH C/T0 C ($%1 (8 + '($%u M FG H 8 H !h/C M C 1 9/ J C
C @ ($%=~- (8 + '($%u M X- ` shqh C/ J C
+0/
' (8 '($%=$%u 6$ Z ($%u _ M
C"EF-
+0,
(8 MU EFa H M C "/ 4 H + M C
+00
($ T ' '($%=- M 7FG M C
CF,hFG (} (8 '
OQe
' d%! Mc 7/T/ M 7FGI C M C ! G- ' ! C ! M C3I
dD$$ M 1 B Ff C0:h C~e #y8' 21(>$ M qG H 7 H C C 6A~- '
OQS
M
C0fo7XYZFa
+01
D CF,hFG 1 C.gf/ D9/ N d%! c < O ' 4 '($9%& M EFfFe
KR H C
+02
2.- '' M 4 CFLE/
+0.
(8 MU C/I/:qn
+-3
+ ! q M sRo7/ J C
C>o7/ D CF[h/: 68%& M 9 H 8/II/TFE5 M C
+-+
($%=~$ Z 9T'
OeP
M
Xe H` 3FeC M C
+-,
7 q%t/ 23u M CI:o7o ($ (8 21 M C+0:7/

138
G '(>>y8
139
G /Ke A C&
140
4E FK FG 68 2&''
141
G 68 ''
142
G +22qh J C
143
G F- A C"
144
& "/4 H Cmf G F @/4 H + M C
145
6 F4E FK F& C d% ,-
146
K C 6A~- ' J "+/!"+/
147
G Cgfo7FaXYZFa
148
G FfFe A KR H C
149
G 4 CF4E/
150
G C/I:qn
151
9 H P 8/I/TFp M C
152
6 F& ($%,>$ Z 9T' 4E FK F Z ' 9T G F Z 9T' M ($%,>$
153
6 F4E FK FG Xe ` 3Fe C/ M C & F Xe H` CmhFeC

36
C+0:70K+
+-0
C d%=- ' d%! c ($ (8 21 M C*W0I/K+
+--
(~?- + ' Z '(8%&
' '($%! M 1 7/ M C d%,??$ M * ` CFf0 C 2t$ ($ ' M AFL/ J C
+-4
d%=$
OeV
Z '(8%& ($ ]~- (8%& C @ ' !' M FLFp H CF7n 4 d _ M FRI7I Co7/ #$%u ' 5/ '
M *qf M C ' ! 4 M TFLI P C. C ' 23u < @ & M 1 6Z/ P C. C ' 23u <
C '($%! M Xho7FG H C C 'D$%! 4 M ?/ 4>E7Fn H C.
+-2
@ '$ 4 < 'z (} 6$%=-
< C 4(>$%! M +qhFG M C (8%1 4
OeL
M "Xh H C (8%& _ M /To7o: C.
+43
D?H- M
Co7Fp/
+4+
* ! M C.g_/II7I () @ * M C/:o7g:h
+4/
=?- G$
OSa
M
CF,h/70:
+40
#>AB M 1 CFp&o7o
+4-
(8 2R 4 M C.g#L/K+
+44
4 N/'
OSV
M
+E/Kh H C '(F>?- 4 M !WFa H C
+42
23!
OSL
M W0II/K+ C* 4 G- M :o7o H C
9T'(8
OVY
M Fe CFyh
+1+
CX\Ge
+1/
D 7 4X\W J C ($%u G?- M CFeqL

154
G C+0:070K+ C+0:/7/ K F CQf0T070K+ CFf0:7/ 4E F C+0:/7/
CFf0T070K+
155
4E C*W02I/K+
156
G AF4/ J C
157
d%,g
158
G ?/4>E7Ff H C. 4E F 7Fn A ?/4> H C.
159
4E FK F& '(8%1 4
160
6 F& /To7o C. 4E FK FG F /:o7o C.
161
6 F& ! Co7Fp0 4E FK F Co7Fp0
162
4E FK C/To7g:h
163
6 F& :7F:h 4E FK F 7F:h
164
4E F& : J CF,h/70T
165
1 CFE_o7o
166
K F4E F& C.gfFL/K+ G F C.gfF4/K+
167
K 4 ' N/ J '\3 6'R2+C
168
CF[WFa
169
& 23! J K F'\3 6'(2+C @]5 23! !"+2 6'(2+C
170
K 9T'(8 J '($'[

37
7 H ! CsL
+1,
D CFYZ/T/: 23u 7
OVQ
M CFf07 '(A) M CFyf> '($%u 4 M
FG H 8 `H CFf0 C @ 23=- ($ M CFZo: (B \T M CDn/K+ C/ Dn/K+ D
C.gWFa
+1-
'Fa H C
+14
! G- < 6>?) M
F" C.oT ($ d%! M 1 +QaE H C d%vH8 M C.g[h/ 2t$ M CF,eg+o7gp
+11

4 R (8 23u M CF,eg-:Fe
+12
]"/ M CFeqYZFa (>$ Z < ($ E$%& M
1 C/To7/ ' 2,>$ ' * ' 68 ' _
OVL
fg C =) _ 4 ' @ * ' 68 ' _
OWY
M 4
C.g_q_/227 '(H8 2t-
OWO
() + ($%u _ M 1 3/ M KRF\WC P C.
+2/
4 #y$
($ @ d%,g
OWa
M FG/ CF#eFrF\W H 8 H CF_o7oC
+20
4 #y$ ($ @ d%,g
=$ @ #>$%! _ M /2QfF_ Z/22/KhEFa CFS Y C.g
+2-
Ff272 4 CFS
o7/ = /22Fa C.o H C.ga
+24
@ '' ($ (>?- + _ ' () + ($ ' s?H- ($%! _ M C&/2Qn
1 IhJ A C
+21
2Q[h/ C"QYZ/ J 3o7/:/ C A C~L7Fe/ C
+22

171
4E FK F& CFy23Fe
172
K CX\Ge G F CX^Ge
173
& 7 H ! CsL G F 7 H ! Cs4 F 4E 7 H CsL
174
& 23& 7 J K F ^/ 23& 7 ^/ .7_$ 8D<C
175
G C.oVWFa
176
G VW H C
177
G CFSFeg+o7gp
178
G ]"/ o (F/ d
179
4E * ' 68 ' 2&
180
G * ' 68 ' 2&
181
4E FK FG '(H8 21
182
4E FK F& 1 KK\Wmh/ P C.
183
4E FK F& ($ @ d% ,$
184
FG/ H 8 H CF_o7
185
4E FK F& Z/2/KhEFa Y C.g G F KhFa Z/2/ Y C.g
186
C.gYZ/22Fa
187
& 1 H Ih A C

38
K+/ H N H H A C
+2.
QG/ HH C(
+.3
o7/ 4 = C.o &/ C
+.+
C$22/
+./

1 H q:h H C ''($%& 2& (>$ 21 '($%! < 2t$ ($ 7 9T
OLa
'($E>"$ ' ])E$ '
($%=-(8%,$ ' ! ' '($%=- ]>- qE$
OLQ
9T' ' c ' =?- M Ih/ A C
+.-

K9/ HH A .g_C A C
+.4
/ 4 B C$22Fa
+.1
1 seo7/ A C
+.2
/ ` C/
+..

22F- P C.
/33
:/ H + P o7/ C. 5 A C (8%& d%,?- f$ N) @ ;' 7 ' ; @ '($%!
PYO
2,$%u(8 * ' 68 ' 2& C '' ($ @ q d%,>$%&(8%& 5g @ '' d ' 5g '$ .$ 2& '

L :/ M

CqR/
/3/
Cqf Cq_2 C&0 1 qf C0 H 7 B C
/3,
1 C0 1 / C0 4
Fa H > B C. 2,$ ''' b 4 d' 58 b c ' ' N>g 9T''($%& #$%=$ #>$ D CFR/
B C.
/30
C0: Z ' 9T (8 7 NyB
PYe
D + H 9Feg_ H /22/ C& " P 7q[h C. P C.

188
G C~47Fe/
189
& */ B N HH A C 6 F4E FK FG F */ H N HH A C
190
4E FK F& QG/ HH P C G F QG/ HH C.(
191
& ! C&/
192
4E F& ! C$22/
193
& 2t$ ($ 7 9T
194
G #Ay$
195
& Cm:h/
196
G K9/ HH A .g_ A C & F K9/ HH .g_E A C
197
G F& /4 B C$2Qa 4E FK F C$2QYZ/4
198
1 +Feo7/ A C
199
4E FK F& F_/
200
22F- P C
201
; 2! '($%!
202
& ! CqR/
203
qf H 7 H C
204
4E FK F& H C.

39
C"7Ff CFR/ .TFe HH C%Y3 1 C.gf/V9/
/34
b Z < ' 2& ;' 7
6)' 21 ($%3u '(A) Z 58 9T' ' d + < ($%^( 4 ' 4 ($%& D / CFR/ H` C"
FG H 8 HH La/ H C0 C.gf2 6 CFR/ C Z 9T' 23=$ 4 C '' C @ #>- D
9T(B < C/KR/
/31
4 d' (8%& #$ @ 6/ D C0 @/ C0KR/
FSFa H 8 Fe70 C H 8 H C" @ 6/ fg ($%=$ 23=?$
PYW
() @ 7
+ '' ) (F ($%u _ D /:2 Co7/2Qa C&/22/ C/KR/ H 8 H C
/3.
@ 6/ fg b
($ X $%u 2, ($ r>A) 2,B D C/KR/ 1 A C
/+3
7Qa/ A 4:Fe C J 4/K+ C
C.gR/
/++
C&F\WFn @ 6/ ($ fg ($ r/ #) ;' h) C ($%=?$%,$%,) _
POP
#>$ '' @ ' ! ($ * C '' '($%1 I$ D Fp CFSFR/ M 0 H 9 H C&
/+,
2,$ '''
4 @ .$ q 7 2,$ ($ ' D
9T(B <
POQ
} C
/+-
; P C&0 4 Cq,eo @/ Cq,e 7 ' (8 =?- 9T' '
d%,?A>$%! 5$%& Z '' @ D C '' ($%t$%& } C C '' b ($ 3& 4 ! *($ (8%& #$ A C
/+4
! U (8%v$ ' 4 (B T 7 ' d%=-' 68 ''' 2& D A C
/+1
Ff H C$7
/+2

205
G *E8
206
G 1 +/V9/ P C.
207
& ! C/KR/
208
G ($%=$ 23,$
209
K F4E F& 0:2 H 8 H C G F / 0: H T H C
210
& 1 CE
211
G C.gR/K+
212
G C ($%,?$%,$%,) %&
213
& qyaFp H 9 H C&
214
9T(B 9T(B
215
& ! }
216
& ! E
217
& ! E
218
K F4E F& C$K3Ff G F Ff C$7

40
q#egfo7gG H C
/+.
+ A H FG C& H 8 H 0T/ 4C H 8 H C 7 ' 58 ' d < C @ 4 s$%,>$ r)
(A) s$
//3
5$%& '' @ fg _ C ($%1 < C 23& '' 21 '($ (A) s$ r) ' '(8%! i D
CF,eQ_q- 1 CF,h/7/
//+
CF,egf0227: C '' C =?) C '($ 23& ' + X
p%,$%& ' X ' ($%vB D 1 H 6Qa/ CFSF:h HH 6Q_/7 C/ HH 0 4 C/ H 8 HH C/
FR/7 HH /70K+ C/ H > HH C%a/ @/ C/
///
q_0 4 H C"
1 ?/ `H C%a/ (>$ 21 Z ($%! _ ' 2R _ 23& d%3& ' C '(>A) C ' !
23& 21 ($ d%3& 7 ' 23& 21 ($ ! U
//,
D
A C
//0
7 '
PPe
k (8%! 4 ' d%=- 68 ''' 2&
PPS
D A C
//1
Ff H C$7
//2

C%[WE/
//.
. C0K+ 9 C H 9 H C 7 ' ' c 58 ($%!' ' 68 ''' 2& fg C !' !
PaY
@ Z' D C0
/,+
7 ' k 58 58 ' d (8%! C k (8%! 4 6$%=-' M C/7Ff C0
C.Q_q-
/,/
/7Fn H C%_ 2v$ 58 58 d' p%,$%& '(>?- i fg '($%vB
9T'(8%!'
Paa
M 63 HH C0
/,0
1 C0 4o7o 1 Ff/ 27 4 Cqe 5 C.o
/,-
7 ' C '' b

219
q#eo7gG H C
220
r>A)
221
K FG F& 1 CF,h7/ 4E F 1 CF,h/7/
222
K F4E F& C%aFL/
223
G 7 _
224
& ! E
225
G 6/
226
G '(>)E8 2&
227
& ! E
228
C$K3Ff
229
G / A C%[W
230
C !' @ !
231
@ Z' C0
232
G 8q- U C.
233
4 '' 9T

41
< ' 6) (8 2R _ ($' 2,$%& (>H- Z D C&/22/
cbx
H qh H qS022F_ C C Z ' 9T
($ 2t$ s$
PaV
' @ ' + ($ * ($ 7 ; b ($ 9T 6$ 2! ; ($ '($%=?$
PaW
d%,?A>$%! D
.0 } CN5
/,.
CqRo7gG
/03
H5 Fe H 8 B C
/0+
Ny8
PQP
' @ ]) 2v$%& '' 2& p%,A)
< ' c 23%=$'
PQa
' (8 '($%3u @
CF_/22/
/00
F- HH C/ 5 /22 H 8 H C
/0-
q%v$
PQS
' 9T 2v$ C '' d%,$
(FB 2& D F- C/22/ HH A CF_o7Fe C
/01
(8 ($%& (8%3& 2./ D 2,$ (8%& #$ fg
C/22/
/02
C '' ($ + E$ ($ 2,>$%& / C/22/ / C%_ B C+ga
/0.

QR/7/: ` C/7 ($ + E$ 6)' ($%3u ''($%& @ ($ 7 9T D C.g9E/
/K+ 5 / H T HH $ H 8 H C
/-3
(8%! Z '($%u C !' 2,AB D A `H A C
/-+

234
& ! 63 HH C0
235
& 274 H5 C.
236
& ! C&/22/
237
($ 2t$ X
238
G F& ($ ''($%,$ K F ($ '($%,?$ 4E F ($ ''($%,?$
239
G . C0 } C; &F ! .0 } CN5 4E FK F . C0 } CN5
240
G F& Cqho7gG 4E FK F qho7gG H C
241
6 FK F4E F& H5 Fe H 8 H C G F 5 Fe/ H 8 H C
242
6 FK F4E F& qE$ G F #$E$
243
G ' p%,A) 23=$ '
244
& ! CF_/22/
245
5 /22/ H 8 H C
246
G #$%v$
247
! F- CF_/22/ HH 3 CF_/7Fe C%Y
248
& ! C/22/ G F ! C/2/
249
C.gYZ/
250
& ! /K+ C/Tg9E /T/ H C%_ G F ! A /K+ C.g9 /: H 8 C
251
& ! E `H A C G F A C `H A C

42
FR *W/ H 8 J E2Qa C `H A C
clc
FG H 8 H KRqL J C
clb
4 p%&
PeQ
@ ' #$%3=$ C (Ay) + ' 2R s$ '($%& 2& p%,/
Pee
@ ' #$%3=$
PeS
C (Ay) 239%& s$ @
U C.o>
/-1
A H C
/-2
@Fe HH CFp0
/-.
#) ' ; 7 ' ; 2R ' ; ($ 7 ' 2& D
CF[W2
/43
IhFL272mG A C
/4+
D +2 H5 !5 H C
cxc
8 C A H C
/KR C/KRQG C%aFfEF_ (8%! 2! ($ 7 9T 6)' ($%3u < C 2,) '' C ' p%& D
CF[W2
cxb
>FS | C%aF:h/Co7/
cxk
(8%! Z '($%u < 5g (8%& d%,?-
+ t$%& 4 ' D F- C.g_0 +FR P C. + s$%! < ($%3,- '($ D C.g_0
K[h0 HH C%[3
/4-
23& ' 2t$ 2,) D FR0 P FG C. H 7 H +Fp P CF,e
23& 4' '($ C N) '($ D J 6Z HH CF_o7/22/ C/ 4 ' @ ($ 2t$ 4 ' D
CF,egeg[ho7gEh0
/44
4 #>$ ' @ 2.$ ;' D 07 4Co70 5 A C
cx

1 H 7 A 6Z/:FeC A C
/42
@($%u (A>H- q 2v$ ' (>- 4 '/ D / " HH CF[5o
/4.

252
& E2Qa `H A C G F 2Qa A C `H A C
253
G FG H 8 H KRq4 J C
254
4E F& 4 ]-
255
G d% ,/
256
4E @ ' $ #$%,
257
& ! U C.o>
258
& ! CE 6 FK F4E FG F A C
259
& ! U C.gpqyL 6 FG FK F4E F U C.gpqyL
260
& ! U CF[W 4E FK F U CF[W
261
G FG A 272 O Ih A C
262
& ! +2 H5 8 H C K F4E F C2 H5 8 H C G F C2 ; H 8 H C
263
G C%[W2
264
K F& ?F:h/ C
265
K[h/ HH C%[3
266
6 F4E FK F& ! C.geg[ho7gEh0
267
& ! 0 074o7 5 A C
268
& 1 H CmYZ/:Fe CE7
269
& ! / CF[fgL G F / CF[fg4 6 F4E FK F / CF[fgL

43
CF[5g_FG 2.$%,$ 2& fg U k 23& '' 2& C @ 2& fg U + ' d C @ 2& D
/ " HH !5/ B C.
/13
C.gG0 2.$%,$ (8 2& d%,/ D / "Q_ A C
/1+

/: +Fe A C { @ (FB ($ ' 9T D
E/ P H CFf
cc
C%a/7Qh ($%& ! sAB D 'E/ ` / HH A C
cb

8o7FnC/22/ P C.
ck
D KR H C '/ H` P C/ 5$ @ #$ D / HH CF_/
CFyf2 4 231 '' 2& D C%aFf/ 4>E/
/1-
C/70 4 ($ 21 ]) @ _ D
Q3 H C
/14
8 C
/11
/ F_F_ Co7 2! b { @ * ' 68 ' 2& 2! b r)
{ @ * ' 68 2&' D KRQG C"2:/ A C
/12
C%a/7Qa/
/1.
4:Fe J C #$%^B
+ ' 7 < ($ ($ r/ D /:/ . CFL P C.
/23
3/ A 6q_o7gnC HH A C
/2+
C ''
b < { @ * ' 68 ' 2& + ($%=) ' < (B s$ D Cq[h/
c)c
Cq[5Fe
7 ' ($%3u
PWa
C @ (A/ < C 2R ;' D C/To7Fh C%a/22/ (8 2R #$ 2.?- 4 D
0:/ H C.gG0 C C.EFf0 4:/K+
c)k
5"- ($ ' ; d%,/ < C '($%,")
PWe
C ''

270
6 F4E FK F& / 8gL H C. G F / C.g[fg4
271
! J / C"Q_
272
! J E/ P H + H C
273
K F& ! J A F[\W HH A C G F A F[W HH A C 4E F 'E ` / HH A C
274
4E FK F& / 1 8o7Fn/ P C. G F / 1 8o7gn/ P C.
275
& ! C%aFf/4>E 4E FK F A C%aFf/4> GF C%Yf/4>E/
276
6 F4E FK F& V3 H C
277
C%_
278
& CEKRQG
279
7Qa/ A C
280
!
281
G 3/ A q_o7gfC _ w H CE
282
K F& ! / ` C/
283
{ @ ($%3u
284
Ff04:/K+ A C.
285
4E FK F& C H]")

44
#?- 21 '($ D CF,eg#h/ 1 CF,egya/ E/ 5 CF,h/
/24

CFSo7/22/:
/21
K+0 B .qf H C ! & ($%u '
PWW
' '($%=?$%&
PWL
($ Z ' (B s$ ! ' ;'(8 D
/22/ CFS /22/ F_q_ CFS ' 9T ' c qE$ qE$
PLY
() + ($%u _ '

L :$ :7 M

Fp& " A C
/.+
C 2tA) (8%& #$ (89%& d + d' 2,$ fg 23& ' + X D % A C
c.c

!h/ H Fp& C " A C 1 H 80 4C"2 4 A C
c.b
4 @ s$ 2,$ 23& ' + X <
#$ p%,$ 23& D A C / CF_ FG H 7 H C C/KRo7/ Ff0:/K+ H 8 H C
c.k
7 ' b
PLe
23& 21 ($ ' 7 (>?- + ' + ' d C !' ($ 2& '' 2& 2v$ Z I}'
PLS
4 + 9T
(>?- + ' '
PLV
k 6)'
PLW
4 ' sA* d
PLL
#$ p%,$ 23& M ' 7 ' b 23& 21 '($ 7
(>?- + ' + d' r) C ' ! ($ 2& '' 2& 2v$ Z r) 4 + 9T (>?- + ' ' r) k ' 6) +$

286
6 CF,h/:2
287
6 CF,h/7/22/:
288
'(,31
289
'($%t$%&
290
G #Ay$ #Ay$
291
G Fp& @ A C
292
& Cmp
293
6 FK F& 1 H 1 H 80DL A C G F 1 H 80DL A C 4E F 1 H 1 H 804C" A C
294
G Ff0:/K+ H CF_
295
7 b 7 '
296
6 ' 6)
297
& r) '
298
G I)'
299
<

45
C '' ($ #$ p%,$ 23& ''(8%,$%& ($%u D 1 K[h/ J CF,h
,33
@gp J C
,3+

+Feqn H 22 J C 21' ]) < 4 ' @ < + I$ * @ 3R D "7Fp A C
,3/
4 ($%=- X D
"7Fp A :07C P C.
,3,
1 HH +FW0 P C. 4 ($%=- X ' h>- < ($ Z 7 * D
QL7Fp CF[GFa P C.
,30
! @ 4 ($%=- X D FL7Fp jh H C&
,3-

/7qp/K+ HH A H C"
,34
4 d%=- C ' ! 2,>B '' d%=- D .o: A QL7Fp C HH J C
,31

Ny8
aYW
< 4 ($%=- Z s$ D 7Fp }` C$
,3.
4 23=- D KRF\W A C ($ @ q D
" A H KR A C
,+3
() 21 #$ D F\W HH A C
,++
#>/ d D F\W HH CF#e/
,+/

C 2! ]$%3=$
aOa
D F\W 8 A C U 2& Z '(8%& () ($%u _ D FL 8 A C
($ 2t$ 4 D " HH 80 A C
,+0
($%t$ _ D 8qL A C
,+-
233& _ D gL H 8 H C
,+4

4 @ ''' ($%u D Q\W H C/T (F>?$%u _
aOV
` D 2 H 8 H C 21 ($%=?$ D CF_Q#\W

300
1 C&0K[h0 1 CFS/
301
6 F4E FK F& "Fp J C G F @Fp J C
302
G @7Fp A C & F CmL7Fp
303
& :07mL7Fp P C.
304
Q47Fp P C.
305
4E FK F& 9/22FL7Fp H C& G F p 9/2Q47F H C&
306
& /7qp/K+ HH E H C"
307
& 2QL7Fp H J C 6 F4E FK F 2QL7Fp J C G F Q47Fp HH J C
308
4E FK F& *EB
309
Kp }` C$
310
& FL A H KR A C G F @ A H KR A C 4E FK F EFL H KR A C
311
& *W HH CE 4E FK F *W HH A C
312
G ' O << se/ A C
313
G C 2! d% =$ _ K F C 2! d%3,$ J Z!"') * `:^<9" * '2+W * T(-
314
& " HH Cm_0
315
& O H Cm_ K FG F FL H 8 A C
316
" H $ H 8 H C
317
(F>?$%u ' _

46
($ ($%3=- ' 9T D C/2QL7FG C ($%=) 4
aOW
D C.g[hQL
,+.
' @ 23! D
C%yhF[hQL
,/3
. Z D C.oTQL
,/+
(8%& T D CLfgL
,//
@ * ' D *W H C.
,/,

'(8%3u D ' ` 0 & C 231 '' @ D EFL O H 8 H C 231 '' 2& D CQ\+
,/0

C d%! D *+ HH A C d%! c D ?qf/ H CF_ ($ ($%! 4 (8 2& '

L :$ :$ M

Fe HH C&/ '' '($%=??$
aPe
D Fe H C%_ C @ (A/
aPS
D C.~e ! D Cqe / c C
D . J C d%^/ 2,$ (8%& #$ fg C @ (A/ ' D ' .Q_/7 J C 2.$ C @ '(A/ D
qe H C '(Fy$ 4 1 H qeg:h H C
,/1
C%aQZ/ (>$ =?- C @ '(A/ { @ '' <
C ($%3R (8 8 ( @
aPW
D CF_qe 2&E$ X ' C @ (A/ '

L :$ :/ M

318
& C C =$%=- 4 4E FK FG F C C =$%& 4 6 F C =$%,) 4
319
G C.g[hQ4
320
4E FK F& C%yhF_QL G F C%yhF_Q4
321
G C.oTQ4
322
G CLfg4
323
G RW H C.
324
G CQ^+
325
G ' '($%=??$
326
G Fe H 8 H C K F4E F Fe H 8 H C$
327
K F& 1 H h qe C.g: H C 4E FG F 1 B qe C.g:h H C
328
6 FG (8%3.- (8 @ & F C ($%,) (8 (8 @ 4E FK F ($%3.- (8(8 @

47
CF_qe/ ($ 6B @ D CFfFe/
,/.
D ($ ($ 6B @ M C/ @ge/ ]}%v$ D
C/K9Ff/ G??$ DD / H + H 8 A H C&
,,3
#$ (8 _ D / H + H 8 A H C" #$%u ' d%,$
aaO
Z '(8%& ($%! 2t$ 4 _ D / H 7 `H A C
,,/
d%=?>$ D 9/ H > A C
,,,
2! ' Z '($%u D
9/ H KR A C
,,0
! 2& #$ D Co7/22/ D ($ #$ M 8q[h/ A C ($ * ' 68 ' 2& D
(/ H /22 H C%_
,,-
i ($ 2& '' 21 '' D .gG/ A C ! (H8 ; D +o7g:h/ A C (8 (8
aaS
D
C3/ '($%& ' @ D C30 '($%& ' @ D CQh0 @ & D CF[h/ ' 21 D CF[h/ H C.QL
,,1

' 21 2! s$ _ D C%[h0 2& 58 '' 21 D C0 b D qya/ H C
,,2
b D
qe/ H C
,,.
(Ay$ ' 9T _ D C.gpqya/
,03
() 7 D C&/0 (8%,$ D C&0 2,$ ''' D
C/T/ (8%,$ D CFR/ 2,$ ''' D C/T0 (8 C @
aQO
D CFR0 (H8 @ D CF9/
?- d%,> D :0 A H C"
,0/
'g
aQa
D C/K9/ C.oK9/ s?- D K9/ H C. f$ N) D
CF_0:0
,00
! 2!
aQe
M @'(A>B D C/727/ 23R D C&/2272/ '(>$ 9T D

329
G CF_qe/
330
& / H + H m_ H C&
331
#$%& ' d%!
332
& / H 7 `H CE
333
& 9/ H CEKR K F 9/ H KR A C 4E F 9/ H > X A C
334
& 9/ H CEKR
335
4E FK F& 8/2QG/ H C$ G F (/ H /22 D C$q_
336
K F& (8 (8 J I>H- J &:"
337
G H C.Q4
338
G / M 0 H C
339
G FK F& / M 0 H C 4E F qe/ H C
340
G / M C.gp0 4E F qya/ H C.gp
341
4E FK F& 0 D !G
342
& E:0 H C"
343
4E FK FG CT0
344
4E FK FG CF_0T0
345
4E FK F& ! 2! d G F ! 2! p

48
C/KS/
,04
2,/ ]) D C/7 E/ ($ '() D 7/ } CFf =$ @ 4 G$ D /
FG/KR H 8 H C" =>?$ @ D C.o7/ + '' * D 8/7/ A o7gpC H > H + A C
bk

& ($%u 4 ' @ G$ D oK_0 1 *W/ A C
,02
2! d%=$ ' (8%3=$ 2& G$
aQL
D
Co7g_0 1 +/:/ A C
,-3
2! d%=$ ' (FB 2& G$ D CF_o7gpCoK_0 2! d%=$ 4 ' @ G$ D
C&07F_o7g_0
,-+
Ff C&qe
blc
2! d%=$ @ #y8' G$ D
+0:o7FeCo7F_0 A C
blb
2! 7 d%=$ 2,$%u G$ D K+Co7F_0 H > H CF,eg_
2! d%=$ C () ! @ b 2R @ ;' M 0 C.g_o7gn + d%,/ 2R' G$ D C.o7q_F#h0
(8%,$ 2& G$ D CF_Fe70 + '' (F/ * ($%u D +272 CFR/ A C
blk
2,$ ''' () + ($
aee
D
/22/ H C&/ b ' 9T($ D C&0T/22/
,-4
@ 6/ D C&0T/ d%! c '

L :/ :/ M

1 H 3 A C
,-1
]?-' D 1 H CF:h (>$ 21 D 1 H C%[h 2,-'' D 1 H C%h
#/ '(>H- i D 1 C/K[h/ 21' ])
aeW
D 1 Lh/ H C 4 4E$ D 1 qya/ H C
,-.

346
G |/ / 7 C/
347
& o7gpm_/7/ H > H + A C 4E FK F 8/7/ A o7gp H > H + A C G F 8/7/ A >o7gpC H + A C
348
G F_0 o7 1 RW/ A C
349
' (8%3& 2& G$
350
K F& o7g_0 1 +:/ A C G F Co7g_0 1 +:/ A C 4E F oK_0 1 +:/ A C
351
K FG F& C$/7F_o7g_0 4E F /7F_oK_0 C
352
G / C&qe
353
K F& +/:o7Feo7F_0 A C 4E F +/:o7FeoK_0 A C G F o7F_0 D +/:o7Fe A C
354
4E FG F& +E72FR/ A C K F +E72 CFR/ A C
355
() + #$
356
4E FK F& /22/ HH 0 C&
357
K F& 1 Cm2S
358
G 1 H 21 ])

49
' '($%=?$%!
aSY
D 1 H C&/ D5 #$%=$ ($ ' 2!
aSO
D 1 H C"2 4 #$ p%,$
aSP
D 1 H !hF_ H C
' @ 2t- D 1 C/K+/ ' C ! D 1 C%[WE/
bxb
(8 C @ D 1 A C
bxk
#) ' ; D 1 CFf/ 1 C+/
D 1 Ff/ H C%_ ' ($ 2& D 1 C.~_Ff/ ' ($ 2& G$ D 1 22 4o7o A C ' I) D
1 H Fh2 H 8 H C ' Z '($%=?$%&
aSe
D 1 H Fp HH A C
,44
(8 4 p%,$ D 1 C%aFpKao (8 ]) D
1 C%aFpo7/ ])' D 1 Co7Ff/ ' #$%=- D C"/ 1 C.o7 D5/
,41
4 + 9T 9T'(8 D
1 9o7/ J C 4 + 9T ' R D C"/ 1 C/KRo7/
,42
C (>- Z 4 X
aSL
D 1 CFS/ (8 + ($%u ' D
1 90 H C. l 4 dD$ ' (8 + '($%u m 2,$ (8%& #$ fg d%=$'
aVY
D 1 C.g_0 ' 2! D
1 /T/ H 7 HH C"E/
,1+
' s$%! D 1 2~p/ 1 7/ A H C" ' ($%1 ' @ d%,/ D
1 /To7/ H C/ ' 2,>$ D 1 70 A C
bc
' (A>$ D 1 /70 H 8 H C ' 2,>$ D
1 "o7/ HH A C
bb
(8 #??) D 1 / C. () 7 D 1 / /T HH CFe/ '' * (8 ; D 1 /
C&Ff 2,?$ '' @ D 1 CF9/T/ < + D 1 C/22Ff7/ ' C () 4 D 1 CFfo7/ D

359
G 1 / M 0 H C
360
G ' '($%=?$%&
361
4E F& #$%=$ ($ ' 2! J '' 239%&
362
4E FK F& #$ p% ,$ <
363
4E FK F& 1 C%[TaE/ G F 1 / A a F C%[W
364
G F& 1 CE 4E FK F 1 A C
365
& Z '($%=?$%&
366
& 1 H Fp HH CE
367
K F& #$%1' d _ C 1 C.o7 U5/ G F #$%1' d _ C 1 C.o7 D5/
368
' R '($%! D 1 C/KRo7/
369
G C (>- Z 4 s-
370
'' p%,$
371
G 1 /T/ H /7 HH A H C" 4E FK F 1 /T/ H /7 HH A C"
372
& 1 CE7/ 4E FK FG F 1 7/ A C
373
& 1 "o7/ HH CE

50
1 C%Fh7/
bk
D 1 / T H C.
,1-
#$ p%,$ _ D 1 /K[h0 HH C/2QYZ/
R(>A. '($%u D 1 ?E U C
,14
U C s- D 1 ?/ `H C.o C ;(>$%! D 1 P FR C/ 4E) D
1 C&/22Ffo7o
,11
68%! ' ($%u
aVW
D 1 A H FR C/
,1.
($ _ ($%=- D 1 A H C.oK[h
,23

'' '($%=H- D 1 :o7o HH C&/
,2+
' R '($%u D 1 22 4o7o A C
b)c
I)' D 1 Qfo7o H C%_
b)b
! ' p%& D
1 CF_F_o7/ 2R' '(8 D 1 87/ A C ' 23u D 1 H 9 H 70 4 A C ' Z 2& G$ ($%t$%& D
1 H CqS + ' d D 1 C/VW/22/ (8 C @ D 1 / 5 A C
b)k
,$ ($%u D 1 qYZ/ + A C
($%3&' D 1 / H C%_ ' ($ C @ D 1 KZ/ H C G$%!' '

L :$ :$ :$ M

C32 '($ & (8% 9T D >/2272 A C (H8 21 D /2272 3 A C =??$ p%,?)
aWe
D /2272
CFh
,24
' 2R ($%u D C32
,21
r>A)
aWW
D C/2272 () + ($ ' D CFf2 ($ ' 4 D 2 1 C/ 4 ' d 58 D

374
G 1 C%Fh7o 4E F 1 CUh7/
375
6 F4E FK F& 1 / H T H C.
376
& 1 CQaE 4E FK F 1 A ? U C
377
G 1 /2Qfo7o u C
378
& 68%! ($%& 6 F4E FK FG F 68%! ($%1
379
4E FK F& 1 E H FR C/
380
6 FK FG F& 1 C.oK[hE 4E F 1 A C.oK[h
381
4E FK F& 1 To7o HH / u C
382
& 1 4 o7o E22
383
1 +o7o HH C%_
384
G / 5 A C
385
K =??$ p%,?) J !4?2
386
4E FK F& /2272 CFh
387
K C32 J 47a0
388
& r>A) J 47a0

51
CF_2 ! @ D :2 HH A C ($ 2,B
aWL
D 2 ` C/ ' (8 4 D C"2 ($ U D 2 ` C.g_q_/
D 62 @/ HH C/
,.3
D U[_ D /2272 T P C3
,.+
(>?$ %T D T272 H T H $ H 8 H C
b.c

2^>?$ D Lp C.gf2 D 2 = C.o7 Z G- D C&FR272 2^>-
aLa
'

L $ M

7FG ` C/
b.k
C '' ($%=?- D C"Q_o7gG ' @ ]) D ( CLfo7gG + 7 D qfo7gG H C
C @ 4 s$ D qfo7gG H C2 C ' () q D CF_qG ' @ '() D C/TqG 6>?) D FG H A C
,.-

C E8 D ( H C.Q_ C 2& + d%,>?-
aLS
D FG CFh
b.
C ($%=8%,- D C/VWQG 5$ 58
aLW
D
C.g_FhF,5FG #?- D CF_Fh CF,5FG
b..
5$ 58 ')
QYY
D C.o7qG ! E$ D
FG H 7 H C%[3 ! G$
QYO
D @gG A C"QfF_C
03/
@ ' ! ' G$ D >FG A C p%,A) D
C"QfFh~G ! r) D /22qfo7gG HH J C ' ! N) ($
QYa
D C"EFG C ' @ 4 D

389
G :Qa B C&
390
G +2 @/ << A C
391
G /2272 T P C.
392
G :272 H : H $ H 8 H C
393
2^>H-
394
CF_07FG
395
& FG H CE
396
K F& C d%,>?- ' 2& 4E F C %& V M d% ,>?-'
397
4E FK F& FG CF23
398
G C ' Z
399
CF_FhF,5FG
400
4E FK F& '>$%,$
401
K F& ! G$ J :!3b
402
4E FK & C"QfF_mLgG
403
& + ! N) ($ K F ! '($%,?) J 4E F '(7$+Wb ! #F) '($

52
F_FG V C
030
C @ 2&
QYe
D FG H 8 H C%[3 l C @ @ m D ) FG H 8 B C ( C @ D
3QG P C. ! s??) '

L $ ) M

. H FR C/ (8 ,/ 4 D C&Fe () @ 7 D C2:o7ge ($%=- 4
QYS
D CQLme @ & D
C.g[hQe D @ge A C
031
7 2R D C"Fe + | 9T D 1 / 1 CF_FS/ '(8%! @
QYW
D
Fe HH J C 8%^/ ( @ D . P C. ! D . H 7Fe A C #$%=?y$ ($ 2RE$%u G$ D C/ <Fe
! & 4 D / 4:Fe HH sh/ A C ($ ($ r/ 5"- '($ D @Fe HH A C
03.
2./ ' ; D
CF_2Ke D 7 @ 4
QOY
D qf0:o7ge H C07Qe C Z '(8%& 68%,>-
QOO
D C2TFe p%,$
r/ p
QOP
D . H 4> C.o
0+,
]"/ D C.oKRQe
0+0
7 @ 23,) D . HH / " H C
0+-

7 ($%=$%u D CF#9Fe + ($%^) 4 D C.g9Fe f/ D *WFe H C
0+4
d%=A/ D C*Wo7ge
(>/ Z (8 ($%u D C/:Fe p%,/ l M <hFe A C N$%^/ m '

404
4E FK F& C&F[G
405
G FG 8 H 8 B C
406
($%! 4
407
4E FK F& "geg[hQe A C G F @geg[hQe A C
408
& '(8%! @ K F ' '(8%! H@ 4E F ' '(H8%! @ 6 FG F ' '(8%! @
409
4E FK F& "Fe HH A C
410
G 7 2R 4
411
4E FK F& 68%& G F 68%,>-
412
4E FK F& r/ p G F p%,$ M r/ p
413
G C.o 4>ge
414
G . < C.oKR
415
G . << / @ H C
416
G WFe R H C

53

L $ :7 M

Fh H C$T
0+1
'($ (8%& d%,- D Fh H C%_
0+2
#$%u + '($ 2& D CFSQh ' (8 #$ D
C.gpQh ' (8 '($%u D 2Qh A C (8%& @ D 3 } 22 `H C/ (8%& @ ($ 2t$ G$ D jh H / Df HH C&/
#$%u 21 D 3 H T H / C& 2t?-'
QOL
D K[h H C ' 4 9T D 'F:h H` C. C =??$ ($ D
CF_2Kh
0/3
' N$
QPO
D Kh B 7 J C ' (8 4 ' 4 _ D CF_q[h * ' 68 ' ($%u D
CF[WFh 1 ($%u D 8/22/Kh A C ($ 23u !
QPP
D !WF[h A C 21 C @
QPa
D
KWF[h A C 21 ' ]) D CF7Wfg[h 21 & D 3 J CFYZ
0/0
#>/ D C.g[GFEh
& #$% C @ D / 4Fh HH C&/ k 7 ' 2& D C&/22/Kh (>?- @ D 8q#h A C
0/-

'(>>$ @ D Co7/22q#h ($%& G$ D C3Q#h (8%& 4 (8 2& D EFf2Kh H 8 H C
0/4
' ($%=$%u(8 D
C.gYZFh '($%1 D C&FYZFh
0/1
(8 C @ D 3 U 7 J C ! GAB D Kh H CF_
! =?- 2.$ '

L $ :$ M

417
4E FK F& 1 / H C$T G F 1 / H T H C
418
1 / H C%_
419
' 23,-
420
CF_27/
421
4E FK F& + N$
422
G ($ 23u C220
423
& 21 & @
424
1 J CFYZ
425
G ; 8qf A C
426
G +2Kh J H 8 H C
427
1 &FYZ/ C

54

qR/ 4/K+ H C C ($%=?$%,$%^) _
QPW
D 7Tg+ H C 5$ 2& ! D K+ H C.
0/.
(8 21 D
K+ P C" C ' ! D CF[hFh/K+
0,3
C ' ! ! N) '($
QaO
D /K+ HH / H C$7
0,/

r/ c D /K+ ` C/ C 2t?A)
Qaa
D CF_Q\+
0,0
C ' G- D Q\+ HH A C
0,-

C '($%u '($%u '

L $ :/ M

La/ 4 A C I$%& D LW/ 4 A C (A"$
QaS
D / 4 Fh HH C&/
0,1
' 7 @ D 4:/ 4
H C 5$%& '' D C&Fho7/ 4
0,2
2,?$ '' @ D '/ 4 ` C/
0,.
#$%=$%& D 0 4 ` C/
4 @' M C&/>/ 4 () 2&
QQY
D C/7:o7 4
00+
231
QQP
D 4 } 4C"2

428
G * C ($%,?$%H,?$%,) _ D
429
G C.oK+
430
G CF[hFh0K+
431
G C ' ! ' ! N) ($
432
& /K+ H C$7/ K F /K+ H / H 7 C$ G F /K+ HH C$7 4E F F+ H / H 7 H C
433
G C 2tA)
434
4E F K F& CF_QLgG G F CF_2 @gG
435
& *G HH CE K FG F *G HH A 4E FF "FG HH A C
436
& #y$%& J (A"$ K F (A"$ J SD["
437
6 F4E FK F& / 4 1 / HH C&/ G F / 4 /22 HH C&/
438
6 F4E FK F& o7/ 4 1 C&/ G F C&/22o7/ 4
439
G '0 4 ` C/
440
K () 2& J @,?\
441
4E FK F& 4 C/7To7
442
G 23=H- 4E FK F 23,H-

55
22/KhC"2 B C%a
00,
(H8 (>??$%u + _ D !hFhC"2 4 H C"
000
(H8 6$%3u Z ($%u _ D 4
0 4C"2 CFe
00-
($%,$%u(H8 $ # '

L $ :7 :$ M

H5 qf H 8 H C
kkx
! (8%31 2& 5 D C&Ff/ 2,A/ '' '($%u 5 D C.2 *'(FB D
5 C/K+/ (B C ! H5 D C&qe D C&Fe 5 D 2Q\W/ J C
kk
5 D CF_/ D
5 C&FYZ/
002
@E$%& '' '($%u 5 D CF_o7/ ' (8%! ' '($%u 5 D / H T HH C&/
00.
2,B D
5 / C"
0-3
3& '

L $ :$ :$ M

Fn C/:FL + d%=- d (FB ($%u _ D 6& / " J C
0-+
+ d%=- D Fn C 58 D
C/Tqn + 2t$ ($
QeP
D Fn = C/ + = D Qn HH C&0 ''($%& 2! D C/7VWFn + G$%! D
D5Fn J C + 9T' D !5Fn J C ' G$%v8 D KRo7Fn H C
klb
+ ' 2R G$ Z '(8%& ! 21 '' D

443
& % } 22/KhC"2 4 C"2 B ? C 4E FK F % } 22/KhC"2 4 C"2 B C%a G F % } 4 C"2 9 22/KhC"2 B ? %& X (8 C
444
2 4 O !h H C"
445
K F& CFe0 DL2 4
446
G 5 qf/ H 8 H C
447
G 5 22 RW/ J C
448
5 C&FYZF_/
449
G 5 / H /T HH C&/
450
4E FK F& 5 C*3/
451
G V 6 / @ J C
452
G + 2t$
453
4E FK F& C/KRo7Fn

56
6 HH CFYZ/ + E8 D TEFn A C
klk
+ 9T' D Fn 6Z/TE A C
0--
' (8 #$ D 6 H " H C"
8qe/K+ A C + Z #$%u
QeS
< C ' ! ($ 6B @ G$ D C.gLEFn
0-1
+ ' Z '($%u D Qn H5 C
+ ' 2! D "Fn H C
0-2
+ Z (8 4 D 6 P KR A C + ($ '
QeL
'

L $ :$ :/ M

/7 C/22 ($%,) 7 9T D s+/7 } C '($%uEA) D C$K3/7
043
23R D :/7 A C D
2tA>-' M 07 ` C.o 2t) 4 D 07 H5 C. d%,?) D C&/TE/7
04+
() 21 D
C.gYZFSE/7
kxc
() ($%u _ '

L $ :/ :/ M

8q_ A C () + ($%u D CFSF_ @ Z D CFSq_ b Z D j5F_ `H C.o
kxb

@ 4 * @ ;' D +Feo7F_ A C ($ 2R
QSQ
D F_ HH C/ (H8 Z D C.Q_ #) D sLQ_ H C"
04-

454
G Fn A T A C
455
G Fn A 6Z/T A C
456
+ ' Z #$%u
457
G Fn A C.o @
458
G @Fn H C
459
G ( 6 +
460
G /7 C$7
461
G /7 A C&/T
462
G F& /7 A C.gYZFS
463
G j5F_ `H C.o
464
+Feo7F_ A C @ 4 * @ ;' D +Feo7F_ A C ($ 2R
465
4E FK F& C*LQ_

57
@ 23u' D .CQfF_ P KR A C @ '' C ($E) D C&FLF_
044
@ $ 2,$%= D
80T/7F_ A C
041
@ () (8 2& G$ '

L $ :$ :$ :$ M

07 4CQ_o7FS 5 A C =??$ p%,?)
QSW
(>H- q D 8o7FS P C.
04.
D 4 ' @ (A>$ M
FS !5g_ H C D C 2& #$ _ M 9 H C/KR @ ' 4E$
QVY
D 9 H CFR @ ' Z ($%u D
CFfFpFS 4 4E$ D FS H 8 H C Z ' 9T D C.(7qS Z s$ D 7q_Q_o7FS A C
4 ' @ 2.$ ;' D 9 H +Fyf A C
01+
(H8 I>$%3u D 9 H !h H C" C R ($ 4 '

L ; M

Fn: H L3 H C
kc
4 ' 2& '' ; D CF[h/: 68%& D C&/22F[h/: @ ' + '($ D : B C
6/ ($%=?A/' * D : HH P C. 21E8 ($ D : H CF_ ! 2,AB Z '(8%& '($%=?A>$ D
CFL2: ($ (,1 4 D E/: " A C
kb
($%=$%u(H8 D 2: ` C/ EA>- D C/KR E/:
kk

s$(B D Co7/220: (B ! D CF[5/: (8%,$($%& '($%u D : J C *EB
QVe
D : P C/KR

466
G C&/ @F_
467
4E FK F& CF_0T/7F_
468
! d%,?)
469
G 5 / !5F_ H C
470
G CFyWQ_
471
G 9 H +Fe A C
472
4E FG F& 6 H Ff H L3 H C K F 6 H Ff H LL H C
473
G /: A " A C
474
G /: A C/KR
475
G *E8

58
(A>B @' D CFfFeo: 7 / 9T D C/227: ($EB
QVS
D C/2272/: (Ay>B _ D /: " A C
011
23=?B D EFe0: H A C
012
D 2^y$%& M /: CFYZFf
01.
(FB ($ ' 9T D
C&FRF-:
023
08 p ]- @ D C.g#ho7g-:
02+
2.- D 72: A 8o7gnC J C
8o7/22/ J C (B 5) 2R'
QWP
($ 2t$ 4 D /To7o: H CL3 D : H C/ Df
CF[5geQ_0
k)b
9T(B 23& 4' D 8/: A C
k)k
2,A/ '' @ '

L :< M

8F- } C$ ; @ D K- } La A C
02-
4EA>- D |o7g- C&Ff '(H8%!' 2& D * } C 58%&
D * C/22/ ; A C? Z '(8%& 68%& < 2,>?- (A) D C/7:Q-
024
' ($%3& * M
* 2 ` C/ ' (8 2,$%u D C/To7g- 2t?>- 4 D F- C.
021
d%,$ ' (8%3& 2./ D
; P C. (8 =?- ' 9T D C/ 4>o7F- .- ($%u D FRq- A `H 9/ H C&
022
($%t$%&
($ ($%=?$ _ D 022F- & K[ HH C/:o7/20
02.
4 (>$ R ($%u _ '

476
G ($EH8
477
& Cm\3/T K F T J *3/: A C 4E F *3/T A C
478
G Fe0: A H A C
479
G CFYZFf/:
480
C&FRF-
481
C.g#-o7g-:
482
6 F4E FK F& (B 5) 2R' s$
483
G CF[5FeQ_0
484
G 5 8/ A C
485
& LaoK- A C
486
6 F4E FK F& C/7TQ-
487
4E FK F& CL3F-
488
4E FK F& FRq- A ` C&FS/ G F FRq- A ` 9/ H C&
489
G 022F- & K[ HH C/:o7/2/

59
L :=< M

+ < C&/ / @ D C&qf < / @ D + < J C ' 4 ($%H& 4 + 9T '

L :>< M

KR P V+ A C C @ ($%& _ D C0KR0KR '($%=?A>?-
QLY
D 8q#R A C
#/ '(>- '($%u D FR P KW C. / 8 2 C" 2,A>?- D CF[5/22F#R/
0.+
D (8%& 21
M C.g#eFR ($ #$%=- d%,>$ < (H8 d%3,) D CZ/KR C ' 6/ D KR H C.g_Fh #) D
0KR HH A CF_Fh C
k.c
q ') '

L :?< M

CF_o7Fa (8%& G$%& D KhEFa / /22 B C%a
k.b
($ (>?- + _ D CFWFa
#$%!E$
QLQ
D C/TFa #$ ' '(8 D CF_qa #$%=$ ($ ' @
QLe
D Fa H > H C #$%=$ #>$
QLS
D
2Qa P C. ' C 6$%u D 9Fa H Cq_ ! #$ _
QLV
D ? H ' O C&
0.2
23! D

490
'($%=?A>$
491
& ! FR/ D CF[5/22Ff K F CF[5/22Ff CFR/
492
4E FK F& 0KR HH A CF_Fh G F 0KR HH CF_FhE
493
G C%YZ/22Kh2EFa
494
& #$%!E$ J (H8 21 J @9*"
495
4E FK F& #$%,$ #A>$ G F #$%,$ #>$
496
4E FK F& #$%,$ #A>$ G F #$%,$ #>$
497
C #$ _
498
G 'Fa O C&

60
? H C&F,5 23,$%=g
QLL
D ? H CQp ($ #$%u D Fa CFf
-33
(8%! D D5Fa
CF_0 ($%=?$9%,y$ _ D /7qE5Fa HH L3 H C ($ 2.- (8 ' ; D KZ/TFa A C
-3+
C R I$ Z '(8%& 68 2&''' KZ/TFa A (C P C.
-3/
04:Fe H VW2C P C.
C R I$ C ($ 4 b < ($ ($ r/ '($%1 '

L :>< :7 M

TEFn A C 5 / H 8 H C
-3,
+ ' @ ' ,B 2 TEFn A C 1 7/ ` C%a/
-30

+ ' @ ' 4 23=)' M Z '(8%& #$(8' d%3& / @ ''($%& 2& M ' k / @ ' ; ' @ ' C d%! 4 ' @ ''
< 7 (8 ; < ' 4 ($%=>- * d%,-' 68 ''' 2& C '' 4 d 58 ! ($ * p%,$'' <
' 4 ($%=>- * M 4 2,$ (8 2&
eYe
4 21 d%3%,>$ / @ Z (8%& ' / (* ; @ ' C d%! 4 ' @ '' <
7 (H8 ; < C '' (8%& @ 4 _ 4 *
eYS
'' p%,$ 4 2,$ (8 2& '' p%,$ < C '' 2./ ' (A/ 7 '
+ ' @ ' 4 2,B CqhFG 4 * 2,$ Z '' 2t- (8 4 2&(8
eYV
7 + ' @ ' 4 ' 23,) C 2tA)
+ ' @ ' 4 2,B b < (8 =?- '($%&' C '' ' 4 ($%=>- + ' @ ' 4 2,B C '' (8%& @ 4 d%& 4 2,$ (8 4
2,B '' p%,$ Ay?y$ b < ! ($ * '' p%,$ <
() + ($ * 4 ' 2& '' 2,$%& M 2t$ 2,) '' #8%,$ s$ d%&
eYW
M 2t$ =??) ($ C (8%& _ < C ''

499
4E FK F& (8%,?$%,g d G F 231 d%=g
500
> / CFf
501
G KZ/:Fa A C 4E FK F& F KZ/TFa A C
502
G KZ/TFa A (C P C.
503
4E FK F& /TEFn 5 C&/ G F /:EFn 5 / C
504
G Fn A T A C 1 7/ ` C%a/
505
@ 4 2,$ (8 2&
506
G 4 ]-
507
2,$ '' (8 2t- Z 4 (8 2&
508
4E FK F& #8%,$ d% ,>$

61
'' p%,$ M CF[WQ_0 23& ' (8 4 + ($%u d%3&
eYL
b ($%& '' 2& E$ @ 68 ''' 2& d
fg @ C '' 23& ' 4 _ + ' d (>/ Z (8 ' ; 1$ @ C '' '($%! (8%& _
eOY
< (F/ ' d%3,-
68 ''' 2& E$ '(8 4 D |2T2 4 H C/ 4:2 6C
-++
' E$%1 ($%=?A/ _ b %& '($ 2&' < I$ @
68 ''' 2& fg C '' (8%& _ < 21 d%3,$ 2,A/ '' ; D 1 0 H 8 H C ($ ($%=$%& b
($%& '' 2& E$ @ C '' '' #8%,$ d%,>$ 7 d%! c < ]$ U 2^) '' 2& D D5Fa
o7o H 8 H C
-+/
($ 2.H- ' b ''($%& 2& E$ @ ]$ U 7 ($ #$%=- s$ _ C 2! (A>-
'(8%,$%& 2& E$ @ ' 6) < @ & #$%! ($ (8%! C ' 6) < (FB 9T'($%! ($ C @ 4 ' '(8%! i
! U ($ 23.- ! U C (F) @ 4 s$ _ ($ 23.- (8%!' ' ($%u ' D . H > A C!hqh
-+,

! U ' Z '($%=>$ 4 58 d 6$ Z ($%u _ b ''($%& 2& < E$ @ p%,A) < 4 58 d ' c
6$ d%=?$ Z 2&
eOQ
E$ @ Z 2tA) d%3& ' c d%=?$ ($ (8%! (8 d%3& ' 2,A/ ! U
2,/ ' 2t$%1
eOe
' (8%! ' ($%u D 2022/ B ? H $ H 8 H C d (8%& ($%3& b ''($%& 2& E$ @
58 ' d q C ' ! ' (8%! ' i ! U C '' ]?- (8%! C C '' G$%& (8%! C C '' E8 *
+ ' d 4 2,$%u ' d%! c ' d%=- Z ' 9T ' Z '(8%& 4 2,$%u D 3/K+ HH :/ 5 / H 8 H C
C ' ! =?- ' Z ($%u _ b '($%& 2&' E$ @ 58 d' q C ' ! =?- ' Z 2& d%! c 9T' ' c
6/ ' Z ' 9T Z '(8%& 1 ' Z 2& D FRC/22/ C%aFho7/ + ' d C #?- '' ($%u + (F) '
b G$E$ 7 ' '($ ! U & 23 '' 2& D Z C%a/7/ ($ X Z '(8%& ]) U b

509
G (8 + ($%u
510
($%! (8%& _
511
G |2:2 4 H C/ 4:2 6C
512
o7gE5Fa H 8 H C
513
4E FK F& . H !hqhmR
514
4E F& @ Z 2&
515
2,/ ' 2t$%&

62
I$ G$ 7 ' '($ ! U 23& '' 2& d%! c d%=-' fg Z '(8%& ' Z ' 9T C '' 6/
2,A/ '' @
eOS
D
b < 7 + '' _ ]) U b < 7 b + ' d ! 2,AB QL P C3
-+1
Z '(8%&
($ I) Z 4 ' 2& '' 9T M =>?$ @ ' (8%! ' @ b '($%& ' 2& I$ @ 2,A/ '' 2& < '($ p%,$
h) (8%& _ k '(8%!' i M ($ 23,>- ' 2R ($%u b ''($%& 2& E$ @ '($ p%,$ h)
(8%& _ k ' 2R 2& M E$ @ C '' '' #8%,$ d%,>$ (8%& _ k '' #8%,$ d%,>$
eOW
($ 2! '' 2& (F>$ U I$%u M I$ ($%! + '' Z h) '($%& ' 2& ($ ! I$%u M + ! q
2,A/ '' ($%u _ M 23& () + ($%u
eOL
' Z 2,>$ () + ($ < 2./ ;' C @ 23=- '($
2,$%3u @''($%& '' C @ 23=- (B ($%u _ 23& q @ ' Z '($%u M E$ @ 7 ($%! + + d b
($ 9T ''($%& @ E$ '(8 4 =>?$ @ ($ ' 23=>-
ePY
' (F>$ U ' ($ ! + ! q ' 23&
4 2&' '' 2,$%& 4 ' C 4 Z C '' I$ ($ 3& 4 d%3& ' '(8%! 2,$%& E$%u < (8%& T '
C @ (A/
ePO
'(8E$ 4 4 2&' '' 23& D @gG A C"QfF_C
-//
C.QfF_ ( H 7 H C%[3
(B 9T @ ' ! ' G$ Z '(8%& q ') 4 ' C 4 '>g '(8E$ 4 E$ 3&($ 4 d%3& h) @ ' ! ' G$
4 ' 2& '' 9T (8%! _ Z E8 < E$%u @ ' ! ' G$ C '' '' p%,$ i 23& '' 2& ' 7
@ ' ! ' G$ 2,$ < 5 C2/ 2,$ < C ("A) 23u ($ 7 '
ePa
C ' ! 7 d _
' Z 2,>$ C '' (8 7 fg U 7 d _ (8 2& #$ ! 2,$ (8 C @ '' + d' 4 ' d 6/

516
G / @
517
G @ 2 P C3
518
G '' #8%,$ G$
519
F& 4E FK ($ () + ($%&
520
G '($ 23=)
521
G C @ (A/ 4
522
4E F& "gG A C"QfF_ K F "gG A C"QfF_C
523
7

63
@ ' ! G$' q%,?/ r) '($%! T
ePQ
C 2! C p%,A) r) Z E$
ePe
C 2! ($%=?$%& 6/ 7
4 ' C 4 d%3& 2,$ < '($%! 9T _ $ 7 ' (8%& T ' @ ($%=- ' C @ U
(A) G$ %& '(8%,$ 2& ($ E$%& ' 3! d%3& C '' '($%!
ePS
p%,$%& C (F) 2,$%& Z '(8%& <
C '' ]?- 2! ;' 68 ''' 2& fg KR H ( H FR A C
-/1
: H C
-/2
!h/ H C"7F_0 C
3! 72 3! 4:Fe C$ J 6 CFeFa C H ( H FR A C
-/.
/ H | H C%eq-C
lb/
CFR/ 7Ff A C @/ +/22/ A C
-,+
6/ 5$ C '($%& 2,$ ! 2 d%=$ <
($ ($ r/ E$ (8
eaP
@ '(F) C '' 21E8 '($
eaa
2,$ ''' 58 ' d < (>$%! + ' 7 ' 5g
2! C 23& 7
eaQ
C @ G$%1 ''($%& @ * ' 68 ' 2& i
eae
' (A) 7 9T _ q C '' 5$ ' T
'(8%,$%& ($%u D 1 B 9 H jeoKR H C& + ' d
eaS
C 2& #$ _ Z ($ T fg 2,?$ '' @ ''
@ ' + '($ '($%! Z + '' 4 2t-E8 _ D KW 3E/ HH A C
-,1
(>$ ]?- b 2&''($%& E$ @
4 dD$
eaW
7 d%! c '(8%!' i D 1 E H A C ($ 2t- 4 b '($%& ' 2& I$ @ o '

524
T'($%1
525
G Z r) E8
526
4E FK F& ($%! G F (8%& _
527
K F4E F& KR H ( H Cm?R
528
4E FK F& Z p
529
& 6 C H ( H FR CE G F ( C H FR C.
530
G / H | H CFeq-C
531
4E FK F& / +22FL A C
532
E$ @
533
G 21E8 '($ ($
534
7 '
535
G i b
536
G + ' C d ''
537
4E FK KW HH A C & F KW 3 HH A C G F KW / 3 HH A C
538
G 4 r)

64
($ (8%3& 9T D : HH $ H C& (FB 2& G$ ! U (8%& d < ! #) d%3& D :Fa A C
21 4E$ M ("$ C 2& 21 d%3,$ ! ' 2R ''($%& 2& D F_ HH A C @ =) @ Z(H8 @ d%3&
@ =) @ ''($%& 2& D q_ HH "2 J CF,h
-,.
(H8 Z @ ! #>$%& (H8 Z @ ! $%3%& #> Z
eQY
2,$ ''' '' #8%,$ G$ Z '(8%& Z(H8 @ M q'(H8 ' 4 9T 5$ ' ' q 4 9T @ ' Z '($%u D 4CF,5FG
CFh/ 2QhFG A C
-0+
+E/Kh H 3FeC J C
-0/
C '' ' E$ (8
eQa
#$ d%,8%,$ + ! 4
h??/ | 5$ 58 C 58 '(8%1 4 q%t/ | 5$ 58 + ! 4 h??/ Z '(8%& ' 4E8 <
C d%=- + ! q ' q%t/ b < d%! c '(8%1 4 q%t/ Z '(8%& (8 1 ' 9T q 4 =?- 4 58
(8 (8 < 6>A/ #) (. @ 4 4 ' d (8 ; q 58 4 2R 4 C(8%! T'($%!
eQQ
($ ($%=) Z <
58 4 2R 4 .$ 2& () Z * < 58 d' < C ' () q < + ' 2! 4 h) 68 ''' 2& ' 4 9T <
' 21 ]) T'($%! & < 4 1 < ($ '($%=) ($ 233& '' '

L :>< :$ M

( 0 : C.g[5FaQZ/
-0-
.$ H]"/ ($ * d%3& D ) 2272Fa C"QhFG P C+ (
C (8%& ($%3u () ($ ''($%& 2& D C.o7qG ! I$ D /K+F" CF_ 231 '' @
eQS
<
d%=$' < ! ''($%& I$ 2& M @ '' < =$%u G- < ! '(B * 7 C () ($%=) ''($%& 2& D

539
q_ HH " J CF,h
540
4E FK F& ! #>$%3&
541
& ( / 2Qh A C
542
G /Kh A + H CqhFeC
543
G '(8'
544
& Fa 1 C/D5/ J '($%! 4E FK F ($%! T G F '($%!
545
K F& ( 0 C.g[[aQZ/T E F 4 ( 0 T C.g[5FaQZ/
546
G 231 '' @ ''

65
1 H CF_2:
-01
' ! #>$ ($ _ ''($%& 2& D 1 K[h0 HH P C.
-02
4 (>$ R ($%& _
l ''($%& 2& m D 9/2Qp H C&
-0.
/ BH ? J .o: C A C Z * I$ Z q C '' (8 7 I8 * 4 ' d
(8%& #$ h) (8 C @ 4 D jhFp H C& 6Z/ } 8/2Q[h/ C"2 A C
--3
4 ' d d%=?$
h) (8 C @ 4 D CFS&FS +E/ @/ A C
--+
!h A H C" Z * E$ Z q b <
(>$%! + ($ ' 21 p 4 ' d d%=?$ q h) (8 C @ 4 D / C/TqLQ_
llc
C '' (8 7
68 ''' 2& fg 7 b * ' 68 ' 2& C '' ' Z 2& '' ' ' (8 2,$%u '' < ' 6} 1 #$ @ ! M
C (8%& ($%3u () ($
eea
Z '(8%& (8%& G$%& ' ($%u C ($ Z 4 ' 2& '' 9T D + H C.g[fo: ' ("- T & B 2& '

L :?< :$ M

C.oTFG
llk
C q Z '(8%& | 5g ($ (8 21 D 1 H !hF_ H C
---
Z '(8%& 58 |
($ (8 21 D 4 H ` H C 23,8 | Z '(8%& ($ | (8 21 D /:2 ` H C
llx
r>A) 23=$
Z ' 9T 5g ($ 5g (8 21 D F- C.
--1
d%,$
eeW
D q- H C.
--.
I$%& b < C ''

547
4E FK F& 1 H CF_2T
548
G 1 K[h02/ H C.(
549
K F& 9/22Fp H C& 4E F /22Fp H 9 H C&
550
& Cm_/2Q[h/
551
K F& +E/ "/ A C
552
G / Q_ q%3u C& & F ! / CF_qLQ_ 4E FK F / qLQ_ u C/
553
& FG C (8%& _ ($ () d K F C ($%& ($%3& () d J !*:^5 ZÎ)
554
G C.o:FG
555
G 1 8/ H !h H C & F 1 H !hF_ H C J 6 |p & !h/ H C 4E FK F 1 H !hF_ H C J 6 H 4 H !h H C
556
G /:2 ` C/
557
4E FK F& CL3F-
558
G ($%&
559
4E FK F& q- H CFe

66
' ' 23,?H-
eSY
5$ C q
eSO
' b < C '' ! ($ * (8%& #$ C 2tA>A) 58 (8 C @ 4 D
/2QS H 8 H / C F\_ HH C/
lxc
Z ' 9T b ($ (8 21 D CFR/ 1 C0
.q- P C+
lxb
4 CFS/22 4 CFSFh/
lxk
Co7F[5/ H FR P C. Z ' 9T | 58 I$%&
< ($ ]>- () + '($%u (8%! C Z ' 9T ' X 5g I$%& < ($ ($ () ]>- + ($%u
eSe
D 6 H / C"
8 / 22 '/ 4 C&/ FyL HH !h/ H C"
-44
C&/22/ 2 HH5 !h/ H C"
-41

58 b ($ 9T 2t-%v$%=- Z ' 9T (8 Z 2t-
eSW
M 58 b ($ 9T (8%,$ 2t$ Z ' 9T
E$%=- 2t8 M 58 b ($ 9T @ Z ! Z ' 9T (8%,$ 2t$ D 6 H C" / 8 / C &/22
C.oKRqa C&/22/ C.o7FSF_ 58 b ($ 9T G??$%! Z ' 9T @ Z !
G??$%! Z ' 9T (8%! (8 4 2,$ Z fg C @ (A/ ' Z 2,>$ G??$%! < ($%^/ 4 C ''
EB * 7 '
eSL
C (8%,) T Z 4 ' 2& '' T & f) E$%& < 58 C q 7 ' () + '($%u () @ 7
1 '($%u < (Ay8 < ?$%! G? ($%^/ 4 () =$%u Z '($ ($ 233& 4 #
/ HH Co7/ (8 ; 7 ' ! U E8' q /K+ H 7/ ' E8' q ($ G?B E$%u 7 ($
G?B E8' q =) 2& C '(8
eVY
' E$%u ' E8 q '(F>?B ($ ' C '' 2ty8 '($ + G$%! <
=) 2& C '(8 (A) G$ ' c '($%! (8 23,/ 2& D +F\W CF s?) _ 7 d%,>?) 5g

560
K ' 23,?H- J "!"^$"4c
561
& C d G F C q 4E FK F C d p
562
G / / @F_ HH C/
563
G ; 0 C. K F& F .q- P C 4E F ; P . P C
564
/ 4 CF,L
565
4E FK F& ($ () ]>- + '($%u
566
'/ 4 FyL HH !h/ H C"
567
2 HH5 !h/ H C"
568
4E FK F& @ d T d c
569
7
570
G =) t- '(8 4E FK F& F =) 2& ]- C '(8

67
+ G$%! + G$%! < C 2R ' ; ? U C LL0K+ A 0 4 H 8 B C.
-1+
LL0K+Qa A 4
CF_0 4 ' 2& '' 9T + G$%! < 2& * ! /2272/:o7o C&qh ! & 4 '($
' 2R ($%u _
eVP
4 ' 2& '' 9T (8 7 58 + G$%! / H | H KhC U KR H C.
lb
+ G$%! <
21 * ! "2 P C. 3 U 7 P C. ($ U <
eVQ
! GAB 4 ' 2& '' 9T 7 ' ($ '(8%33u C @ U
i 23& '' 2& + G$%! < Z (>$%! ; 6ZFSE/7 P C.
-1-
8F-/K+ A H C&
-14

() ($%u _ C ' !
eVV
E$%& @ '' ($%u _ 7 ' ($ U < + E$ ! U '($%! p%,$%& Z
4 ' 2& '' 9T D C.oKRqYZFh/ 4/22 4
-12
!h/ H C K9/ H C. / HH Co7/ 58 |
G??$%! 2,$ b < f$ :) (8 ; b () Z =$%u ($ 7 ' ;(8 < f$ :) i 58 |
G??$%! < f$ :) ' 5g 5g | <
eVL
($%^/ 4 ' 5g ' ]) < ' 2& ;' G??$%!
4 + 9T C @ (A/ 4 G$E$ / C.g_ + H C.geg_ C.oKRqa KR H C 1 / FS ? H C.
/ ' 2& ' ; C @ (A/ < 5$ (8 + '($%u D C&F_ q- . / 2Qa C/
> 7 H .q-C H C. 2,$ ''' ($%v$%& 7 b ' < 5$ E$%& M C&F_ %& /
O C%a C&F_ 1 B Fp H C%Y3
-23
2,$ ''' 23& ' + ! 2,$ ''' (8 4 p%,$ i
E$%& 5$ M C&F_ C%aFRo7/ C&F_ +/22FRo7/ A C 2,$ '''
23& 21 ($ '($%1 4E$ i 5$ E$%& (8%,$%& ' ($%u 2,$ ''' 23& 21 ($ ($ 7 9T

571
K F& LL0K+Qa A CF_0 4 G F4E F LL0K+Qa A 0 4 H 8 B C.
572
G 2R ($%u _
573
4E FK F& / H | H KR2Kh H C.
574
G "2 H C
575
G /7 A C.gYZFS
576
4E FK F& m_F-/K+ H C&
577
C ' ' !
578
K F& C.oKRqYZFh/ 4/22/ 4 4E F C.oKRqYZFh/ 4C/22/ 4
579
4E FK F& d
580
G 1 B Fp H C%a/ @

68
C DA$%=-
eWO
' C D$%v8%1
eWP
@ '' < (8%& d
eWa
i 5$ E$%& D 1 / HH A C
2: ` A C
l)k
< 23& ' + ! (8 7 ' Z 2,>$ fg ($ 2t$ G$ < (A)' 7 9T
' (8 $%u 2, G$ < (8%! d%,) 2,$ Z '(8%& 68 ''' 2& (>- (8%,$ Z 2& '

M @ AB @ @ C #$8D (( *++D ( E F #$ ( #$8DG>H '89GH M

581
C D$%v8%1
582
C DA(%1
583
G 23H& 21 ($
584
K F& 1 / HH 2:E ` A C 4E F 1 / HH 2: CE ` A C G F 1 / HH A 2: C ` A C

69
Transcription, Translation, and notes Vizri%n

ped n+m 3 yazad+n
fahisn i nek bavd
abar be snxtan i v: ud mrign i abestg
k-s :and ce ud cn

I n thenameof theYazata.
May it be good fortune!
About the knowledge of the words and morphemes of the Avesta
that is what and how its Zand is.

70
Transcription, Translation, and notes Vizri%n

ped n+m 3 yazad+n
fahisn i nek bavd
abar be snxtan i v: ud mrign i abestg
k-s :and ce ud cn

I n thenameof theYazata.
May it be good fortune!
About the knowledge of the words and morphemes of the
Avesta, that is, what and how its Zand is.

71
1

o!m: ek
Av. aeva- numeral one < *i-)o-, OPers. aiva-; Av. aev nom./1, m.,
vum, vm, im, im acc., m. < *a*)om, OPers. aivam, Av. vum,
im
nom.-acc., nt., Sogd. !yw /ev/, Parth.-Pers. ev, Khot. CCau-, (Skt. ka < *i-
ko-).
Pers. ek one < *a*)a-ka-h*a, Parth. !ywg /evag/ alone, solely, Bact.
, Pers. (later) yak, Sangl. wok one.
paoir!m: fradom
Av. paoirya-/ G paouruya- or paourvya- adj. first; primal < *par)*a-;
OPers. paruviya-, hac paruviya-ta from the start, Skt. prviy-, Khot. piro;
Av. paoiry/ G paouruy nom./1, m. Skt. prviy+, Av. paoirim/ G paourvim
acc./1, m., nom.-acc./1, nt. < *par)*am occurs also as an adverb for the first
time, at first. a-paourvim as never before.
Pers. fradum first, OPers. fratama- first, foremost, Av. fratoma-, Skt.
pratham-, Sogd. "tm, "Itm /
e
ftam/.
paurva: pes
Av. paurva-/ paourva-, pourva- adj. earlier, prior, former; eastern <
*par)a-, OPers. paruva-, Av. pa(o)urva inst./1, Skt. p,rva- front, former.
Pers. pes before, in front of; anterior; earlier, OPers. paisiv prep.
before, in the presence of < *pait*-, Pers. pesi.
dva: do
Av. dva- numeral two < *d(u))h
1
, Skt. d(u)v-; Av. dva nom.-acc./2,
m., Skt. duv-; Khot. duva, Pers. do, Sogd. (")w" /
e
ova/, Bact. .
bit&m: didigar
Av. bitya-/ G daibitya- second < *d)iti*a-, bitim acc./1, m.; nom.-acc./1,
nt. occurs also as an adverb for the second time, secondly, bis twice, bi:va
twice; OPers. d
u
-u-v
i
-i-t-i-y /duvitiya-/, cf. DB 2.37 pati duvitiyam for the
second time, Skt. dvit.ya-, Parth. bid, Pers. did.
Pers. didigar/ dudigar second(ly) < *d)iti/a-kara-, Fars. +R$" /digar/.
dvay: donin

72
Av. dva- two, vay gen./2, m.-nt., Skt. duvyo+.
Pers. donin/ dnn translating also Av. uva, cf. H 5.2.
tir$: si
Av. /rav- numeral < *tr*es, tisr- f. three, /ri nt., Skt. tray- three, tisr-
f.; Av. /rv nom./3, m., nom.-acc./3, nt., tisr acc./3, f., OPers. i, Parth.
hre, Khot. drai, Sogd. "ry /
e
/ri/, Bact. , Pers. si three.
&rit!m: sidigar
Av. /ritva- third < */riti*a-, /ritim occurs also as an adverb for the
third time, thirdly, OPers.
i
-t-i-y,
i
-t-i-y-m, Skt. tt.ya-, Pers. sidig, Sogd.
(")styk /
e
stik/, cf. Lat. tertius.
Pers. sidigar third(ly) < */riti*a-kara-.
Pers. sidum third, cf. Dk viii M 702 sidum br.
&ray'm/ &ry'm: sinin
Av. /ri- three, *r(a)v1m gen./3, tisrm gen./3, f., cf. N 65 a/a dvava
a/a /ravm.
Pers. sinin/ sinn.
&r!va: srisovag
Av. /risva- nt. a third, sva inst./1, aeva /risva by one-third cf. Vd
2.11; /ris adv. thrice, /ri:va adv. three times, OPers. *isuva-. Pers.
srisovag third < */risvaoa enlarged with a Pers. element k/g, = si-ek.
ca&ru: <cahr>
Av. catur-/ ca/ar-, catar- f. four < *k
w
t)ores, ca/ru quadri, four-,
Skt. catur-/ catv-r, ctasr f., Khot. tcahora, Sogd. ctf"r /catfr/, Pers. cahr
four.
ca&ruva*a : cahrusovag
Av. ca/rusva- nt. one fourth, svaoa abl./1, ca/rusum < *ca/rus)a-m,
OPers. *causuva-, Pers. ca/rusovag one fourth = cahr-ek.
t+ir!m: cahrum
Av. tirva- adj. fourth < *kturi*a-, rim acc./1, m., Skt. tur.ya-. Cf. Y
9.19-20 paoirim vnom bitim vnom /ritim vnom tirim vnom :
fradum vn didigar vn sidigar vn tasom vn, Av. A-xtUirIm a
fourth time < *-kturi**am.
Pers. cahrum/ tasum < *cauma- < *ca/ruma-, Sogd. ctf"rmyk
/catfrmik/.

73
<paca>
Av. panca five < *pnk
w
e, Skt. pca, Khot. pa0jsa, Sogd. pnc /panj/,
Pers. panz id., Bact. , Osset. fondz.
pux*a: panzum
Av. puxoa- adj. fifth < *penk
w
-to-, oom acc./1, m., oa nom./1, f.;
nom./3, nt., Skt. pakth-, Khot. pha- fifth. Cf. Gr. !$%&.
Pers. panzum id., Skt. pacam-, Sogd. pncmy(k) /panfamik/, Osset.
fnzdm.
pa-ta-hum : panzoyag
Av. pa6ta6
v
hant. one fifth, pa6ta6hum, (*pa6ta6
v
hom) < *patah)om.
Pers. panzoyag id..
xva : sas
Av. xsvas six < *s)1s, Skt. sas-, Khot. ksta", Sogd. xwsw /xusu/,
Parth. soh, Pers. sas/ soh.
xt+m : sasum
Av. xstva- adj. sixth, xstvi- f. from xsus-ta-, xstm acc./1, m., adv., Skt.
sasth- < * s)1(s)-to-.
Pers. sasum id.
Av. *xvaa-
v
hant. one sixth 5 Skt. !a"a#sa- m. a sixth part; Pers.
sasovag
<hapta>
Av. hapta seven < *sept2, Skt. sapt, Pers. haft id., Sogd. "t(")
/ada-/, Khot. hauda.
<hapta&a>
Av. hapta/a- adj. seventh < *sept3to-, Skt. sapttha-.
Pers. haftum id., Skt. saptam- < *sept3mo, Khot. haudama-, Sogd.
"tmy(k) /adamik/, cf. Lat. septimus.
hapta-hum: haftoyag
Av. haptaha- nt. one seventh, hapta6hum < haptahom.
Pers. haftoyag id..
<ata: ast >
Av. asta eight < *o1t(u), Skt. as4-, Khot. has4a, Sogd. "st(") /asta/,
Bact. , Pers. ast.
<at.ma>

74
Av. at-ma- adj. eighth < *o1tmuo-, mom adv., Skt. as4am-, Khot.
has4ama-, Pers. astum.
ata-hum: astovag
Av. astaha- nt. one eighth, astahum < astahom.
Pers. astovag id..
<nava>
Av. nava nine < *n)5, Skt. nva, Khot. nau, Sogd. nw" /nava/. Pers.
n/ nh id..
naomahe: nhum
Av. naoma-, numa- adj. ninth < *na)ama- < *ne)5mo, Skt. navam-,
OPers. navama-, Khot. nauma-, Pers. nhum id., Sogd. nwm"y, nwmyq.
Av. *nava-
v
hant. one ninth 5 Skt. nav#7a- m. a ninth part; Pers.
nhovag.
<dasa>
Av. dasa/ G das ten < *da6a < *d13, Skt. d7a, Opers. *da/a,
Khot. dasa, Sogd. s(") /oasa/, Pers. dah.
das.mahe: dahum
Av. dasoma- adj. tenth < *d13mo-, mahe gen./1, Skt. dasam-, Khot.
dasama-, Pers. dahom, Sogd. smy(k) / oasamik/, Osset. dsm/ dsjmag,
cf. Lat. decimus.
Av. *dasa'hant. one tenth 5 Skt. da7#7a- m. a tenth part, Pers.
dahoyag > Arab. 678:;.

75
2

1

en abrig mrign a: abestg . narih ud mvagih, tgih ud
fuxtih, vehih ud vattarih, nidumih ud mevnagih ud agrivih, ud
a:isih i a: k hn ved, ud pedisih i abg raved, ud avisih i ~
k hn pevvanned, ddestn hand:agih cn ke rv andar den
soxan mad ested cand abestg futtar a:is :and.
These other morphems are from the Avesta : masculine,
feminine; singular, dual (and plural); good and evil; least,
medium and (fore)most; ablative (lit. from-it-ness) indicating
origin (lit. whence it comes), instrumental (lit. with-it-ness)
indicating (the instrument) with which (an action) is carried out
(lit. which moves about), and genitive (lit. to-it-ness) indicating
relation (lit. to which it is connected); What are the just
transpositions (of the words) which are mentioned in the dan
(= Avesta), and what are the Avesta (words) which are different
from their Zand.

2

u
va: abar harv do, nar
u
va is dual and masculine.
Av.
u
va-/ G uba- adj. both,
u
va nom.-acc./2, m., OPers. uba-, ub nom.-
acc./2, m., Skt. ubh-, ubh-. Cf. Yt 19.29
u
va pairi :om karana around both
edges of the earth, Yt 15.43
u
va dma both creatures.
Pers. nar male; masculine, Av. nar- m.
u
vaye or uye: abar harv do, mvag
u
vaye or uye: dual and feminine.
Av. uye nom.-acc/2, nt. < *u)/e < *ue, G ube 5 Skt. ubh, cf. Yt 5.26
uye istisca saokca both (their) powers and (their) advantages.
Av.
u
vaya- adj. 5 Skt. ubhya- adj. both, of both kinds, Sogd. "wy, Av.
u
vaye nom.-acc./2, f. < *u)a*e,
u
vaem < *u)a*om.

76
Pers. mvag female; feminine from *mtar-, Armen. matak female,
Fars. 6"'2 /mda/.
u
vay/ibya (
u
vaibya): abar harv do, nar ud mvag; abar
harv do, xarisn ud vastarag; abar harv do, getig ud meng
u
vay<ibya: for both masculine and feminine; for both food
and clothing; and for both the material and immaterial world.
Av.
u
va;
u
vay.ibya/ G ubibv inst.-dat.-abl./2 5 Skt. ubh-bhym. Cf. Y
57.25
u
vay.ibya ahubya for both existences Z andar harv do oxn, Yt 19.32
uye xaro/e both kinds of the food. For the pair xaro/a food and vastra
clothing cf. Y 10.20.
Pers. xarisn eating; food; bread rendering Av. xaro/a- nt. food from
xar.
Pers. vastar(ag) clothing, habit, garment, Av. vastra- nt. garment from
vah.
Pers. getig world; material, worldly, mundane, Av. gae/- f. herd;
world of life, gae/va- adj. belonging to the world of life.
Pers. meng spirit, invisible agent, spiritual world; spiritual, immaterial,
noetic, Av. mainyu-/ mayu- m. spirit, world of thought, mainyava-
belonging to the world of thought.
u
vay(: abar harv do bunistag
u
vay: for both principles.
Av.
u
va;
u
vay'/ G ubv loc./2, m.-nt., Skt. ubhyo+. Cf. 27.2
u
vay' :ust,
Y 41.2 ubv ahv in both existences Z andar harv do oxn.
Pers. bunistag/ bunestag principle < *bunae-st-ka-, cf. CHP 1 bunistag
ek avb do? GV 4.103 do bunistag. Kl. bwd "stk.
u
vaysci: abar harv donin, nek ud vad
u
vaysci#: for both good and evil.
Av.
u
vay,
u
vaysci gen./2.
Pers. nek good, nice; beautiful < *n*)aka- < *na*ba-ka-, OPers. naiba-
good, beautiful > Pers. nev good; brave; fine, fair, cf. 9.
Pers. vad evil, bad, wretched < *vata-, Armen. vat, Fars. 40 /bad/.
u
vay: abar ahlavn ud drvandn
u
vay: for both truthful and deceitful.

77
Cf. Yt 10.2
u
vay :i asti mi/r drvataeca a!aonaeca for the contract
applies to both, the one possessed by the druj (Lie) and him who owns Aa
(Truth).
Pers. ahlav/ ahl, ardv righteous, blessed, Av. asavan- truthful,
belonging to the (Cosmic) Asa (after death), OPers. tvan-.
Pers. drvand deceitful, wicked; infidel, Av. drvant-/ G drogvant- lieful,
belonging to the (Cosmic) Lie (after death).
u
vay: i abar harv do / v +qfqf
u
vay: for both ...
/ v +qfqf en ud hn? H. ways or customs, Kl. ainn ("dwyn"n$)?
mengn? Cf. Yt 13.76

u
vava mainiva dmn in the creation of both
spirits.
Paz. ain = env otherwise.
u
vaca: abar harv do kadr
u
vaca: for both, any whosoever.
Av.
u
va-ca and both.
Pers. kadr which, who, Av. katra- interrog. pron. which (of two),
Skt. katar-.
% 7F_ Kl. krt"l
)ub$iby1: abar harv do oxn, <ghnig>
ub>iby@: Gathic, for both existences.
Y 35.3: ub'iby+ ahubv for both existences Z andar harv do oxn [k.
mi:d dahnd.].
Pers. ax/ ox existence, world, Av. ahu-/ ahu- m. existence, life, Skt.
su- m., cf. GV 15.32 do oxn (Paz. du xn).
hak.r.: ek-frrst
Av. hak-r- multiplicative (numeral), adv. once, all of a sudden,
rendered by ek-br, ek-evenag, ek. Skt. sak7t adv.; OPers. hakaram-ciy once
5 Pers. hagriz.
Pers. frrst arm; cubit < *frrsn = fr:-aresn, cf. 27.1.
Vd 2.40 hakoro :i irixtahe sadavaca : ek-evenag (avesn) irixtagih sahed
[angih i-sn a: amh ves en ek. ast ke edn ged e. xad-isn en ek], 7.74-75
kak-r- bis /ris : ek-br do-br si-br, 9.31 hakoro bi:va
/risva : ek-br do-br si-br, 14.11 hakoro oro:atom hakoro :aranim
: ek asem ek :arr.
ha*a: ! v & cn do ham:r

78
haBa: along with, ! v & when two are of the same strength
(or: united in strength).
Av. ha&a/ G had prep., adv. together with, along with, with, in
company rendered by genin, abg, Bact. , prep. with. Cf. 24.
Av. haoa.ci/- (adj., /a-m.) together with fine (penalty) rendered by
Pers. 2,$-t:isnih.
! v & is the Pazand rendering of 2,$. It should be read /had/ (like 2&(8
/jud/). In the Dk viii, M 698, Av. haoa is rendered by ped hioih. In the N 44
we find it in a corrupt form x5. Cf. also Vd 4.17 pan:om ardus-i: mard
tanbuhl baved [ped abarvarstih ud pe: 2,$ _ /hadih/ futtar nest], Y 46.17
had : 2,$-dahisnih, Y 29.2 had vstr along with forage Z 2,$ dahed
vstar, Y 50.4 had a! along with truth Z 2,$-dahisnih asavahist, Y 58.4
had a!c vstrc along with truth and forage Z ped 2,$-dahisnih i
ahlvih ud kr.
Pers. ham-:r of the same strength, :r force, strength; faculty; army
< *z)ar-. Cf. GV 8.63.
oi&ra: fudgih
oiCra: separately
Av. 'i*ra adv. separately < *a/-/r= < *a/-tr= (*a/ < */ is found for
one, cf. 1.1. 'i*rih is a legal term for the crime of hitting somebody several
blows, not at the same time but at separate occasions. Cf. Dk viii M 698 abar-
: :axm i ped ek, avb do, avb si sneh, avb frv, ped ev-kirdagih, avb
i/rih, avb hadih, avb abarvarstih ( *aparvarsta-) kuned.
Pers. fudg separate, separated from jud cf. 2.4, fudgih adv.
separately, cf. RP 22.4.
<ma>: abg
Av. ma prep.- postp. (together) with, (adv.) together, jointly < *hmat,
Skt. smt, smd.
Pers. abg with < *upka-.
m1: agar tis i abg tis ne
m : if something is not with some [other] thing.
Av. m prohib. part. let not, OPers. m, Skt. m-, Pers. m, Khot. ma,
Bact. .
haka: ped genin

79
Av. haka adv. at once rendered by ped genin (Vd 18.16), ped ham (N
24)
Pers. genin < *ha (< *s3- one)-ka-nin adv. together, jointly
translates Syr. "# $%! together (in unity) (The Book of Psalms, 132.1) 5
'(* together, at the same time. ped genin 5 Syr. &%'(")*! at once, at the
same time. Paz. ayanin, ant. jud jud, ped fudgih.

3

vinh-d:isnih. ka abar ek ged: cikaya bao*$.vartahe
<ci&aya> t:d ped bvvarst t:isn.
Atonement of sin. When it is said about one (singular): he
shall atone [with the atonement] of the baoB>.varta.
Vd 7.38 para cikava baoo.varstahe ci/ava He shall atone with the
atonement of the bao&'.varta Z be t:d ped bvvarst t:isn.
Av. ci to atone, repay, do penance, cikay- < *ci-ka/- (pres.), cf. 4.4,
cikava subj. act. s3, Skt. cay to revenge, punish, Pers. ciy-: cid.
Av. baoo.varsta- adj. done with awareness, premeditated (crime) tahe
gen./1, cf. 25.1.
Av. ci/- f. atonement; penalty from ci, rendered by Pers. t:isn,
ci/ava- inst./1.
Pers. vinh sin, offence, crime, vinh- < OPers. vi-n/ya- to offend, do
wrong.
Pers. t:isn expiation, penalty, atonement from t:-: tuxt < *tuj.
Pers. vinh-d:isnih expiation of a sin, cf. VZ 28.4.
ka do rv ged: cikayat$ t:nd.
When it is said about two (dual): they both shall atone.
Av. ci, cikavat subj. act. d3, Cf. 3.3.
ka si rv gend: cika/n. :and hamgnag t:nd. cn hn i
do rv. bes hn i~ abestg futtar. ce abar do cikayat$, ud abar
si caka/n, ud ka abar vas ham cika/n baved ham cn hn i si.
When it is said about three (plural): they shall atone. The
Zand is the same tznd as for two. But the Avesta words (for
the dual and for the plural) are different, because when two are
spoken of, cikayat is used, and when three are spoken of,
cikan, and similarly when many are spoken of, the same cikan
is used as for three.

80
Av. ci, cikaen pres. subj. act. pl. 3 < *cika*-n. Cf. Vd 15.22 para aesm
irisintm raes5 cikaen baoo.varstahe ci/ava They shall atone for the wound
of those wounded with the atonement of the baoo.varsta` Z be hn i avesn
res-i: resend t:nd ped bvvarst t:isn.

4

y
a
v1k.m: asm, do
y
a
v@kcm you addressed to two.
Av. y
a
v+kom < *yu)akom gen./2, cf. Skt. yuv-ku- adj. belonging to both
of you.
Fr W 6
DEF 9; GIJ ... C.gp02/ ; } C"I # TI $ Z Y M C CdfI7I
y+m1k.m : asm, si. ud ka abar vas, abestg ham-cn
hn i si.
yKm@kMm you addressed to three. And if many are
addressed to, the Avesta word is the same as for three.
Av. y9m+k-m/ G xsmkom gen./3, Skt. yusm-kam.
Fr W 6
DEF 6NI P7J DEF 6Q GIJ ... C.gpqyLz ; } C"I # TI $ Z Y M C CdfI7I
&2'm: t
Av. /m acc./1, OPers. /uvm you, Skt. tv-m.
Pers. t you (s.).
v$: asm
Av. v/ G va *)h encl. acc./3 you, Skt. va+, Av. v/ G v5 encl. dat.-
gen./3 you, Skt. va+.
Pers. asm you (pl. or s. respectfully)
v*: asm, ghnig
v you, Gathic
n$: am
Av. n/ G n5 encl. dat.-gen./3 we, n/ G na encl. acc./3, Skt. na+.
Pers. am we, cf. 7: ahmkom.
n*: am, ghnig
n we, Gathic
n1: <am, do>, ast gvg k mard

81
n, we, dual, and in some passages man
Av. G n encl. gen./2, cf. Y 45.2 ni n mana neither our (2) thoughts
(3) Z ne am menisn. Cf. Skt. nau encl. acc.-gen.-dat. du. of first pers. pron.
Av. nar- m., n nom./1, cf. Y 46.10 v5 v mi n gon v ... dv the
man or woman who will give me Z man ke mard ud :an a-sn
dahisn.
<v1: am, do>, ast gvg k avb
v, we, dual, and in some passages or
Av. G v nom. /2, cf. Y 29.5 a v ustnis :astis thus, we two with
outstretched hands. Cf. Skt. v-m, vm.
Av. v encl. part. or, v v either or.
Pers. avb < OPers. *ada-v-pi, Fars. '$ /v/, cf. Bact. .
v!: ast gvg k fud, ud ast gvg k xehisn
v, in some passages means apart, and in other ones it
means pursuit.
Av. vi adv., prev. apart, off, away from rendered by jud.
Av. vi- m. pursuit rendered by xehisn, cf. Vd 13.8 va/a vohrk vavi
tite like the wolf is capable of pursuing Z cn gurg xehisn tavnig [ke
xehisn tavn kirdan]. Cf. 8, 25.1.
Pers. jud other, apart, different, separate; opposite < **u-t-.
Pers. xehisn pursuit, chase from xeh-: xist < *h)ai/a(*a)-.
apa: ast gvg k b, ud ast gvg k ab:, ud ast gvg k be
apa, in some passages means water, and in other ones it
means back, also away; without.
Av. ap- f. water, apa/ ap-ca inst./1, OPers. ap- id., Skt. p- f., Pers.
b.
Av. apa/ G ap, ap adv., prev. away, off; back rendered by be, be az,
and seldom ab:. Cf. Y 9.11 apa-taca he ran away Z be-ta:id, Y 9.24
apa.xsa/rom deprived of his rule (/authority) Z be-az-xadvih without
dominion, Vd 2.29 fra-kava apa-kava with humps, in front or in the back
Z hn i fr:-kfag [ pes] hn i ab:-kfag [ pas]. Skt. pa away, off,
OPers. apa, Hitt. apa back.
Pers. ab: back, behind, again, anew < *apc-, Paz. a:, Av. aps
adv. backward, apnc- adj. = Skt. pc-.
Pers. be/ ba but, rather than; except (for); out < *bait.

5

82
purnv ka ek: p.r.n1yu
pMrMn@yu: when a single adult [is spoken of].
Av. porona- adj. full, filled cf. 10, vu- nt. age, lifetime (v nom. <
*h
2
o*u, vaos nom. < *h
2
*us), poronvu- adj. of full age, grown up, adult,
vus nom./1, m., inst./3 functioning as a dat./3, Skt. prnvus- m. name of a
Gandharva, Pers. purnv(ag).
ka do: p.r.n1yu
pcrcnyu: when two
Av. poronvu nom.-acc./2, also nom./1 like v?, cf. Yt 19.43.
ka si: +,-,$#.$'/
pcrcnyunRm: when three
Av. poronvun1m gen./3.
aburnv ka ek: "p.r.n1yuk$
apMrMn@yuk>: when a single child [is spoken of].
Av. ap-r-n+yu- adj. not of full age, of minor age, m. minor (child);
yuka- adj., lit. not of full age, m. a minor, boy, child, vuk nom./1, cf. Vd
15.15 /r/rom koronav va aesa v aporonvk u:fas so long shall he
protect her, until the child grows up.
ka do: "p.r.n1yuka
apMrMn@yuka: when two
Av. ap-r-n+yuka nom./2, also voc./1, inst./1, cf. H 7.1 v avehe
aporonvka parahaciti he who goes forth in company with the child of
another Z ke v i ani aburnvag [i kasn] be abgened.
ka si: a+,-,$#.0"$'/
apMrMn@yukanam: when three
Av. ap-r-n+vukanm gen./3, cf. Y 68.12 narmca nirinmca
ap-r-n+vkanmca kainikanmca the men and women, the boys and girls.
mard ka ek: nar
nar, when a single man [is spoken of].
Av. nar- m. man, nars/ G noros gen./1, Skt. nr- m., Pers. nar. Cf. Vd
6.22 avava aipi va/a nars vayoanom as great as a mans skull Z hn i and
abar cand hn i mard vaydn. Cf. Gr. +*.0, Armen. ayr < *anir, Oscan niir.
ka do: nara
nara, when two
Av. nar-, nara nom.-acc./2 (5 Skt. nr), also inst./1, also nara-, nara
nom./3. Cf. Vd 8.33 ka t nara vao:davn ahon how will those men be
purified Z cn avesn mard v:dhr hend.
ka si: nar$
nar, when three

83
Av. nar nom./3, naras-ca, Skt. nra+. Cf. Vd 15.10 gl. avavata aofaha
va panca nar with as much strength as that of five men.

6

:an hamgnag: n1irika, n1irikay, n1irikan'm
It is the same case with the word n@irik- woman as
n@irika (singular), n@irikay (dual), n@irikanRm (plural).
Av. niri- f. woman, wife; nirik- f. woman (who is under the
supervision of a tutor); a female (opp. fahi-), ka nom./1, also inst./1, kava
gen.-loc./2, also gen./1, kanm gen./3. Skt. n-ri- woman (of high rank),
lady, Pers. nrig. Cf. H 5.1 nirika v nmn.paitis the wife or the master of
the house Z nrig avb mnbed [e kadag-xadv], N 59 nirikava kohrpa
with the body of a female.
Pers. zan woman, wife, Av. faini-/ G f5ni, Skt. jni-, jni < *g
w
enh
2
,
Armen. kin, OIrish ben.
ud ka xb: va!ta, va!t1hva, va!tan'm
When [the woman] is good, [she is called] vanta (singular,
dual), vanthva (plural) and vantanam (plural).
Av. vanta- m. beloved, vant- f. beloved (woman), loved wife from
van to like, desire, vanta nom./1, vanthva loc./3, vantanm gen./3, Skt.
vanita- adj. sollicited, wished for, desired, vanit- f. a loved wife, any
woman. Cf. Yt 5.34 uta he vanta a:ni and I may take away his two beloved
women (vanta = *vante acc./2).
ud ka vad: 1*, ja/,
+
jahi
And when she is evil, jahi.
Av. jahi- the davic word for woman, a double of jaini-/ G f5ni- (f)
wife, woman. The name seems to be indeclinable. The forms f5 or fae are
not attested in the extant Avesta. fahik- f. evil woman, whore, harlot.
Originally jahi/ fahik- f. simply signified woman, cf. Yt 17.54 nar
jahika a man a woman, Khot. fsic- girl < *8ahi-c; jsaica- boy.
ast gvg k cl"ytyk
In some passages [she is called] caritik.
Av. cariti- f. young woman capable of procreating, caritik- f., Skt.
cara43 f. young woman; married or single woman who after maturity resides
in her fathers house. Cf. DD 50 cardig ud aburnvag.

84
ud ka ped sv ne ddag <knyk>
When she is an unmarried girl: kainik
Av. kainv-/ kainA- f., kainin-/ kainyan- f. girl, maiden, virgin; kainik-
f. id., Skt. kany9- f. girl, virgin, the unmarried girl, Pers. kenig, keni:. Cf.
Yt 17.54 kainina anupaeta masvnm the girls not yet approached by men,
Dk iii, M66 kirbag kirbag nerg pediriftr veh meng ud pedis hu:ihr
keni: kerb (= Hn 2.9 kainin kohrpa srirava) nigrd ud kain ( kainin)
nmihist ba:ag-i: ba:ag ba:ag nerg pediriftr vattar meng ud pedis
duscihr cardig kerb nigrihist ud caritv nmihist.
Pers. sv husband < *fs?*ad-, ng-sv a newly married woman.
kadag-bng: nm1n$.pa&ni, )d.m'n$.pa&ni
The mistress of the house: nm@n>.paCni, dMmRn>.paCni
Av. nmna-/ domna- nt. house, abode, opp. gorooa-, Pers. mn.
Av. pa/ni- f., Skt. ptni- f. mistress.
Av. nm+n'.pa*ni- / G d-m1n'.pa*ni- f. mistress of the home/ house,
rectrix, ni nom./1, OPers. *mna-pasni-. Cf. Vd 12.7 nmn.paitis
nmn.pa/ni the master of the house the mistress of the house Z mnbed
C(A/ @ T /mnbedi/, Vr 3.3 nmnahe nmn.pa/nim Z mn C(A/ @ '(8
|kadag-bng|. Pers. bmbasn/ bmbisn, Armen. bambisn queen.
Pers. bng lady, mistress from baga- lord, god, Armen. banuk, Bact.
queen.
Pers. kadag-bng mistress of the house, rectrix, kadag-xadv master
of the house, husband.
ud ka ng-sv: <va*u>
When she is a newly married woman: vau
Av. vao- f. bride, young wife, ou nom./1 from vad, voava- pres. to
wed, upa vad to give in marriage, Skt. vadh,- f. bride, Sogd. ww-/ vao/
wife, Pers. vavg/ bavg, Khwar. w% id.. Cf. Vd 4.44 upa v nirikm
voavaeta one should give (him) a wife Z abar nrig abar e vvenend [k-
s :an e davend].
ka vevag: vi*ava
When she is a widowed woman: viBava
Av. vioav- f. widow, va nom. /1, Skt. vidhv- f., Pers. vevag ; Yazdi
(Zor.) vedva. Cf. RP 62.12 zan i vevag.
ud ka baromand: bar.&ri
And when she is pregnant: barMCri
Av. baro/ri- f. bearer, a female pregnant or nourisher, mother; womb;
/ri nom./1, Skt. bhartr.-, Pers. burdr. Cf 16.

85
Pers. bar fruit; crop; result; benefit; effect from bar-: burd to bear
(Av.- OPers. bar), Pers. baromand fruitful; bringing revenue; pregnant.
ka rstag: vy1xti hava
When she is an adorned woman: vyxti hava
Av. vvxti- f. a made-up woman, ti nom./1, vyxti- f. make-up. Hosh.
loc./3 of vyxti; Reich. vyxti-hava inst./1 mit ihrem Schmucke. Cf. Skt.
vyakti- f. appearance, manifestation from aj to show.
Av. (hva-), hava-/ G xa- poss. pron. own, hava (inst/1, m-nt)/ G x, also
hava nom.-acc./2, m., hava nom./1, f. Cf. 24.
Pers. rstag well-prepared; well-turned; dressed; made-up from rv-:
rst < *-rad.
ast gvg k str!m mvag
In some passages [an adorned woman is called] str
female.
Av. stri- < *striH- f. female, woman, rim acc./1 rendered by mvag,
Skt. str.- woman (pejorative), Khot. striv- woman, Pers. srigar female.
Cf. Vd 2.41 mi/ana strica nairvasca pairs, a woman and a man Z ped
gume:ag mvag ud nar.
m1ta: md
Av. mtar- f. mother < *mtr- < *meh
2
ter-, ta nom./1, Skt. mtr-,
mt-, OPers. mtar-, Pers. md, mdar (obl.), Khot. mta, Gil. mr, Bact.
.
ast gvg k x
v
a-ha : xahar
Somewhere xapha sister
Av. xahar- f. sister < *svsar- < *swesor-, ha nom./1, Skt. svsar,
svs+, Pers. xah, xahar/ xr (obl.), Parth. wx"r < *h)ahram, Khot. hvar-.
ast gvg k du3*a : duxt
Av. duyoar-/ G dugodar- f. daughter < *duhitr- < *d
h
ugh
2
ter-, yoa/
god nom./1, Skt. duhitr-, duhit-, Pers. duxt, duxtar (obl.), Khwar. d,
Sogd. wt /ouyt/, Bact. .
ast gvg k hapa&ni: habg, xav, cn baved do :an ud ek
sv.
Somewhere hapaIni cowife, as there are two wives and a
husband.
Av. ha-pa/ni- f. co-wife, a woman who has the same husband as another
woman (/ other wives), a fellow-wife, ni nom./1, ne inst./1, Skt. saptni-

86
(ptni- the wife in general), Fars. .79* /vasni/, Pers. hambasn < OPers. *ha-
pasni-, cf. VZ 34.30.
Pers. (h)abg, Paz. xav, Fars. !" /hav/ cowife.
sa/: aburnv ke pid ne :indag
sa<: a boy whose father is not alive.
Av. *saeva- m. orphan(ed). Paz. sae, Parth. sy(y)wg /sevag/ orphan,
Khot. svta id., Kurd. sivi id..
Pers. pid(ar) father, cf. 13.
#$ #78IJKL ( : duxt-e ke sv xad kuned
hwsl"yn': a girl who marries on her own.
Av. *xasaraeni- f. < *h)a-sar()-a/ni-. In Persian +9"^[ /xad-sar/ means
obstinate (lit. self-head). Cf. Purs.EA 43.2 :ivnak fud a: dastvarih i pid
slr-e fr: gired u-s :an baved hn :an hwsl"yn', Dk viii M 714 :an-: ka tan
i xes slr.
Pers. xad self, adv. indeed < *h)atah-, Parth. wxd/ wxao/, Av. xat
adv. by itself, Skt. svatas adv., Khot. hvat of oneself.
Pers. !# $% &' )*+ , &',-./%!# (Drb Hormazyrs Rivyt, I, 180-81)
(#$8,: :an-e, ud ka mard ne murd
"hw': a woman, and [also] a man when they are not yet
dead (or: a woman whose man is yet alive).
Av. ahu-/ ahu- lord, gentleman; ahvi-/ ahi- f. lady, Hittite:assu
king. Cf. Y 32.11 ahisc ahavasc the ladies and gentlemen Z kadag-
xadv mard ud~ :an [gend k. mnbed hem].
Pers. murd dead, cf. 11.
(#$8,: pan:h-slag
h"n': 50 years old
Av. hana- adj., n- f old, Skt. sna- adj. old, ancient. Cf. Vd 3.19
han an old man Z han [pan:h slag], Vd 15.13 hanm porosaha
[resort] to an old woman [and] consult her Z a: hn hann hampurs.
<zaurura>: zarmn haItd-slag
zaurura: 70 years old
Av. zaurura- adj., r- f. aged, declining (years), decrepit, senile from
zar to grow old (Skt. jar) rendered by :armn. Cf. Vd 3.19 :aurur : :armn
[sast-slag pes ud pas] an aged man [sixty years of age, more or less].

87
Pers. :armn old age, decrepitude, cf. Skt. jarimn- m.
<pairit1.xudra>: pdirn-suhr, navad-slag
pairit@.xudra: 90 years old
Av. pairit+.xudra-/ xsuora- adj. whose semen has dessicated/ stopped
flowing rendered by pdirn-suhr. Cf. Vd 3.19 pairist.xsudr : pdirn-
suhr [haftd-slag] pairit@.xudr [seventy years of age], Vd 13.50
pdirn-suhr [k. gdan ne tavn] pairist.xsudr [that is, (the dog) is not
able to perform the sexual act].
Pers. pdirn retained, restrained from *pati-gar.
Pers. suhr semen, cf. 3.7.

88
3

1

huvir'm : xb-vir ud abvisnig baved.
huvirRm is a witty individual with the requisite qualities.
Av.
1
hvira- m. < *hu-vira-; Skt. svira- adj. manly, heroic; rich in men,
with good men, m. hero, warrior, cf. Yt 13.38: karsna: hvira the
Karsnazids, good warriors.
Av.
2
hvira-/ hu-vira- adj. having good wit, r f., rm acc./1, f. glossed
by pur-snsag knowing much, polymath and abvisnig. Cf. Yt 13.134
snavasca paiti fra:antis hvirava and progeny with innate good
wit, Y 62.5 snm fra:aintim hvirm progeny with innate good wit
Z sndag fra:end i huvir [k. abvisnig ud pur-snsag ped hn i pas ud
pas abved kirdan].
Pers. xb good < *h)api, Av. hvapah- < *hu)-pah-, Skt. s
u
vpas- <
*su)-pas- < *h
1
su-hpas-, Sogd. xwp, Khwar. xw.
Pers. vir wit < *)ira-, Khot. vira, Bal. gir memory, Gaz vir id.,
Fars. +d?0 /bir/ learning by heart.
Pers. xb-vir witty.
Pers. abvisnig desirable; requisite; necessary; suitable from abv- to
desire; be needed < *upa-i.
hut1t$: hudsid, cn xbih i ped ast.
hut@t>: well-built, as regards the good [fashion] of the bone
(= frame).
Av. hu-tBsta- adj. well-fashioned, well-made, t nom./1, m., Skt. s-
ta$$a- adj. id., Pers. hudsid/ hu-tsid, cf. Yt 14.7 am hutast huraoo the
offensive strength, well-fashioned and well-shaped, P 43: ast h
u
tastim the
good bone structure.
Pers. ast bone, cf. 3.3.
hurao*$: hurust cn xbih i ped gst.
huraoB>: well-grown, as regards the good [shape] of the
flesh (= body).
Av. hu-raooa- adj. well-grown, well-shaped, o nom./1, m., cf.
1046/&, 7046/& pr. n. m., Skt. suroha- pr. n. m. Cf. Yt 5.64 huraooava
usk vstava Z Dk vii M 651 hurust i buland-ebvst, Yt 10.90 kohrp

89
huraooava well-shaped body, Y 10.14 tanm huraooa : tan hurust, Vd
19.30 huraooa: hurust [k ped frrnih rust ested].
Pers. hu-rust well-grown from rv- < *rud.
Pers. gst meat; milk, cf. 3.8.
huk.r.f: hugerb, cn pessa:agih i hannm.
hukMrMf: of good body, as regards the bodily symmetry.
Av. hu-kohrp- adj. of good (/ beautiful) body, well-shaped, korofs
nom./1, m., hukoropta- id., Pers. hugerb/ hu-kerb, Cf. Y 9.16 hukorofs :
hugerb [k-t kerb nek], cf. 3.8.
Pers. hannm limb, member, cf. 3.2.
b1mya : bmig cn nisy.
bmya : brilliant, as nisg (bright ; the toponym Nis).
Av. bmva- adj. radiant, luminous, brilliant, mya inst./1, Av. bma-,
Skt. bh-ma- m. light, splendour, Pers. bm, bmig.
Pers. nisg bright, brilliant, Parth. nys"g /nisg/. Cf. Vd 1.20 bmvca :
bmig [k: farrahomand. ast ke nisg ged. cn prs i abe:ag bmig].
aor1ca par1ca tarasca: rn ud parrn ud tarist (tarasc)

aor@ca par@ca tarasca: towards, and away, and across.
Av. aora/ G aor adv. downwards, cf. 7;
aor+ca/ G aor-c adv., Skt.

arv-c- adj. turned towards.
Av. para/ G par prep., adv. before, earlier, paraca < *parca, Skt.
pur-. Skt prc- adj. turned away. Cf. Y 53.7 parac aorc : parrn-:
ud rn-:.
Av. tar/ G tar5 adv., prev. through, across, aside, superior to 5 Skt.
tirs; OPers. tara
h
, Pers. tar. Av. tarasca across, over, through 5 Skt. tir7c-
inst/1 of tiryc- adj..
Pers. rn hither from r here, hither (< *a)ar-) and rn side,
direction; towards (< *ra)an-).
Pers. parrn beyond from par beyond (< *para-, cf. Dk ix M 816)
and rn.
Pers. tarist across, corr. tarasc (cf. 21(>$ harvist, corr. harvisp).
hu-tarasca:
nek a: hamg kustag

hutarasca: beautiful from all sides.
Av. *hu-tara- adj. easy to be crossed, tarasca nom./1, m. 5 Skt. sutara-
, Av. hu-tarasca beautiful across. Cf. Dk vii, M 636 ud hn i man sahist
spendrmed hu-rn ud hu-parrn ud hu-tarasc [k. hamg gvg nek bd]

90
Spcnt !rmaiti seemed to me beautiful from this side, beautiful from the
reverse, beautiful across [that is: she was beautiful in all parts].
Pers. kust(ag) side, direction; district, Armen. k;ust id. 5 Parth. ks
district, region, Sogd. ks side, Armen. koys id., Bact. id.. Pers.
az hamg kustag 5 Parth. a: harv y: on all sides.

2

hugaon.m: mv i ped hannmn fud a: hn i ped sar
hugaoncm: the hair on the body, except that on the head.
Av. gaona- nt. 1 meat, flesh; 2 colour; 3 growth; Past. yna hair (of
the body), pore, colour (of the skin), Sogd. Twn"k hair, Khot. ggna- hair,
Pers. gn(ag) colour, complexion; kind.
Av. hu-gaona- adj., nom acc./1, m..
Pers. mv hair < *maud-a-, Bal. md.
Pers. hannm member, limb < *handma(n)-, Paz. andm, Parth.
handm, Aram. hdm, Armen. andam.
Pers. sar head < *sara-, Av. sarah- nt. head, sra- m. id., Sogd. sr-
/sar-/.
ud hn i abar sar: varsa
And the [hair] on the head: varsa.
Av. varosa- m.-nt. hair, sa int./1, cf. Vd 6.46, Skt. vlsa- m. shoot,
twig, Sogd. wrs, Pers. vars, Farsi e+f/gurs/ tress.
Cf. Yt 5.77 sroma varosanm barmi I carry hairs on the head.
ud ped do ud si rstag: ga/sa
[The head hair] dressed in two or three curls: gasa.
Av. gaesa- m. curls, sa ins.t/1 5 Skt. k7a- m. the hair of the head; the
mane (of a horse or lion); Av. viti.gaesa- m. name of a mountain, Fars.
g?hi'0. Av. gaesu-/ gae/u- adj. curly rendered by gesvar 5 Skt. ke7av- adj.
having long or handsome hair. Pers. ges locks, curls (of hair), cf. RP
18d11, gesg id., cf. HKR 96.
vohu.gaon.m: sv-mv
vohu.gaoncm: of black hair
Av. vohu.gaona- adj., nom acc./1, m. (lit. blood-coloured or having
good colour) blackish, m. name of a plant, cf. Dk ix M 795 ' ($ '(8 . Cf. Yt
8.58 pasm aurusom v vohu.gaonom v a sheep either white or black.

91
Pers. sv(h) black, Av. svva- adj. dark in colour, Parth. svv; Pers.
sv-mv of black hair.
paourua.gaon.m: pir-mv
paourua.gaonMm: of old hair
Av. paourusa.gaona- adj. of grey hair, nom acc./1. paourusa- adj.
grey 5 Skt. paru$- adj. spotted, speckled; grey. Cf. Vd 7.57 gl. pourus
asti vars the hair is grey Z. pir ast vars.
Pers. pir old < *pira- < OPers. paruva- former, Pers. pir-mv of old
hair.
p'stahe: pst
pRstahe: skin
Av. psta- m., tahe gen./1, Khot. psta garment.
Pers. pst skin, hide 5 OPers. pavast- f. the thin clay envelope (used
to protect unbaked clay tablets), Skt. pavsta- nt. envelope.
pasu.vastrahe: pah-vastarag
pasu.vastrahe: clothes from sheep skins
Av. pasu.vastra- nt. garment made from sheep skin; the skin of the
cattle, rahe gen./1. Av. pasu- m. cattle, (small domestic) animal, Skt. pas-
m., Khot. pasa-, Pers. pah, Bact. , Bal. pas. Cf. 5. Av. vastra- nt.
garment, clothes, Skt. vstra- nt., Khot. vsta- clothes, Pers. vastar(ag).
Cf. N 58 pasu.vastranmca : pah-vastarag [ped pevvsag].
suri: pst i mardm i :indag
suri: the skin of a living man
Av. suri- f., ri nom./1. Cf. Skt. chav. f. skin, hide (5 Av. *sovi-), Gr.
'9:-UVW skin.
Pers. mard(h)m man, human being, cf. 11.
Pers. :indag living, alive < *j.)ant-a-ka-, Parth. :ivandag, Av. jvant-.

3

a/*a: pst i sar. u-s ast i meh, ud ast i keh. cn ped nigdom
ged:
kaya h.ti masya#h$ a/*a kadr hend hn i meh pst?
y$i aparaya paiti mast.r.3nya ke pas masturg. |abarag

guft e gs pas|
kaya kasya#h$ <kadr hn i keh?>

92
y$i paourvaya paiti mast.r.3nya ke pes masturg~.
aa: the skin of the head. There is part of it which is longer
and part which is smaller aa. As it is said in the Niktama:
which are the larger parts of the aa? [Which are the
greater skins?] Those which are on the posterior part of the
skull. [whatever is behind the skull. Abarag said: (from) the ear
backwards.] Which are the smaller? [Which are the smaller?]
Those which are before the skull. [Whatever is before.].
Av. aeoa- (m), oa (nom/3) translated by Pers. pst i sar skin of the
head. Bartholomae relates it to Lett. da hide, Pers. xeg leathern bottle;
wineskin; churn < *aida-ka-?
Av. ka-/ ki- interrog. pron. who? which? kaya nom./3, Skt. k-. Cf. N 34
kaya honti vaca which are the formulae? Z kadr hend gisn?
Av. h/ ah, h- pres., honti ind. act. pl. 3, Skt. as, Pers. h-.
Av. masyah- comp. adj. longer; greater, vah nom./3, cf. Bact. .
Av. mas- adj. great, masan- nt. greatness, adj. great, masah- nt. length,
size; greatness, masit(a)- adj. long, masista- superl. adj. longest; greatest
(OPers. ma/ista-), Pers. meh, mehdar.
Av. ya- rel. pron., vi, vae-ca/ G vi, vae-c nom./3, Skt. y, y ca, Pers.
i.
Av. apara- adj. later, posterior, raya loc./1, Skt. para- adj., OPers.
apara-, Bact. .
Av. paiti prep., prev., adv. towards, against, Skt. prti, OPers. patiy,
Pers. ped, Bact. .
Av. kasyah- smaller, less(er) comp. adj. of kasu-, vah nom./3, Pers.
keh, kehdar.
Av. paourva-, vaya loc./ 1, cf. 1.
Av. mastoroyan- m. brain; skull, ynva loc./1 5 Skt. mast%han- m.
brain, Pers. masturg, Paz. mastarag, Orm. mast<ry, Pas. mastrk brain,
Ask. msto.
va3*an.m : sar. ged:
nar va3*an.m <nar vaydn> [e. vinhgr, hn i~ mard
vaydn be sumbend.|
ast.m $im mast.r.3n'm ast ek i~ masturg.
v!spaca y$ mast.r.3n'm am'sta [hn hamg :anisn ke
masturg andar suft tanbuhl v~ be dahisn.|

93
x
v
ar(.ci&'m )a/t$ a4ye cikayat$ xar-d:isnigih avesn i
ani t:nd. |cn hn i ped sar masturg ud hn i ped~ abrig
hannm ma:g g
b
isn.|
vaancm: head. It has been said:
The head of a man [that is: the sinful pierce a mans head].
(When someone has pierced) one bone of the skull and (one)
who has crushed all (the bones) of the skull [all the blows that
have pierced the brain should be taken as the sin of a pe&.tan]
both should atone the other (wounds) as the xar.ciI [they
should atone the other (wounds) as the punishment for a
wound, [that which is in the head is to be said mastcrcan
brain, those in the other members are to be said mazga
marrow.]
Av. vayoana- nt. head (ahuric) < *vagdana-, nom nom.-acc./1,
kamorooa- nt. head (davic), Pers. vaydn, opp. kaml.
Av. nar- m., nars/ G noros gen./1.
Av. ast- nt. bone, tom/ as-ca *ast-ca acc./ 1, cf. Vd 5.9, Skt. sthi-,
Pers. ast, Sogd. "stk.
Av. im, cf. 1. Reich. aem, Barth.
aev.
Av. mastoroyan- m., ynm gen./ 3.
Av. vispa- adj. all, every, vispa-ca/ G visp-c nom.-acc./ 3, nt., cf. 8.
Av. ya-, v/ G v5 nom./1, m., Skt. y+, cf. OPers. ha-ya.
Av. man to press, ms- s-aor., -man to pierce, bore, amsta < *-
msta inj. mid. s3 pierced, Khot. man- to injure; or man/, to stir (up), rub,
grind, agitate , ms- aor., amsta inj. mid. s3) < *-msta, Skt. manth, Sogd.
B mn-.
Av. xar.ci/- f. punishment for a wound rendered by xar-d:isn(ig)ih,
/m acc./1, /ava inst.-loc./1, /anm gen./3. Reich./ Barth. xar.ci/ava,
Kl. xar.ci/m.
Av. aeta- dem. pron. this, this one, te nom.-acc./2, nt., te/ tae-ca
nom./3, m). t5/ t acc./3, m., Skt. et-, et-n. Barth./ Kl. aete. Cf. N 33 aet5
vac.
Av. a=ya- adj. other, ye nom.-acc./2, nt., nom.-acc./3, m., OPers.
aniya-, aniyai-ciy, Skt. any-, any, Pers. ani.
Av. ci to atone, punish, cikay- pres., cikavat subj. act. d3.
Pers. mazg marrow, brain, cf. 3.8.

94
Pers. tanbuhr/l < Av. tanu.poro/a- adj., cf. 10, 25.2.
<paitit1n.m>. cn g
b
ed e.
vinhgr hn i pedistn be :anend, ast avb kerb, ek ma:g ud
ek kerb, hn i~ hamg :anisn ke ast be
:ad, tanbuhl v be
dahisn. xar-d:isnih avesn i ani t:nd.
As it has been said:
The sinful (who) strike a (mans) leg, the bone or flesh, one
bone and one flesh (of a leg), and that one who has smitten all
the bones (of a leg), should be taken as the sin of a pe&.tan.
They should atone for the other (wounds) as the punishment for a
wound.
The Avesta passage is missing.
Av. paiti-stBna- nt. support; leg; refuge, Pers. pedistn leg, cf. 3.7,
25.2 (pedistn-:anisnih).

4

ainik$: enig
Av. ainika- m. face; front, forehead, k nom./1, Skt. nika- nt. face,
Pers. enig front, forehead, pes-nig id.
urua: rv
Av. urva/G urv nom. /1 of urvan- m. soul, Pers. ravn.
Av. urupa- nt., Skt. rp- nt. form, outward appearance, colour, beauty
Pers. rv face; Av. raooa- m. development; aspect, Skt. rha- m.
increase; sprout
d$i&ra: casm
Av. di/ra- nt. eye (ahuric) from di to see (opp. as-), Pers. disr, cf.
VZ 12.8 ped harv do~ disr abar nigerem.
Pers. casm eye < *c6sman-, Av. casman- nt. eye, Khot. tc>iman-.
pan.m: pes i casm
Av. pasna- nt., eyelash, cilium, nom nom./1, cf. Skt. pk$man- nt.
eyelash; Pers. pasm wool
Pers. pes i casm (lit. fore-eye) eyelash
n#ha: venig

95
Av. nh- m. nose; nostril, naha nom./2, cf. P 27, OPers. nh-am acc./1,
Skt. nas- f., Av. nah- f. 5 Skt. n-s- f. nose, n-sm nom./2, Sogd. nns
/nans/ nose.
Pers. venig nose; nostril, Av. vaen- f. nose, Fars. 0 ? .7 /bini/, cf. Dk ix
M 814 dasn venig right nostril, Bd 190 do venig the two nostrils.
uzyazd1na: divr i mevn i venig
uzyazdna: the wall in the middle of (two) nostrils.
Av. u:va:dna- m., Kl. u:na:dna. Cf. Av. u:-dna- nt. tumulus.
*u:dae:na- < u:dae:a- (m) wall + na- breath?
,- s$ /divr/ wall < OPers. *dida-vra-, Sangl. dewl, Fars. ,*!0% 12.30%
/difl/.
1ty
par1ty : visn ud savisn i vCn

Av. nti- f. inhaling the breath through the nose; in-breath < *-an-ti-
from an to breath, ntva gen./2
Av. parnti- f. exhaling the breath; out-breath < *par-an-ti-, tva
gen./2.
Pers. ven breath from *v to blow, breath, Bal. gin id., Pers. visn ud
savisn i ven the inbreath and out-breath, Cf. Dk iv, M 807 cn t ped harvisp
visn be-savisnih, ped ven varisn barisn. Pers. ven (frd) bar- to inhale, ven
(abar) var- to exhale, cf. Bd 34 gvn hn i abg vd pevvast ested, ven
varisn barisn, Bd 189 ven varisn barisn cn vd, Sr 22 vd ven varisn
barisn.
aotra: lab
Av. aostra- m. the lower lip, ra nom./2 lips, Av. aosta- m. the upper
lip 5 Skt. $$ha- m. (upper) lip, Khot. au$$ lip, dirve au$$ the lower
lip.
Pers. lp /lab/ lip, Bal. lap, Paz. la, Ya. lap lip, side, cf. Gr. '
to lick.
dat1n$: dandn
Av. dantan- m. tooth (opp. zafar/n-), tn nom./3, Av. dathva loc./3,
Skt. dnt- m. tooth, Khot. dandaa-, Osset. dndg id. cf. Vd 15.4 gl.
andar dandn. Pers. dd tooth ; age, dandn tooth
#ha : dahan
Av. h- nt. mouth, aha/ G 5oah inst./1, orodv.ahan-a- with an
upright mouth; Skt. -s-, s- inst./1, Khot. ha, cf. Lat. s, ris.
Pers. dahan 5 Av. zafan/r- mouth (davic), Pers. zafar.

96
spar#ha: a:er i dandn
Av. sparha- nt., hapax, ha nom./2 the gums of the upper and lower
jaw.
Pers. a:er i dandn gums of the teeth 5 Laki bon deno gingiva, cf. Skt.
danta-m?sant. the gums.

5

hizva: e:vn
Av. hi:- m. tongue, zva/ G :v inst./1, Skt. juh,- f., juhv9; Av. hi:v-
f., Skt. jihv-- f., OPers. h-z-an-m /hi:
b
nam/ acc./1, Pers. e:vn/ u:vn, Parth.
e:bn, Sogd. zb""k /
hi
:bk/.
v1x: vng
Av. vac/ vc- m. voice, word; prayer, vxs nom./1, Skt. v-c- f., v-k
nom./1, Pers. v:, Parth. v:, Osset. uac word; news, Pers.-Parth. vxs
voice, word; spirit, ghost; wind, cf. M501 (Man.) vxs i :urvn = gvn i bav
:urvn.
Pers. vng voice < *)anka-, cf. Bd 129-30, Armen. vang/k sound,
voice, Bal. gwnk voice, echo, Fars. j\'0 /bng/.
vac$ or vacah: g
b
isn
Av. vacah- nt. word, speech translated by gisn. c/ G c5 nom.-acc./1,
Skt. vcas-, vca+. Av. vac- m., vac gen./1, Skt. v-c- f., vc+.
Pers. g
b
isn saying, word; statement, discourse, treatise; oral tradition 5
Gr. <=>%&, Syr. +,'-,.
sa#h.m: soxan
Av. saha-/ G s5ngha- m. pronouncement, proclamation, announcement
5 Skt. 7?sa- m. praise, OPers. /anha-.
Pers. saxan/ soxan word, speech, saying ; trial ; topic 5 Gr. ?@,, Av.
saxan-/r- nt.
1zaitivait! : snsagih
Av. :aintivant- adj., vaiti- f. from zan to know, vaitis nom.-acc./3, f.,
Av. pouru.:ainti-, :aintis translated by abg snsagih i :and cf. Y 57.8,
ma.:ainti-, :aintim translated by pur-snsag cf.Y 57.20. Pers. :end
parable, tale, allegory.

97
Pers. snsag knowing one, conversant (with); sense organ from OPers.
xsn- inch., xsnsa- to know, snsagih adv., cf. Dk ix M 791.
srira: nekgih
Cf. 12
Av. srira- adj. beautiful, ra inst./1 , nom./1, f., Skt. srila-, srir-,
Sogd. syr- /sir-/ good.
Pers. nekgih adv., nek(g) beautiful, cf. 2.2.
hit$ : frahdih
Av. hita- verbal adj. bound, fettered, tied, m. team; harnessed horse of
a chariot for a race, from hi to fetter, bind (Skt. s/ say), hit.hi:va tongue-
fettered, Khot. hiv bound.
Pers. frahd(ag) bound (horse for a race) from fra-hi, opp. visd(ag)
untied, loose from vi-hi; frahdih adv., cf. MJF 3.88 asp i gusn i frahdag.
da#r$: dngih
Av. dara-/ G dangra- adj. knowing, masterly, clever from dh, Skt.
dasr- adj. accomplishing wonderful deeds.
Pers. dng wise, sage from dn- (Av. zan) = fra:nag, ih adv., cf.
GV 11.45 dngih ud ped cim, X
v
R II.18 a:itn soxan dngih pursend.
namra.v1x: bd-gisn
Av. namra-, Parth. namr, Pers. narm, Skt. namr- adj. bowing; bent;
humble, Sogd. nmr.
Av. namra.vac- adj. flattering, with humble words, softly speaking,
vxs nom./1, cf. Sogd. nmry m"nh tender mind.
Pers. bd prosperous < *-pta-, Fars. bd prosperous; inhabited,
cultivated; eulogy; bravo, Bact. , Sogd. pt pt well done, bravo,
cf. Dk vii, M 659 bd-gisn hend [k. soxan carbih gend.]
at.m.mci sa#h.m: andardom soxan, cn r:ih.
a!tMmMmci# sa(hMm: inmost proclamations as in a secret
(discourse).
Av. antoma- adj. inner, inmost, mom acc./1, m., Skt. ntama- adj.
Av. sahom acc./1, m.
Pers. andardom superl. 5 Skt. ntara-tama- adj. nearest, intimate, andar
= Av. antaro between, within.
Pers. r: secret, mystery from *raz (Skt. rah), Sogd. r"z /r:/, Aram. rz"
/r:a/.
guzr1.sa#h$: nihn soxan

98
Av. g:ra- adj. hidden, occult from guz to hide (Skt. goh, OPers.
*gud), compare g:a- hiding (attested in :omarog:), opp. hai/va-.
Av. gu:r.saha- m. the occult proclamations, sah nom./1.
Pers. nihn soxan id., nihn hidden, concealed cf. 8, ant. skrag cf.
Bd 112.
Y 48.3 gu:r s5nghah the occult proclamations: nihnih soxan [i
ahlemgih a-s crag be ged], Vn 19-20 gaoora sahar fra:naiti he
knows the hidden proclamations.
hai&!m.vac: skrag-g
b
isnih
Av. hai/im.vacah- adj. (knowing or pronouncing some) true formula,
ca nom./1, m., Av. hai/im cf. 4.1.
Pers. skrag-gisn frankly speaking, ih adv., Pers. skrag cf. 4.1.
xrudi.vac: xru:d-gisnih
Av. xr?:dra- (adj.) hard, firm; xr?:d- f. hardship; xru:di adj. hard;
rigorous rendered by xru:d, saxt, cf. Vd 9.11. Av. xrao:dva-, ant. varodva-.
Av. xru:di.vacah- adj. rigorous in words, ca nom./1, m.
b.r.zata vaca: buland-gisnih
Yt 10.89
Av. boro:ant- adj. high, lofty, aloud, tall, zata inst./1, m., Skt. bhnt,
bhat-, Pers. buland, Osset. brzond high.
Av. vac-, ca inst./1.
boro:ata vaca with loud voice.
xaya.v1x: pdixsv-g
b
isn(ih)
Av. xsavant- adj. who rules, who is in command from xs.
Av. xsava.vac- adj. who masters the voice, vxs nom./1.
Pers. pdixsv competent; authorized, ruler; being in authority over <
*pti-xs-van-, Bact. .
Pers. pdixsv-g
b
isn who controls his words, ih adv.
amavata vaca: amvand-g
b
isnih
Av. amavant-/ G 5mavant- adj. forceful, strong, vata inst./1, m., Skt.
mavant- impetuous, strong, Pers. amvand.
Av. amavata vaca with strong voice, vaca inst./1.
vaxa#ha: gisn i sdomandih
Pers. g
b
isn i sdomandih speech in a useful manner possibly
rendering Av. *vxs.savaha.
Av. savah- nt. (Skt. svas- strength) rendered by sdomand, cf. Y 28.9
savahm: sdomand.
Av. vaxsah- nt. growth; interest rendered by gisn, cf. Vd 19.15
vaxsom: g
b
isn.
v1x.b.r.tiby$ v1r.&ra3niby$: gisn-barisnih i per:garih

99
v@x.bMrMtiby> v@rMCraTniby> to the offering of Word that
breaks the resistance: victoriously bringing of speech
Av. vxs.boreiti- f. offering of Word, tibv dat.-abl./3, Parth. vxs-bar
prophet, apostle, cf. M344a (Man.) vxsbar ud az nibegn, Pers.
vxsvar, Pazand vaxsr , cf. GV 11.81, M 788 (Man.) u-sn kird vxsvar ped
sahr sahr ud dst den ped pkih.
Av. vro/rayni- adj. victorious, who smashes the obstacle,
vro/raynibv dat.-abl./ 3, Skt. v-rtraghna- adj., ghni- f.
Pers. g
b
isn-barisnih bearing of the word, cf. Dk iii M 253 ne harv do
g
b
isn ped genin barisnih sa:ed.
Pers. per: victor, victorious < *pari*-a)jah-, per:gar victorious,
triumphant, per:garih adv.

6

ra&2y ux* : hn i frrn soxan
raCXy uxB the regular ux`: the righteous sayings
Av. ra/va- adj. according to the (ritual) norms, regular, model, va
nom./3, f., cf. Yt 10.30 ra/va vaca by a model word/ text 5 Ved. tvv ...
v-ca+, A 1.11 ra/va vacaha: frrn g
b
isnn.
Av. uxoa- nt. utterance, sentence, protective formula, Skt. ukth- nt.
saying, sentence, verse, Av. uxo- f., uxoa nom./3, f., Skt. ukth- f. a kind
of metre (four times one long or two short syllables).
Pers. frrn righteous, honest, virtuous; upright, cf. Pers. inscr. kwnsny
ZY pl"clwny = VAM 23 kunisn i frrn, ant. abrn rendering Av. a-ra/va-.
ux*.m sr!r.m pairit.m ava.st1t.m d.r.t$.srao.m: soxan
i nek i nigerid i abar-estd i dst-srs [k. ped dastvar kird
ested].
uxBMm srYrMm pairitMm ava.st@tMm dMrMt>.sraosMm a fair
statement, based on a careful search, established by arguments,
conformable to the discipline: a fair, well-considered, well-kept
(to the law), obedient speech [dst-srs, that is, done according to
the authority].
Av. uxoa- nt., oom nom./1.
Av. srira- adj. beautiful rendered by Pers. nek, rom nom./1, nt., cf. Vd
2.10 gl. srira uxoa vaca fair statements (and) words.

100
Av. is to desire, seek, pairi is to seek or search about for, look around
(Skt. pari es), pairista- ppp., tom nom./1, nt., cf. Vd 18.27 raocas.pairistom:
ped rsnih-nigerid.
Av. st to stand, ava st = OPers. ava st, cf. DB I 66 g/ava
avstvam I put in (its) proper place, Av. ava-stta ppp. established (by
arguments), tom nom./1, nt. rendered by Pers. abar-estd.
Av. dorota- adj. held, possessed; resolved on from dar, dorot.sraosa-
adj. resolved on hearing, conformable to the sacred knowledge, som
nom./1, nt.,
Av. sraosa- m. hearing, listening; obedience from sru, cf. Dk ix M 793.
Pers. dst-srs = srsvr obedient, cf. Purs.EA 17.31 srsvr i ped
dastvarih i abe:ag den dastvarn kunend.
Pers. niger- to look, consider < *nikar*a-, nigerid ppp.
ux*ana ma2y$ va3h ya&a da#r$ ux*$.vac: hn i soxan-
sns mardm veh cn hn i~ dng i soxan-g.
uxBana masy> vaph yaCa da(r> uxB>.vac a man who
knows the statements is better than he who is clever in quoting
them: a dialectician is as good as a wise orator.
Cf. Vn 18-20.
Av. uxoa-(x)snan- adj. who knows (how to interpret) the statements (of
the law), who understands the speech < *ux/a-@nan-, na nom./1.
Av. masya- m. mortal, man, human being < *mrti/a-, v nom./1,
OPers. martiya-, martiya, Skt. mrtiya-, mrtiya+, Sogd. mrty /marti/, Khwar.
mrc, Pers. mard.
Av. vahah-/ G vahyah- adj. better, vaha/ G vaxva nom./1, Skt.
vsyas-, vsiyas-, Pers. veh.
Av. va/a/ G va/ conj., adv. just as, Skt. vth, OPers. va/.
Av. dara-/ G dangra- adj., r nom./1, m., cf. 3.5.
Av. uxo.vacah- adj. who pronounces or quotes the statements, who
knows to recite the texts, advocate, ca nom./1, cf. Skt. ukth0-vc- f. a
particular part of a [astra. Cf. Vr 3.3 vvnom uxo.vacahom young
advocates Z favn i soxan-g [fdag-g], P 25 uxo.vacahm
uxo.vacastom the best advocate among advocates Z ped soxan-gn
soxan-gdom |k. fdag-gih ves kird ested|.
Pers. soxan-sns, Paz.- Fars. saxun-sns well versed in literature, cf. VZ
31.1.
Pers. dng wise, sage from dn- to know (OPers. dan).

101
Pers. soxan-g
b
orator (soxan g
b
- to speak, pronounce a speech, cf.
SS 2).
mrao: guft
Av. mr to speak, say, address (opp. du), mrav-, mrao-, mr- pres.,
mrao inj. act. s3, Skt. brav, brvi-/ br-, bravit.
Pers. g
b
-: guft to say, OPers. gub, gauba- to call oneself, Sogd. wb-
/yb-/ to praise.
mrava: g
b
ed
Av. mr, mrava subj. act. s3.
Pers. ged says.
mru: g
b

Av. mr
u
vant-/ mr
u
va- ptc. speaking, mru nom./1, m. < *mru)5, cf.
fra-mr (Y 65.10), Vd 8.19 vac framr? : g
b
isn fr: e ged. Skt. bruvnt-,
bruvn.
paity1*a: pesox g
b
isn
Av. ad to say, speak, paiti ad to answer; paity-oa- m. answer,
response, oa inst./1, Khot. pt-v- to speak < *pati-d-, cf. Vd 9.12 paiti
oavi : pesox e ged. Av. oa 5 Skt. -ha said.
Pers. pesox/ psox answer, response < *pati-saxan-, Armen. patasxani
answer; defence, Sogd. p"cny, Hebr. ptsgn, Pers. pesox g
b
isn response,
cf. Dk viii M 704 pesox-g
b
isnih.
paiti.ast$.vac: pedirisn-g
b
isn
Av. paiti.asti-/ G paitvsti- f. reception, obedience; listening from
*paiti.-d (Skt. pratv--d to receive back), paiti.ast.vacah- adj. whose
words are received (or: listened).
Pers. pedirisn acceptance, reception, cf. 23, pedirisn-gisn agreeing-
the-discourse.
guta s1sn: nivsisn-ham:isnih
guta s@sn [the one who] has listened to teachings: the
listening of the teachings.
Av. gus to hear, give ear, gs- aor., gsta/ G gst mid. inj. s3, gusta-
ppp., Skt. ghos to sound, proclaim.
Av. ssn- f. teaching, instruction, lesson, na acc./3 from sh (Skt.
ss), Skt. s-sana- nt. punishment; instruction.
Cf. Y 29.8 v5 n5 aev ssna gsat the only one who gives ear to our
teachings Z hn i am hamuxtisn ed ek ke nivsg, Y 31.18 m/rsc gust
ssnasc has listened to formulas and teachings Z mahr nivsid

102
hamuxtisn, Yt 13.87 manasca gsta ssnasca has listened to the thought and
teachings.
Av. ssn.gus- adj. who listens to the teachings, Y 26.4 paoirvanm
kaesanm paoirvanm ssn.gsm the first teachers, the first to listen to
the teachings Z prvdkesn i fradom nivsisn-ham:isnn [ke fradom hvist
i :aradust bd hend].
Pers. nivsisn listening cf. 12, ham:isn teaching cf. 14, nivsisn-
ham:isn who listens to the teaching, cf. Y 26.4; nivsisn-ham:isnih
listening of the teachings, cf. Dk ix M 865 ham:isn-nivsisnih.

7

gaoa: gs
Av. gaosa-/ G g5us.a- < *ga)sa- m. ear, sa/ G g5us. nom./2, OPers.
gausa-, gaus acc./2, Pers. gs ear ; angle, Sogd. ws ear; Skt. ghsa- m.
noise, sound.
haoy$ dain$: hv ud dasn
Av. haoya- adj. left < ha)*a-, y nom./1, m., Skt. savy-, Pers. hv.
Av. dasina- adj. right, southern, n nom./1, m., Skt. dk$ia- adj.
right, southern, dexterous, Pers. dasn, Sogd. sn /oasn/.
par$ pasca: pes ud pas
Av. par adv. before, formerly, in front, prep. on account of, Skt.
purs, pur+.
Av. pasca adv. after, (temporal) then 5 Parth. pas after(wards), Skt.
pasc- adv. behind, later, after, Osset. fst later, Pers. pas.
Pers. pes before, OPers. p-i-s-i-y-a /paisiv/
Pers. pas after, behind, OPers. pas behind, after
a*ar$ upar$: a:er ud a:abar
Av. aoara- adj. lower, inferior (a lowly person), located below, r
nom./1, m., Pers. er, Skt. dhara- adj. lower.
Av. upara- adj. upper, superior (a highly placed person), upar, Skt.
para-, para+, Pers. abar
Pers. a:er: az < hac + er < adara.
Pers. azabar < az + abar.
us: ul

103
Av. us (adv., us/ uz prev.) < *ut-s up, upon, Skt. t, Pers. ud, Khot.
uys- out, up, OPers. us; Av. usca < *uts-D+, Skt. ucc-.
Pers. ul up, Khot. ula- id., cf. Av. orooa-, orodva- adj. upright,
upraised, Pers. ul-drafs (ZVY 6.6) 5 Av. oroo.drafsa- (Yt 1.11, Vd 1.6).
v!sp$ na/m': harvisp nemag
vYsp) na<mR: all sides.
Av. vispa- pronominal adj. all, pe nom./3, m., Skt. v7ve, Av. visp5,
p5s-ca, ps-ca/ G visp5ng acc./3, m., cf. Skt. v7+n, Opers. visa-/ vispa-,
Pers. visp, cf. 8.
Av. naema- adj. half, m. direction, side, m acc./3, Skt. nma- adj.,
Pers. nem.
Yt 10.41 vispaeibv naemaeibv from all sides,
Pers. havisp all, whole < *har)a- + *)ispa-, Khot. har-bissa-.
p1iri: permn
Av. piri all around, round about seems to be a corruption for pairi (Av.
pairA adv. around, OPers. pariy).
Pers. permn/ perimn adv. around, prep. round < *pari-*-ma-)an-
(from *pari-i to go round).
ha#
v
har,ne
Av. ha!
v
harona- nt. dual from *ha-xarona- jaw, maxilla rendered by
ervrag, cf. Y 11.4, rone acc./2. Av. paitis.xarona- nt. cheek, jaw, cf. Vd
8.43.
pasca.va3*an.m: <pas> vaydn
Av. pasca.vayoana- nt. back of the head, nom rendered by pas vaydn,
cf. Vd 8.42 pasca he vayoanom on the back part of his head Z pas vaydn.
Cf. 3.3
manao&ri: gardan
Av.
1
manao/ri- f. reminder, Skt. mantar-.
Av.
2
manao/ri- f. neck (opp. griv-), /ri nom./1, /rim rendered by
d% ^>// d%,?>/ . Cf. Vd 13.30, RP 18f 22 u-s ped harv do pv ped d% ,>/ estd
hom. Kurd. mil/ mul neck.
Pers. gardan neck < *gartana-, galg throat, Khwar. rk neck,
Sogd. r"(kh) id., Khot. ga"aa- neck, throat.
daoa: ds

104
Av. daos- m. forearm, shoulder, d5us nom./1, daosa inst./1, or daosa
nom.-acc./1 of daosan-; Skt. d$an- nt. fore-arm, d+ nt., Pers. ds. Cf. N
106 varsnahe kohrp d5us the fore-arm of a male body Z gusn kerb ds.
b1zava: b:
Av. b:u- m. arm; arm of a river; measure of length, zava nom.-acc./2,
cf. Yt 5.7, Skt. bh- arm, fore-arm; forefoot of an animal, bhv, Khot.
bvsua- < *b:u-ka-, Pers. b:g, bvg, b:. Cf. 25.2.
ar.&n
y
: aro/
Barth. aro/na- m., /na nom./2, Kl. aro/n-
Av. aro/n-i- m. elbow, *aro/nva gen./2, OPers. arasni- cubit, arasnis
acc./3, Skt. aratn- elbow, cubit, Paz. ro/, Pers. aresn/ resn elbow; cubit,
cf. RP 31a 3 sng ud aresn-:, Fars. ares cubit, the distance from the elbow
to the tip of the outstretched middle finger, Av. fr-r/ni- ell < *fra-ar/ni-.
Cf. also Hitt. :al:aldana.
zasta: dast
Av. zasta- m. hand, Skt. hsta-, Av. zasta/ G :ast inst./1, zasta nom.-
acc./2, Skt. hst+, Pers. dast, Cf. 20.
cika*avat$: resn-:-vand/ cand resn

cinkaavat of that which has an elbow: having an ell, or,
as much as an ell.
Av. *cinkaoa- elbow, the arm from the elbow to the wrist, cinkaoa-vant-
adj. having an elbow, vat gen./1, Past. cangal f. elbow, Brahui Danguli
id..
muti.mas$: must-mah
Av. musti- f. fist, Skt. mus4- f. id., Av. masah-, Khot. mos4u, Pers.
must/ must fist, cf. 3.3; Av. musti.masah- nt. the thickness of a fist, s
nom./1, adj. as thick as a fist, must-mah.
.r.zu: angust
Av. -r-zu- m. finger from raz, Oss. urz/ ?rz, ?rdz finger-tip, cf. Vd
6.10 kasistahe oro:v: kahist angust the smallest finger, Vd 6.12 maoomahe
oro:v: mevnag angust the middle (medium) finger, Vd 6.14 masistahe
oro:v: mahist angust the biggest finger, Vd 6.16 astom oro:u.stavahom
a bone as thick as a finger Z ast angust-:ah, N 65 dvaeibva oro:ubva:
ped do angust.
Pers. angust finger, cf. 27.1.
fr1r.zu
ap1r.zu: pes ud pas angust

Av. frro:u- front part of the finger < *fra-oro:u-
Av. apro:u- back part of the finger < *apa-oro:u-

105
frav1x: sr cn nxun
Iravxs: a horn like a nail
Av. fravxs- m. branch, bough; penis; horn; nail, xs nom./1, fravxsa-
m. stem, branch from fra vaxs to grow forth (Pers. frxs- to sell), Cf. Yt
13.11 paiovasca fravxsaca sinews and nails, Vd 3.14 fravxsa haca
frasumaka haca from the penis, from the anus Z az ker be, a: kn [i v i
mard], N 98 vibar fravxs (if he) spreads out the branches Z ka be bared
tg. Cf. 3.7.41.
Pers. sr (y) horn; nail; pong, Av. sr- nt. srv- f. nail ; horn ; claw,
Khot. s.
Pers. nxun nail, Khot. nhune nails, Bal. Raxsn nun, Ke% nxun,
nkun finger-breadth; finger-nail, Skt. nakh- m. nt. nail, finger-nail, toe-
nail, claw, Sogd. B n""n /nxan/.
var$: var
Av. varah- nt. breast, r nom./1 5 Skt. ras- nt. id., Pers. var, Farsi +0
/bar/.
ft1na: pestn
Av. fstna- m. < *pstna- female breast; nipple; boss, na nom./2,
orodva-fsna- (f., fsni- < *-pstni-) (a maiden) with upright breasts, sata-
fstna- adj. with a hundred bosses. Skt. stna- (from *pstna-) m./ psas-
nt., Pers. pestn. Cf. Yt 5.127 hukoropta fstna well-formed breasts.
aay: as, cn andarag suft ud var
asaya: axles, [the two parts] between the (right/ left)
shoulder and breast.
Av. asa- m. sava gen./2 < *aFsa- < *h
2
eAs-o- axle, Skt. k$a- m. axle,
axis; wheel; the collar-bone, Pers. as, cf. Lat. axis, Lith. ass.
Pers. suft, Av. supti- f. shoulder < *(s)Ap-ti-, Khot. suti id., Skt.
spti- f.
kaa/ibya: kas
Av. kasa- m. < *kFa- < *koBso- armpit, saeibva inst.-dat./2, Skt.
kk$a- m. armpit, region of the girth, Pers. kas, Toch. A kas, B kase
fathom, Lat. coxa f. hip. Cf. N 85 aoairi kasaeibva under the armpits,
HKR 1 dast er kas hands under arms.
uru&2ar.:
e
skamb
Av. uru/an-/r- nt. intestine, viscera; inner part (opp. mars-), aro
nom.-acc./1 from *ru/, Ard. ruve intestine. Cf. Yt 3.6 nars asaon
uru/n, Vd 3.30 daenava ... uru/aro the inner part of the Dan Z den

106
uru/ar, Yt 13.11 drodaca uru/sca the muscles and the intestines. Cf.
Pers. rdig intestine, gut, Khot. rrta- intestines.
Pers.
e
skamb belly, stomach, womb possibly from *skap, cf. 11.
n1f$: nfag
Av. nfa- m. navel, f nom./1, Skt. n-bhi- f. navel; nave of a wheel,
Pers. nf kin, family, nfn peoples, nfag navel, Sogd. nf people,
Armen. nahapet chief of family.
ua4'm: pust i te:
usaam: pointed back
Av. usao- f. name of a part of the back. Sogd. s"kw neck (Vessantara
Jtaka 769 s"y, The Stra of the Causes , 164 "w s"y the neck of an
ox), Yid. sil neck; shoulder.
According to Klingenschmitt (after Karl Hoffmann) usao- is an error for
*usinf/:-. Av. usni:- (f., or usnif-?) is a technical term for the backbone,
the spine, cf. Skt. u$h- f. nape of the neck (only pl.).
Pers. pust back, loin; backing, support, Av. parsta- m. back, loin;
backing, protection (cf. Skt. ps4h- nt.), parsti- f. half of the back (cf. Lat.
postis), Khot. palsti backs, Sogd. prc(h) /parc/ back.
Pers. te: swift, quick; sharp, cf. 7, 11.
va#h'm: pust i pahn
va(hRm: flat back
Av. vah- f., hm acc./1, according to Haug 51 vahm appears to
mean the spinal marrow, it is identical with the Skt. vs- f. marrow, fat.
Pers. pahn, Av. pa/ana- adj. broad, wide < *p/ana- < *peth
2
ano-,
Past. plon < *pa/na-.
par.sui: pahlg
Av. parosu- f. rib, sui< *parsuye < *pars)a* dat., or parosui = parsvi
loc., porosu.masah- rendered by pahlg-mah, porosu- f. region of the ribs,
Skt. pr7u- f. rib; curved knife, pr7v- nt. the region of the ribs, side,
flank, Khot. plsu- rib, side, Pers. pahlg < *par/uka-.
barodahim: @ () 4 i ped sar i pahlg
Av. baro:dahya- nt. < *bhAd-, dahim acc./1.
@ () 4 /talg/? Cf. Fars. N âE 'E 8DC" kal :4\! +?E O âE .
m âE n "^0 'D/ `'1C^f S0 P$"#\ * +?E '(?) S0 P$"#\ X o F`+=_c j75+W pqr
pas1n$ : senag

107
Av. pasna- m. hapax, to *pas, n nom./1.
Pers. senag bossom; hip < *auni-ka-, cf. HKR 21 sen i gv frabih, Vd
6.20 sraoni.masahom: senag-mah [drahnv], Osset. syng/ sing
projection, breast.
sui : sus
Av. susi- f. lung, si nom./2, Khot. suv lungs, Osset. ss/ sos, Pers.
sus, Kurd. sos, Fars. QC /sus/, cf. Skt. svas to blow, snort, hiss.
z.r.*a/m: dil
G Av. :orod- nt. heart, Skt. hd- nt., Av. :orodava- nt. id., oaem
nom.-acc./1, Skt. h7daya- nt., Parth. zird, Pers. dil, Khot. ysra, Osset zrd.
Cf. Vd 1.3 :omahe :orooaem the heart of winter Z :imestn dil.
yakar. : jagar
Av. vakar-, vkaro nom./1, nt. liver , Skt. ykar-/ yakn- nt., Pers. jagar,
Khot. gyagarr, Osset. igr, Yida veyon.
urvat.m: rdig
Av. urvata- nt., tom nom./1, Gr. A0(, guts, entrails.
Pers. rdig intestine, n entrails, Khot. rrta- intestines, cf. Z 20.5
$puljei rrva svi jatrra bilga ysr spleen, intestines, lungs, liver, kidneys,
heart. Cf. also Av. uru/aro.
sp.r.za: spurz
Av. sporo:an- m. spleen, za nom./1, Skt plihn- m., Pers. spurz/ spul,
spl, Khot. spuljei, Gil. asbul.,
z1rasca: zahrag
orasca M
Av. :ra- m. gall, bile, ras-ca nom./1, cf. Khot. yCysa- bile, Pers.
zahrag/ zl, Gil. zl. Cf. Vn 22 v.koro drosca (it ought to be regarded as a
quotation taken from this Glossary).
v.r.5ka: gurdag
Av. vorooka- m./ voroka- < *)t-ka- (d) kidneys, Skt. vkk- m. (d)
kidneys; Khot. bilga- kidney, Sangl. gul id., Pers. gurdag, Osset. wyrg/
urg, Yid. wulya.
fran.m: kumig
Mss. frasanom
Av. frasna- m., nom acc./1, cf. Skt. prasna- m. turban, plaited basket,
cf. Yt 10.112 oro:at.frasnom whose f. is of silver. Cf. also Pers. fras.
Pers. kumig stomach, Svand kum, kom belly. Cf. Bd. 192 a: kumig
rdig.
sraoni: srenag/ sreng

108
Av. sraoni- f. button, hip (opp. zadah-), ni nom./2, Skt. 7rni- f. (d)
the hip and loins, buttocks, Khot. $$ni- loin, Pers. sren(ag)/ s
r
enag, Pers.
sren, srn, Sogd. swn hip, swn-sry renders Syr. ./0 haunch, Av.
poro/u.sraoni- 5 Skt. pth-sroni- adj. having large hips.
haxti: haxt
Av. haxti- f. thigh, ti acc./2, tva gen./2, Skt. skthi- nt. id., Pers.
haxt, Khot. huto on the thigh.
frav1x: ker
Av. fravxs- m. branch; penis from fr-vaxs, xs nom./1, cf. 3.7.19.
Pers. ker membrum virile < *krya-, Khot. kra- id..
.r.zi: gund
Av. oro:i- m., zi nom./2, cf. Yt 14.29 oro:is xa the source of the crczi`,
Gr. B0DE&, Armen. ordzi-k!.
Pers. gund/ gunn scrotum, testicle < *gunda-, Arab. D^` *Dâ ) GbQDEF D^` ( ,
Farsi 47f F8f, (Arki gon).
ma/sma : mesag
Av. maesma- m. urine, ma acc./3 from miz to urinate, maesman- nt.
id., ma nom./1, cf. Vd 8.13 aete maesma mae:avanta they would urinate
the urine Z avesn mesag e gume:end. Cf. Skt. meha- m. urine (Av.
mae:a-).
Pers. mesag urine (corr. mesag), Khot. mivsai id.
xudr : suhr
Av. xsudra-/ xsuora- adj. liquid, fluid, nt. semen; alcoholic liquid,
xsudr- f. semen, dra acc./3, f. from *xsud, Skt. ksod to dissolve, agitate
by stamping, Pers. suhr. Probably to be connected with Skt. ksudr- adj.
minute, tiny.
71ma : rivisn
Av. sman- nt. shit, defecation, excrement, feces, ma nom./1, from 7/
7v to shit, cf. Fars. ss- to urinate.
Pers. rivisn defecating from riv-/ rin-: rid (Av. ri to flow, defecate).
za*a-ha : kn
Av. zadah-/ :aoah- m. davic fundament, buttock (opp. sraoni-), daha
nom.-acc./2, cf. Skt. hadati defecates, Av. apa-:aoah- adj. translated by
ab:-gn inverted, cf. AVN 17.9.
Pers. kn anus, ass hole, Khot. khn- hole, cf. Bd 190 kn cn dusox
andar :amig.
r1na : rn
Av. rna- m. thigh, leg, femur, na nom./2, Pers. rn, cf. VZ 21.2
vi:risn i do rn the parting of the two thighs, Av. rna-p- m. thigh-
protector, greave, Pers. rnbn.

109
n+m: sng
Mss. :nma
Av. :nu-/ (x)snu- nt. knee, :nu- nt. id., :nm acc./1, Skt. ju-/ j-nu-
nt., Pers. :ng, sng, Khot. vsn.
paitit1na: pedistn
Av. paitit+na-, paitistana- nt. refuge, support, leg, pole (opp. :angra-),
na nom./2, Skt. prati-s4h-na- nt. a firm standing-place, foundation ;
pedestal, foot, Pers. pedistn leg, Sogd. ptst"n /petstn/ id..
z.#a : zang
Av. :anga-/ :onga- m. [:oa-] ankle (ahuric), ni-:onga- adj. reaching
up (ones) ankles, cf. Yt 5.64, Skt. j&gh- f. shank (from the ankle to the
knee, lower part of a leg, Pers. zang, Osset. zng/ zng.
Av. :ara-/ :ongra- m. [:ora-] ankle or paw (davic), bi-:angra-
biped, ca/aro.:angra- quadruped.
frabda : frabd
Av. fra-bd-a- m. forepart of the foot, fore-foot < *pro-pd-o-, da acc./2,
dom acc./1, d nom./1, Pers. frabd, Av. frabd.drfah- nt. the length of one
frabda, Skt. pr-pad- f. the fore part of the foot, *pra-bda-, Pali papada- m.
hax.m : haxi a:er i pv
haxcm : under the foot
Av. haxa- nt. a part of the sole situated between the heel and the
beginning of the toes, Osset. x hollow of the foot between heel and toes,
Av. aoairi haxom under the sole, cf. Dk ix M 794 a:er pv.
In the Vd 8.41-71 (9.15-26) the demon of putrefaction, Nasu, is chased
down the body, by the good water, along successive stages: vayoana head;
brva.bvm eye-brows (d); paitis.xarona jaw; gaosa ear; supti shoulder;
kasa armpit; paitivarah nape of the neck; fstna nipple; porosau region
of the ribs; sraoni hip; haxti (d) thighs; rna (d) thighs, haunches; :nu
knee; ascva shank, shin; :anga ankle; frabda forepart of foot, fore-foot;
haxa; angusta toe.

8

x
v
a/*.m: xev
Av. xaeoa- m., sweat, perspiration from xid, oom acc./1, Skt. svda-
m., Pers. xev, Paz. xae, Khot. hvi.
vohuni: xn

110
Av. vohuni- f. blood, ni nom./1, vohuna- id., vohuna-vant- adj. /
vohunavaiti- f. bleeding, with blood (said of a woman in menses or after
childbirth), vahutt- f. blood, vahu/a- nt. bloodshed, Pers. xn
blood, Khot. hn, Parth. gwxn.
ast.m: ast
Av. ast- nt. bone, om acc./1 = as-ca < *ast-ca, Skt. sthi- nt. bone; the
kernel of a fruit, Pers. ast.
k.r.f.mca: kerb, gst
kMrMfMmca: body, flesh
H. koropomca.
Av. kohrp-/ korop- f. (bodily) form, (visible) body, shape; flesh, korofs
nom./1, kohrpom acc./1/ G kohrp5m, kohrpom-ca, cf. Vd 21.6 korofomca,
kohrp/ kohrpahe gen./1, Skt. k7p- f. form, beauty, k7p-am, Pers. kerb body;
form.
Pers. gst flesh ; milk < *ga)-xs-t. Cf. VZ 30.58 gst-kerbih.
mazg.mca: mazg
Av. mazga- m. < *mozg
h
o- marrow, brain, om acc./1, Skt. majjn- m.
the marrow of bones (also applied to the pith of plants), Khot. mjsa
marrow, kernel, Pers. mazg marrow, brain, Fars. #A2 /may:/.
ha#h1ma: ranf i hannm
ha(h@ma: joints of the members (of the body)
Av. hahman- nt., ma nom./1 < ham + *hman- nt. from hi to bind
(Skt. s).
Pers. ranf elbow; joint, Sogd. ""r"ync, "rync /renf/ cubit, Fars. :b
/ran/, s\:b /ranf/. Cf. 3.7.13.
var.*a: vlid este [k: frabih kird este]
varca increase: you have grown [i.e., you have made
corpulent.]
Av. vard to grow, increase, varooa-/ G varoda- pres., varooa imp. act.
s2, Skt. vardh, Pers. vl-.
Pers. frabih copious, corpulent, Av. fra-pi/a- adj. copious, Parth.
frbyw.
drvat1t.m: drust-ravisnih
Av. drvatt- f. firmness, health from Av. drva- fix, firm, sound,
healthy, tom acc./1, OPers. duruva-, Skt. dhruv-, cf. Yt. 10.108 tanv
drvattom health of body, Pers. drGd < *dru)att-.

111
Pers. drust wholesome, healthy ; just ; correct < druyist < *dru)ista-
superl. adj., drust-ravisnih wholesomeness, health, cf. Y 9.19.
vas$.xa&r'm: kmag-xadv
Av. vas.xsa/ra- adj. ruling according to ones own will, having
command at will, rm acc./1, f., G vasaso.xsa/ra- adj. id., Av. vasah- nt.
wish, vas/ vas5 adv. at will, Av. xsa/ra- nt. (royal) power, command,
Skt. ksatr-.
Pers. km(ag), cf. 19.
Pers. xadv, cf. 5.
Pers. kmag-xadv exercising power at will; potentate, Paz. kmaa-
xade, cf. GV 14.77.
xayamna apaiti..r.ta: pdixsv abedvrag
xayamna apaiti.MrMta who are in command (and)
unimpeded: sovereign (and) free from adversity
Av. xsavamna- mid. ptc. being in control (of); being in command
rendered by pdixsv, mna nom./2, m., cf. Yt 10.35 xsavantom xsavamnom
who rules, who is in command.
Av. a-paiti.orota- adj. unimpeded, ta nom./2, m., paiti.orot5e to put a
break on, oppose from paiti-ar, cf. Yt 8.39.
Pers. pdixsv competent; permissible; sovereign, cf. 3.5.
Pers. abedvrag without an adversary. pedvrag = Av. paitvra-
adversary.
tanva/ca haosrava#h.m uruna/ca dar.3.m hava#
v
h.m:
tan hsravih ud ravn dagr-
hv
oxih
Good fame for the body and long good existence for the
soul.
Cf. Vn 20-21; VYt 32; Yt 17.22; Y 62.6.
Av. tan- f. body; self, tanuye/ tanvae-ca dat./1 < *tan)a*, Skt. tanuv,
Pers. tan.
Av. haosravaha- nt. good reputation/ fame, renown, hom nom./1, cf.
24. The pair haosravaha and hurunya is for the world of life. Pers. husrav/r
famous, fair-famed, husravih fame.
Av. urvan-/ urun- m. soul < *ru)n-, urune/ urunae-ca dat./1, Pers.
ruvn, ravn.
Av. daroya-/ G daroga- adj. long(-lasting) < *dDgha- < *dEh
1
gho-, yom
nom./1, nt., Skt. dirgh- adj. long (in space and time), OPers. dargam, Khot.
dra < *darga-, Osset. dary, Pers. dagr, Farsi +$" /der/.

112
Av. hava
v
ha- < *hau-ah)a- nt. comfortable existence, good life, hom
nom./1. The pair havaha and asavasta is for the world of thought. Pers.
hvoxih.
bva5 v!sp$ a-hu astv azar.s$ amar7' afri&y$ apuy'
dar.3.m ya5 yave visp1i : bavd harvisp ox i astomand a-
:armn ud a-marg ud ashisn ud abuhisn dagr hame d visp.
The whole material world will be unageing, indestructible,
unrotting, not putrefying, long-lasting that is forever.
Cf. Yt 19.11, VYt 45
Av. b to be, become, b(a)v- root aor., b(a)va subj. act. s3, Skt. bhvat,
Pers. b(av)-, b(av)d.
Av. vAspa- adj. all, every, p nom./1, m., Skt. v7va+; Av. vispi/ G
vispi, vispi. dat./1, Skt. v7v+ya, Pers. visp, harvisp.
Av. ahu-/ ahu- m. existence, world, life, ahus nom./1, Skt. su-m,
su+, Pers. ahv/ ax, ox.
Av. astvant- adj. having bones, osseous, corporeal, physical, material,
va nom./1, m. = Skt. *asth-vnt-, asthan-vnt-,
Pers. astomand having bones, material, Skt. sthi-mat- adj., cf. CHP 52
ox i astomand.
Av. a-:arosant- pres. ptc. act. un-ageing, ageless, s nom./1, m., from
zar to grow old, :arosa- inch. pres., Skt. jar to grow old, Reich. a:aros.
Pers. a-:armn ageless, cf. Dk vii M 595 dm amarg ud a:armn ud
ashisn ud abuvisn ud farrox ud pur-syt"y, for :armn see 2.6.
Av. amaro7
v
ant- adj. indestructible from marc to destroy, mar7a- pass.
pres., mar7ant- ptc., amar7
y
nom./1, m. Reich. amaross.
Pers. a-marg immortal, cf. 7, DD 38.19 a:armnih amargih.
Av. afri/vant- adj. unrotting, not falling apart, v nom./1, m. from frit
to rot, fri/va- pres., fri/vant- ptc., cf. Skt. mret.
Pers. a-shisn, a-svisn not wearing out rendered by Skt. aksudhvn
hungerless, cf. Pers. sv- to rub, wear < *su.
Av. apuvant- adj. not decaying, not putrefying, not becoming filthy, y
nom./1, m., from p to decay, putrefy, puya- pres., puvant- ptc., Skt. p,yati
becomes putrid, stinks.
Pers. a-puvisn, abuhisn not decaying rendered by Skt. atsvn
thirstless, cf. MX 8.9.
Av. daroya-/ G daroga- adj. long (-lasting), yom/ G g5m nom./1, nt.,
acc./1 occurs as an adv., cf. Y 31.20 darog5m v a long life.
Av. va/ G hva adv., subord. conj. that (conj.), when, because, so that,
Skt. yt.

113
Av. yu-/ vu- nt. time of life, duration, yave/ G vave, vavi. Y 28.8
vispi vave = Y 49.8 vavi vispi for a whole lifetime, forever.
Cf. MX 8.9 :urvn i a-kanrag ud a-:armn ud a-marg ud a-dard ud
ashisn ud abuhisn ud abedvrag Zrvn (Time) which is unlimited and
ageless and deathless and without pain and unrotting and not putrefying, Bd 5
stvisn dah d ped hn pdsn amarg ud a:armn ud ashisn ud abuhisn
bave give praise that thou mayest at that recompense be deathless, ageless,
unrotting, and not putrefying.
asp$ a3ry$.t.m$
!"%7"v8 var.mn$ ata
gav'm azin'm
ar.j$: asp agri
g
dom ke
dehn dsid ested ped xadv slrih

cahr gv ud cahr a: (/ ast gv a:) ar:ed.
A horse of highest quality, selected for the country, has
the value of eight milch-cows. [A most excellent horse which has
been chosen as the chief (horse) of the land, has the value of four
oxen and four milch-cows (or: eight milch-cows).]
Av. aspa- m. horse, asp- f. mare, p nom./1, m., OPers. asa, Skt.
7va- m., 7v- f., Khot. assa-, Pers. asp, Sogd. "sp /esp/, Bact. .
Av. ayrv.toma- adj. of a highest quality, m nom./1, m., Pers.
agrigdom.
Av. dahu-/ G daxvu- f. land, country, dahave dat./1, OPers. dahyu-,
Skt. dsyu- m. demon, impious man, (hostile) people, Pers. deh.
Av. varomna- could be a mistake for vromna- mid. ptc. selected from
2
var to choose, vra- pres., varomn nom./1, m., cf. A 3.10 vromnom
staorom a selected large (domestic) animal. Barth. varoman- nt. Auslese,
Reich. Wahl.
Av. asta eight, Pers. ast.
Av. gau- m.-f. cow f., ox m.; cattle; milk; flesh, gavm gen./3, Skt. gv-
, gv+m, Pers. gv, Bact. ().
Av. a:i f., adj. in milk, a:inm gen./3, gau- a:i- milch-cow, Skt. ah.- f.
cow, milch-cow, cf. Y 29.5 g5usc a:va: gv i a: [ravn mi:d].
Av. arofah- nt. worth, value, f acc./1 for the value of, Pers. arz, Paz.
ar:a. Pers. arzed is worth, Skt. rhati, Av G arofa. Cf. Gr. +<FG*5.
Pers. ped xadv slrih, cf. HAM 4: xadv ud slr mard.
(Pers. mdavn mare, Armen. matean.)

114
4

1

ya&1 15 .91 n1 v1 )n1ir! v1 va/d1 hai&!m : edn hn i~
harv do nar ud nrig gh~ bavend skrag.
Then, in the same way that a man or a woman knows
(some) true,
Y 35.6
Av. va/a/ G va/ adv., conj. how ; just as, in which manner, so that
rendered by cn.
Av. G adv. then, but, now.
Av. uta/ G ut part. and, Skt. ut, OPers. ut, Pers. ud.
Av. nar- m. man, n nom./1, cf. Yt 11.4.
Av. v part. or, OPers. v, Skt. v.
Av. niri- f. woman, ri/ G ri nom./1, Skt. n-ri-, n-ri.
Av.
1
vid to (get to) know, vaed- perf., vaed ind. act. s1, 3, Skt. ved.
Av. hai/va- adj. true, real, /im/ /v5m acc./1, m. is rendered by
skrag manifest, hai/im nom.-acc./ 1, nt., adv., OPers. hasivam nom./1 m.
occurs as an adv. really, in fact, Skt. satym.
Pers. gh knowing; knowing one (from -kas to look) rendering Av.
vidus, cf. 8. Pers. gh b(av)- to be aware (rendering Av. vid), cf. Dk iv M
420.
Pers. skr(ag) patent, overt, being visible < *)is-kr (Skt. vis-kra-
m. making visible, manifestation), ant. nihn, cf. RP 62.25.
ya&a !m z: cand en :amig
as this earth
Y 19.7
Av. i- dem. pron. this, im nom./1, f. < *i*om, OPers. iyam, Skt. iym,
Pers. im.
Av. zam- f. earth, :a nom./1, Skt. ksm, ks-+, Pers. :amig, cf. 20.
nit.maci5 ava/'m st1r'm ya&a nar ma*.myehe
va3*an.m: hn-: i nidom a: avesn starn cand mard-e i
mevnag vaydn.
And the smallest of those stars are like the head of a
medium-sized man.

115
This, as well as the following passage, are evidently taken from some
astronomical or, rather astrological work, which is now lost. (Haug, 52) La
comparaison du Grand Bundahisn et de notre passage prouve que le sujet tait
trait plusieurs fois dans lAvesta (probablement dans le Nask cosmogonique
du Dmdt) et avec des variantes. Darmesteter, ZA iii, 17
Cf. Bd 29 a: avesn stragn hn i meh cand sang-e i kadag-mah, hn
i mevn(ag) cand caxrag<-e i> vardvn, hn i keh cand sar gv kadagig.
Among the stars, the bigger ones are as large as a piece of rock the size of a
house, the medium-sized ones are as large as a wheel of a chariot, the smaller
ones as large as the head of the domesticated ox.
Av. nitoma- < *ni-tama- adj. lowest; smallest, least, m- f., ma-ci
nom./1, f., cf. Y 10.6, nom./3, m., Pers. nidom. Cf. Skt. nitar-m downwards;
in a low tone. Darm. nitomomci.
Av. ava- dem. pron. that, avaesm gen./3 5 OPers. avaism, Pers.
avesn.
Av. star- m. star, Skt. str-/ tr-, Khot. straa-, Pers. star, strag. Av.
strm, strm/ str5m-c gen./3, cf. Yt 8.44 vispaesm strm.
Av. nar- m. man, nars/ noros gen./1.
Av. maoomva- adj. medium, myehe gen./1. (Av. maooma- adj. central,
middle, Skt. madhyam-).
Pers. mevnag, Av. maiovna- nt. middle, Khot. mvna-, Sogd. my"ny
/meoni/, Fars. '?2 /mevn/ mid, middle, center, !4?2 /medn/ field, ground,
cf. Lat. medianus.
Av. vayoana- nt., nom nom.-acc./1.
ya&a ati paityahmi a&a bun.m 1: cand astag ped pedirag.
If it has been said about the motion of the stars, then we may translate
thus: As the arrival (of the star) at that (place), so (is the arrival)
at the base (= nadir). or: As the arrow in that (place), so (is the
X) to the bottom. But if it has been said about a sinful act: Just as the
arrow in that place (i.e. as quick as an arrow), (the sin will be) to
ones account.
Barth. asti- (m) Bote, and translates: wie ich als Bote entgegenkomme
(261)
Av.
1
asti- m. arrow, tis nom./1, Pers. ast.
Av.
2
asti- m. palm.
Av.
3
asti- f. 5 Skt. a$4i- f. reaching, Haug arrival.
Av. paityahmi from paiti ahmi. Av. paiti/ G paiti prep., postp. to,
towards, against, at, with, for, in; a- dem. pron., ahmi/ G ahmi loc./1, Osset.
a
h
mi here.
Av. a/a/ G a/ adv. thus, so, likewise rendered by edn.

116
Av. buna-/ G bna- m. bottom, ground, base < *budna-, nom acc./1,
Skt. budhn, Khot. buna-, Pers. bun, bun at bottom; to (ones) account.
Av. prep., postp., adv. to, towards, OPers. , Skt. -.
Bd 30 compares the motion of the stars to that of a small three-feathed
arrow: starn ravisn cn si-barrag tigr i keh ka hn i keh mard a: hn i keh
kamn vihed.

2

zand i ya&ra: harv gvg, nh <k>
The meaning of yaIra: wherever, where there
Av. va/ra/ G va/r adv., conj. where rendered by nh k, Skt. ytra
adv.
Pers. gvg place, spot, locality, Parth. vvg, Sogd. wy"k /vvk/ place
Paz. f, cf. Skt. vyca- nt. expanse, wide space. Pers. harv gvg
everywhere, wherever, cf. HAM 8.
Pers. nh/y there, in that place, yonder, cf. 7.
ya&r1 a&1 hacait/ 1rmaiti: nh k asavahist abg
bavendag-menisnih.
(to that place) where deference is in harmony with truth.
[Hither where the Best Truth accompanies the perfect-
mindedness.]
Y 46.16
Av. a$a- nt. truth, order, rightness < *rta-, a$ inst./1, Skt. t- adj.
right, true, nt. order, divine truth/ law, OPers. arta-, Pers. asa/ ard,
ardvahist.
Av. hac to follow, accompany, join, pursue, haca- pres., hacaite (ind.
mid. s3), Skt. sac, sca-, Pers. h:-.
Av. rmaiti- f. deference, appropriate-mindedness, regular thought
composed of arom (Skt. ram) and maiti- (Skt. mat-), tis nom./1, Skt.
armati- f. readiness to serve, devotion.
Pers. bavendag complete, perfect, cf.7.
Pers. menisn mind, thought from men- to think.
Pers. bavandag-menisnih perfect-mindedness, cf. Dk iv M 431.
ya&ra ava5 hvar. uza/iti: nh k hn xarsed ul u:ihed.
Where the sun goes out.
Av. ava- dem. pron. that, ava nom.-acc./1, nt., OPers. ava.

117
Av. hvaro/ G hvar5 nom.-acc./1, nt. < *suHar, Y 36.6 ava hvar5
that sun (over there), Skt. svar, Pers. xar, xarsed (Av. hvaro-xsaeta- nt.),
cf. 27.2.
Av. i to go, ae- pres., aeiti/ G ti ind. act. s3, uz i to go out, depart,
leave. Cf. VZ 29.6 ul u:idan i az dil.
ya&ra v$ ahur$ mazd frada&.m baxa5: nh k ohrma:d
asm rv frdavisnih baxt. ud abrig ped im sn (/ ped im sn).
Where Ahura Mazd grants you prosperity. And others in
this way.
Av. v/ G v5 dat.-gen./3, v/ G va acc./3 encl. you (pl.).
Av. ahura- m. lord, r nom./1, OPers. aura-, Skt. sura- god, lord,
Pl asura- m. pl. the former gods.
Av. ma:d- m. wise , f. wisdom, da nom./1, OPers. ma:d, Skt.
medh-- < *ma:dh- f. wisdom.
Av. ahura- mazd-, OPers. aura- mazd- m., Pers. ohrmazd, Sogd.
"wrmzt /axurmazd/, Khot. ur-maysde sun.
Av. G frada/a- nt. furtherance, prosperity, promotion, increase,
furthering, derived from frd, frada/om nom.-acc./1, Pers. frdav/hisnih. The
Persian glossator analyzed frada/a- as a derivative of d, fra.da/a- to bring
forth; bestow. Cf. 13.
Av. baxs to get a part of; distribute, bestow, baxsa- pres., baxsa inj. act.
s3, Pers. baxs-: baxt.
ya&aca kahm1ici5 <h1t'm>: edn-:~ kadr-:-e a: astn.
And as to anyone among those who exist.
Cf. Yt 13.152 va/na kahmici htm.
Av. va/a-ca.
Av. ka- interrog. pron. who ? kahmi-ci dat./1, Skt. ksmai-cit. Cf. Y
35.8 kahmici htm : kadr-:-e a: astn | mardmn|.
Av. hant- ptc. being from h/ ah to be, htm gen./3, Skt. snt-.
Pers. kadr interrog. pron., Av. katra- which (of two), Pers. kadr-:-e
rendering Av. katarasci nom./1 each (of the two), cf. Y 9.5.

3

zand i #* g'mc1 a&.mc1 !15: ke gspend ud ahlvih-i: dd.
The meaning of y gRmc@ a&Mmc@ d@[: who created
(materially) both the Cow and the Truth.
Y 37.1

118
Av. ya- relat. pron., v/ G v5 nom./1, m., cf. 3.3.
Av. gau-, gm-c acc./1, also gaom, Pers. gspend < Av. gao-sponta-.
Av. a$a-, a$om-c, cf. Yt 13.88 gmca a$omca.
Av. d to give; put, establish, assign; create, d- aor., d inj. act. s3,
Skt. d, d-t, dh-t, OPers. d, Pers. dah-: dd.
Pers. ahlv, ardv, ahlav/ righteous < Av. asavan- adj., OPers. tvan-
, Parth. arov. Pers. ahlvih righteousness, Parth. arovift.
ped ghn y*, ped hn hand:ag abrig gvg y$ u-s ham-
gnag :and ke abar ek ud~ vs ged.
In Gathic (the relative pronoun is) y, similarly in other
places is y, and their Zand is k who, singular and plural.
a. y$ naire p.r.n.mn1i n$i5 paiti.da*1iti: ke mard i
pehikrdr ne ab: dahed. [k-s pesox i ped ddestn ab: ne
kuned.]
(He) who does not proffer to a challenging man [He who
does not give over to a man who is disputer, that is: he should not
give answer in a legal process.]
Av. nar- m. man, naire/ G nari dat./1, Skt. nre.
Av. par to challenge, importune, poron- pres., poronomna- mid. ptc.
challenging, ni dat./1, cf. H 15.1 v he poronomni: ke v pehikred
[g
b
ed e: v:ag a-m cs].
Or: Av. part to challenge, porota- pres., porotomna- mid. ptc.
Av. ni negation not < *nat, cf. Skt. nt/ nd from n and t.
Av. d to give; put, paiti-d to give back, establish, bestow against,
bring forth, dao-/ G dad- pres., daoiti/ G daditi ind. act. s3, Skt. prati-d
to give back, restore, return, prati-dh to put on or back; put to the lips (for
drinking), Pers. ab: dah-.
Pers. pehikr dispute, controversy, struggle from *pati-kar; pehikrdr
disputer, cf. Dk v M 454.
Av. dta- nt. law, (ones) right(s), established rule, tis inst./3, OPers.
dta, Pers. dd, Bact. .
Pers. ddestn/ dvestn judgment, verdict; law, rule; court; case, legal
affair < *dta-stna- law-court, lawsuit, Bact. litigation,
dispute, Khot. lstana dispute, Toch. A lstaFk, B lastFk executioners
block, Armen. datastan.
b. g1tumca varasca zrv1n.mca: ped fre:vn dvvar gh,
var ud :amn.

119
A court, an ordeal-court, a court session. [As a court official
(and) judge, court and ordeal and time.]
Av. gtu- m. seat, place, throne; court, tum acc./1, Skt. gt- m. going,
way, course, OPers. g/u- place, throne, Sogd. "wk /y/k/ throne,
Pers. gh, ghg seat; couch; bier.
Av. varah- nt. ordeal, oath, ordeal-court, varas-ca nom.-acc./1, Haug: a
board (to write his complaint on), Bact. oath, Pers. var, Orm. ywar
oath, Yida wor, war.
Av. zrvan- m. time; court session, vnom acc./1, Pers. :urvn, cf. 20.
Pers. ddvar/ dyvar judge < *dta-bara-.
Pers. :amn time; hour; epoch, era; expiry date; death; horoscope; court
session, Sogd. jmn /:aman/ time, jmnw /:amanu/ time, hour, Armen. :am
hour; time, moment; season, horoscope, :amanak time; year; epoch; age,
cf. 20.
c. vispaca ahubya ratubya d1itya ra&2ya fr1rai&ya a&ahe
d1t1i vahitahe: harvisp-i: oxih ud radih ddih, frrn fr:-
ddestnih ke ddestn a:is.
And all things that are according to the established laws and
ritual models, for both life and model, are to proceed according
to the laws of the Best Truth.
Av. vAspa- adj. all, pa-ca/ G p-c nom.-acc./3, nt.
Av. ahu-/ ahu- m. 1 existence, world, life, Skt. su-; 2 lord, ahubya/
G ahubv inst.-dat./2, Pers. ax/ ox.
Av. ratu- m. moment, rule, (ritual) model; canonical text rendered by
Pers. dastvar (high-) priest; text; canon, tubya inst.-dat./2, Skt. t- m.
fixed time; rule, Pers. rad judge, Sogd. rtw- /ratu-/ ten second, Khot.
rt- season, cf. Dk viii M 680 oxih ud radih.
Av. ditva- adj. according to the established laws, lawful, legal, proper,
tya nom.-acc./3, nt., Pers. ddig.
Av. ra/va- adj. according to the (ritual) models, regular rendered by
Pers. frrn, ra/va nom.-acc./3, nt., Skt. tvya- regular, proper, cf. 3.6.
Av. frrai/va- < *pra-arth-ya- adj. belonging to the lawsuit, ya nom.-
acc./3, nt., aro/a- nt. (dutiful) purpose; process of law; lawsuit rendered by
ddestn, Skt. prrthya- adj. to be desired.
Av. a$a- nt., $ahe gen./1.
Av. vahista- adj. best, tahe gen./1, cf. 8.

4

120

y$: ke, abar ek <ud> ves ged.
y: who. It is used as singular and plural.
In the Mss. of the Zand-Avesta we find indeed in several places y used
as the plural of the relative pronoun. Haug, 54
Av. ya-, v/ G v5 nom./1, Pers. i, Bact. .
y$ naire aoxte fr1 m/ cici: ke mardn ged k fr:
man t:isn.
(He) who says to a man: compensate me! [He who tells
the men that: You should atone for me.]
Av. nar- m. man, hero, naire/ G nari dat./1.
Av. aoj to speak, say, assert, aoj- pres. mid., aoxte ind. mid. s3, Skt.
hate.
Av. me/ G mi dat.-gen. encl. me, OPers. maiy, Skt. me.
Av. ci to expiate, pay for, atone, Skt. cay, Av. fr ci to compensate,
pay for, cici- pres., cici imp. act. s2, Kl. cicioi.
y1: ke, abar do mard, avb abar ek :an <ged>.
y who is spoken of two men or one woman.
Av. ya-, v inst./1, nom.-acc./2, m, nom.-acc./3, nt., nom./1, f., Skt. y-
nom.-acc./2, m., y- nom./1, f., y- nom.-acc./3, nt.
y1 nara g1tum bara/te: ka do mard gh barend. [k .
:amn kunend.]
Those two men who carry a gtu. [When two men bring a
gh, i.e. appoint a time.]
Av. nar-, nara nom.-acc./2.
Av. gtu- m. seat, place, bier, tum acc./1, cf. 4.3.
Av. bar to bear, carry, bring, bara- pres., raete ind. mid. d3, Skt. bhar,
bhrati to bear, support, keep, Pers. bar-: burd.
But, if gtu means time, watch, then we may read:
v nara gtum brvaete When two men fix a time.
Av. bri to cut, brva- caus.
Compare Bd 6-7 edn cn do mard ham-kxsisn :amn fr: kunend k-
mn vahmn r: d sab kre:r kunem. Just as two men who fight a duel fix
a term (saying): let us on such a day do battle till night falls.
yehy1 v.r.d1 vana/m1 druj.m: ke ped hn i v gurdih
vnihed dru:.
Through whose growth we might defeat deceit.
Y 31.4. Cf. also Vd 20.8 vehe varoda vanaema drufim through whose
growth we might defeat deceit Z ke ped hn i v gurdih [k-s ped ab:r i xes

121
tavn baved kirdan] vnihed dru: |e. en dnam k andar hn :amn dru: stv
sved kirdan.|
Av. vorod- f., da/ G d inst./1 if from vard, then it corresponds to Skt.
v7dh- increase, growth, Pers. gurdih, cf. Y 31.4, Vd 20.8.
Av. ya-, yehe, yehe / G vehv, vexv-c gen./ 1, Skt. ysya.
Av. van to overcome, defeat, vana- pres., vanaem opt. act. pl. 1, Skt.
van, Pers. vn-.
Av. druj- f. deceit, lie, falsehood opposed to a$a-, drujim/ G drufom
acc./1 < *d
h
ruj
h
am, Skt. drh-, drham acc./1, Pers. druz, Parth. dru:.
yava is1i tav1c1 <ava xs1i a// a&ahy1>: cand xstr ud
tavnig hom hn and hamuxt-om xvisn ahlvih.
As much as I shall be able and capable, so much shall I look
in search for Truth.
Y 28.4
Av. vava conj., adv. as often, as long as, Skt. v-vat/d, OPers. vv.
Av. is to have command, dispose of, be able, is- pres., isi subj. mid. s1
< *is/, Skt. isai.
Av. t to be capable, tav- pres., tav-c subj. act. s1, Skt. tav, taviti to
be strong, be able, OPers. tav-, Pers. tavn power, ability, tavnig
powerful, capable.
Av. ava adv. so much cf. 4.2.
Av. xs to look, observe, xsa- aor., xsi subj. mid. s1, Skt. ks.
Av. aesa- m. search, quest, se loc./1, Skt. es.
Av. a$a-, G a$ahv gen./1.
Pers. xstr suitor, seeker; suppliant from xh-: xst, Parth. vxz-, Bact.
-.
y1m$!g )p.r.&1 )jimait!: <hn i ped> :amig vidarag rased.
|rh i vahist ud dsox d :indagih~.|
Y 48.2
Av. vman- nt., G m"%g gen./1 5 Skt. y-man- course; or v m5ng,
man- mind, m5ng gen./1 used as an adv.
Av. poro/- f. end, terminal, /a nom./1, from par to cross (Skt. par).
Or: poro/a- nt. forfeit from par to confiscate; owe, poro/a nom.-
acc./3.
Av. gam to come, jim- aor., G fimaiti subj. act. s3, Skt. gam.
Pers. vidarag passage, ford from vidar-, vider-: vidast to pass, cross,
traverse < *vi-tar, Fars. :tf /guoar-/.

122
Pers. ras- to arrive; reach; happen < OPers. ras, rasa-.

5

yavata gaya )jvaiti: hame d ka ped gvn :ived.
With a life as long as he lives.
Cf. Yt 15.40 yavata gaya jvva
Av. yavata/ G t adv., conj. as long as, rendered by hame ka, cf. Y 9.5,
65.9.
Av. gaya- m. life, vitality to fi (/ gay), ya inst./1, Skt. gya- m. life,
vital strength.
Av. fi to live, jva- pres., jvaiti ind. act. s3, fvva subj. act. d1, Skt. fiv,
f.vati, Pers. :iv-: :ivist, Parth. :iv-.
Pers. gvn life, breath of life, animal soul < *)i*-na-, Av. vvna- nt.
the vital air which circulates in the body, life, Paz. fn, f, cf. 21.
)y
a
va )gay$ )mar.ta: favn gavmard
Young Gaya Marcta.
Av. yvan-/ vn- m. young, y
a
va nom./1, Skt. yvan-/ vn-, Pers. javn,
Khot. jvaa-, Parth. vavn.
Av. gav/ G gavas-c nom./1, m.
Av. marotan-/ maro/n- < *martn- adj. mortal, marota nom./1, m.,
maro/n gen./1, G marota- m. man, Skt. mrta- m. man, mortal, Pers.
mard, gava- marotan- name of the Primal Man, cf. Skt. -martya- gya-.
ast gvg k yava ped vm hangred. yava a/te )a-h.n
zara&utra: vm avesn bd hend.
In some passages yava means time, period. For example:
yava a.te a6h-n zara*utra These may ever be, O
ZaraIustra.
Av. vu-/ yau- nt. life-time, duration, age, yava/ G vav inst./1 during
ones life-time used as an adverb ever, ni vava never, Skt. vu- nt.,
-vus- nt. life, vital power, Osset. I jau life.
Av. aeta- dem. pron. this, te nom./3, m., cf. Yt 19.8, aete nom.-acc. d.
nt.
Av. ah to be, ah- pres., ahon subj. act. pl 3 < *ahant they may be,
Skt. as, san.
Av. :ara/ustra- pr. n. m., ra voc./1, Pers. :ard(r)ust, Parth. :arhust.
Pers. vm time, epoch, season; occasion, Av. aii.gma- m. winter;
year, Parth. gm, Paz. ym.

123
)yao3.m )frajai*yeiti: v:isn fr: :aved.
He requests a yaoa.
Av. vaoya- m. yom acc./1, yoa abl./1 5 Skt. yga- m. the act of
yoking; yoke, team, vehicle; remedy; junction, union, Pers. fg yoke;
conjunction, Fars. u^$ /vy/.
Av. jad to pray, request, implore, demand, fra jad to ask (someone) for
(something), faiova- pres., faioveiti ind. act. s3, or faoa- aor., faoaite ind.
mid. s3, OPers. jad, jadiya-, Pers. zay-: zast.
Pers. v:isn harness; junction from v:-: vuxt to harness, join, yoke
< *-vuf (Av. yuj, Skt. yoj).
y$it$ )&2ax1i hv$it$ )paitit1i: keh toxsg framn-
burdr baved, meh toxsg framn-ddr.
The youngest (is) for diligence, the eldest for rest (or:
command). [The younger should be a diligent obedient, the elder
a diligent commander.]
According to Haug (101) the passage looks like a proverb.
Av. vista- adj. < *vovista- < */auH-istHa- youngest, t nom./1, m.,
Skt. yvis4ha-. Av. vista- pr. n. m. = Pers. fst, cf. MJF.
Av. hvista- adj. eldest < *hu-)a/H-istHa- having the most good
periods of life (to vayah- period of life, age) [or from *hv-ista- best at
impelling, Skt. svmin- master], t nom./1, m, cf. H 1.3 hvist v vist
<v> : meh avb keh, Khot. hvs4a- master, cf. Sogd. wystk teacher, C
xwsty id., xwstrt (comp., 5 %H I0D%*$"&) dynd"rt high priests, Osset.
xestr/ xistr elder, eldest.
Av. /axs to be diligent/ zealous, /axsa- m. diligence, si dat./1, or
/axsti inf. Skt. tvaks, tvksati to produce, be active, Pers. toxs- to strive,
be diligent, toxsg diligent.
Av. paiti st to take (ones) stand, remain, paitist- f. quiet place,
residence, ti dat./1, cf. Skt. prati-s4h--. Or Av. paiti.xsa/ra- nt. command,
/ri dat./1. Pers. pedist station, (Man.) Paradise.
Pers. keh small, young; smaller, lesser, younger < *ka/*ah-, Av. kasu-
adj. little, kasyah- adj. smaller, lesser.
Pers. meh big, old, Av. mas- adj. long; great, masyah- longer;
greater, cf. 11.
Pers. framn command from fra-mv-: framd to order, command
(Av. fra-m), Armen. hraman, Bab. J. Aram. hrmn"; Pers. framn-burdr

124
obedient, cf. Dk vi M 479, framn-ddr commander, Dk v M 454 framn
dahed.

6

y+.m )y$i )ma&y1ka: asm ke mardm hed.
You who are men.
Av. v:om/ G v:5m you (all) nom. pl., vs nom. encl., Skt. yym.
Av. ya-, vi, vae-ca/ G vi, vaec nom./3, m., Skt. y, y, y ca.
Av. ma$vka- m. (pejorative) man, human being, people < *mart*ka-
< *mrti/aka-, ka nom./3 from masva- man.
Pers. mardm, mardhm man, mankind, human being, cf. 11.
yuxta pouruasp$
Pouruasp> at the ceremony of union or one who yokes,
Pouruasp>.
Av. yuxti- f. act of yoking, junction, vuxta loc./1, cf. Y 11.2, Skt. yukt-
Av. G as.vuxti- f. yoking of Truth, t loc./1, cf. Y 49.9., yuxtar- m. one
who yokes, bridler, ta nom./1, Skt. yoktr- m., Av. yuxta- ppp. of yuj to
harness, yoke, Skt. yukt-, Pers. juxt, Bact. pair, Farsi @=c /juft/
pair.
Av. pourusaspa- pr. n. m., p nom./1, Pers. purusasp.
yunji!ti t/ y$i pu&ra &ra/taonahe: vuxt hend avesn i
fredn pus.
They yoke these who are the sons of drataona.
Av. yuj to yoke, join, harness, vunf- pres., vunfinti ind. act. pl 3, Skt yuj,
yunj-/ yuj-, yujnti, Pers. -v:-: vuxt.
Av. ta- this, te, tae-ca/ G ti, tae-c nom./3, m., Skt. ta-, t ; Av. te
nom.-acc./2, nt., Skt. t.
Av. ya-, vi nom/3, m.
Av. pu/ra- m. son (opp. hunu- m.), ra nom./3, Skt. putr- m., OPers.
pua-, Khot. pra-, Parth. puhr, Pers. pus(ar).
Av. /raetaona- pr. n. M., nahe gen./1, Pers. fredn, cf. Skt. traitan-,
Armen. hruden, Arab. *4$+W! /afridn/.
yuxta ca&2ar..aspahe: v:isn i cahr-asp bvaspag.
At the yoking of the quadridge. [The yoking of a four-
horsed carriage.]

125
Av. ca/aro.aspa- nt. quadridge, $J $!L0E%*, Skt. caturasva+ pr. n.
m., Pers. cahr-asp. Cf. Yt 10.125 vse ca/r aurvant four courses on
the chariot, DD 30.2 ray vardvn ud vs i cahrag-brag the swift chariot
with four horses.
Pers. byaspag/ despag*, Armen. despak carriage, Aram. (Talm.) dyspq,
Khot. dva-asa- having two horses (epithet of a carriage).
y1t.m ga/&an'm: bahr i gehn
Share of propery.
A 3.11, Vd 19.29, MHD A27 fd gehn.
Av.
1
vta- nt. share, portion, tom nom./1, Pers. fd(ag) share, part;
causa.
Av. gae-/- f. living being, herd; property; world of life to fi (/ gay),
/anm gen./3, OPers. gai/-, Pers. gehn.
Pers. bahr < *bax/ra- part, portion, lot; share, cf. 16.
y1t.m "stryete: fd stared.
He becomes guilty of a yta sin.
N 42 vtom strveiti.
Av.
2
vta- nt. a degree of sin, cf. 25.2.
Av. star, strya- pass. pres., stryeiti ind. act. s3, stryete ind. mid. s3, -
strava- caus. pres. to make guilty (of crime), -strya- pass. pres. to
become guilty (of crime), Pers. star-, ster- to sin, become guilty, Parth.
str sin.
y1&2'm pairikan'mca: fdgn ud perign
Of sorcerers, of witches.
Y 9.18
Av. vtu- m. (supernatural) sorcerer from v, v/m gen./3, Skt. vt-
m. sorcery, witchcraft; a kind of demon, sorcerer, OPers. yat
u
u-, Pers. fdg,
Sogd. y"twq /vtk/.
Av. pairik- f. (supernatural) witch, kanm-ca gen./3, Pers. perig
demoness; witch, she-devil, Fars. `+) /pari/ fairy.
y-hya avar.ta: kird xstag
Av. vh- nt. desired object to v to request, vahva- adj., - f.
pertaining to yh`, ya nom./1, f. rendered by kird.
Av. avarot- f. object of value, (piece of) possession, ta nom./1
rendered by xstag property, cf. 20.
Cf. Vd 18.34 kasvikmcina vahvanm avarotanm: kudak-i: hn i kurd
xstag, VD 2 vahvanm avarotanm: xstag ud tis-i:.
Pers. kird/ kurd, cf. 5.
Pers. xstag, cf. 5.
y1sk.r.st.m.mca : krgirdrdom

126
Av. vs-korot- adj. who is effective at the yh`, vs = vh nt. rendered
by kr act, work, operation; use; duty; love affair, vs-korostara- comp. adj.,
vs-korostoma- superl. adj., tomom acc./1, m., cf. Yt 1.1.
y1r..dr1j$ vir$.maza-h$: sl-drahnv ka virg-ma:.
of a vir.mazah (contract), for one year.
Av. vr- nt., vro nom.-acc./1 year, Skt. *vr- year (in parvrni- f.),
OPers. *vr- (in dus
i
-vra-), Av. drfah- nt. length, Pers. dr: long. Av.
virva- adj. yearly. Av. vro.drfah- nt. the length of a year used only f
nom./1 for a years length, for one year, cf. Vd 6.1, Vn 60.
Av. vira- m. man, Skt. vir- m. id., Sogd. wyr- /vir-/ husband, Pers.
vir.
Av. vir.ma:a- adj., Cf. Vd 4.9 mi/r v : a contract of a mans
weight (worth) Z mihr i vir-mah [pnsad ster (Vd 4.2)].
Av. vir.ma:ah- adj. of the (security-) value of a man (/ warrior), :ah
gen./1. According to Darmesteter, 1887, 35, the term is applied to promises
of marriage and to the contract between teacher and pupil. Cf. Dk viii, M 714
abar k mvag i~ asporon nidom, ud virg-ma: abardom.
Pers. sl year, OPers. I-r-d f. year, Av. sarod- f.; Pers. sl-drahnv
(of) the length of a year.
)ya/y.!ta pat.!ta: avrded [k-s abar ved], paded [k-s
be paded.]
Both boiling (and) spilling over. [It boils (that is, it brims
over), it spills over (that is, it falls out).]
Av. vaesvant- adj., vaesvanti- f. boiling from yah (Skt. yas), vaesv-%ta
nom.-acc./2 m., Sogd. y"ys"ntk /vesantak/ boiling, Farsi 64\'C^c /fsnda/
boiling.
Av. pat to fly; fall; spill over, pata- pres., patant- ptc., patonta nom.-
acc./2, m., Skt. pat, ptant-, Pers. pad-, cf. 10.
Pers. avrd- < *abi-art to boil, avrden- caus. to boil.
)ya/ya!t!m 1p.m: avrdenid b.
The boiling water.
Y 9.11. Cf. also P 20 ya.syo%tiby aiv: avrdenidag b.
Av. ya.sya%t3m acc./1, f.
Av. p-/ ap- f. water, pom, apom-ca acc./1, OPers. ap-/ p-, Skt. -p-/
p-, Pers. b, Sogd. ""p /p/.
ya/tu<$> za/man$: mad :envand.

127
of whom has taken up his assigned position and is
wakeful.
Av. yat to take ones place, line up, yayat-/ vaet- perf., vi/h-/ vaetus-
ptc., vaetus nom./1, m., vaetus gen./1.
Av. :aeman- nt. state of waking from zi to be awake, glossed by
:envandih [toxsgih] 5 Skt. hman-, cf. Y 44.5, adj. wakeful, man gen./1.
Pers. :envand rendering Av. :aenahvant- adj. watchful, :aenahan-
alert, vigilant, cf. 20.

7

)yaocina surahe: gvn ab:r
Of the opulent life-time [the powerful life].
Av. vu-/ yau- nt. duration, life-time, age, vaos gen./1, cf. Y 43.13, Skt.
-yu-. Av. vaos pure 5 Skt. vs.
Av. cina/ G cin emph. particle, Skt. can.
Av. s?ra- adj. strong, opulent, rahe gen./1, cf. 12.
Pers. ab:r powerful, strong < *upa-z)ar[a]-. Cf. 12.
)yaoxtay$ ava.bar.t'm
The purification of (the things) which are brought.
Av. vaoxsti-/ G vaosti- f. (faculty of) purification < *H/austi-, tav
nom./3.
Av. bar to carry, ava-bar to pour down, bring; touch, bara- pres.,
barant- ptc., barotm gen./3.
Cf. Vd 6.42 vao:davn ava.borota (the Haoma) will be purified
(which) have touched Z vsd/r hend abar-burd ested.
&ri.yaxtica: si tg
(Bundles of) three twigs.
Av. vaxsti- m. for *vasti 5 Skt. ya$$- f. straff, stick, wand; pole; stalk,
stem, branch, twig, Wax. yaG twig. /ri.vaxsti-/ /rvaxsti- m. three twigs (of
the Barcsman), /rvaxstisca acc./3, cf. Y 56.6.
Pers. tg branch, Paz. tk (CK 43), cf. Sogd. "st"k /estk/ stem to st
(cf. Skt. sthn- m. stump, stem, trunk). Cf. Vd 22.20 gl. tg i ved, Dk iii M
325 urvarn tg, Styisn sih-rzag 22 va:urg tg.
yayata dunma: raved <abr>.
The clouds came (along the sky). [Move, O clouds!]

128
Vd 21.2
Av. yat to take up its proper place, take a stand, yayat-, vaet-, vit- perf.,
yayata ind. act. s3, Skt. yat, yet-.
Av. dunman/ G dvman- nt. < *d)anman- cloud from dvan to fume <
*dh)enh
2
- (Skt. dhvan to smoke, form clouds), dunma nom./1, cf. Lat. fmus
< *dhuh
2
-mo-.
yaodanahe d1ra: ustarag teg
The blade of a razor.
Av. vao:dana- nt. instrument for purifying, razor from vao:-d to
purify, rendered by ustarag razor, nahe gen./1, vao:dni- m. fire poker,
an implement to clean the fire-vessel, cf. Vd 14.7 vao:dni: v:dn.
Av. dr- f. blade rendered by teg point; sharp edge; ray (of the sun),
dra nom./1 5 Skt. dh-r- f. edge, blade, Khot. dr- edge, Sogd. d"r /or/
blade, Pers. dr, cf. Dk viii M 701 dr ud sil, DD 20.2 hn dr-gerb meng i
cinvad the spirit of (the Ford of) the Cinvat in the shape of a blade.
Pers. ustarag razor from ustar- to shave, erase, scrape, Khot. ustar- to
remove, scrape, wipe away, Parth. "wystar- to keep clean, Paz. hustar-,
Fars. +<9 /setur-/, Fars. 6+<9! /ustara/ razor.
Pers. tex, teg point; blade, Av. taeya- m. cutting edge, Armen. teg
lance, pike, spearhead, Fars. v?E /tey/ point, sword, blade; thorn, thistle, cf.
Dk ix M 809 ustarag teg, Sad-dar B 99 ""+f 6+<9! v?E 647\'2 .($:'0 S0 >^) "^7?w, cf. 5.
yezi )t/ ya/tatar. <yezi t: n(;5 ya:tatar,>: agar hn mad
ested, agar hn ne mad ested.
If these two took up their stands. [If it has come, if it has not
come.]
Av. yezi/ G ve:i conj. for if from ya- and :i for, cf. Y 1.21 ve:i te. ke-
m t.
Av. ta- this, te nom.-acc./2, nt.
Av. vat to place (in its proper place)`, vavat-/ vaet- perf., vaetataro perf.
ind. act. d3, Skt. yat, ytate, Yan. yat, yattak to be placed, be contained.
Pers. agar if, whether < OPers. hakaram adv. once.
Pers. hn that, see 7.
Pers. mad, see 21.
yazu pu&r$ )ahurahe mazd: :ahag pus i ohrma:d
The young son of Ahura Mazd.
Av. yazu- adj., ve:vi- f. young, youthful rendered by zahag, ya:us
nom./1, m. 5 Skt. yah- adj., yahv.- f., cf. Y 31.8 va:m: ped :ahagih.

129
Av. pu/ra- m. son, r nom./1.
Av. ahurahe ma:da gen/1.
Pers. zahag < *zaha-ka- offspring, child, young one opp. hunusak,
Parth. zahag, Bal. zahag son, Gil. :k child, cf. 20: :/ra-.
yaza/a )m'm yas$.b.r.t1by$ <zao&r1by$>: va:es~ ped
hn i mad ested ped~ barisn i :hr.
May you sacrifice to me with libations bringing renown.
Cf. Yt 1.9 va:aesa mm :ara/ustra paiti asni paiti
xsafni vas.borotbv
:ao/rbv : va:es man :ardust abar ped r: abar ped sab ped hn i mad ested
ped barisn i :hr [e . ped harv ce mad ested -m h va:].
Av. yaz to worship, adore, consecrate, sacrifice, yaza- pres., :aesa opt.
mid. s2, Skt. yaj, OPers. yad, Pers. yaz-: vast, Khot. gyays-, gvas4a-.
Av. ma- first person pron., mm acc./1, Skt. m-, m-m, OPers. mm, Pers.
am.
Av. yasah- nt. 5 Skt. y7as- nt. honour, glory, renown, Av. vas.borota-
adj., tbv dat.- abl./3 5 Skt. ya7o.bht- adj. bringing fame.
Av. :ao/r- f. libation, rbv dat.-abl./3, Pers. :hr, cf. 20.
)yast1 ma!t1 <pouruy$>: ke-sn pevmn fradom.
He who first thought those (formulas).
Y 31.7.
Av. ya- relat. pron., v, vas-ca/ G v5, vas-c nom./1, m., Skt. y-, y+, y7
ca.
Av. ta- dem. pron. this , ta, t acc./3, Skt. t-.
Av. man to think, consider, acknowledge, man- aor., mant inj. mid. s3
he thought, Skt. man, Pers. men-.
Pers. pevmn measure; moderation; bond; agreement, Parth. padmn,
cf. Skt. pramna- nt. measure, cf. 6.
yavahe sar.*a: frdv sardag
The kinds of corn.
Av. yava- m. barley; any grain or corn yielding flour or meal; a
measure, vahe gen./1, Skt. yva- m., Pers. f, Osset. I jw, Par% :, Bact.
, .
Pers. frdv grain, corn, Av. yava- asa- barley flour (5 Pers. f + rd),
cf. Vd 5.52 yaomca asom, Parth. yw"rd"w, Bact. .
Av. sarooa- nt species, kind, oa nom./3, cf. Skt. srdha- m. host,
troop, Pers. sardag.
yaz1i 1p.m frazd1naom : va:om b i fra:dn [ped
sagestn].

130
I will sacrifice to the water Frazdnu [in Sakastna].
Av. va:, va:a- pres., va:i subj. mid. s1.
Av. ap- f. water, pom acc./1.
Av. fra:dnu- m. or frazdnava- name of a river (or lake), naom acc./1,
Pers. fra:dn, Armen. hrazdan, cf. Yt 5.108, +p-m frazd+naom, Bd 92 var i
fra:dn ped sagestn lake Frazdnu is in Sakastna, ASS 2 var i fra:dn
andar :amig i sagestn.
yasn.mca vahm.mca )aojasca )zavar.ca 1fr!n1mi:
va:isn ud nivvisn : ud :r frinom.
I propitiate the worship and laudation, the (physical)
strength and force.
Y 72.6
Av. yasna- m. worship, prayer, sacrifice, religious ceremony < **az-na-,
nom acc./1, Skt. yaj-, Pers. fasn < */asna- < **aH-na-, Khot. gyaysna-,
Pers. yasn.
Av. vahma- m. laudation, hymn, welcome, mom acc./1, cf. 8.
Av. zvar- nt. (physical) force, promptitude, strength, zavaro-ca <
*z)arca , :varo nom.-acc./1, Pers. :r, cf. 20.
Av. aojah- nt. (physical) strength, power, f/ jas-ca nom.-acc./1, G
aogah- nt. id., Skt. jas- nt., Pers. :, Bact. . Cf. 9: uyrom.
Av. fri to devote; appease, propitiate, -fri to propitiate; address or
invoke with particular invocations, bless, frin- pres., frinmi ind. act. s1,
Skt. pri, prin-ti to please, delight, cheer, enjoy, Pers. frin-: frid, Khot.
vun- to approve, bless.
Pers. nivvisn praise, acclaim, extolling, eulogy from *nivv-, Parth.
nigv-: nigd- to pray, sing, supplicate, Skt. ni-g to accompany with song,
sing, chant.
yava/ca yava/tta/ca: d hame hame-ravisnih
For ever and eternity.
Vd 3.14, Yt 13.50.
Av. vu-/yau-, vavae-ca/ G vavi, vave dat./1, cf. Y 62.6 vavaeca tite.
Av. vavaett- f. eternity, perpetuity, ttae-ca/ G tite dat./1, Pers.
fved, Parth. vved.
yava.ca yava.tta.ca 5 Parth. vved vvedn, Lat. in secula
seculorum, Syr. 12345 6478 rendered by Pers. fvedn i fvedn, cf. Ps
131.12.
Pers. hame(v) always < *hama- + *a*)a-.
Pers. ravisnih, cf. 18.1.

131
5

ka/$ : frvist gvg ddestn, be ast gvg~ k ddvar.
In most passages [kas means judgement, but in some
passages it means judge.
Av. kaesa- m. doctrine, teaching, Law, guidance; teacher, lawyer
rendered by ddvar (Y 9.10, 49.2) and ddestn (A 3.12), Pers. kes, sect,
doctrine, dogma, Vd 12.21 av. kaesa: hn i ani-kes, Y 1.23 ahura.kaes:
ohrma:d-ddestn [k-s ddestn hn i ohrma:d], Sogd. qysyk /kesik/ false
teacher, Khot. ksia- teacher, Armen. k;es.
Pers. ddestn judgement; law, cf. 4.3
Pers. ddvar judge, cf. 4.3.
a. k$ asti ka/$
vidu.d1t$: kadr ast ddvar i gh-dd?

b. y$ a/ta pairi ar.&ra fraz1naiti: ke hn i~ ddestn a:
sr be fr: dned. [ka-: varm vas sr, ud abar v kirdr,
gh-dd.]
c. ud ke hn i~ ddestn a: sr be ne fr: dned, |ka-: ne
varm~ vas sr, ud ne abar v kirdr~, -: ped angh-dd
drisn.|
a. Who is the law-knowing [kasa?
b. One who knows well about these judicial matters. [He who
knows well the laws from the (legal) texts. [And if he has
memorized many of the (legal) texts, and acts according to them,
then he is a law-knowing (official).]
c. He who does not know well the laws from the (legal) texts.
[And when he has not memorized many of the (legal) texts, and
does not act according to them, then he is to be still considered as
a law-ignorant.]
Av. ka- interrog. pron. who? which?, k/ G k5 nom./1, m.
Av. ah to be, asti pres. ind. act. s3, Skt. sti, OPers. astiy.
Av. viovah-/ G vidvah-, vious-/ G vidus- perf. ptc. knowing, Skt.
vidv-?s-/ vids-, cf. Vd 18.51 vidus.g/om: gh-ghn.
Av. dta- nt., cf. 4.3.
Av. vAdus.dta- adj. acquainted with the law, law-knowing, Reich.
vist.
Av. ya- relat. pron., v/G v5 nom./1, m.

132
Av. aeta- this, ta inst./1, nom.-acc./3, nt., Skt. et-, Pers. ed, Bact.
, .
Av. aro/ra- nt. judicial matter ra inst./1, acc./3, nt., aro/a- nt. goal,
purpose ; matter, object ; lawsuit, (court) action rendered by Pers. ddestn,
an-aro/e undutifully rendered by ped addestnih; aro/vant. trial, (legal)
proceedings, process rendered by ddestn, cf. Yt 11.5.
Av. pairi around, about rendered by az be, Skt. pri, OPers. pariv.
Av. zan to know, :n- pres., fr :n-(a)- to know well, naiti ind. act.
s3, Skt. pra f to know (about), discern, be acquainted with, Pers. dn-.
Cf. Dk viii, M 713 en-: k ddvarih v i~ gh-dd dahisn, ud smn
i dd-ghih, M 724 abar dngih i~ nrig ud aburnvag i gh-dd ped
ddvarih abar a: purnv mard angh-dd.
Pers. gh aware, gh acquainted with, cf. 8.
Pers. dd law, cf. 4.3.
Pers. srav/ sr discourse; report, news, Av. sravah- nt., cf. Dk viii M
734 vas ddestn ud ghih i andar ham sr.
Pers. varm memory from *var, Pers. &+0 /barm/, cf. Dk viii M 720 xast
ud varm kirdan, PXA 5 varm-naskih adv. with memorising of the Nasks.
)vastrsca k,& b1maniv: vastarag i kird (/ kurd) i bmig
i~ tar:.
And garments: ready (or, coats) and splendid. [ready,
splendid (sumptuous) clothes.]
Yt 17.14
Av. vastra- nt. garment, robe, ras-ca acc./3, cf. 8.
Av. ko$a- nt. made, ready < *k-t- made, Av. korota- < *kt-
made, OPers. kta-, Skt. kt-, Av. xsa/r.korota-.
Or , kosa- nt. < *k7t-a cut, kosa acc./3, Sogd. kwr"k, qwrty shirt,
tunic, Fars. 45+6,45+7 /kurta/ shirt, coat, Georg. kHurtHakH-i camisole,
kHuart;-i shirt, Hesychius de Lagarde: 9=0$/ dress, cf. 4.6.
Av. bmaniva- adj. is a compound.
Av. bma- 5 Skt. bh-ma- m. light, splendour.
Av. niva- corresponds to Skt. nibha- m. appearance at the end of
compounds like, Osset. (Iron) nIv form, pattern, or to Skt. niv- (f.) a piece
of cloth wrapped round the waist, a kind of skirt or petticoat.
It is possible that kosa and bmaniva represent two kinds of clothes.
Pers. tar: sumptuous (dress); a place name, cf. Arab. eJGf (piece of)
embroidery, Fars. '*+8.

133
9 :/* ;+<= >/,.? :/* 4=.@ ABC'*+8 46 4D3E 4FBG* H.IJ ,% )+"!@ K L 1M+3G* H.IJ
1&*+N5 OPQP 1 ROS K
karo: kisvar
Av. karsa- m. line drawn on the ground; furrow; boundary line rendered
by kis, s acc./3 from kars to draw (furrows), drag, plough, Skt. kars to
pull, drag, plough, make furrows, Khot. kr to pull, Sogd. qs-: qst- to sow
(rendering Syr. 9:;), Pers. kis-/ kars- to draw, drag, pull, kis line, furrow.
Cf. Yt 4.9 vispa kar
o
s r:aveiti.
Pers. kisvar Av. karsvan/ var- nt. part of the earth, continent, zone <
*ks)ar-/ )an-, Parth. kisfar.
kar$.r1z'm vy1xan'm: kisvar-virv i han:amanig
Drawing straight lines, challenging. [Administrator of
continents, who belongs to the assembly.]
Y 62.5
Av. kars.r:a(h)- adj. drawing straight lines, who regulates the
boundary lines, :m acc./1, f., cf. Yt 10.61 kars.r:ahom vvxanom.
Av. vvxana- adj. challenging, debater, champion, nm acc./1, f., cf.
RP 62.21 vvxan mard han:amanig.
Pers. kisvar-virv who regulates the continent.
Pers. hanzaman assembly, congregation, council, community, Av.
hanfamana- nt., Parth. anjaman; Pers. han:amanig councillor, assembly
man.
hapta karv'm: haft kisvar
The seven continents.
Yt 8.40
Av. hapta seven, cf. 1.
Av. karsvan/r-, vn/ vm acc./3.
karasci frak1ray$i: kis-i:~ fr: kres.
May you draw up lines.
Vd 9.10
Av. karsa-, sas-ci acc/3, m.
Av. kar to draw (furrows), frB kar to draw up, krava- pres., kravis
opt. act. s 2, Khot. kr to pull, ker- to plant, Sogd. kyr-: "kst to till, plant,
Pers. kr-: kist to sow, plant, till, cf. GV 16.4 kistan i urvarn ud frdvn.
z.m$ karuy: :amig i kisve:r
zMm> karuy: the arable lands.

134
Av. zam- f. earth, :om, :omas-ca nom./3, Skt. jm+, ksm+, Pers.
:amig, Fars. .23 /:ami/, 8?23 /:amin/.
Av. karsuva- adj., va nom./3, f., like snuva- from snvar-/ van- (cf.
12).
Pers. kisve:r field, sowing-ground, arable area < *ks)a-cra-.
Cf. CHP 6 :amig kisve:r kirdan ud var:idan, Dk ix M 806 :amig i
kisve:r.
kart$e: kist
Av. karsti- f. cultivation of the soil, t5e/ tavae-ca dat./1, cf. Vd 6.6,
yao-karsti- sowing of barley, cf. Vd 3.30, Skt. ks4- f. ploughing,
cultivating the soil.
Pers. kist cultivated; cultivation, tilling ppp. of kr-.
xa&r$: xadv
Av. xsa/ra- nt. < *ksa-tr- (royal) power, rule; dominion rendered by
xadvih, m. master, r nom./1, xsa/ri- f. mistress, OPers. xsaa-, Skt.
ksatr-, Pers. sahr.
Pers. xadv lord, sovereign < *xa-tvan-, Sogd. xwt"w /xutv/, Parth.
xaovan, xaov 5 Gr. 9(0E%&.
$i&r$: rstg
Av. si/ra- nt. settlement; tribal territory; soil, m. dwelling place;
district, r nom./1, Skt. kstra- nt. field, landed property, soil.
Pers. rstg district, Av. /raot.stc- adj. flowing in riverbeds, Parth.
rdestg, Arab. x'<9: Fx!49: Fx!"3:.
xay$: s+h
Av. xsava- m. ruler, king, v nom./1, cf. Yt 13.18, OPers. xsava, Skt.
ksva- m. dominion, ksavd-vira- adj. ruling men.
Pers. sh from OPers. xsva/va- king, Bact. .
xayamna: pdixsv
Av. xsavamna- adj. being in command, mna nom./2, m., cf. 3.8.
Pers. pdixsv sovereign; powerful; authorized, permissible < *pti-
xs-van-, Parth. pdixsn < *pti-xsna-, Bact. , Sogd. p"ts"wnh
adj. f.
xa/t$: sed [cn rsnih]
xsat: radiant as light.
Av. xsaeta- adj., xsi/ni- f., t nom./1, m., cf. Y 9.4, Skt. ksita- epithet
of Soma.
Pers. sed 1. epithet of Sun and Yima; 2. alezan, Armen. asxet.

135
a/t$ : xstag
Av. saeta- m. wealth ; money, t nom./1, cf. Skt. sav- property,
possession? Vn 36 ve:i ahe nar saet aha: agar hn mard rv xastag ast.
[k. mir/ ud drahm ast.
%,*% :G% +E* TU$ &V >W<0 1:/* :G% +E* XK
Pers. xstag desired object, property, possession; wealth; money from
xh-, cf. Khot. hvaiy possession, Dk ix M 812 r:g xstag 5 Yt 17.7
boroxoa avarota.
)7y1t$: snih
Av. 7v/ 7 to be happy, peaceful 5 Lat. quiesc pres., quievi perf., Av.
siti- f. < *c/ti-, tis gen./1, OPers. sivti- f. 5 Lat. quies, quietis, cf. Y 51.8
hv :i m/r 7vt : ce hn i mn/r snih, Hn 2.2 7tis i7aiti : snih
xhed.
Pers. snih ease, peace, rest, quietness; comfort, sn quiet, calm;
easy, from sv- (Av. -si).
)71t$: sdih
Av. 7ta-/ G svta- < *c/ta- adj. happy, peaceful, felicitous, 7(v)t
nom./1, m., OPers. sivta- adj. id., cf. Y 60.11 7t mana : sd menisn, Pahl.
sd-mnag, Fars. sdmn glad of mind, gay, Pers. sd happy, joyful, Sogd.
(B) s"t wealthy, Pers. sdih.
.iti: mnisn
Av. soiti- < *siti- f. dwelling from si, si-/ sav- (pres.) to dwell, Skt.
ksav to dwell, ti inst./1, cf. Y 12.3 vas5.soitim dwelling at will Z kmag-
mnisnn. Barth. (1706): sveiti.
Av. 7vant- pres. ptc., 7veiti- f., 7yeiti nom./1, f., cf. Y 53.8 sveitibv
vi:ibv : mnisn vis.
Pers. mnisn dwelling, sojourn from mn-, mnist id., cf. Bd 207.
xv!*a: sirenih
Av. xsvAd- m. milk, ioa nom.-acc./2, Khot. svid milk, Pasto saudo
id., cf. Y 16.8 xsvioa :iti va:amaide : sirenih ud carbih va:em.
Pers. sirenih sweetness, sir milk 5 Skt. k$3r- nt milk, cf. Dk iii M 76
sdih ud sirenih ud rmisn.
tuiti: stvisn
Av. st?iti- f. praise, eulogy, ti inst./1, haoma.stiti- f. the praising of
Haoma Z hm-stvisnih; ni.stiti- f. final praise, upa.stiti- f. celebration,
invocation, Skt. stut- f. praise, adulation, panegyric.
Pers. (
e
)stvisn praise, praising from stv-: std, Parth. (e)stvisn, Pers.
stvisn ud va:isn cf. Dk iii M 234, viii M 786.
xnuta: <husnd~

136
Av. xsnu, xsnu- pres. to satisfy, content, xsn?ta- satisfied ppp. of xsnu,
ta inst./1, xsnt- f. satisfaction, OPers. -xsnu to hear; satisfy, xsnuta-
satisfied, pleased, Pers. husnd, Fars. "^7I[ /xusnd/ content.
_ : xesvand
Pers. xesvand relative, agnate, xes (24).
parva: parsg
Av. parsu- adj. spotted, speckled from pars (Pers. ps-), sva inst./1.
parsv-anika- adj. speckle-faced used as epithet of the boar, parsa.gu- pr. n.
m. with spotted cows 5 [at. Brah. v, 3, 1 p$adgaur a spotted bullock. Skt.
p7sni- adj. spotted, variegated, Pers. pars(g).
x
ust.m: vidxt
Av. xsusta- verbal adj. melted, fluid, liquid (of metals) ppp. of xsud to
wash, Skt. ksod to dissolve, pulverise, Pers. sust washed. Cf. Y 51.9
avah xsust : han vidxt.
Pers. vid:-: vidxt to melt < *vi-tac, Parth. vid:-, Paz. vadxt, Fars.
3!4f /gud:-/, cf. GV 10.70 vidxt rv.
)xu
s
tasme: sumi:
According to Haug, 121, this word is apparently a corruption of xsvisti
:ome Vd 2.31 (: suhr :amig).
Av. *xsusta-:am- adj., xsustasma- nt. wet earth (Haug: a field which
has been irrigated), me loc./1, Pers. sumi: ploughland.
9 YZ=!$ [ ,.Z$ >W<= 4\ ]^W$.\ _%+6 _%.=V ^<D`= &%+6 :C*,' :N@ 4\ 46 ^$.\ >WZ=' &V
_%+6 ,.Z$ aZ=' >W<0 _%+6 YZ=!$ aZ=' ^W0!E 46 &.Wb :/* _^=V A" K L c d8.7 &."+\ e 9 $,!# _.$ ^Z
4D$*% &V ,% ;V _%+6 YZ=!$ %.Df* >".g0.@ 4\ K ^h.= 4\ iE &V ,% j/* K L c 1,.ZC kl/ P 1 RQPQ 1
RQm e
u*.m: suy
Av. sud- m. hunger, suo-a- m., oom acc./1, Pers. suy/ suy hunger,
suyag hungry, Skt. ksudh()- f. hunger, Khot. ks.
.nma : tey
Mss. sonm
Av. sanman- nt., sonma nom./1 a (carving) part of a spear or arrow 5 Skt.
k$dman- nt. carving knife, cf. Yt 10.24 sanmaov.
Pers. tey blade (of a sword, a razor, ), sharp edge (of a spear, an arrow,
), Av. taeya- m., cf. 4.7.
xim : sivan
Av. xsi- f. or xsva- m. weeping, lamentation, sim acc./1 < *xsvam.
Pers. sivan mourning, lamentation < *xs*a-)ana-, Kurd. sin.

137
xt1 : estd
Av. st, hista-/ xsta- pres. to stand, hist/ xst subj. act. s3, OPers.
st,
h
ista- pres., Skt. sth, tis4ha-, Pers. est-: estd.
7(y)avaiti/ 7usaiti: raved

Av. 7(y)u to set in motion; act; move, 7(y)av- pres., 7ava-, 7usa- inch.
pres., 7?7u- perf., *7(y)avaiti pres. ind. act. s3, 7usaiti ind. act. s3, Skt. cyav,
cyvate, OPers. sivu, a-siyava, Bact. ()-, Khot. ts-, Pers. sav-: sud to
go.
Pers. rav-: raft to go, walk, move; continue; behave from *rab.
fu: pah
Av. pasu- < *paFu-, fsu- < *pFu- m. cattle, kine, pasu/ fsu nom./2, Skt.
pas-, Pers. pah.
)fuy$: fsuvenisn
Av. pasu-, fsu- cattle, fsuva- pres. denom. to breed or tend cattle, v
inj. act. s3. Av. fsoni- (cf. Skt. kson- f.), fsaonava- pres. denom. to take cattle
to pasture.
Pers. fsuvenisn C (8($%u ($%u ' fsnenisn C '($%u ($%u ' .
an1hita: anhgenid
If we accept the Zand, then Av. hita- adj. means stained, polluted, the
abstract hiti- f. stain, pollution is the name of a disease (or: ailment,
infection), cf. Vd 20.3.
Pers. an-hgenid undefiled; immaculate, hg fault, defect, vice,
defilement, Armen. ahok.

138
6

maya : vinhisn
Av. mi, mai- aor., mava subj. act. s3, Skt. may to change, exchange,
alter, deceive.
Pers. vinhisn destruction, corruption, hurt from vinh- to sin; corrupt
< OPers. vin/ to do harm, injure, wrong, destroy.
maite: pevmn
The suffix -mant- (Skt. -mant-) is sometimes erroneously rendered by
pevmn. Av. vohumant- adj. possessing good (things), wealthy (Skt. vsu-
mant-), vohu-maite dat./1 rendered by veh-pevmn, cf. Y 12.1.
Pers. pevmn measure; agreement from pevmv- to measure < *pati-
m, Parth. pdm"d-, cf. 4.7, 25.2.
m'm: man
Av. mm first personal pron., acc./1, cf. 4.7.
m1: m
Av. m negative particle, cf. 2.2.
Av. m first pers. pron., encl., acc./1, OPers. m, Skt. m, Khot. ma, Pers.
(a)m.
m : mh. ast gvg k pevmn.
Ma moon; month. In some passages it means measure.
Av. mh- m. moon; month, G ma nom./1, mas-ca, OPers. mh-3/i-
month, Skt. m-s- m., Sogd. m"x, m" /mx/, Pers. mh.
xratum: xrad-pevmn
[For example] xratu-ma means wisdom-measure (or:
being moderate in his wisdom).
Av. xratumant- adj. endowed with intelligence, ma nom./1, m., Skt.
krtumant-, krtumn nom./1, m., cf. Yt 1.7 xratuma : xrad-pevmn |k. and-
cand-am abved -m ast.|
m1i hamgnag. )v!sp.m'i a-
v
he <astvaite mi&r$ y$
vouru.gaoyaoiti>: harvisp-pevmn ox i astomand~ mihr i
frx-gvd.
Mi likewise [means measure]. vYspMm*i ap
v
he (to the
whole world) means this: the material world, measured-as-a-
whole, MiIra Varugauyti.
Yt 10.5 = Ny 2.14.

139
Av. vispa- all, v3sp-mJi for vispoKi < *visp5hmi dat./1, m., Skt.
v7vasmai, Pers. visp.
Av. a()hu- existence, world, a
v
he/ G ahuve dat./1 < *ah)a/, Pers. ox/
ax.
visp5hmi a
v
he astvaite mi/r is translated by Guj.(-Pers.) tamm
dunino andfo fe Meher che MiIra is the measure of (= as big as) the whole
world.
m1ta: mdar ud pevmn
mta means mother and also measure.
Av.
1
mtar- f. mother, ta nom./1, Vd 12.1, Pers. md(ar). Cf. 2.6.
Av.
2
mtar- m. measure, ta nom./1, Skt. m-tar- m. measurer.

140
7

am1ta : u:md
Av. -m mid. to be experienced, Bmta- ppp. experienced, examined
(as a medical man), a-mta inst./1, mt nom./1, cf. Yt 10.122, Vd 7.39,
Fars. mda prepared, Pers. mv-: md to test, try.
Pers. u:md(ag) experienced, tried, Pers. u:mv-: u:md to test,
experience < *u:-m.
amana: <a-smn>
Av. a-mana- adj., mBna- nt. measure from m, cf. N 33 mana : smn
limit, term.
Pers. smn limit, term; definition, Armen. sahman border, boundary
mark, frontier; definition, Pers. a-smn unlimited, unbounded cf. GV
16.96 asmn xadi.
<"$/9">: anu:md
Av. an-mta- adj. inexperienced < *am<rta-, cf. Vd 7.37 anmt :
anu:mdag.
am.&a: amarg
Av. a-mo$a- adj. immortal, Skt. am7ta- (it deviates from expected
*mta-), Gr. IM0%$%&.
Pers. a-marg id., marg death < *mark-.
ana3ra: asar
Av. an-ayra- adj. (lit. without beginning) endless, ra nom.-acc./3, cf.
Vd 2.40 gl. vispe anayra raoca, Pers. aner, Av. ayra- adj. first, foremost, nt.,
Skt. grant. tip; top, summit.
Pers. a-sar (lit. without end), Arab. hei, asar rsnih 5 Av. anagra
raoca, cf. Bd 194.
ainit$i: agenih
We have to derive the word (ainiti) from an + iti, or from a + niti
Haug, 59
1. *a
i
-nita- adj. not well-behaved, *a
i
-niti- f. I prefer the second
derivation; as niti can only mean the state of being down, oppressed, ainiti
must mean ease, easiness. This appears to be really the meaning of the word
in Y 58.4. Haug, 59.
2. a
i
n-ita- adj. free from violence, unharmed, ainiti- f. absence of
violence, harmlessness; gentleness, mildness, ti abl./1, tis gen./1, cf. Y
58.4 ainitAc: ud agenih, Skt. an-iti- freedom from a calamitous season. The

141
adj. ainita- in Yt 13.51 xsnta ainita abista is derived from *an-ita-
unharmed. Cf. Skt. iti- f. plague, distress, calamity, infectious disease.
3. *-nita- adj. brought near, *-niti- f. the act of leading near, Skt. -
niti-.
Pers. ken revenge, vengeance, rancour, Av. kaen- f. revenge (for
someone) to ci. Pers. agen un-inimical, without hatred, agenih un-inimical
posture. In P 25 ainiti is rendered by Pers. agen.
)ainit$i: skhih~ cn a-xstagih
ainit>i means poverty, impecuniousness.
If we follow the Zand, then isti-/ isti- is derived from is to desire (Skt.
is): ista- desired, isti- f. desire, quest; desired object, Skt. ist- 5 Pers.
xstag desired object, property, wealth. Then ainisti- means not having
what is desired, poverty. We can find these other homonymous words: isti-
vigour is derived from is (Skt. is to impel, incite, promote), ainisti- lack of
vigour, inactivity; isti-/isti- power, dominion; ability is derived from is to
be able, command (Skt. is), ainisti- inability, weakness; isti- f. ritual,
sacrifice is derived from yaz to worship, sacrifice to, ainisti- lack of
sacrifice. Cf. N 109 ista: tavnig, ainistom: adavnig, P 11 ainistis: ped
adavnigih.
Pers. skh/ uskh poor, miserable < OPers. skau/i- poor, weak, skhih
poverty; Parth.
e
skh < OPers. skau/i-.
Pers. a-xstagih impecuniousness, being out of money.
airit$: ares
Av. irista ppp. of ris to get hurt; a-irista- adj. unhurt, unwounded,
secure 5 Skt. ri$$a-, t nom./1, m., cf. N 56 airista : arist.
Pers. a-res uninjured, res ulcer, sore, physical damage; damage of
property; the sin of injury, Av. raesa- m., raesah- nt., cf. 25.2.
aci&$: ad:isn
Av. ci/- f. fine, penalty from ci (Skt. cay), a-ci/- adj., /a- m.
without fine, / nom./1, m.
Pers. a-d:isn without atonement, t:isn atonement from t:-: tuxt, cf.
2.3, 19.
aci&r$: abedg
Av. ci/ra- adj. bright, brilliant; distinctive, nt. brilliance; visible
manifestation (of) rendered by pedgih, a-ci/ra- adj. unclear, obscure,
indistinct, r nom./1, m., cf. 19.
Pers. abedg non-manifest, invisible, disappeared, pedg manifest;
revealed; public man, cf. 19.
avar.: <r~
Av. avaro/ G avar5 adv. downwards; (come) hither!, avaro.gu pr. n. m,
lit. come-hither-to-the-cow; Skt. avr adv. down, downwards. Cf. Y 29.11

142
na avar5 (come) hither to us. Pers. r adv. hither, come hither!, red come
ye!, drust red welcome!, Parth. avar.
_ : ang
Av. avi particle woe! is rendered by Pers. ang wicked, mischievous,
cf. Y 45.3.
Pers. ang/k wicked, mischievous, Paz. an possibly derived from *a-
na*)a-ka-. Pers. ankih wickedness; misery, calamity, ant. nekih, cf. HAM
149 nekih i :amn ~ ankih, ud ankih i :amn nekih, Dk iii M 179
mengig nekih rmisn ud mengig ankih bes.
ast1t$: anestenid
Av. a-stta- adj. not lasting to st, t nom./1, m., astt not being in
charge of, not under the control of, cf. Vd 15.9 stt.ratm v astt.ratm
v : estenid-radn [ke andar xnag i pidarn sv ast], anestenid-radn [ke
nest].
Pers. esten-: estenid caus. to cause to stand, place, set up, an-estenid lit.
not-placed.
)apivaite: andar-dnistan
Av. vat, vata- pres. 5 Skt. vat to blow upon; inspire, appropriate
spiritually, aipi-vat to be acquainted with, understand about; inspire
rendered by andar dn-, Skt api-vat to understand, comprehend, be familiar
with, Av. fr vat to make known, show to, Parth. fra-vad- to understand.
Av. apivatahe pres. mid. ind. s2: andar dne cf. Y 9.25, apivatite pres. mid.
subj. s3: andar dned cf. Vd 9.2, apivaiti aor. pass. S3: andar dnem (Y
44.18), apivateiti pres. ind. s3: andar dned cf. H 14.2. The word apivaite
has been taken by the translator in the sense of an infinitive of the purpose.
ap.m$: abdum
Av. apoma-/ G ap5ma- adj. last, final, apom/ G ap5m5 nom./1, m.,
ap5mom adv. in the end, Skt. apam- superl. of pa.
Pers. abdum last, final, adv. < *apa-tama-, Aram. "ptm, Paz. aadim,
aadum, Fars. &4W! /afdom/, &"!* /vdom/.
asp.r.n$: drahm
Av. asporonah- nt. < *aL-)-na-s-, n nom./1. Cf. N 91 (an-)asporon
vastrahe: (ne-)uspurrig hn i vastarag, Dk viii, M 710 pdifrh i asporon
i du:idag.
Av. asporon.ma:a(h)- of the weight of an aspcrcna` rendered by
asporonmah [cand drahm-e], cf. Vd 4.48. Cf. also Dk viii, M 702 abar
pesemlih ped asporon- ma:, Vd 5.60 ni :i asporon.ma:: ne
Hspln
i
.mah [cn drahm-e ar:] neither of an aspcrcn-weight [which is
worth one drahm].

143
There is no evidence that aspcrcn was a coin. This meaning possibly
was influenced by a Byzantine word I'0%* (Lat. asperum), used of coins.
Pers. drahm < Gr. 60,D..
as: bd
Av.
1
ah to be, ah-/ h- pres., as ind. imperf. s3, Y 31.9 = s (Y 19.1), Skt.
++.
Pers. b(av)-: bd to be, become < OPers. bu, bava- to become, Skt.
bht- verbal adj. become, been, past; real.
<: bd
1su: te:
Av. su- adj. fast, quick, prompt, su acc./1, nt. used as an adv.
quickly, Pers. hg deer, gazelle, Sogd. ""s"wk"/suk/ gazelle < *su-ka-,
Khot. sk deer, Skt. +7- fast, quick, Gr. N9(& fleet.
Pers. te: swift, quick; sharp, cf. 11.
asta: vist
Av.
2
ah to throw, cast, shoot, asta- ppp., Skt. as, asta-, cf. Y 57.28 hv-
asta-va well-shot.
Pers. vih: vist to throw, shoot; lay, cf. Skt. vyadh, vdhyati to wound,
pierce, shoot down.
asta ium: vistr tigr
asta isum: one who throws (/ discharges) an arrow.
Av. astar- m. shooter, thrower, ta nom./1, Skt. star- m.
Av. isu- m. arrow < *isu-, sum acc./1, Skt. $u- f.m.
asta isum, cf. RV 1, 64, 10 stra $um, RV 2, 42, 2 $umn st.
Pers. tigr arrow, Av. tiyri- m. id.. Cf . the inscription of buhr I
(Hjbd), Pers.: u-n ka en tigr vist.
Pers. vistr thrower, shooter from vih-: vist (Av. vid).
1ste: nisast/ nisived
Av. h, h- pres. to sit, ste ind. mid. s3, Skt. s, -ste sits, Khot. h,
ste.
Pers. nisiv-: nisast to sit from *ni-had, Fars. 8?I\ /nisin-/, Av. ni-had
(opp. ni-dvar).
1:
Av. adv. here, hither; indeed, prep.-postp. up to, until, cf. Vd 18.29
vahistom ahm : hn i pahlom oxn, Y 8.4 rendered by q.
ahm1i: hn
Av. a- this, ahmi dat./1.

144
Pers. hn that < *hu-nB, Paz. , Fars. b /n/.
am1i: amvandih
Ava. ama-/ G 5ma offensive force, strength, mi dat./1, Yt 10.26,
ama- adj. of strength, firm, Skt. ma- impetuousity.
Pers. amvand strong, cf. 3.5.
ahm1k.m: am
Av. vaem we, ahmkom gen., OPers. amxam < *ahm-kham <
*ahm-kam, Skt. asm-kam, Bact. , Pers. am, Sogd. m"x /mx/, Osset.
max.
1a: eg
1: edn
Av. a/ G , a.
Av. a J Skt. -t.
a in first position, it marks the beginning of a statement; it connects a
sentence with what precedes. In second or third position, it gives emphasis to
the preceding word.
as an enclitic to the first word in the sentence, it gives emphasis to the
preceding word.
a (consecutive particle) in first position, it marks the beginning of a
statement; it connects consecutive actions.
Pers. eg then, thereupon, OPers. adakaiy.
Pers. edn thus < *a*ta-ga)nam, Paz. 5dun, Arab. Pj7J.
a*a: eg
Av. aoa/ G ad adv. then, thereupon, Skt. dha/ dh adv. now, then,
OPers. ada(kaiy).
a&a: edn
Av. a/a/ G a/ adv., correl. va/B and i/B so, thus, in that respect, in this
way.
1*a: guft
Av. d to say, declare, d- perf., oa/ G d ind. act. s1, Skt. -ha he
said, spoke.
Pers. g
b
-: guft to say, cf. 3.6.
1&a: (8 @
Av. i/i- f. fear, i/a loc./1. It has been correctly translated by the
translator of the Aog. 28 i/ivantom : bimgen, Armen. ah fear.
I prefer to derive it from ad (oa?). Av. ad, Skt. ad to eat, devour.

145
(8 @ : Jam. dd, Reich. dart, Kl. ywt.
Pers. fv-: fd to chew; swallow.
a3a: vad
Av. aya- adj. bad, evil; Skt. agh-. Pers. ag, ag-den < Av. aya.daen-.
Pers. vad bad, evil, vile, wretched cf. 2.2.5.
1z$i: :
Av. :i- m. greed, concupiscence; the demon Greed, :is gen./1, cf. Y
16.8, :i- daev.dta-, Pers. : concupiscence, greed (in Man. 5 Gr. O</,
Lat. Nebrol).
a3ra a3r.m: sar
Av. ayra- nt. foremost point; top, summit, ra inst./1, rom nom./1, Skt.
gra- tip, summit, beginning.
Pers. sar head; top; tip, cf. 3.2.
a3rim: ayrig
Av. ayrva- adj. foremost, premier; excellent, of first class; longest, rAm
acc./1, Skt. agriy- foremost, principal, Pers. agri, agriv.
1z1ta: :d
Av. -:ta- adj. high-born, agnate, noble from zan, one of the epithets
applied to the maiden Dan, Armen. azat, Aram. "zt free, Pers. :d noble;
free, ant. ves (Av. vaesa-), cf. Dk iii M 234.
<az1ta>: a:d
Av. a-:ta- adj. unborn, not yet born from zan, Pers. a-:d, cf. Dk ix M
816.
)ar.dra: rd
Av. arodra- adj. successful (in ritual, in the poetic competition) is
related to rdah- (like ugra- to aojah-). It is translated by rd(ih).
Pers. rd generous, liberal, rdih generosity, Av. riti- f. generosity.
aurva: arvand
Av. aurvant- adj. rapid, fleet, m. fleet courser, runner; steed, va
nom.-acc./1, nt., aurva.aspa- having-fleet-horses, Skt. rvant- m. courser,
horse, Pers. arvand.
a2ra: midrag
Av. ara- nt. cloud, ra nom.-acc./3, Skt. abhr-, Khot. ora- sky, Pers.
+0! /abr/ cloud.
Pers. midrag from OPers. *mid 5 Skt. mh- f. mist, fog, cf. SS5 midrag
pvag.
aora: rn
Cf. 3.1.

146
ar$na: abehikr
Av. r5na- adj. aggressive, fighting, pugnacious, r5na- nt. battle, fight
5 Skt. rna- m., Av. a-r5na- adj., na acc./3, nt. 5 Skt. a-rana- without
fighting (as death).
Pers. pehikr dispute; trial, a-behikr adj., cf. Dk viii, M 705 abehikr-
rad.
a/&rapaiti: herbed
Av. ae/ra.paiti-/ ae/rapaiti- m. teaching priest, teacher, tis nom./1,
from a noun *ae/ra- teaching, school, Pers. herbed, Paz. 5ra, Guj. (Parsi)
ervad.
ar.m: bavendag
Av. arom/ G ar5m adv.-postp. appropriately; sufficiently rendered by
bavadag, rmaiti (< *arom-mati-): bavandag-menisnih.
Pers. bavandag/ bavendag complete; enough, Paz. bundaa, Parth.
bavandag, Armen. bawandak/ bovandak total, entire, perfect, complete, cf.
Sogd. b"wwny perfection.
)ar.t$.k.r.i&in$: va:isngirdr
Av. arot.koroi/ina- (adj. of time, derived from *koro/a-) characterized
by the fulfilment of the arota (/ duty), n nom./1, m., hamaspa/maedava-
arot.koroi/ina- the five intercalary days, cf. Vr 1.2
+
arot.koroi/inahe: ped
va:isn-girdrih.
Pers. va:isn worship, ceremonial from yaz-: vast (OPers. yad), rendering
Av. yasna-.
Pers. va:isngirdr who performs the Yasna-offering, a priest name,
va:isn-girdrih the performance of the Yasna, cf. !f.
1tr.vax$: tas-vaxsenidr
Av. toro < *t- fire, toro-vaxsa- m. (priest) who tends the fire
from vaxs, s nom./1, cf. Vr 3.6 trovaxs: darvaxs. Pers. tas-vaxsenidr
cf. VZ 29.7.
1t.r..vazan$: tas-va:enidr
Av. toro.va:ana- m. fire-blower (a tool), fire-fan from vaz, n nom./1,
Pers. tas-va:enidr, cf. Vd 14.7 trova:anom hikaranom: tas-va:enidr gird
[kk-e] a round fire-blower [a small]. Skt. pa-vfav to fan, kindle, upa-
vfana- nt. fan.
1tr..k.r.ta: tas-kirdr
Av. toro.korot- who makes the fire, ta inst./1. It refers either to a
priest or to a tool.
Or, tro.korotar- fire-maker, ta nom/1.
Pers. tas-kirdr fire-maker, cf. Vd 14.7 tro.carana: tas-kirdr.

147
1t.r.tar1 na/m1: tas tar nemag

Or: toro-tara.naema-.
From the side of the !tcrctara.
Av. toro.tara- (adj. lit. passing over/ conquering the fire), r abl./1.
Av. naema- adj. half, m. a half side, m abl./1, Pers. nem(ag).
1tar..mar.zan$: tas-mustr
Av. taro.maro:ana- m. fire-cleaner (a tool) from marz, n nom./1.
Pers. tas-mustr from ml-: must to rub, sweep, stroke.
1tar..fri&it.mca: tas-frannft |hn i rattom|
@tarM.friCitMmca refers to the supreme judge/ tutor.
Av. taro.fri/ita- adj., lit. gratified of/ dear to the fire from fri, tom-ca
acc./1.
Pers. tas-franft Irom franm-: franft.
1b.r.t.m: b-burdr
Av. borot- m. (priest) who brings rendered by burd, tom acc./1. The
writer of this Glossary derives it from *p-borot- < *p-bh7-t-(?) who brings
the water. Cf. N 77 pom boros bar : b hn i burd e bared, Vr 3.1
borotom : burdih the office of an bcrct`.
Pers. b-burdr water-bearer.
1snat1r.m: snidr
Av. snatar-, earlier sntar- m. (priest) who washes, priest in charge of
the washing from sn, trom acc./1. Cf. Vr 3.1 snatrom: snadrih the
office of an sntar, Pers. snadr, snidr, cf. Dk ix M 822 ddr ud
parvardr ud snidr i drivusn, DD 16.10 snidrih i :iveng gvn.
-/"9": bavendag-menisn
Av. rmaiti- f. rendered by Pers. bavandag-menisnih, rmata loc./1, cf.
4.2.
)a&a )urun$: edn ravn
Yt 19.53.
Av. a/a adv. thus.
Av. urun/ urvan- m. soul, urun acc./3, cf. 9.
It seems the Pahlavi translator took the Zand (= Avesta) as two separate
words, a/a and urun; but the word means priest, clergyman, which
meaning is too well known to admit of any doubt. (Hoshengji 62) If we
accept this hypothesis, then:
a&aurun$: srg
Av. a/aurun- *at
h
ar-un-/ /ravan- *t
h
ra-)an- m. ordained priest,
member of a priestly class, a/aurun gen./1, Skt. tharvan-, tharvanas ,
Pers. srn/ srg, inscr. ""trwn.

148
Av. a/auruna- nt. (priestly) studies, school rendered by Pers. srgih,
cf. H 1.1.
)avava: hn i and
Av. avavant- adj. that great, that much rendered by hn i and ; va
acc./1, nt. used as an adv.
Pers. and as much, so much, many, Av. avant- adj. that much, ava
adv. of quantity, Parth. avend, Pers. and cand, cf. CHP 33, A 4.4-6 sva
ava. For cand see 19.
ava*1: nh
Av. avaoa adv. there, avao adv. from there; Parth. d, OPers. avad
there.
Pers. nh there, over there, Paz. n, cf. the rock inscription of buhr
at Hjbd: Pers. v gvg k nh gvg = Parth. o k h :anag vvg,
Dk iv M 429 edar ud nh.
a*1: pas
Av. aoa/ G ad adv. then, ao adv. from there, then, OPers.
ada(kaiy), cf. Yt 10.13.
Pers. pas adv. behind, then, afterwards < OPers. pas.

149
8

vis$ : vis
Av. vAs-/ G vis f. clanic domain, village, vis acc./3, Skt. v7-, Av. vis,
visas-ca gen./1, Skt. vi7+, vi77 ca, OPers. vi/- (royal) House, Pers. vis,
Khot. bis- house.
vispa: harvisp
Av. vAspa-/ G vispa- adj. all, every, whole, pa/ G p nom.-acc./3, nt.,
OPers. visa-/ vispa-, Skt. visva-, Pers. visp, Khot. bissa-, Sogd. wysp /visp/.
Pers. harvisp cf. 3.7.
viste: vinded
Av. vid to find, obtain, take heed, vind- pres., viste ind. mid. s3, Skt.
ved, vindti, Pers. vind-.
vise: pedirem
Av. vis mid. to take up ones position, declare oneself ready, vAsa- pres.,
vise ind. mid. s1, Skt. ves, visa-, Khot. bis-.
Pers. pedir- to receive, take up, accept; adopt < *pati-grab, Fars. +$t)
/paoir-/.
vastra: vastarag
Av. vastra- < *)astra- nt. garment from vah to be dressed (Skt. vas),
ra nom.-acc./3, Skt. vstra- nt., Pers. vastar(ag). Cf. Vd 17.3 vastra
vastrhva the clothes in the wardrobes Z vastarag andar vastaragn.
vasmi: kmag
Av. vas to wish, want, vas-/ us- pres., vasmi/ G vasomi ind. act. s1, Skt.
vas, v7-/ us-, vasmi.
Pers. kmag will < *kma-ka-, Av. kma- m. desire, wish, Skt. k-ma-,
OPers. kma-.
vahm1i: nivvisn
Av. vahma- m. laudation, hymn, mi dat./1, Pers. vahm, cf. Y 35.7
vasnomc vahmomc, M1019 (Man.) h g
b
end k vasn ud vahm rsn
va:urg ud ab:r
Pers. nivvisn praise, prayer from nivv-, cf. 4.7.
vida : vindd
Av. vid to find, vinad-, vind-, vinda- pres., vinda inj. act. s3, Skt. ved,
vind-, Pers. vind-: vindd.
vidu: gh

150
Av. viovh-/ G vidvh-; vAdus-, vious- (vi/usi- f.)/ G vidus- perf. ptc.
knowing, vidus/ G vidus nom./1 from vid to know, Skt. vidv-?s-/ vids-.
Or Av. vidu-/ G vidu- m. knowing one, dus nom./1.
Pers. gh aware, knowing < *-kas.
vitasti: vidast
Cf. 27.1.
Av. vA-tasti- f. (normal) span, ti inst./1.
vafra: vafr
Av. vafra- m. snow, ra nom./3, Pers. vafr, Khot. bor-, Farsi K+0
/barf/.
)(v)aoxte: guft
Av. aoj to say (Skt. oh), aoj- pres., aoxte ind. mid. s3 rendered by ged,
aoxta- verbal adj., cf. H7 .
Av. vac to say, speak, proclaim, pronounce, vaoc-/ vaok-, vavac-/
vavak- perf., Skt. vac, ukt-.
Pers. g
b
-: guft, cf. Y 19.16 ma:daoxtom : ohrma:d-guft.
v$: asm
Av. v/ G va encl. pron. 2nd pers. pl., acc., v/ G v5 dat.-gen, cf. 2.4.
vana: van
Av. van- f. tree, na nom./1, Skt. vn- tree, wood, vn- f. the piece
of wood, Sogd. wn- /van-/, Farsi 80 /bun/, 803^f /g:-bun/ walnut tree, Past
wana, Bal. gwan wild pistachio.
vanaite: vned
Av. van to overcome, prevail, defeat, vana- pres., naite ind. mid. s3, cf.
Yt 19.96, Skt. van, vnate, Pers. vn-.
vanat'm: vnidr
Av. vanant- ptc. defeating, vanquishing, natm gen./3, m., cf. Ny 3.10
vanatm avanomnanm : vnidr kasn, a-vnidag kas.
)var.dv$: narm
Av. varodva- adj. soft, v nom./1, m. from )rad, varodu- adj. soft,
varodu-sma- nt. soft earth rendered by narm-:amig, Skt. vrad to soften.
Pers. narm soft, Av. namra- soft, pliable.
viusaiti:
vvusisn
Av. vah to gleam, shine, usa- < *us-sFa- inch. pres., usant- ptc., usaiti-
f. gleaming, Skt. vas, ucch-, Av. vA-vah to appear, dawn, Sogd. wyws- to
dawn, wy"ws dawn, Khot. bvs- to shine forth, become light, Skt. vy-$- f.
dawn, daybreak, vi-vas to shine (forth), dawn; illumine. Av. vvusant- (ptc)
shining forth, appearing, dawning, flashing, vAusaiti ind. act. s3 or nom./1 f.,
cf. Vd 19.28 /ritva xsap viusaiti : ped hn i sidigar sab be-vvusisnih, Hn

151
2.7 /ritva xsap /raosta vvus saoaveiti : ped hn i sidigar sab sar a-s ped
vvusisnih sahed. [/raosta is loc./1 of /raosti- < *fra-usti- dawning.]
vikay$: gugv
Av. vi-kaya- m. witness, v nom./1, cf. 27.2, Armen. vkay, Parth.
vigh, Khot. bye, bvvan-, Bactr. , Pers. gugv.
v.hrkahe: gurg
Av. vohrka- m. wolf < *)<rka-, k- f. she-wolf, kahe gen./1, Skt.
v7ka- m., vk.- f., Sogd. wyrk- wolf, Khwar. rik ("wr%k), Pers. gurg, Khot.
birgga-.
var.kahe: varg
Av. varoka- m. leaf, kahe gen./1, Skt. valk- bark, Pers. varg leaf;
folio; sheet, Syr. wrq", Parth. vargar leaf; foliage < *)arka-ra, Sogd. wrkr,
Khot. bggara-.
vanar.: vesag
Av. vanar/n- nt., naro nom./1 forest, Skt. vnar-/ vnan-, vanar-g-
adj. moving about in a forest.
Pers. vesag forest, thicket, Av. varosa- tree, !darbyagn mesa,
Aram. wrsbr /varsa-bara-/ forester, cf. HAM 90 sagr andar vesag.
a.vadr.m: vas-gund
Av. as prefixal form much, greatly, cf. Gr. +>G.
Av. vandra- praise from vand (Av. vand).
Av. as.vandra- adj. receiving great praise, much praised, rom (acc/1),
cf. Yt 19.9.
Pers. vas many, much, cf. 11.
Pers. gund/ vand praise, vas-gund receiving much praise, Av.-Skt.
vand to praise, Parth. vand-/ vend- id., Bal. gwand- to swear.
<a.>var.c: vas-varz
Av. varocah- nt. miraculous power, dignity from var, Skt. vrcas-, Pers.
varz.
Av. as.varocah- adj. of high dignity, of great magic, ca nom./1, m., cf.
AfZ 2 as.varoca va/a kava usa : vas-varz bed cn kav-us [bd].
)a.v.r.&ra: vas-~per:gar
Av. voro/ra- nt. resistance, defence, shield; valour rendered by
per:garih victoriousness, Skt. vtr-, Av. as.voro/ra- adj. of great valour,
/ra nom./3, m.
Pers. per:gar victorious, triumphant, successful, cf. 3.5.
vaca: gisn
Av. vac- m. voice; word; spirit, ca inst./1, cf. 3.5.
Pers. g
b
isn word, speech; discourse; homily, cf. 3.5.

152
v1cim: (vng ud gisn.) ast gvg k vaxs.
vcim: voice, word. In some places it means also spirit.
Av. vcim/ G vcom acc./1 of vac- m., Skt. v-c- f., v-cam.
Pers. vng voice, sound; invocation; tune < *)anka-, cf. 3.5.
Pers. vxs voice, utterance; spirit, Av. vxs nom./1 of vac-, Pers. vxs
v:dahr Holy Spirit, cf. 3.5.
v1t.m: vd
Av. vta- m. wind < *)aH-ata-, tom acc./1, cf. Hn 2.8, Skt. v-ta- m.,
Khot. bta-, Pers. vd wind; spirit, Fars. "'0 /bd/, Paz. v, gu.
)va*airyao: vahl
Av. vaoairvu- adj. rutting, on heat; seeking marriage < *vad-ar-/u-,
rvaos gen./1, cf. Yt 14.11 ustrahe kohrpa vaoairvaos in the shape of a
rutting camel.
Pers. vahl = vardag in rut, on heat (female animal), Av. varota-, cf. Bd
109 :an dastn, gspend vardagih.
="0>.="-(;%: vixt-b
It refers to Yt 14.11 vaoairvaos vaksaos (var. vakm.saos, vadn.sis,
daom.sis, dadn.sis). Darm. and Geld. dadsaos from ds, Barth. 1336
vakm.saos/ vakm.varis.
Av. ds to bite (Skt. daMs), ti:i.dstra- adj. with sharp teeth (Skt.
dMs4ra- m. large tooth, fang), *vi-ds to munch, *vi-dsu- adj.
munching.
Av. vairi- m. sea, varis gen./1, Pers. var/ ver.
Pers. vixt-b (lit. sifted-water) from vez-: vixt (Av. vic).
var.*aya: vled
Av. vard to grow, increase, enlarge, varooava-/ G varodava- caus. pres.,
varooava imp. act. s2. Skt. vardh, vrdhati, Pers. vl-, Fars. >'0 /bl-/.
)v1r$: vrn
Av. vra- m. rain, r nom./1, Skt. v-r- nt., vri- nt. water, rain, Pers.
vrn, Fars. !:'0 /brn/.
v1raiti: vred
Av. vr to rain, vra- pres., vraiti ind. act. s 3, Pers. vr-, Khot. br-.
var.y$: gursag
Av. varosva- adj., v nom./1, m. from *)s-, Sogd. ws"y- to be hungry,
M wsn, C wswq hungry, Past. waNai hungry, Yida wuAyo hungry, Pers.
gursag, Bal. gusnag.

153
va/m : am
Av. vaem first pers. pron., nom./3 < *)a/om, OPers. vayam, Skt. vaym.
Pers. am, cf. 7.26.
va/*ayama: nivevenem
Av. vid to know, acknowledge, vaeoava-/ G vaedava- caus. pres.,
vaeoavama subj. act. pl. 1, ni-vid, ni-vaeoava- to announce, Skt. ni-vid to
proclaim, inform, Pers. nivev-: nivist, niveven- caus., Sogd. nw"y-: nw"yst-.
va/na: did
Av. vaen, vaena- pres. to see, look at, na inj. act. s3, OPers. vain,
vaina-, Skt. ven, vna-, Pers. ven-: did, Sogd. wyn- /ven-/, Fars. 8?0 /bin-/, 8?f
/gin-/, cf. 14.5.
)vaza3a: vay
Mss. vaoaya.
Av. va:aya- m. frog, y- f. rendered by va:ay/ vazag (Vd 5.36),
Isfahani (J) veoay; Gil. (west) guzge/g.
Pers. vay frog, toad, Tab. vak, Par. bak; Kurd. (Sorani) boy.
)var.nava: ' C () 2 varrg
Av. varonava- m. spinner (name of an insect) < *varonB-vai/a-,
varonava.visa- (m. lit. having a spinners poison) name of an insect, cf. Yt
5.90 varonavisca varonava.visisca, Skt. rnan-bhi- m. spider, ,rnvbhi-
m. id..
)var.na : <varr>
Av. var-n- f. covering; hair; wool, na nom./1, cf. Vd 4.46, Skt. ,rn-
f., Pers. varr garment, Khwar. w"n, Armen. vaO royal mantle/ robes, Hitt.
hulana-.
_ : varsag
Av. varosa- nt.; pl. f. hair, cf. 3.1.
va/*im: ghih
Av. vaeiova-/ G vaeidva- nt. knowledge from vid, oim nom./1 rendered
by ghih, cf. Y 22.25, Fr A.3 (Purs!F 74.2).
Pers. ghih awareness, information, cf. 8.9.
)v1straya-
v
ha: kr var:isn
Av. vstra- nt. meadow, forage, pasture, grass, Bact. , Parth. vs
straw, Khwar. ws grass, Gil. vs grass, hay, vstr(a)va- denom. pres.,
vstrava
v
ha imp. mid. s2 rendered by vstaren-, cf. Vd 14.17 vstr
a
vaeta :
vstarened [k-sn sagr be kuned.]

154
Pers. kr from kar to do, var:isn from varz to work, kr var:isn. kr-
var:isnih 5 Av. vstrv- f. agricultural or pastoral work, cf. 26. Pers. kr-
var:idr 5 Av. vstrv-varo:- adj. who works in the pasture-field, cattle
grazer, cf. Y 68.12.
voh+: veh
Av. vahu-/ vohu- < *vahu- adj. good, voh nom.-acc./3, nt., OPers.
vau-, Skt. vsu-, vs, Pers. veh < *vahyah- better.
vahit.m: pahlum
Av. vahista- superl. adj. (of vohu-) best, very good, tom nom./1, nt.,
acc./1, m., Skt. vsis4ha-, Pers. vahist.
Pers. pahlum/ pasum foremost, best, excellent < *pr-tama-, mardn
pahlum 5 Syr. +<0= .<>
?
.
v'&2a: ramag
Av. v/a- nt., - f. herd, a acc./3, cf. Y 62.10 g5us v/a
viranm. hn i gspendn ramag ud hn i virn.
Pers. ramag herd, flock, Pers. ram herd, multitude, people < *rama-,
Sogd. ram people, rm"k /ramak/ herd of animals.
v.r.nava: varravisn
Av. var to convince; believe, voronu-/ voronav- pres., voronava inj. act.
pl. 3, OPers. var, vnava- to believe, Skt. var, Pers. varrav-, Farsi *+f y
/grav-/.
Pers. varravisn belief, faith; assent 5 Gr. Q'$E&.
v$i&2a: xehisn
Av. vi/a- participle of necessity < *vai-t)a-, from vi to chase, cf. 2.4.
Pers. xehisn chase, pursuit translates Av. vi- id., cf. 2.4, and also Vd
13.8.
)v$istr.m: vindisn
Av. vistra- nt. from
2
vid to find, obtain, trom.
Pers. vindisn earning; acquisition; revenue from vind- (Av. vid). It
translates Av. vaedona- nt. possession, finding, cf. Y 34.7.
v.r.zya: var:isn
Av. varz to work, cultivate (opp. fra-varz), voro:va- pres., :va inj. act.
s3, cf. Y 47.2 voro:va: varzed, Pers. varz-, Bact. .
Pers. varzisn work, practice; tillage, cultivation.
)var.dv$: narm
See 8.17
)v.r.nuite: bus

155
Av.
3
var, voronu- pres. translated by nihumb- to conceal cf. Y 23.1, and
busen- to cause conception, impregnate cf. Vd 18.32, voronite ind. mid. s3
cf. Vd 18.35.
Pers. bus pregnant, Av. apu/r- adj. f., Fars. (Sagestn) bes.
var.tata: varden
Av. vart to turn, roll, varota- pres., varotata inj. mid. s3, or imp. act. pl.
2, Skt. vart, Khot. baP-, Pers. vard-: vast, varden- caus.
vart$: vast
Av.
1
varota- m. turning round, twist from vart to turn, varota- pres.,
:om.varota- m. lump of earth rendered by :amig-vast.
Av.
2
varota- enclosed, from var to cover, enclose, g/.varota- adj.
rendered by guh-vard, Fars. gugr/l, gugardnag name of an insect, tumble-
dung.
Pers. vast turned, twisted, Fars. vast dance.
: vi:idr-ghn
discerning the GI.
Or <v!cir$> : vi:idr ghnig~
vcir is a Gatha-Avesta term meaning discerner.
Av. vi-cira- adj. who discerns, passes judgement (on), r nom./1, m.
from ci. Cf. Y 29.4 hv vicir ahur : hn be-vi:idr xadv [k . kr ud
ddestn be vi:ined.]
Pers. vi:idr discerner, discriminator ; selector, vizin- : vizid.
)v!ca : be
Av. vi adv. apart, off, away, vica/ G vic and apart, Skt. v apart,
asunder, off, OPers. viy-.
Pers. be but; out, cf. 2.4.
vavax*a: guft
Av. vac to say, speak, proclaim, pronounce, vavac-/ vaoc- pres.,
vavaxoa < *vavak-/a < *)a)ak-t
h
a- ind. act. s2.
va/j$: be:isn
Av. vij to brandish, vaefa- pres., vaefant- ptc. brandishing, vaef
nom./1, m., cf. Yt 19.92, Skt. vij to move with a quick darting motion, Av.
vixta- ppp., Skt. vikta-, Pers. ve:-: vixt, Khot. bijs-, Bal. gef.
Pers. be:isn < + ve:- , Fars. ve:n hanging. [Mss. ! ($%& ; H. ! & ($%& ,
Barth. (1313) ve:isn, Kl. hycsn].
va-h1n$: nihn
Av.
3
vah to be dressed, put on (clothes), wear, vah- pres., vahna- ptc.
wearing, vahn nom./1, m, Skt. vas, vs-, vsna- ptc., Av. vahana- nt.
garment, dress, Skt. vsana- nt. cloth, dress, apparel, attire.

156
Pers. nihn concealment, hiding; clothing; adj. hidden, occult < *ni-
dna- (Skt. ni-dh+na- nt. depositing; store; treasure), cf. Pers. nivn/ Parth.
nign treasure, store from ni-kan (Av. ni-kan to bury).
vaste: nihuft
Av.
3
vah, vah- pres., vaste/ G vaste pres. ind. mid. s3, Skt. vas, vs-,
vste.
Pers. nihumb-: nihuft to cover, hide, clothe, don; hide, conceal; go into
eclipse < *ni-su
m
b, ant. humb-: huft to reveal. Pers. abar-nihumb- renders
Av. aii.var to cover, conceal.
va-ri: vahr
Av. vahar- nt. morning; spring, vari loc./1, OPers. /ra-vhara- a
month name, Pers. vahr, Fars. :'10 /bahr/, Armen. garun, Lat. uer, ONorse
vr, Gr. ,-./ spring.

157
9

us : hvansand
It is possible that us refers to the present stem of vas to wish, want, vas-/
us- pres., cf. Y 41.5 us-mahic we are willing glossed ud hvansand hend.
Av. usant-/ usat- ptc., usaiti- f. wishing, desiring, Skt. vas, vs-/ us-. Cf.
H 6.3 voro:v usaiti ni anusaiti : e var:ed hvansandih [ped kmag i
:ivnak], m ahvansandih, Vd 8.27 us nom./1, m. : hvansandih.
Av. usan- nt. wish, usa* (nom/1), cf. Y 45.9 us5n loc./1 at will glossed
ped hvansandih.
Pers. hvansand contented from *sand, hvansand h- to be contented,
Paz. xarsand, Fars. 479+[ F47,7[, cf. 12.
urva&$: dst
Av. urva/a- adj. friend or ally (by vow), / nom. /1, m., a-urva/a-
without vow: a-dst, related to Av. urvata- nt. vow, deal (Skt. vrat- nt.
ordinance, rule, Pl vata- religious vow).
Pers. dst friend < OPers. daustar-.
urva/s$: aspres
Av. urvaesa- m. turn, turning point (of a race-course), wave < *)raisa-,
a horse-racing term, s nom./1, Pers. arves rope.
Pers. asp-res race-course, Armen. aspares course, career, horse-race,
hippodrome, Syr. ./%+@A!. Cf. 19.
urva/sa: vardisn
Av. urvis to turn, revolve., spin rendered by Pers. vard-: vast to turn,
Pers. res-: rist to spin, Av. urvaesa- m. wave, cf. Yt 14.29 p urvaesom,
Skt. vrsi- f., cf. Y 51.6 ap5me ah5us urvaese at the final turn of (this)
existence Z d hn i abdom oxn vardisn |k-s d tan i pasen |.
Pers. vardisn change, alteration; revolution from vard-, later gardisn.
us: ul
Cf. 3.7.
urva: ravn
Av. urvan-/ urun- m. soul; immortal part of a human being or an animal
< *ru)n-, urva/ G urv nom./1, Pers. ravn/ ruvn, Paz. rv.
una: unag
Av. un- f. hole, cavity (in the earth); empty hand, na nom./1, cf. Vd
17.2 unhva : andar un [andar srag], Bd 109 unig ud big (big renders Av.
uppa- living in the water).
Av. n- f. aperture, cf. Y 10.15 fanvaos nm.
uva: harv do

158
Cf. 2.2.
uta: ud
Av. uta/ G ut conj. and, as well, cf. 4.1. Here uta is rendered by u-t .
Cf. also Y 10.5 uta: u-t edn.
uzy$: u:ed
u:v may indicate a split spelling u:v.rontom for u:vrontom pres. ptc.,
cf. Yt 8.36, u:v.roiti for u:vraiti pres. ind. act. s3, cf. Vd 19.28 hvarxsaetom
u:vraiti the sun rises Z xarsed [-i: ped ul-u:ihisnih nh] ul-u:ed. Av. ar
to move (towards), uz ar to rise, yara- pres., u:-vrant- ptc. rising.
Pers. u:iv-/ u:ih-: u:id to go out, depart, leave; originate, Av. uz-i.
uta: nek
Av. usti- f. desire, will, wish, usta/ ust loc./1 used adverbially as
desired, term of benediction, from vas to wish.
Pers. nek nice, beautiful, adv. well, Paz. nyahk < *na*)kah*a, cf. 2.2.
u: us
Av. us- nt. comprehension; intelligence; mind, us nom./1, Khot. ui
intelligence, Pers. us, Fars. hus.
.9"919./
Av. ustatt- f. usta-ness, state of having ones wishes fulfilled, ttom
acc./1, cf. Y 71.16 ustattom: nek-ravisnih.
)uibya: <us>
Av. usi-/ usan- nt. ear (opp. karona- m.), usibva inst./2, OPers. usibv,
Pers. us.
[Av. asi-/ asan- nt. eye, asibv inst./2, Pers. as.]
<ubda/n.m>: tadag
Av. ubdaena- adj. of woven stuff, made from woven material, ni- f.
from *ubda- woven, nom acc./1. Cf. Vd 8.23 ubdaenom v i:aenom v :
tadag avb psten, Vd 7.14-15 ve:i aha i:aenis ve:i aha ubdaenis :
agar ast [k] psten agar ast [k] tadag.
Pers. tadag woven from tan-: tad (Av. tan), cf. Dk viii M 729 tadag-
vastaragih.
urva/*'s: erang
Av. urvid, urvaeoa- pres. to condemn, convict, urvaeoant- ptc., os
nom./1.
Pers. erang 1 guilty; 2 guilt, condemnation, drang guilt,
responsibility, cf. below.
urvi*yeiti: eraxt
Av. urvid, urviova- pass. pres. to become condemned, urvioveiti ind.
act. s3, cf. P 56 ni aoiti frrai/vanm urvioveiti. ne ped a-dahisnih i
fr:-~ddestnn eraxt [ka-s ddestn bun ne kuned].

159
Pers. eran:-. eraxt to declare as guilty, condemn < *adi-dranj, ant. b:-
: bxt, eraxt condemned.
un.m: kam
Av. na- adj. incomplete; empty, Skt. n- adj. wanting, deficient, not
sufficient; less, cf. Vd 22.5 nom poronom : kam purr.
Pers. kam/ kem little, few, insufficient, Av. kamna- adj. few, small,
little, OPers. kamna-, Parth. kamb < *kambA*ah- comp.
u3r.m: cer
Av. uyra-/ G ugra- adj. (bodily) strong; powerful, comp. aojyah-,
superl. aofista-, uyrom, cf. Yt 10.19 uyrom xsa/rom, Skt. ugr- adj. powerful,
mighty, huge; fierce, Av. aogar- nt. strength, cf. 4.7 aojah-.
Pers. cer prevailing, overpowering, cf. Aog. 84 nar cirv taxm: mard
i tagig kre:rig.
uru&a: griyed
Av. rud to groan, wail, uru/a- pres., uru/a inj. act. s 3, Skt. rod.
Pers. griy-: griyist to weep, cry < OPers. *grad-ya-.

160
10

)parta : pursisn
Av. parsta- verbal adjective questioned, asked ; counselled ; in demand,
nt. question from fras to ask, cf. Y 43.10 parst (acc/3): pursisn [i den],
Skt. pst- adj. asked, questioned, psth- nt. question, inquiry.
Pers. pursisn question; study; visit, purs- to ask (Av. fras).
p.r.tu : viderag
Av. G porotu- m. ford, bridge, pass, passage, gangway, tus nom./1
from par to cross, cf. Y 46.11 cinvat porotus : cih-viderag, Y 51.12 porota
:im: andar viderag i :imestn. Avesta also displays the form posu-, cf. VYt
42. Pers. puhl, Gil. purt/d.
Pers. viderag/ vidarag pass, passage, path, ford from vidar-: vidast <
*)i-tar, cf. Dk viii M 726 vidarag i rdn, Bd 193 viderag i vd.
p.r.n.m: purr
Mss. pcrcnm
Av. porona- adj. full < *pna-, nom, cf. Vd. 22.5, Skt. prn- filled,
Khot. purra-, Sogd. pwrn /purn/, Pers. purr.
Av. parona- nt. < *parna- feather, Skt. parn- nt., Khot. prra-, Pers.
parr.
p.r.n1i: pehikr
Av. par to challenge, fight, importune, poron- pres., poroni subj. mid.
s1, cf. Khot. purr- to overcome, Armen. goupar fight. Cf. 4.3 poronomni.
Or Av. porotana- nt. = posana-, ni dat./1, Skt. p7tana- nt. a hostile
encounter, p7tan- f. battle, contest; a hostile armament.
Pers. pehikr struggle, dispute, controversy from *pati-kar, Parth.
padkr. Cf. 4.3, 7.
p.r.n1yu: purnv
Av. poronvu- adj., cf. 2.5.
p1ta: pv
Av. pta (verbal adj. from p) protected, guarded, ta, Skt. p, pta-,
Pers. pv-: pd.
Av. p to protect, guard, keep away, p- pres., pta imp. act. pl. 2, cf.
Srs Vz 3 pta.n : pv amh.
p1*a : pv
Av. poa- nt. foot, oa acc./2, Skt. p-da-, OPers. pd(a)- foot, Pers.
pv foot, footstep, track, leg; a measure of length, cf. 27.1.
pay$: pem

161
Av. payah- nt. milk, v nom./1, cf. Vd 7.77 pav fsuta : pem ud panir,
Skt. pyas- nt., pya+ milk, fluid of milk, uyni pv, poy sour milk.
Pers. pem, Av. paeman- nt. (breast) milk, cf. Dk viii M 730 gst ud nn
ud pem ud mavenisn-:.
pitum: pid ud gst
Av. pitu- m. meal, food, nourishment, tum/ tm acc./1, cf. N 67
pitum: pid [br]. Skt. pit- m. juice, food, Osset. fyd/ fid meat, Pers. pid/
pi meal; meat, flesh, cf. M 49 I (Man.) pi ud mav.
Pers. gst meat, milk, cf. 3.8.
pa/sa: pesisn
Av.
1
paesa- m. ornament, decoration, sa, Skt. pe7a-; Av. pis-, Skt.
pis-.
Av. paesah-, Skt. pesas--adorned, Pers. pes.
Pers. pesisn ornamentation, pes-: pist to adorn, embellish < OPers.
pi
n
/, cf. Dk iii M 206 ped harvisp pesisn pesid ested.
pux*a: panzom
Cf. 1.
pacasat.m: pan:h
Av. pancBsant- fifty, satom, sabis-ca, pancsata.gva, Skt.
pac7t- f. fifty, Pers. pan:h, Parth. panfsat, Sogd. pnc"s /panfs/.
)paca )sata: panz-sad
Av. panca sata 500, cf. Vd 3.36, Skt. paca-7ata, Khot. pa'jsa sate,
Fars. pnsad.
p1r.m: abm
Av. pra- m. debt, obligation, om acc./1 from par to owe, Sogd.
p"r(h) /pr/ debt, loan , Toch. A pare, B peri, Khot. pra- debt, Parth. pr,
Bact. debt, loan, obligation, Past. pr debt.
Pers. abm debt, loan, amount due, lending, Sogd. p"mytk /pmitak/, cf.
Skt. apa-mtya- nt. debt.
)piryete: appr
Av.
2
par to confiscate, condemn to lose, forfeit, pirya- pass. pres.,
piryete ind. mid. s3, Cf. H 7.2 pasca h/ra tanm pirveiti : pas a: h/r~
tanbuhl baved [sl-drahnv margar:n].
Pers. appr removed, confiscated, appar-, appur-: appurd to carry off,
rob < *apa-bar.
p.&$.tanu: tanbuhl

162
Av. posa- adj. forfeit, having forfeited < *pt, Pers. puhl.
Av. po$.tan- adj. whose body is forfeited, nus nom./1, porot.tanu-,
cf. N 42, Pers. tanbuhl.
pa&$: rh
Av. pant-/ pa/- m. path, way, road, panta nom./1, pa// panta
abl./1, Skt. pnths, path+, Av. pa/ acc./3, Skt. path+; Skt. pnth-/ path-
/ path- m., OPers. pa/A- f. path; Pers. pand path; advice, Khot. pande
way, u. pond, pand road.
Pers. rh road, way; journey < *r/a-, Sogd. r", r"I /r// road, cf.
GV 11.84 rh ud pand.
)p'snu: xk
Av. psnu- m. dust, nus nom./1, cf. Aog. 84, Skt. p(s- m. dust,
sand, crumbling soil, Khot. phna dust, mud, Osset. fnyk/ funuk ashes.
Pers. xk dust, earth < *h
h
ka- < *haka-, cf. Skt. -sa- m. ashes, dust.
p.r.n1vay: vbarign
Av. poron(= a+a)vav- f. who has accomplished the expiation, with full
forgiveness, va nom./1, cf. Vd 3.42 vahi daena m:davasnis poronvava
(Geldner: poronvus) ci/m /orosaiti : veh den i ma:desnn vbarign ped
t:isn brihenid ested.
Av. avav- I. is cognate with Skt. ava-y--.
Pers. vbarign true, verified, valid; faithful from var, Armen.
vawerakan. Pers. vbar true, credible; truth, belief, Armen. vawer.
pao: pdag
Av.
paosa- from pu to stink, rot, cf. P 41 acistom paosistomca :

vattardom ud pdagdom.
Pers. pdag foul, rotten from puy-: pd (Av. pu, puya-, Fars. e^) /ps-
/), Skt. pta- adj. putrid, stinking.
pata: paded
Av. pat to fly; fall (opp. car), pata- pres., pata inj. act. s3, cf. Yt 3.13,
Skt. pat, ptati, Pers. pad- to fall; fall out, opp. ras-, cf. Dk vii M 649-650.
)paityete: <pedirag> (raved)
Av. i to go (opp. dvar), paity- pres. to meet, face, paityete ind. mid. s3,
cf. Y 49.11 paiti-ieinti : pedirag ravend, Skt. prti ay to come or go to,
OPers. patiy-i to come to.
paiti: ped
Av. paiti/ G paiti prep.-postp., prev. towards, against, with, in return for,
at, in, Skt. prti, OPers. pati, Pers. ped, Bact. .

163
Av. paiti- m. master, lord, chief, Skt. pti-, Pers. ped, Bact. .
pus'm: abesar
Av. pus- f. crown, diadem; garland, tiara; headdress, sm acc./1,
:aranv.psa- adj. with a gold diadem. Toch. A psuk, B pssakw, Sogd.
"ps"kh /epsk/, ps"k /pesk/ wreath, garland, Pers. pusag garland, Armen.
psak, Farsi G',) < *pus-ka-.
m * '1Dh+z9! * 8?-'$: * '1af 3! S/ 47$^f !: .c'E `'53*: 'f:#0 * '5'C"') * 4\3'9 ":^2 {+0
4\:!tf +9 +0 `"'2!" 3*: :" '2"+2 * F8Ic * 4?| X o '5+0
Pers. abesar/ afsar that which is on the head; crown, Paz. asar. Pers.
sh-pusag = sh-afsar bot. Melilotus officinalis, yellow sweet clover, see
Bern, l_DEmOJ, 86.

164
11

mi&2a : gume:ag
Av. mi/an/r- nt. pair, couple, a nom.-acc./2, Av. mi/ana/ mi/ara-
adj. paired, m. pair rendered by ped-gume:ag intermixed (cf. Vd 2.41),
dognag double (cf. Vd 2.28, 36), Skt. mithun- adj. paired, forming a
pair, m. pair, Pkt. mehuna- nt. sexual union.
Pers. gume:ag mixture, Pers. gume:- : gumixt to mix = vime:-, cf. Skt.
meks.
ma : abg
Cf. 2.2
Av. ma prep.-postp. (together) with.
Pers. abg (together/ along) with, in company of.
m.r.zu: gisnag
Av. moro:u- adj., :vi- f. short, zu, Av. moro:u.fiti- adj. rendered by
gisnag-:ivisn short-lived, cf. Vd 19.26, Sogd. B mwrzk- /murzuk/, mwrzk-
zw"n"k short-lived, Khot. mulysga- short, Skt. mhu suddenly, muhr-t-
any short space of time, Gr. M,D(& small, short.
Pers.-Parth. gisnag short, cf. Khot. fseina- short, fine < *fasna-,
Sogd. sn"kk little < *fasnk(k)a-.
mou: te:
Av. mosu/ mos adv. soon, as soon as, quickly, Skt. maks/ mak$,.
Pers. te: swift; sharp, adv. swiftly, Av. tae:a- adj. sharp, m.
sharpness, bri/r.tae:a- adj. with sharpness of the blade, ti:i adj. sharp,
Parth. te:.
)must.m: <must>
According to Kl. mustomos is the result of a contamination by a scribe of
mustom mo$.
Av. mud to be merry, rejoice, please (Skt. mod), musta- verbal adj.
rejoiced, tom acc./1, cf. Y 46.4 ah5must < *a-ham-musta-.
Or Av. musta- 5 Skt. musta- Cyperus rotundus.
DoQ ... prs lENFJtOPF ) *6_DEmOJ u,2 (
m.&$: murd
Av. mo$a-/ morota- adj. dead from mar to die (opp. ri/), $ nom./1,
m., cf. Vd 5.61 mo$asci, Skt. mt- adj. dead, Pers. murd having died;
dead.

165
Or Av. mo$a- myrtle, Sogd. mwrt", Pers. murd.
ma: vas
Av. maz- adj. great, mas nom./1, m., cf. Y 32.3, 34.9, Skt. mh-.
Pers. vas much, many, very; enough, sufficient < Opers. vasiy a lot,
very greatly, Fars. g0 /bas/, Bal. gvas.
)maocata: muxt
Av. muc, maoca- pres., maocata inj. mid. s3, muxta- ppp., Skt. moc,
mucti to loose, let go, release; leave, mukt- ppp., Pers. (m:-): muxt, Av.
fra muc 5 Skt. pra-muc to set free, liberate, Av. fra-muxti- f. taking off.
Av. paiti muc to put on, paiti.smuxta- put on, Skt. prti-moc, Pers. pevm:-
: peymuxt.
may: (3^/ @
Av. mayah- nt., mava nom./1, Skt. myas- nt. enjoyment, pleasure,
delight, Sogd. my"kcyk /mavkcik/ happy. Cf. Yt 19.80, and also A 3.4
strv mava : andar hn i mvagn mvisn (copulation).
Av. mBv- f. 5 Skt. mv-- wisdom, art; illusion, trick. mBva nom.-
acc./3 is rendered by Pers. pevmn measure.
Av. mvavant- adj., vaiti- f. 5 Skt. mva-vat- adj. having magical
powers; connected with magical arts. Cf. Hn 2.16 mvavaitibvasca rendered
by (3^/ @' ' ($ 7 9T [k-s dastn-mh andar vi:rend].
m'm: man
Av. mm first personal pron., acc./1, Pers. man obl. me, cf. 4.7.
mimar$: hamesag-usmurdr
Av. mimara- adj. from mar to memorize, remember; recite (Skt. smar
to remember, think of), r nom./1, m.
Pers. hamesag adj. constant, perpetual, adv. always, hame(v) always
< ham (< *hama-) + ev (< *a*)a-), mesag always, cf. Av. miscim always
Z ped hamesag abgih (Y 52.1), Paz. ham5saa. Pers. hamesag-usmurdr a
constant reciter.
ma3a : abe:ag
Av. G maga- m., a technical term, sacrament, offering, Skt. magh-
gift, bounty. Av. maga is glossed by Pers. abe:ag(ih), cf. Y 29.11, 51.11.
Pers. abe:ag pure, neat, unmixed from *upa-vic, ant. gume:ag, Paz.
a5:aa, JPers. byz"/ yz" pure, clear, blameless, Fars. 6}$*b /()ve:a/, 6}?0
/be:a/.
mazdayasn$: ohrmazd-yaz

166
Av. mazda-yasna- adj. who worships Ahura Mazd, Mazdayasnian <
*ma:d-/asna-, sn nom./1, m., Pers. mazdesn (m:des, an epithet adopted
for Manichaeism).
Pers. ohrmazd-yaz who worships Ahura Mazd.
/"2#$: mardm
Av. masya- m. mortal, human being, man, v nom./1, cf. 3.6.
Pers. mardm/ mardhm man, mankind, people from mard man
(OPers. martiya-) and thm seed; family (OPers. taum-), ant. mar.
mruta: <guft>
Av. mruta- spoken verbal adj. from
1
mr to speak, recite, cf. Y 19.15
antaroca mrta : andarag-i: guft. Cf. 3.6.
<mrura> : mdag
Av. mr?ra- adj. horrible, pernicious, enfeeblement from
2
mr to
enfeeble; be pernicious, cf. Vd 2.22 mrr :va : mdag :imestn [k . tis
tabh kuned].
Pers. mdag having a dull mind, narrow(-minded) < *mtaka-.
m.r.z1n1i : . Xe K 0 , cn eskamb
Av. moro:na- nt. belly (opp. uru/an-), ni dat./1, mars- f. belly,
stomach (davic) rendered by muln, cf. Y 11.1, Pers. muln < OPers.
*mdna-.
Pers. (a)skamb belly, Fars. T(C! /eskam/, k7(C! /eskanb/, cf. 3.7.
ma*u : may
Av. maou- nt. mead; any sweet intoxicating drink, wine, maou-ca nom.-
acc./1, Skt. mdhu- nt., Pers. may wine, Sogd. mw /muo/ wine, mw
/maou/ id., Khot. mau intoxicant drink, Bactr. wine, Osset. myd/
mud honey, Farsi .2 /may/, ~2 /mul/.
mid.m: mizd
Av. mi:da-/ G mi:da- nt. reward, fee, prize, wages, dom nom.-acc./1,
Skt. mi"h- < *miNP
h
a- nt. reward in battle, Pers. mi:d, mizd-girn (Brn:
vPrÔJDEw).
mu&r.m: 7 @ 23,) (muhrist?)
Av. mu*ra-/ G m/ra- nt. urine, rom nom.-acc./1, Skt. m,tra- nt., Pers.
muhr. Cf. Vd 6.7 mu/rmca: 7 @ ($%,?) ' / 7 @ 23,) , Y 48.10 m/rom: 7 @ ($%=) ' .
mya/i: msisn
Av. mvaesi- from mi to alter (*mi- pres., mvaesa opt. mid. s2)?
Or *morosi- oblivion?
Pers. msisn (ant. toxsisn), ms-, cf. Skt. mars to forget.

167
ma3na : brahnag
Av. mayna- adj., n- f. naked, na nom./2, cf. Vd 8.10, Skt. nagn- adj.,
Khot. bnaa- < *bagna-ka-, Sogd. yn"k /baynak/, Khwar. aynak, Pers.
brahnag, Osset. bKng.
ma3.m: may
Av. maya- m. hole, hollow, pit, yom acc./1, cf. Vd 17.7, Pers. may.
maxi: maxs
Av. maxsi- f. fly, si nom./1, maxsi.kohrpa- adj. having the form of a
fly, Skt. mk$-, Pers. maxs, Sogd. mwsk- < *maxsik- mosquito.
m.r.x: murn:enisn
Av. moroc- f. destruction, roxs nom./1, cf. Yt 8.59 ahumoroxs who
destroys life, Skt. m7c- f., Sogd. mrc /marc/ death.
Pers. murn:en- to destroy, Av. marc, moroncava-, Pers. murn:enisn
destruction, cf. Dk viii M 723 murn:enisn i gehn.
maza : meh
Av. ma:ant- adj. great, za nom./1, m., cf. Yt 14.41, Skt. mah-nt-,
mahn nom./1, m.
Pers. meh < *ma/*ah- greater, Av. masyah- comp. of mas-.
(/"<#( : mhig
Av. masya- m. fish, v nom./1, cf. Yt 14.29, Skt. mtsya- m. id., Pers.
mhig, Parth. m"sy"g.)

168
12

sai*e : hvansandih
Barth. 1557 saoe inst/1 of sao- f. ; Kl. saioe/i.
Av. saioe is derived from sad (Skt. chad to cover; clothe, veil, chada-
m. cover, covering), like Av. saio-is- shelter (5 chads- nt. cover; roof),
cf. Yt 15.47; or it is derived from sand, saoava- pres. to seem, appear, please
(OPers. /ad, /adava- to seem, Skt. chand to seem, appear; seem good,
please), ()sad- appearance, look, adj. appearing as; pleased with (5 Skt.
chad), cf. also Vd 2.40 saoavaca: sahed.
Pers. hvansand is a compound, the second part of which sand is derived
from sand to seem; hvansandih contentedness, contentment; satisIaction`,
cI. Vr 8.1 sondavaha caus. pres. imp. mid. s2 of sand : hvansandih. Sogd.
xwsndy" : /xusandv/ rendering Syr. ./2B persuasion; conviction. Cf. 9
sa/te: nibayed
Av. si to lie, be lying (down), sae-/ say- pres., saete ind. mid. s3, cf. Yt
5.102. Skt. sav, sv-, sete, Pers. say- to lie (down), Khot. ss- id..
Pers. nibay-: nibast to lie down < *ni-pad, Av. ni-pad, Khot. nuvad-,
Sogd. nyp- /nipao-/.
suca: veng
Av. G sc- f. brightness, glow, ray from suc (Skt. soc to shine, burn),
sc inst./1, Skt. 7c- f. flame, glow; ray, radiance; brightness, Cf. Y 30.2
sc manah: rsn ped menisn. Av. suc- adj. bright, glowing, suca inst./1.
Pers. veng seeing; visible; clear-sighted from ven- to see, cf. PDK 30
rsn veng casm.
suk.m: venisn
Av. s?ka- m. light; (eye)sight, visual acuteness, kom acc./1, Pers. sg,
cf. Yt 10.23, P 33 casmana skom : casm-venisnih the light of the eyes (= the
eye-sight), cf. also Yt 14.3 saoka, Y 68.4 ski manahe: ped rsn-menisnih.
Av. drae-skom adj. whose eyesight reaches into the distance, cf. Yt
8.4, Yt 1.15.
Pers. venisn sight, seeing; visibility; the sense of sight (R BSE&).
sv$: sd
Av. s- f. benefit, s-, sv acc./3 from *su (Skt. sav, svyati to swell,
increase), cf. Y 49.9 suve dat./1 : sd. Av. vavae-s (adj.) of eternal benefit,
cf. Y 39.3 vavae-sv (acc/3, m) : hame-sd.
Pers. sd benefit, profit, use, advantage from *su.
s.vita: sd-xstr

169
Av. sovista- very opulent < *sauH-ista-, superl. of sra-, ta nom./1, f.,
Skt. svis4ha-, cf. Yt 5.98, Yt 1.15 sra nma ahmi sovista (nom./1, m.) nma
ahmi : ab:r (strong) nm hem, sd-xstr nm hem.
Pers. sd-xstr desirous of benefit, who wills the good, cf. CHP 59
sd-xstr i vispn.
sci!daya: skast
Av. skand to break, cleave, scindava- pres., scindava inj. act. s3, Pers.
e
skann-:
e
skast to break, Lat. scindo to tear, split.
)si*ya: visist
Av. sid to split, sista- ppp., siova- pres., siova inj. act. s3. Skt. ched to
cut off, amputate, chop, split, Bal. sid-, sind-: sist to break, split.
Pers. visinn-: visist to tear, split, Fars. gusal-: gusast.
stri: mvag
Av. stri- f. female, woman (ant. nar-), ri nom./1. Cf. 2.6.
Pers. mvag female, cf. 2.2.
)spaxtim: psebn<ih>
Av. spaxsti- f. watchfulness, seeing, tim acc./1 from spas to observe,
see, espy (Skt. pas), Bact. / service, pouru.spaxsti- f. ability to
observe/ espy much, cf. Y 57.26 pouru.spaxstim : pur-pspnih, cf. also Yt
10.11.
Pers. psebn/ pspn watchman, guardian, ps watch, guard <
OPers. *pa-, Pers. phr < Av. p/ra- nt. protection.
sruta: nmig
Av. sr?ta- adj., t- f. heard; well-heard, famous < *Bluto-, rendered by
srd (N I 7.3), nmig (Y 9.14), Skt. srut-, Pers. srd, Gr. D<)$=&.
Pers. nmig renowned, famous, nm name; renown, fame, Av. nman-,
nman-.
sr!r: nekgih
Cf. 3.5.
Av. srira- adj., r- f. beautiful, ra acc./3, Yt 13.81.
Pers. nekg beautiful, good, nekgih beauty, bliss.
st1ta: estisn
Av. stta- verbal adj., t- f. stood; standing, stationary, from st, Skt.
sth, sthit-.
Av. stti- f. standing; duration, ta loc./1, stti-, drv.stti-, Skt. sthti-
f. standing, staying, continuance in being.
Pers. estisn standing; existence; state, position from est- (Av. st).
saxta : sa:isn

170
Av. saxta- verbal adj. passed from sac, fra.saxta- come to the end (of
life) rendered by fr:-sa:isnih, OPers. /akata-, Parth.- Pers saxt, Sogd. st,
sth, sty", sy".
Av. saxti- f. passing (of time), ta loc./1.
Pers. sa:isn passing from saz-: saxt (Av. sac), cf. Dk viii M 689 sa:isn i
:amnag. Cf. Khot. sta passing (of time).
sravat$: avistb
Av. sr(a)vant- adj., vat gen./1 from an unknown root (*sru?). Av.
upa.srvant- adj., cf. Vd 7.27 :om upa.srvat : :imestn i abar-
avistbgar [k. kasn angih a:is] the oppressive winter [that is: there is
harm to persons therefrom]. Cf. Khot. sarva0dai hastening.
Pers. avistb oppression, hurrying < *abi-stap to oppress (*stap to
press), Armen. stap haste, hurry, Fars. '<C /s
e
tb/ hurry, speed, haste.
staxt$: staft
Av. staxta- adj., t nom./1, m. from *stac, Pers. saxt hard, firm.
Pers. staft firm; harsh, severe, Skt. stabdha- adj. firmly fixed; stiff,
rigid, Sogd. stt /st
e
d/ hard, harsh, fierce, Fars. @=9 /seft/ tight, stiff,
hard, firm, solid.
staxr$: sturg
Av. staxra- adj. harsh, severe, r nom./1, m. from *stac, cf. Vd 2.22
staxr :va : sturg [k. harv gvg-e andar saved] :imestn.
Pers. sturg, Av. sutra- big, strong, stout, Khot. stura- thick, large.
st.!bya: ste:
Av. stonba- < *stomba- m. strife, baya loc./1, asa.stombana- m.
(with) the support of Asa, a mountain name, OPers. stamb to rebel,
sta
m
bava, Skt. stambh to fix, support, stambha- m. support; post, pillar.
Pers. stambag oppressive, Fars. S7<9, Armen. stambak indocile, disobedient;
rude, harsh.
Pers. ste: quarrel, altercation, strife from ste:- to quarrel, fight, Parth.
e
steh- id..
s-ha: marag
Av. saha- m. number, Sogd. s"k /sk/ id., pww s"k countless, Parth.-
Pers. sg. Cf. Skt. 77vant- adj. numerous, frequent, many, all.
Pers. mar number; account from
h
mar to memorize, count, marag
id..
skapt.m: skeft
Av. skapta- adj., tom acc./1 from *skap, Khot. skoda unnoticed, secret,
Pers. skeft wonderful, astonishing; harsh, Paz. skaft, Parth. !skyft /
e
skeft/.

171
sadaya: sahed/ sahist
skaptom sadaya possibly formed an expression. Cf. GV 13.56: skeft
sahist.
Av. sand to appear, seem, please, sadaya-/ saoava- pres., dava inj.
act. s3. Skt. chand, chadya-, OPers. /a
n
d, /adava- pres., Pers. sah-: sahist,
pessan- to admire; approve < *pati-sand.
srava: srd
Av. sru to hear, sru-/ srao- aor., srava subj. act. s3, Skt. srav, sru-/ sr.
Pers. srv-: srd to sing, recite (by chanting); play (on an instrument),
Parth. srv-.
sn1t$: sust
Av. snta- verbal adj. washed from sn to wash (Skt. sn to bathe),
t nom./1, m., cf. Vd 8.40 :asta frasnta nom./2 : dast fr:-sust, Khwar.
sndak washed, Khot. havsnta- washed < *fra-snta-. Pers. snv-:
snd, snid to bathe, wash; cleanse, purify < *-sn (ant. lv-).
Pers. sv-: sust to wash from *xsud.
sn1var.: snr
Av. snvan/r- nt. sinew, varo nom.-acc./1, Skt. sn-van- nt., Pers. snr
< *sn)ar-, Osset. nwar/ nawr sinew, Lat. neruos, Av. snvaro.b:ura-
adj. is rendered by snr-b:, cf. Vd 14.9. Av. snuva- adj. made of sinews.
snus: sgened
Pers. sden- to make profit, provide benefit renders Av. sBvaya- caus.
pres. of s to benefit (Skt. sav to swell, increase), cf. Y 51.9 savav:
sdened/id.
Av. s- f. benefit rendered by Pers. sd, ss nom./1, cf. Fr D3.
Av. s, sunu-/ sunav- pres., s
u
nus inj. act. s2 ?
Pers. sgen- to make benefit from *su.
srunaoiti: nivsisn
Av. sru to hear, listen, s
u
runao-/ s
u
runu-, *soronao- pres., s
u
runaoiti ind.
act. s3, cf. Yt 10.107, Skt. srav, snv-/ snu-, snti, Pers. srv: srd .
Pers. nivsisn hearing, listening from *ni-gs, Parth. niys-.
sa-h.m: soxan
Cf. 3.5.
Av. saha-/ G s5ngha- m. discourse, proclamation, announcement,
utterance, definition, hom acc./1 from sah.
Pers. soxan.
sa-ha: guft

172
Av. sah to announce (oneself), declare, say, saha- pres., saha inj.
act. s3, OPers. /ah, Skt. sa?s, sMsati to praise, declare, vow.
Pers. g
b
-: guft to say, cf. 3.6.4.
s+r: ab:r
Av. s?ra- adj., r- f. opulent, strong, ra acc./3, f., also as nom./1, m.,
cf. Yt 1.15, OPers. /ra, Skt. s,ra- adj. strong, m. hero, warrior, Pers.
sr, Khot. sra- strong.
Pers. ab:r adj. strong, powerful, subst. power; faculty; expertise <
*upa-z)ar(a)-, ant. ni:r.
srita: abesprd
Av. srita- verbal adj. leaning on from sri to lean against, Skt. 7ray to
lean upon, cling to, 7rit- adj. clinging or attached to.
Pers. abespr- to commit, consign from *upa-spar, Armen. apspar- to
hand over, Pers. be-abesprisnih delivery translates Av. nisriti- f.
reconsignment, cf. H 10.1.

173
13

frada&1i : frdavisnih
Av. frada/a- nt. furthering, promotion, advancement, /i/ /i. dat./1
for the benefit of used as inf. to promote from frd to further, increase,
Pers. frv-.
Pers. frdahisnih is a mechanical transposition of Av. frada/a-. Corr.
*frvisn promotion, cf. 4.2.
f.*ri : pidar
Av. pitar-/ foor- m. father < *pitr- < *ph
2
ter-, foori loc./1, cf. Skt. usri
loc./1 from usr-, Skt. pitr-, OPers. pitar-, Pers. pid, pidar obl.
frim: dst
Av. frya- adj., v- f. dear, friend < *pri/a- < *priho-, rim acc./1, cf. P
16, Parth. frih friend, dear, beloved, Khot. briya-, Skt. priy- dear,
beloved, Sogd. fry- /fri
y
-/, Parth. frih, Pers. fri/ friy.
Pers. dst friend; loving, OPers. daustar-.
fr': fr:
Av. frs nom./1, m. of franc- 5 Skt. pr-c- adj. directed forwards, cf. Y
9.11, Pers. fr:, Parth. fr:.
frasasta: fr:-frign
Av. fra-sasta- adj. praised, famous, nt. praise, glorification, Skt.
*prasas-tha- nt., fra-sasti- f. praise; reputation, Skt. pra7asti-.
Pers. fr:-fri(na)gn from *fra -fri to propitiate.
frayaire: fradg
Av. frayara- adj. belonging to the morning, of tomorrow, future, nt.
forenoon, (the time belonging to the) morning, yaire loc./1, cf. Aog. 53
fravaire avn : (Paz.) frad andar r:. Cf. 27.2.
Pers. fradg morning; tomorrow < *frat-ka-.
fra/ta: frvist
Av. fraesta- most < *praH-istHa-, ta nom./3, m. superl. of pouru-
much, cf. Aog. 56 Paz. fr5h5st, Pers. frvist, Sogd. r"ystr < *fraista-tara-,
Av. frvah- comp. more, Pers. frv.
Av. fraesta- most desired, dearest < *priH-istHa-, superl. of fraya, cf. Y
49.8. Skt. prs4ha- superl. of priy-.
Av. fraesta- < *fra-ista- sent out; messenger, Skt. pra-es, prsita-,
OPers. fr-is-avam, Parth. frestag messenger; angel, Pers. frestag/ hrestag

174
id., Armen. hrestak, Sogd. frys-: t- to send, frysty /freste/ angel, r"yst"k
apostle.
futa: panir
Av. fsut- f. cheese, ta nom./1 from fsu, cf. Vd 7.77 pav fsuta : pem
ud panir.
Pers. panir cheese from *pati-ni, Xuf nay-: nid to churn.
)fuy$ : fsn
en
isn
Cf. 5
Av. fsu-/ pasu- m. cattle, fsuva- pres. denom. to tend cattle, fsuv inj.
act. s2, cf. Y 48.5.

175
14

dahm$ : dahm
Av. dahma-, m nom./1, m. from dah (Skt. daMs) act. to teach,
instruct, mid. to learn, rendered by dahm (glossed veh-mard, cf. Y 32.16),
Skt. dasm- adj. accomplishing wonderful things, m. a sacrificer, Pers.
dahm.
daxm$:
h
a::n
Av. daxma- m. dakhma, place of exposure, tower of silence < *dafma-
< *d
h
ab
h
ma-, m nom./1, Pers. daxmag, Bact. .
Pers.
h
a::n < *ast-dna- ossuary.
)da/saya : nimd
Av. dis to show, exhibit, point out; instruct, daesava- pres., daesava
inj. act. s3, Skt. de7, disti to show, bring forward (a witness), point out,
assign; fix, cf. Yt 11.14 ahmi daenm daesava : cn-isn den nimd, VYt
42 a$ahe daesava pantm : ahlvih rh nige:ed. Pers. desagen- to show,
cf. Dk iii M 308 pedis den desagenid.
Pers. nimv-: nimd to show, indicate, denote, signify < *nim*a-,
Parth. nimv-: nimd,
dazdi: dah/ day
Av. d to give; put, dad-/ dao- pres., dazdi imp. act. s2, Skt. d, deh,
Pers. dah-/ day-: dd, Bact. -, -: to give, grant; assign, Parth.
dah-: dd.
)dar.sa: did
Av. dars to see, daros-/ doros- aor., darosa subj. act. s3, Skt. dar7,
dars-/ ds-, drsat, Av. darsti- f. sight, Yida vin: lisD.
Pers. ven-: did to see, Av. vaena- pres. to see, di to look, see, dita-
ppp., cf. 8.
daxta: daxsag
Av. daxsta- verbal adj. clear, visible, nt. sign (of the menses), mark
from daxs, ta inst./1 rendered by dastn, cf. Vd 1.18.
Pers. daxsag mark, sign; memory; sign of the zodiac.
Cf. also Av. daxsa- m. branding < daj, da:a- pres. to burn, rendered
by Pers. da:isn (P 21).
d1ta: kird

176
Av. dsta- verbal adj. served (a god), revered, honoured from das (Skt.
ds, d-sati to make an offering, Khot. ds to receive with honour), ta,
spra.dsta cf. Yt 19.54, dstyni- pr.n.m.
Pers. kird 1 done, made; 2 held (Av.
2
kar to celebrate, hold),
kirdagn service; rite.
daa : da:ed
Av. daj to burn, da:a- pres., da:a inj. act. s3, cf. P 21, Skt. dah, dhati,
Pers. daz-, Khot. dajs-.
d
.
r.zra: saxt
Av. doro:ra- adj. fastening tightly, ra nom./3, m., cf. Yt 14.46, Av.
darz to attach, Skt. darh, d7hyati to be strong, Parth. darz- to tie on,
fasten; load (pack-animals).
Pers. saxt hard, strong, firm, cf. 12.
d$u.du.srava%he : dus-sravih
Av. dus, du:, (d5us) pejorative prefix, Skt. dus, Pers. dus.
Av. d5us.sravah- nt. evil fame, bad reputation, or adj. < *dus.sra)ah-
infamous, cf. Y 11.1 va rendered by dusravih, Av. d5us.sravaha- nt. ill
repute, notoriety < *sra)ah/a-, vahe, cI. d5us.manahva-.
du.sasti: dus-ham:isnih
Av. sasti- from sh to announce.
Av. dus.sasti- adj. who makes bad announcement, who blasphemes, f.
bad announcement, tis nom./1, m.-f., cf. Y 32.9, 45.1.
Pers. dus-ham:isnih bad teaching, ham:-: hamuxt, Parth. am:- to
teach; learn < *ham-*uc, ham:isn learning, study; teaching, instruction, cf.
Dk ix M 810 ped dus-ham:isnih.
du.d1ma: dus-dng
Av.
1
dman- nt. creation, Pers. dm creation, Skt. d-man- nt. giving,
Sogd. "m /om/ creation.
Av.
2
dman-/ dman- nt. abode, Skt. dh-man- nt. dwelling-place,
domain; troop; inhabitants of a house; law; seat (of the gods).
Av.
3
dman- nt. bond, Skt. d-man- nt. string, fetter, Pers. dm trap,
net, snare, Av. hu-oman- adj. rendered by Pers. hu-dng, cf. Y 1.1, Av.
du:-dman- adj. rendered by Pers. dus-dm (Y 61.2) and dus-dng (Vd
19.6), Av. dus.dman- adj., ma nom./1, m.
Pers. dus-dng (lit. wickedly-wise) who makes bad use of his
knowledge, ignorant, Paz. dusdn, cf. GV 11.224, Dk iii M 210 dusdng
fdg, M 252 dusdng dev.

177
15

jin1iti : abesihened
Av. fi, fin- pres., finiti ind. act. s3, Skt. fv, finti to destroy, corrupt,
ruin, Khot. jn, jin- to destroy; perish.
Pers. abesih-, abesinn-: abesist to destroy < *apa-sid, abesihen- caus.
to destroy, cause to perish, annihilate.
jana : :anisn
Av. jan to strike, slay, kill, jan-/ yn- pres., fana subj. act. s3, Skt. han,
hnti, Pers. zan-: zad to strike; play on (an instrument), Khot. jsan-, Parth.
:an-, Sogd. jn-: jyt /:an-::ed/.
Pers. :anisn striking, blow, scourging, cf. VZ 30.51 :anisn i a: sag.
jum: :indag
Av. jva- adj. living, alive, jum < *fvom < *fi)am acc./1, cf. Yt 5.63.
OPers. fiva-, Skt. jiv- living, alive.
Pers. :indag alive < *8i)ant-a-ka- Av. fvant-, cf. 3.2.
jafra: zufr
Av. jafra- adj., r- f. deep, ra nom./3, m., cf. Yt 10.14, nom./1, f., cf.
Aog. 77, Skt. gabhir- adj. deep, profound, Parth. :afr, Pers. zafr/ zufr, Fars.
K:! /:arf/.
)jima : <rased>
Av. gam to come; go, gam-/ jim-/ gm- aor., fima subj. act. s3, cf. Y
43.4, 46.3, 48.11, rendered by Pers. fima: rased, OPers. gam.
<jasa> : mad
Av. gam, jasa- inch. pres., fasa inj. act. s3 rendered by mad, cf. Y 9.3,
gata- ppp., Skt. gam, gmati.
jaxv: <>
Av. jah to devour, eat (davic), gobble up, gorge rendered by Pers. fv-,
jav-: fd to chew, gnaw, munch; swallow, faxs- perf., faxsvh- ptc., va
nom./1, m. Skt. ghas to eat, devour, consume, jighats- adj desirous of
consuming.
)jata: <zad>
Av. jata- struck, smitten verbal adj. of jan, ta nom./3, m., cf. Yt
10.113. Skt. hat-, Pers. zad.
)ja-ha : rasisn
Av. gam, fah-/ G f5ngh- aor., faha subj. act. s3.

178
Pers. rasisn arrival, coming, ras- < OPers. sa- to come, arrive, Skt.
cch-.
jar.ta: girisn
Av. gar to praise, salute, welcome, extol, sing (songs of praise), goron-
pres., Skt. gar, gn-ti, Av. aibA.farotar- m. praiser in song, welcomer,
jaritar- 5 Skt. jaritr- m. singer, praiser, faroiti- f. praise, song (of praise),
ta loc/1.
Pers.
2
gir- is a mechanical transposition of Av. gar,
2
girisn praise.
jai*ya : zayed
Av. jad to ask for, request, implore, demand, faiova- pres., faiova inj.
act. s3, jasta- ppp., OPers. jad, jadiya- to ask, pray, Pers. zay-: zast to ask,
demand, zastag bride.
ja/: jah
Av. fahi- f. woman (davic); prostitute, faes (*fahis, acc./3), Pers. jah,
jeh, cf. 2.6.

179
16

ba/aza : bes:enisnih
Av. baesa:a- adj. healing, sanative, nt., m. healing, remedy, medicine
from bisa: to heal, cure, za nom./3, cf. Y 10.11, Skt. bhe$aj- adj. curing,
healing, nt. remedy, medicine, Pers. besa:/ bes: remedy; healing;
physician.
Pers. bes:-en- denom. to heal, doctor, treat, cure, Av. bisa:, bisa:-
pres. to heal, bisa:va-, baesa:va- denom. pres. to cure, heal, Pers.
bes:enisn(ih) healing.
ba/ : bes
Av. baesah-/ G dvaesah- nt. hostility, sa acc./3, cf. Y 9.18, Skt.
dv$as-, Sogd. ys- /oes/ harm, Pers. bes pain, sorrow; affliction;
hostility 5 Arab. xGc.
ba/: do
Av. bae vrddhi form for bi in comp., bae.oro:u- nt. two fingers wide.
b1*a : bstn
Av. boa adv. as often as, at times, Sogd. " /o/sometimes, cf. Skt.
b4 in truth.
Pers. bstn/ bvestn always, Av. bioistom at all times.
ba3a : bag/ bay
Av. baya-/ G baga- m. lord, god, ya inst./1, Skt. bhga-, OPers. baga-,
Pers. bay, Sogd. /ay/ lord, sir, god, Parth. bay.
Av. baya- nt. share; bay- f. part, section rendered by baxtrih, ya
nom./1, cf. Y 19.3.
buy1 : bavd
Av. bu to be, become, bu-/ bau- aor., buv opt. act. s3, Skt. bhav, bh,-
aor., Skt. bhv-s, , bhvt (only in AV), OPers. bu, Pers. b(av)-: bd, bavd/
bd.
bax*ra: bahr
Av. baxoora- nt. part, share, portion from baj to divide, distribute (Skt.
bhaj), ra. Pers. bahr part, portion, share, Parth. baxr, Fars. +10 /bahr/, "+0
/barx/.
ba!d: bann
Av. banda- m. bond, fetter, tie from band to bind, da nom./3, Skt.
bandh-, Parth. band; Pers. bann.

180
ba!t: vemr
Av. banta- verbal adj. of ban act. to afflict, make sick, t- f. ill, sick,
ta nom./3, f., a-banta-/ avanta- adj. not-ill.
Pers. vemr ill, sick < *ama*a)-bara-, cf. Dk viii M 726 vemr ud rist
ud rebag ud hgomand.
bar.&ri : burdr, cn bustan
Cf. 2.6.
Av. baro/ri- f. bearer, carrier, mother; womb, /ri nom./1, barotar-
carrier, Pers. burdr bearer; pregnant, cf. Vd 19.6 baro/rv: burdr
[mdar].
Pers. bustan pregnant < -pu/ra-tanu-, ant. starvan, cf. Dk viii M 722
bus pregnant, conceiving, cf. 8.
bya-ha: bim
Av. byah- m. fear, apprehension from bi to fear, be afraid of, bvaha
inst./1, Skt. bhiys- m., bhivs.
Pers. bim fear, danger, Skt. bhim-, cf. RP 62.11 bim nest there is no
fear/ danger.
bao*$: bv
Av. baooa- m. smell; perfume, incense from bud to smell, o nom./1,
cf. VYt 51, Pers. bv scent, perfume; smell, Parth. bo (bo:r species),
Av. baoioi- f. incense, fragrance (ant. gainti- f.).
Av.
1
baooah- nt. consciousness, awareness, perception, waking from
bud to be conscious (Skt. bodh to awake, understand, perceive), o, oas-
ca nom.-acc./1, cf. Vd 7.2, Av. baoo, cf. 25.1, 2.3, rendered by vengih.
Pers. bv perception.
bao*a-h$: veng
Av.
2
baooah- adj. perceiving, being awake, oah nom.-acc./3, m.-f.
Pers. veng seeing, cf. 12, GV 15.42 veng ud abegumn.
bii fram1t$: bi:esk i fr:-u:mdr
A doctor in medicine, with true knowledge.
Barth. 967: bisis.framta- (adj.) in der Heilkunde erprobt.
Av. bis- f. remedy, curing, bis- who heals; healing < *b
h
is-, ahm-
bis-, bisi- m. physician, sis (nom/1), Sogd. ysykyn therapeutic.
Pers. bisehk/ bi:esk healer, physician, Av. *bisa:- m. id., Skt. bhisf-
m., Armen. b:isk.
Av. framta- measured; moderate; proved verbal adj. of fra-m, t
nom./1, m., Skt. pra-mita- measured, OPers. fra-mta- ordered, Khot.
pamta- measured, Pers. framd/ framd.
Pers. fr:-u:mdr experimenter, fr:-u:mdag well-experienced
from *u:-m.

181
bao.m: b:isn
Av. baosa- m., som acc./1 from bs, Skt. bhs to strive for; adorn.
Av. bao
x
sa- if it is derived from buj to save, redeem.
Pers.
1
b:isn salvation ; apology, excuse from
1
buj to free, redeem;
2
b:isn from
2
buj to enjoy, rejoice.
buji: bxt
Av. buj- f. expiation from buj to save, redeem, ji loc./1.
Pers. b:- : bxt to save.
bai: bazag
Av. basi- m. a measure of length (= 2 fingers, 9=*6)<%&), bisis- m.
id., cf. Vd 6.10, basi.drfah- adj.: ba:ag-drahnv, cf. N 108.
Pers. bazag joint of a finger, a measure of length, cf. Dk viii M 718
cand angust i kehist fr:dom ba:ag.
b'&r$: bn
Av. b/ra- m. illness, r nom./1 from ban.
Pers. bn id..

182
17

ra/va : rayomand
Av. raeva- adj. rendered by Pers. rayomand and Skt. tejasvin- majestic,
splendid cf. Y 22.24, Yt 6.0 raevahe, OPers. *raiva- (in *raiva-dta- pr.
n.m.)
Av. raevant- adj. wealthy, rich, opulent ; brilliant, splendid, va nom./1,
m., cf. Yt 14.36, Skt. revnt-, Pers. rayomand.
Yt 13.107 raeva ci/rom :tava of her whose lineage is ravant, high-
born 5 Dk vii M 651 ravomand thmag i :d, cf. also Yt 5.64.
rafn$ : rmisn
Av. rafnah-/ G rafonah- nt. support, fn5/ G fon nom./1 from rap to
support.
Pers. rmisn peace, ease, rest; pleasure; merriment, name of a Yazata (=
Av. rman-) from ram.
)raire : rd
Av.
1
r to present, grant, give, rar- perf., raire ind. mid. s3, Skt. r.
Pers. rd generous, liberal, Av.
1
riti- f. munificence, generosity (Skt.
rt- gift), cf. Y 40.1;
2
riti- adj. munificent, generous, cf. Yt 10.45.
raz$ : <viskar>
Av.
1
razah- nt., : nom./1, Skt. rahas- loneliness, solitude, secrecy,
deserted place, place apart, Pers. r: secret.
Av.
2
razah- nt. 5 Skt. rjas- nt. region of clouds; arable lands, cf. Vd
8.97 dire asahi ra:ahm : dr gvg abar ped viskar 5 RV X.49.6 dr pr
rfasa+.
Pers. viskar isolated place, wilderness; hunting ground, from vi-skar-
(Parth. eskar to hunt).
<r1z$>: virst
Av. r:a(h)- -directing from raz to direct, straighten (Khot. rrays-),
kars.r:a(h)- adj. glossed kisvar-virv, cf. 5, Av. dt.r: glossed dd-
rstr, cf. Y 9.10. Khot. rrvsan- director = Skt. r-jan- ruler, king, Av.
r:an/ r- nt. 5 Skt. rfn- hapax (RV 10, 49,4), cf. also Gothic reiks ruler <
*rik-s < Celtic *rig-s.
Pers. virv-: virst to arrange, set in order; restore; erect; compose from
vi-r:-.
r1t.m: ristag/ rastag
Av. rasta-/ rsta- arranged, straight, right, tom (acc/1, nt) verbal adj. of
raz to direct, cf. Yt 10.137, OPers. rsta- right, Av. rastom rendered by
Pers. rst cf. Yt 14.43, Pers. rst, rist(ag).

183
r1jim: d%,?)
d%,?) can be read /res/, or /rafis/ (a mechanical transposition of Av. rafis).
Av. rfi- m., jim acc./1.
Av. raji- f., or rafis- nt., cf. Y 53.9 rafis : %3=?) ` ` T .
Pers. res, Av.
1
raesa- m./ raesah- nt. (physical) damage,
2
raesa- m.
crevice.
rao*a : rust
Av. rud to grow, increase, climb up, raooa- pres., raooa inj. act. s3,
Skt. rodh, Pers. rv-: rust, Khot. rvitt < *raudati, Sogd. rw- /ro-/, Parth.
ro-.
raoca-h.m: rsnih
Av.
1
raocah- nt. light, day-light, day,
2
raocah- adj. light, diurnal,
cahom acc./1, m., cf. Y 9.19, Skt. rcas- nt. light, lustre, OPers. raucah-
day, Pers. r:, Paz. r:, Bact. .
Pers. rsn light, luminous; luminary, Av. raoxsna- adj. light, bright,
raoxsnu- nt. the light, ray (Skt. rocisn- adj. shining, brilliant), Pers.
rsnih the light, brightness.

184
18

t1t$: ravisn
The Av. suffix -tt- is rendered by Pers. ravisnih, e.g. amorota-tt-:
amarg-ravisnih.
Av. tta- adj., t- f. from tan to spread ? cf. Yt 5.15 ta p, Yt 8.47
p ta.
Pers. ravisn motion, going, march; flow < *rabasn-, cf. 5.31. See also
25.2: fd ravisn vi:red yta is translated by ravisn. Av. vta- = Skt. vt nt.
motion, course.
taca: taz
Av. tac to run; flow (opp. zbar), taca- pres., taca imp. act. s2, Skt. tak,
takti, Pers. taz-: taxt, Khot. ttajs-, Parth. ta:-.
t1ca: hn-:
Av. ta- dem. pron., t- f. this, t inst./1, nom.-acc./3, nt., t-ca nom.-
acc./2, m., Skt. t-, t-.
Pers. hn that, hn-: that also/ even, cf. 7 ahmi.
ta!cit.m: tagigdom
Av. tancista- (adj., t- f., superl. of taxman-) most brave, courageous =
taxm.toma-, tom acc./1, m., tancistanm tancistom the most brave
among the brave ones an epithet of Mithra, cf. Yt 10.141.
Pers. tagig swift; valiant from *tak, dom superl.
tar.man$: xard
Av. taro-manah- adj. scornful, n nom./1, nt., tar.maiti-/ G tar5maiti-
f. scorn rendered by Pers. tarmenisnih.
Pers. xard little, small, minute; plebeian < *x-arta-, Armen. xortak
small.
taya: duz
Av. taya- adj. secret; stealthy, m. secret; stealth, ya, cf. Y 31.13 tav :
ped hn i nihnig stealthily, in secret, cf. 25.2.
Av. tva- m. stealing, theft cf. Y 12.2, adj. procured through stealing
cf. P 21, both rendered by duz.
Av. tvu- m. thief rendered by duz(d), Skt. tv-, Sogd. t"y /tv/, Khwar.
th, Pers. tv.
Pers. du:(d) thief, Paz. du:, Av. du:.dh- adj., cf. Skt. durdh-- disorder,
disarrangement, misery.
t+m: t/ t

185
Av. tm/ G tv5m you nom./1, Skt. tuvm, tvm, OPers. tm, tuvam, Pers.
t dir., t obl., Bact. (), , .
tuni: tust
Av. tusni- adj., nis nom./1, tusni-so- sitting silently, Skt. t$n.m adv.
silently, Av. tusn.maiti- is rendered by tust[-mard-]menisnih cf. Y 43.15,
Dk iii, M 58 xmsih i pk a: tust-menisnih.
Pers. tust, cf. KAP 14.7 aburnvagn tust mnd hend.
tanu.m'&r$: tan-framn
Av. tanu.m/ra- adj. who embodies the (divine) formula, r nom./1,
m., cf. Yt 10.137, Yt 5.91.
Pers. tan-framn the command incarnate glossed tan ped framn i
va:adn dred he keeps his body at the command of the Yazata, cf. Y 57.1.
taa : tsed/ tsid
Av. tas to fashion, chip, chisel, ts- pres., tasa- aor., tasa inj. act. s3,
Skt. tak$; tksati to form by cutting, chisel, cut; fashion, form (out of wood,
etc.), create, Pers. ts- to create; form, Khot. tt$- to cut, Sogd. t"s- /ts-/
to cut.
tara*1t$: tarvenidr
Av. tara-ot- adj., t gen./1, or tara-ota- adj. ot nom./1, m. Av.
tara 5 Skt. tirs across, beyond, cf. Skt. tir-dh to hide (oneself);
conquer.
Pers. tarven- to conquer, overcome, Av. tarv, taurvaya- pres. to
overcome, Skt. trv, Pers. tarvenidr conqueror, overcoming.

186
19

car.tu.dr1j$ : aspres-dra
h
nv
Av. carotu- m. racecourse, a measure of length (a full round of a
racecourse) < *crtu-, probably a derivative in -tu- of car to go, move,
wander (opp. pat) 5 Av. tacara- and Skt. kr7a-, cf. Khot. cP0 a measure
of length. Av. carotu.drfah- nt. the length of a racecourse, f nom./1, cf.
Vd 2.25 a tom varom koronava carotu.drf komci paiti ca/rusanm Then
make that Vara : the length of a racecourse on every side of the square Z eg
hn var kuned. aspres-drahnv ped kadr-:-e ca/rusovag. [do h/r a: kust-e.
ast ke a: harv cahr kust ged.]
Pers. aspres racecourse, cf. 9.
car.t'm : <aspres>
Av. carot- f. racecourse from car to go, tm, cf. Yt 5.50 ana
carotm vm daroym (along) the long racecourse, cf. also Yt 19.77.
<car.&r'm>: kirdrn
Av. carotar-, caro/rm gen./3 according to Reichelt, 138. Armen.
Dartar skilful, artisan, mechanic, artificer, master. Av. fras.carotar- m.
renovator, ro/rm gen./3 rendered by fras
e
gird-girdrn, cI. Y 24.5.
Pers. kirdr doer, maker, factor; agent; sacrificer; active from kun-: kird
(< *kar).
ca/t.!ti : <>
It corresponds exactly with the Vedic form cetanti (0V 1, 3, 11) where
it refers to the goddess Sarasvati. Haug, 69
Av. cit to show itself, appear, become visible, be conspicuous; mark out,
recognise, caeta- pres., caetonti ind. act. pl. 3, Skt. cet, ctati to perceive,
observe, remark.
Or Av. caetont- adj., caetonti- f., ti nom./1.
<ci&ra> : pedgih
Av. ci/ra- adj., r- f. manifest, bright, having extraordinary
appearance, nt. visible manifestation (of), brightness; sign, ra acc./3
rendered by pedgih, cf. Vr 23. Skt. citr-, OPers. cia-, Pers. cihr(ag), Khot.
cira- visible, evident, Bact. evidence.
Pers. pedgih appearance, manifestation, visibility; revelation; evidence;
publicity, pedg adj. manifest, evident; revealed; public man from *pati-di,
Bact. , Pers. inscr. (H) pty"k = Parth. inscr. "ksy.
ci&ra : thmag

187
Av. ci/ra- nt. seed, ra , OPers. cia- seed, lineage, Pers. cihr seed;
nature, Parth. inscr. s1r (rendered by Gr. TyVW race, tribe; genus; gender).
Pers. tm/ thmag seed; family, Av. taoxman- nt., OPers. taum- f. id..
ci&a : t:isn
Av. ci/- f. fine, penalty from ci (Skt. cay), /a nom./1, cf. Vd 3.36.
Pers. t:isn atonement, expiation, cf. 2.3, 25.2, 4.4.
cakana: kmag
Av. kan to love, enjoy, desire; be pleased with, cakan-/ cxn- perf.,
cakana ind. act. s3 is pleased, cf. Hn 2.11, Skt. kan, ckana perf.
Pers. kmag will, desire, Av. kma- m., Skt. k-ma-, Armen. kamai
willingly.
caiti: cand
Av. caiti interrog. how many?, yeiti caitica as many times as, cf. P 31.
Skt. kti.
Pers. cand how much, many?, Av. cvant- adj. < *ci)ant-, cva adv.how
much?, Parth. cvand, cond, Bal. cunt, Skt. k.vat-.
c1r'm: cr
Av. cr- f., rm.
Pers. cr means, remedy, from kar.
car.tut1r$: kirdrdom
Av. carotu-tra- adj. victorious on the racecourse or passing the
distance of a carctu`, r nom./1, m.
Pers. kirdrdom most active, cf. RP 31a1.
cinman$: dsrm
Av. cinman- desire, love; purpose, man abl./1, a nt. derivative in -
man- of kan to love.
Pers. dsrm love from :us to take pleasure.
cisti: fra:nag<ih>
Av. cisti- f. insight; understanding, thought, wisdom, is nom./1,
rendered by fra:nagih cf. Y 30.9, Skt. ctti- f., ctti+ thinking,
understanding.
Pers. fra:nag wise, sagacious, learned from zan to know, Av. fra-zan
to get to know, learn, Khot. havsn- to know, Parth. fra:nag 5 Pers.
dng.

188
20

zbayemi : xnem
Av. :b/ : to call, invoke, zbaya- pres., zbayemi ind. act. s1, cf. Y
17.18, Skt. hav, hvya-, hvymi, OPers. :b, :bava-, pati-zbaya- to
proclaim.
Pers. xn- to call, Av. xan to sound.
zasta: dast
Av. zasta- m. ahuric hand (opp. gava-), ta inst./1, cf. Yt 13.50, ta
acc./2, cf. Vd 8.40, Skt. hsta- m. hand, OPers. dasta- m., Khot. dasta-,
Sogd. oast, Pers. dast, Past. ls.
zastava: tavn
Av. :astavant- adj. with (ones) hands, va nom.-acc./1, nt., cf. Y 29.9
rendered by Pers. ped tavn-xhisnih, Skt. hstavant- having hands;
dexterous with the hands.
Pers. tavn power; powerful from tu.
z!: ce nimvisnig
z is a causal particle and means for, because.
Av. :i particle for, indeed, Skt. h, Av. ni :i 5 Skt. nah, n h, cf. Vd
5.60 gl. ce ne.
Pers. ce for, because < *Dah*a-
zy'm: :imestn
Av. zyam-/ zim- m. winter, :vm acc./1 < *Q
h
/em, cf. Vd 19.43, Skt.
him- m. cold, frost, hm, Parth. zimag, Pers. d/:imestn, Osset. zymg/
zumg. Cf. OIrish gaim, Lat. hiems f., Hitt. gi-e-mi winter loc./1.
zita: ab:ved, cn rvisn
Av. zita adj. from zi, Skt. hay to impel, stimulate; promote, assist; hurl,
Skt. hit- adj. impelled, urged on; promoting.
Pers.
1
ab:v- to increase from abi-gu,
2
ab:v- to begin from upa-zi.
Pers. rvisn arrangement; disposition; adjustment from -rd.
zua: xustg
Av. :us to like, delight; have pleasure in, approve, Skt. fos, OPers. dus,
Pers. ds-, Khot. vss-, Av. :us- who likes, delights in, approves, cf. fra-
:us, bar.:us- rejoicing in booty, :usa (inst/1), Parth. :s love.
Pers. xustg confessing, acknowledging(ant. nigirv) from hu-stu,
Armen. xostuk.
zao(: dsisn

189
Av. :aosa- m. pleasure, liking, approval, agreement < *Qo)so-, s
nom./1, m., cf. Vd 2.11, Skt. j$a- m.
Pers. dsisn liking, pleasure from :us, cf. Y 1.21 ve:i :aosa ve:i a:aosa:
ke ped dsisn [ped nigerisn] ke ped a-dsisn [ped sdagih].
zuta: grm<ig>
Av. :usta- (verbal adj. of :us) liked, pleased, loved, satisfied, agreeable,
ta, t cf. 27.2, Skt. ju$$-, Av. fr-:ustom (Yt 19.42) 5 Skt. pra-ju$$a-.
Pers. grmig dear, treasured from gar.
zao&ra: :hr
Av. :ao/ra- nt., r- f. libation, oblation with fire, ra nom./1, f., cf. Y
68.1, Skt. htr-, htr nom./1, f., Pers. :hr.
Av. :ao/ra- nt. office of zaotar, Skt. hotr-.
z1var.: :r
Av. :var- nt (physical) strength, ro nom./1, cf. 4.7, :avaroca, Parth.
:var, Pers. :r, Sogd. z"wr /:var/ power. If :var is derived from : (Skt.
jav to hurry, hasten), then it means swiftness, force of speeding up,
promptitude.
zata: dnisn/ snsisn
Av. :anta- ppp. of zan to know, Skt. f, Av. paiti.:ant rendered by
Pers. pedirift cf. Y 57.14.
Av. :ainti- f. knowledge, :anta loc./1, Pers. zand explanation,
interpretation, commentary, Av. -:ainti- f. (allegorical) explanation,
Parth.-Pers. :end example, story, narration, parable, Av. ma.:ainti- adj.
with explanation is translated by Pers. abg-snsagih [i :and], cf. Y 57.8, Vr
14.1, Av. pouru.:ainti- adj. which contains numerous explanations is
translated by Pers. pur-snsag cf. Y 57.20.
Pers. dnisn knowledge from OPers. dan to know.
Pers. snvenisn translates Av. xsnovis (Y 28.1) Thou mayest satisfy.
z: :amig
Av. :am- I. earth`, :a nom./1, Skt. k$m- I. earth; floor, Pers. :amig,
Paz. :ami, Past. zmaka earth; ground, Fars. 8?#23.
z'&ra: :d
Av. :antar-/ :/r- m. one who generates, father, :/ra nom./1, Skt.
janitr- m. father, fnitri- f. mother.
Av. :/ra- nt. birth, engendering, ra, Skt. jantra- nt. birthplace,
origin; procreative matter, Past. zar.
Pers. :d born, Av. :ta- adj., Skt. ft-, Bact. , Sogd. :t birth.

190
Av. :/a- nt. birth is rendered by Pers. zahag, cf. Y 43.5.
z.mana: mizd
Av. :oman- f. payment, fee, wages from zam to re-pay, na nom./1,
cf. H 19.5. Khot. ysa0tha- payment (for use), interest, Sogd. z"mn"k
payment, Past. :oman, :amne stipend, payment of wages.
Pers. mizd reward, pay, wages < *mi:da- cf. 11.
zrva: :amn
Av. zrvan- m. time; period of time, hour; court session from zar (Skt.
jar to make old), va nom./1, Armen. zruan, Pers. :
u
rvn, bav :urvn = zrw"
by, Turk. zrua tri.
Pers. :amn time; hour; court session < *8amna-, Parth. :amn, cf. 4.3.
zaurva: :armnih
Av. :aurv- f. old age, senility, va nom./1 rendered by :armn, cf. Y
9.5, Vd 13.28 :aurvnom rendered by :armnih, Skt. jarimn-.
Pers. :armn old man; old age; nih old age, cf. 2.6.
za/$: :est
Av. :aesa- adj. from :is, s nom./1, m.
Pers. :est ugly, hideous; obscene, Sogd. B zyst-, C zyst-, Cf. Khot.
yss4a- hateful.
z1maoy$: <>
Av. :maova- m. brother of daughters husband, son-in-laws brother <
*:ma-)*a-, v nom./1, Yida :mi sisters husband.
<z1m1ta>: dmd
Av. :mtar- m. son-in-law, ta nom./1, Skt. j-mtar- m., Pers. dmd,
Bal. :ma/. Cf. Albanian dhndhr.
za/na-ha : :envand
Av. :aenah- nt. vigilance from zi to be awake/ watchful, naha inst/1.
Av. :aenahan- adj. vigilant, ha nom./1, cf. Y 57.16 rendered by ped
:envandih.
Pers. :envand, Av. :aenahvant/ :aena
v
hant- adj. watchful.
zga&a : jast
Av. zgad to gallop, dash, :gaoa- pres., :ga/a inj. act. s3, Pers. jah-: jast
to happen; jump; arise, Khot. ysgad- to mount.
zg.r.sn.m: gird
Av. :gorosna- adj., nom; :gorosn.vayoana- adj. rendered by gird-
vaydn, cf. Vd 14.10, Pers. gird round, circular.
zur$.b.r.t avar.t: :r-burd xstag

191
The precious objects that have been deceitfully brought.
Av. z?rah- nt. crookedness; deceit, wrong (doing) from zbar to go
crookedly (Skt. hvar), OPers. :ra
h
-, Skt. hvras-, Pers. :r, :r-xard false-
oath. Arab. H9e D:Pz 5 Pers. :r-gugv, Av. :ur.borota- adj., t- f.
deceitfully brought, ta nom./3, f., Pers. :r-burd.
Av. avarot- f. object of value, ta nom./3, cf. 4.6. Cf. also Yt 17.7
boroxoa
avarota.
Pers. xstag property, wealth, asset; money from xh-, cf. 5.
z.r.*a/m: <dil>
Cf. 3.7
zi?da y1tum.?ta: :and i fdg
A zanda (and) someone possessed by sorcerers.
Vd 18.55. Cf. also Vn 14-15.
Av. :anda- or :inda- m., cf. Y 61.3 :andmca vtumatmca : :and i
fdg [:and pevgmbar i fdgn, ud ped :and fdgih sved kirdan].
Av. vtumant- adj., maiti- f possessed by sorcerers, monta nom./2, m.,
Skt. vtu-mnt- practising sorcery or witchcraft.
The zanda is a hobgoblin. J. Darmesteter, 1887, 199; zanda- Name
gewisser Hretiker. Bartholomae, 1662. I prefer the guess of Darmesteter.
zat$: zad
Pers. zad is a mechanical transposition of Av. :at.
K fat. Av. jata- (verbal adj. of jan) struck, smitten, killed, slain,
beaten, Skt. hat-, Pers. zad, cf. 15.
z1t$: :d
Av. :ta- (verbal adj. of zan to be born, opp. hu) born < *@nH-t, Skt.
ft-, Pers. :d, Bact. .

192
21

gat*e : mad
Av. gam to come, go (opp. dvar), G ga.ti, ga.te inf.
Av. gaiti- f. coming, going, t5e dat./1, Skt. gti- f. going, moving , cf.
Yt 13.35 apa.gat5e.
Av. gata- = Skt. gat- gone, Parth. gad.
Pers. mad come, happened, OPers. gmata-, Av. yomata-.
gr*hm$ : grmag
Av. G gr5hma- m. < *grahma-, m nom./1, cf. Y 32.13. It is possibly
related to Skt. gras to swallow, devour.
Pers.-Parth. grmag wealth, Sogd. r"myy /yerme/ posession.
g.r.2na: gired
Av. grab to grasp, seize, goron-a- pres., gorona inj. act. s3, Skt.
grabh, gbhn-ti to seize, OPers. gbva-, Pers. gir-: grift, Sogd. r- /y
e
r-/
to understand.
9* : 53&
? Av. #a-, #5 nom./1.
Pers. 53& can be read jah whore, harlot, cf. AVN 17.9.
9ava: g, cn dast i vattarn
{ava, hand of the wicked.
Av. gava- m. < *gaa- hand (davic) (opp. zasta-), va acc./2, cf. Yt
19.50, Pers. gav/ g(g). Cf. Skt. gbhasti- m. hand, forearm, Wax gawust
fist.
gu*ra : nihnig
Cf. Vn 18: gaoora.
Av. g:ra- adj. hidden, occult cf. 3.5, ra translated by nihnih, cf. Y
48.3, Skt. guh to conceal, hide, keep secret.
Pers. nihnig secret, concealed, cf. 8.
9uta: nivsid
Av. gusta- (verbal adj. of gus, t- f) listened, ta nom./1, f.
Av. gusta/ G gst aor. inj. mid. s3 of gus, cf. 3.6.
Pers. nivs- to listen from ni-gus.
g.r.*a : gilistag
Av.
1
gorooa- m., davic < *gda- (opp. nmna-), Skt. g%h- m.
habitation, house, mansion, oa, gl. srx i xrafstarn, k-s xrafstarn pedis

193
andar bavend, cf. Vd 3.10, Pers. gilist(ag) davic cave; den, cf. Parth.
gryhcg pit, Fars S$$+f an underground burrow, a prison pit.
Av.
2
gorooa- (for goroora-) 5 Skt. g7ddhra- adj. eager for, Sogd. B
r"k greed.
Av.
3
gorooa- neck(?), Sogd. r"(kh), Khwar. rk neck, Av.
goroo.korota- who cuts the neck.
ga/m: gvn, ud gavmard
Av. gaya- m. life, gaem acc./1 < *ga/om, Skt. gya-, gyam.
Av. gaya- marotan- First Man, Pers. gavmard, gehmurd.
Pers. gvn breath (of life), breathing soul, (physical) life, Av. vvna- nt.,
Paz. fn, cf. 4.5.
g'm: gspend
Av. gu-/ gao- m., f. cow, bull, ox; milk, gaom/ gm acc./1, cf. Vd 18.12,
Pers. gv.
Pers. gspend (small) cattle, sheep, Av. gao-sponta-, cf. P 33.
g.r.da: gar:isn
Av. garz to complain, lament, goro:- pres., goro:da/ G goro:d inj. mid.
s3, cf. Y 29.1 glossed garzed, Skt. garh to complain, Pers. garz-, Bact. -
: .
Pers. gar:isn complaint = gilag.
g1&2$itaci : ghn-xvisnih
Av. g/ista- adj. looked for in the GI, quoted from the GaI`, ta-
ci vaca also on account of the following saying from the GaI` translated by
ped ghn-xhisnih-i:, cf. P 50.
gav1stry1var.za: kr-var:isnih
Av. gavstrva- adj. pastoral, gavstrvvaro:a- nt. pastoral work, za,
gavstrvvaro:- adj. who does pastoral work rendered by Pers. kr-var:idr,
cf. H 20.2 gavstrvvarstoma- (superl. adj.).
Pers. kr-var:isnih agriculture, farm-working, cf. 8, 26.

194
22

3na: zad
Av. jan to strike, yn-a- pres., yna inj. act. s3, OPers. jan, jan-/ ja-, Skt.
han, hnti to strike, slay, kill, Pers. zan-: zad, Parth. :an-, Khot. jsan-.
3n1: :and
Av. yn subj. act. s3 of jan, Pers. :an-d.
3n: mvagn vas
Av. y(o)n-/ G gon- f. (heavenly) woman, yna/ G gona nom.-acc./3, cf.
Vr 2.7, Skt. gn-- goddess, divine female.
Pers. mvag female, cf. 12.
Pers. vas a grammatical term plural, cf. 11.

195
23

&r'f*$ : pedix
Av. /rf(o)oa- adj., o- f. satisfied, pleased < *tramp-t
h
a-, Skt. tpt-
satiated, satisfied, Av. foo nom./1, m., cf. Y 9.20 rendered by pedix. Av.
*tramp to satisfy, please 5 Skt. tarp. Av. /rp- contentment 5 Skt. tmp.
Pers. pedix comfortables, well-nourished < *pati-ahv-.
&r1&r1 : srvisn
Av. /r/ra- nt. protection, defence from /r, r, ri dat./1, cf. Yt
19.48. Skt. trtra- nt. defence.
Pers. //srvisn protection from srv- (< */r), cf. Dk iv M 427 pedixih-
i: tan srvisn.
&n1t$: pedirisn
Av. /nt ? is possibly (x)snt, the second part of a compound (s ~ s
~ /). Av. hu-paiti.(x)snt is translated by Pers. pedirift , cf. Aog. 53.
Pers. pedirisn acceptance, assent, acknowledgment, reception from pati-
gb.
&2'm xratu: srved (or: <t> xrad)
It appears that this is a quotation from some unknown Nask. The passage
is not completely given here, either in Avesta or in Pahlavi. Hoshengji, 71
Cf. Y 31.9 /5 xratus.
Av. /m pers. pron., second person, acc./1, OPers. /uvm.
Av. xratu- m. mental power, intelligence, will, determination, tus
nom./1, Skt. krtu-, krtu+, OPers. xratu-, xra/u-, Pers. xrad.
Pers. srved (he) protects or protect!, Av. /r to protect, defend,
/rva- pres., /rvis* imp. act. s2, Skt. tr, Pers. //srv-, Av. /riti- f.
protection, defence, tis* nom./1 rendered by Pers. srvisn.
aya&nava?ta: sust
Mss. va/a navanta.
Av. va/navant- adj. 5 Skt. yatnavant- possessing energy, making effort,
diligent, Av. a-va/navant- adj. 5 Skt. a-yatnavat- inactive, idle.
Pers. sust lazy, sluggish, slack; soft < */rusta-.
&amn.m: xeskrih i drih
Av. /amna- nt. from /am to watch over, take care of, nom,
/amnahant- adj. is rendered by pahre:omand caring, cf. Vd 20.1.
Pers. xeskrih duty, obligation, function from xes (< *xaipa/va-) and
kr.
Pers. dr far, distant, ih adv., Av. dra- adj. far, dr from afar,
dire far away, OPers. dra- far, dradas from afar.

196
&ra-: dahan
Cf. Skt. s7kvan- m. mouth.
P 27 /rahibv<a> : /ary.
Pers. dahan mouth, cf. 3.4.
&risat.m : sih
Av. /ri-sant- cardinal number, satom acc., Skt. triM7t, Pers. sih.
)&r1y$ )sata: si-sad
Av. /rv nom. m. nt. 3, sata nt. 100, Skt. sat-, Av. tisr sata 300,
cf. Vd 4.11, Skt. trisat-+, trisat.
Pers. si-sad 300, Fars. @9+?E /tirast/.

197
24

har.ta : slr
Av. harotar- m. guardian, protector, tutor, trustee from ani2 har to
guard, observe, ta nom./1, cf. Y 57.15 nis-harotar- m. watcher, guardian.
Pers. slr leader, chief; guardian < *sar(a)-dra-., Parth. sardr, Bact.
, , Toch. B salr pr.n.m.
haosrava%he : husravih
Av. haosravaha- nt. good reputation, va#he, cf. Y 68.2 vahe dat./1
rendered by ped hsravih, Skt. sausravas- nt. high renown, celebrity, Pers.
husravih.
haxa: hamxg (glossed dst in M)
Av. haxv-/ haxi- m. friend, companion, haxa nom./1 < *haxi, cf. Y
32.2 hus.hax, Skt. skhv-, skh, Pers. ha
m
x-g.
ha*a : genin
Av. haoa/ G had adv., prep.-postp. together with, jointly, Skt. sah,
OPers. had, Parth. ao, Bact. , -, Osset. d.
Pers. genin together, cf. 2.2.
h1ta: vindd
Av. hta- verbal adj. of han to earn, gain, obtain (Skt. san), ta, Skt.
st-.
Pers. vindd obtained, found from vind- (Av. vid).
hai&i : skrag
Av. hai/va- adj. true, real, actual rendered by skrag, Av. hai/i instead
of hai/im nom.-acc./1, nt., adv., OPers. hasiya-, Skt. saty-, Khot. hi4h4ho
true (ha4h4h- truth), Osset. cg < *ha//aka-.
Pers. skrag patent, manifest, overt, cf. Skt. vis-kra- m. making
visible, Armen. askarai openly.
haiti: ast
Av. hant-/ hant-, hont- pres. ptc. of ah to be, haiti-, hiti- f., haiti
nom./1, f., Skt. sat.-, Pers. (a)h-, ast is.
hv'm : xes
Av. hava-/ G xa- poss. pron. own, havm acc./1, f., Skt. sv- ones
own, OPers. uva own, Bact. (), Khot. hva of oneself, hvya- own.
Pers. xes/ xebas (ones) own < *h3aipas4a-, OPers.
h
uvaipasiva- adj.
self < *hu)aipasi*a-, Av. xaepai/va- adj. own.

198
hacit: abgih
Av. haciti- f., ta/ G hacit loc./1 from hac.
Pers. abgih company, accompaniment, being together, abg (together)
with; in company of; concomitant, cf. Skt. upk- near, 2.2, 11.
hixa : haxt
Av. hac to follow, accompany, join, pursue, spur on, haxs- aor., haxsa
inj. act. s3, hixsa- des. pres., hixsa inj. act. s3, Skt. sac, scate. Pers. (haz-):
haxt.
hi?ca : sixt
Av. hic to spray, sprinkle, pour out, emit, hinca- pres., hinca inj. act.
s3, Skt. sec, sicti. Pers. sin:-: sixt, Sogd. ""sync- /sinf-/.
hiku : husk/ xusk
Av. hiku- adj. dry, hiku, cf. VD 8.38, 16.2, N95. Av. hiku-, influenced
by *hik- (OPers. /ik- stone, gravel), represents older *hisku- OIrish sesc
dry, Gr. T'D*=&.
Pers. husk dry, Av. huska- adj., OPers.
h
uska-, Skt. suska- adj. dry, arid,
dried up, Khot. huska-.
ha/na: hen/ xen
Av. haen- f. (hostile) army (opp. spoa-), na nom./1, cf. Yt 8.56,
OPers. hain-, hain, Skt. sn- f., sn army, Pers. xen, Khot. hin- army.
7"?!19": ham-dahisnih
Av. han-dta- adj. put together, nt. collection (of texts or verses), ta/
t, cf. Y 34.16, 42.1. Av. han-diti- f. putting together, collection rendered
by Pers. ham-dahisnih, cf. Y 58.8. Cf. also Skt. saMhit- f.
Pers. ham-dahisnih (lit. puting together).
ha?k1rayemi : hangirdenom
Av. kar, ham kar to assemble, organize, perform a Yasna ceremony (for
someone), hankrava- pres., hankravemi ind. act. s1, Skt. sa0-kar to put
together, compose, arrange, Pers. hangr- to account, consider. Cf. Y 1.1
nivaeoavemi hankravemi : nivevenam hangirdenam [ en va:isn. be
nivevenam, k bun kunam. hangirdenam k-s sar be kunam.]
Pers. hangirden- to complete, summarize, Av. hankoroiti- f.
completion.
ha*a-r$: fra:m
cn ged: ha*a-r$.p'm mazd1i.ux*'m: fra:m-pnag hn
i ohrma:d soxan

199
haapr means end, as it is said [that] which guards the
end, the speech of Ahura Mazd.
Kl. hor, hor.pm
Av. haoara- m. from *ham-dah (Skt. sa0-das to die out or become
extinguished as fire), r nom./1 rendered by Pers. fra:m.
Av. haoar.p- adj. who protects haapra, pm acc./1 rendered by
Pers. fra:m-pnag.
Av. ma:di.uxoa- < ma:da.uxoa- < *ma:daoxoa-, cf. Fr W 9.1. Av.
mazdaoxta- adj. wisely spoken, said by Mazd, om acc./1, f. rendered by
Pers. ohrma:d-soxan.
Pers. fra:m end, conclusion, result < *fra-fma- from gam, Paz.
fra:m, Fars. &'c+W /farfm/.

200
25

1

+
bao*$.jaiti : b'y'zed, cn vengih :ad baved.
baoo.jaiti is as it were an act of striking deliberately.
Av. baoo, cf. 16.
Av. jaiti- f. 5 Skt. hati- f.
Av. baoo.jaiti- f. an act (= sin) of striking consciousness or striking
consciously rendered by bv:edih, cf. N 67.
Cf. Dk viii, M 698, 702-3, 729; n 2.39, Petit-Pasmnh II 3.
bao*$.vartahe: b'y'vart, ud abar :axm ud tabh kirdan i
tis i nigerisnigih, g
b
ed ped dr, abrig vinh i nigerisnig.
baoB>.vartahe: b'y'vart. And about the wounding and
spoiling intentionally, the talking falsely, and the other
intentional sins.
Av. varsta- verbal adj. of varz.
Av. bao&'.varta- adj. done (provided) with awareness/ consciously,
premeditated (crime), cf. 2.3, Vd 7.38, Vspa humata (Fr W 3.1).
Pers. vinh sin, offence, crime from *vi-nas, ant. kirbag, Armen. vnas,
Fars. 6'7f /gunh/.
Pers. zaxm wound < *fa/man- from jan, cf. Dk viii M 711 :axm ud res.
Pers. tabh spoiled, demolished, ruined from tap.
Pers. nigerisn view, sight; deliberation from niger- < *nikar*a-,
nigerisnigih adv. deliberately, considerately, intentionally = ped nigerisn,
ant. ped sdagih, cf. Y 1.21 gl.
+
k1i*y$.jata: kast+r3h+-zad, cn :axm ud tabh kirdan i tis i
ped sdagih. keh vinh kov:ad vinh vinh i ped mardmn,
keh bv:ad ped~ pehn. edn k+i&y'.jata fud a:
bvvarst, frvist bv:ad. hn i gspendn, ped nigerisn,
bv:ad, ped sdagih, kdv:ad, vinh i andar mardmn, vinh
i hamemln hn i abrig vinh i ravnig xnihed.
k@iBy>.jata is as it were an act of striking neglectfully. The
small k@iBy>.jata is towards people, the small bao.jaiti is
towards cattle. The k@iBy>.jata is different from baoB>.varta,
and mostly from bao.jaiti: the [sin] of cattle, deliberately, is

201
[called] bao.jaiti, and (the sin of cattle) and the sin towards
people, the sin affecting opponents, and the other sins which are
called [the sins] affecting the soul, neglectfully, belong to the
k@iBy>.jaiti..
Av. kavaoa- nt. name of a sin, rendered by kastrih, cf. P 14.
Av. kavaoa- m. < *ka/ada-, kaveioi- f. < *ka/adi- with the kayaa sin,
kiova- m. the follower of a Kayaa, a ya-derivative of kavaoa-, cf. OPers.
k-y-a-d-a. Av. kavaoa- nt. is rendered by kstrih.
Av. kiov.jata- adj. smitten by the follower of Kayaa, kiov.faiti- f.
an act (= sin) of striking neglectfully.
Pers. kastr diminisher, kstr id., from kh- : kst, kstrih
decrease.
Pers. sdagih negligence, indolence from sv-, cf. Dk viii M 726 vinh
a: sdagih the sin (arising) through negligence.
Pers. hameml opponent, litigant renders Av. hamoro/a- opponent,
competitor, cf. Y 57.26, vinh i hamemln, cf. n 8.15, Armen. hamimaL.
Cf. also Dk viii M 698, 702-3, 721, Petit-Pasmnh II 3.
2t$ 2,) : vin+hg+r3h
stcrciti: sinfulness, corruption
Av. *storoiti- f. act of making guilty from star to throw down;
subdue; stun 5 Skt. star, Av. -strva- (pass. pres.) to become guilty, -
straveiti caus. pres. makes guilty (of) rendered by strened, Pers. str
sin, fault.
Pers. vinhgr sinner, offender, wrongdoer, corrupter, vinhgrih
sinfulness, offence, cf. Dk iv M 421.
2t$ =??) ($ : sneh 3 ped vin+h
stcrcIa snaiIis~ a stunning weapon: a weapon for
sin(fulness)
Av. storo/ant- adj. stunning (from star) rendered by stard, *-
storo/ant- id., nom./1.
Av. snai/is- nt. weapon, blow from sna/ to strike (Skt. snath), snai/is
nom./1, Pers. sneh/ snah. Cf. Y 57.10 (sraosom) storo/ata snai/isa
(Sraosa) with a stunning weapon Z ped hn vistarisnomand sneh. Av. sna/a-
adj. striking, m. blow, Arab. x~Q.
y1tuxta: j+d'g-g'
b
in3h+, hn baved i ka ged e k. -t ped
fdgih be marn:enam. ka ped ani sneh i mengih g
b
ed
hamgnag.

202
ytuxta is that when one shall speak thus: I will destroy
thee through wizards spells. When one says with another
immaterial weapons, [the sin] is of the same kind.
Av. vtuxti- f. pronouncement of wizards spells, vtuxta loc./1.
Pers. fdg-g
b
isnih id., fdg-g
b
isnih adv., cf. Dk viii, M 696 g
b
isn
i fdg-g
b
isnih, M 709 abar cand evenag bdan i gbisn i fdg-g
b
isnih,
M 702 abar sam-nimvisnih ud fdg-g
b
isnih ud ce andar ham dar.
+
du*u2i.buzda: sa
h
m-nim+yin3h<+>, hn baved i ka g
b
ed
k. ped sneh i getigih be~ :anam.
duBuXi.buzda is that when one speaks thus: I will strike
with material weapons.
dudhuwi is very likely the name of a particular weapon. Haug, 98. If
we approve the guess of Haug, then we have to read
dioii < *didi)-i, cf. Skt.

didy- m. missile, arrow, weapon. But G. Klingenschmitt derives duoui-
from *dudhubhi- deafened, numb.
Av. duoui violence, possibly derived from the root duo, cf. Skt. dodh
to be violent, be angry, ddhi- fierce, violent.
buzdi- 5 busti-, Skt. buddhi-.
Av. dioii.bu:di- f. perceptible act with missile, buzda loc./1.
Pers. sahm, sam terror, fright < OPers. *ah-man-.
Pers. sa
h
m-nimvisnih threat of terror; menace, h adv., cf. Dk viii, M
696 g
b
isn i sam-nimvisnih, M 698 dr-g
b
isnih, ud fdg-g
b
isnih,
ud~ hn i sam-nimvisnih.
v1iti: x
v
.hin, hn baved ka ped vinhgrih a: pas i kas
daved.
v@iti is that when one runs behind any one for sinfulness.
Av. viti- f. blow from v to blow (of wind), v- pres., viti ind. act.
s3, Skt. v, v--, v-ti, Pers. vv-.
Av. vi to pursue, chase, vae-, vay-, vi- pres., vae(i)ti ind. act. s3, Skt.
vav, vy-/ vi-, cf. Vd 15.5 vayeiti: $ ( (8%& 2& /xehed/ [k-s a: pas i v daved]. Av.
vi- m. pursuit, chase is rendered by xehisn 5 Skt. v.- m. the act of
approaching, cf. Vd 13.8 vohrk vavi: gurg xehisn. Av. vitar- m. pursuer,
cf. Yt 17.12. Pers. vvg hunter.
The fiend vitim is once mentioned in the Vd 10.14 vitim daev. vdig
dev windy demon.
Pers. xeh-: xist to pursue < *hvai/a(ya)-, cf. 2.4, 8, Dk viii, M 695 abar
xehisn, cn hn i ped mvagvarih g
b
ed cahr evenag, M 696 abar sas
evenag ardig-ta:isnih. ped :axm, xehisn, mih(g)sst, adbadd, g
b
isn i

203
fdg-g
b
isnih, ud g
b
isn i sam-nimvisnih about the six modes of
engaging in battle: through wound, pursuit, etc.
See 2.4; 8.
ha?d.r.iti: handird, hn baved ka kas a: xeskrih pdirn
dred. ka-:~ v i te: a:gahn, avb v i :envand xaftag
kuned, u-s par:dagrih handird girisn.
ha!dMrMiti is that when one hinders somebody to perform
his duty. Even when one would make him lazy who is nimble, or
[would make] him asleep who is vigilant should be taken as
deprivation and or ha!dMrMiti.
Av. had-r-iti- f. the holding on; (firmly) hindering somebody, name of
a sin, from han-dar, han-doro- aor. to hold on; hinder, restrain, withstand
(Skt. sa'-dhar), rendered by ham dr- to hold together. Cf. P 14. Pers.
handird, cf. Dk viii, M 702 abar handird i ped gvg i bimomand ud a-
vidarag, ud mevn xrafstarn, ud ce about ha!dMrMiti in a frightful and
impassable place, among noxious creatures, etc. Cf. also Petit-Pasmnh I
3.1.
: mihs+st, u-s vi:risn dr-ham:isnih. hn baved i ka
rh i dr kas ham:ed, ka-: rstih kas an-evenih nimved,
u-s mihsst girisn.
miC.s@sta is translated by false teaching. miC.s@sta is
that when one teaches a false way to somebody. Even when he
shows [the] right [way] unlawfully, it is to be taken as
miC.s@sta.
Av. mi/ah- adj. false, wrong, mi/ nom./1, mi/ah- nt. falseness,
fault, OPers. mi/a- (ant. rsta-); Av. mi/ adv. wrongly 5 Skt. miths adv.
mutually, alternately, Av. mi/ah-va- adj. false, ant. ro:va-, mi/ahvacah-
adj. of false words, ant. oros.vacah-.
Av. ssta- verbal adj. of sh to instruct, teach, *ssti- f. instruction.
Av. *mi/.ssta- adj. having instructed a wrong doctrine/ wrongly,
*mi/.ssti- f. sin of teaching wrongly, Pers. mihsst, cf. Petit II 3.1
pand vad ud dr kuned, k kasn rv rh vad nimved, avb rh-e rst
nimdag andar dil gumn vared, hn vinh rv mihsst ged One gives
evil and wrong advice that is, he misled others, or after having shown the
right way, he makes [them] doubtful: this is called miI.ssta., MHD A 14-
15 mihsst d ne dr rh nimd , cf. also Dk viii M 696, 698.

204
Pers. ham:isnih renders Av. sasti- (from sh), cf. Y 32.9.
+
av3hyeiti: ($%3%&(4%,$, hn baved ka mard-e fr: gired, u-s
ped sag, avb ped dr, avb ped :amig be kased, ud pas d-s
cand ud cn kased.
avphyeiti is that when one takes a man up, and would drag
him on stone, or on wood, or on soil, and thereafter how much
and in what manner does he drag [that man].
Av. ah to throw (Skt. as, OPers. ah), ah(y)a- pres., ava-ah to throw
down, avhyeiti ind. act. s3 throws down (its supposed translation should
be frd hand:ed). Skt. avs to put down.
Pers. cand, see 19.
Pers. cOn conj. as, adv. like as, how < *ci*a(t)-ga)nam, Parth.
cw"gwn.
Pers.($%3%&(4%,$ /han:isn/ pulling up/ out ? Cf. MHD A 14 Z($%! ' '($%u
t$ ' Z 4 ' '($%u '($%=$%u
+
frasyazjayeiti: fr+z-sp'zin3h, hn baved ka mard-e fr:
sp:ed, pas d ce ud cand ud cn sp:ed.
frasyazjayeiti is that when one drives a man away, thereafter
unto what, how much, and in what manner does he drive [that
man] away.
Av. sizj, syazja- pres., fra syazjaya- caus. pres. to cause to hasten, chase
after. Av. sizj/ syazj, si:d/ sva:d, and pazd semantically are similar. fra-sizj is
also attested in A 3.13 fraca sva:favi : ud fr:-is visinnend [k-s a:
ghnbr (/ deh) be kunend], fra-sva:fave~iti ind. act. s3.
Pers. fr:-sp:isnih repelling, expelling, driving away, sp:-: spuxt to
thrust, repel; reject; excrete, Armen. spu:-, Paz. sp:-. Cf. MHD A 14
t$ ' Z '($%u /esp:isn/.
Pers. ce conj. for, because, adv. what < *ch*a, Parth. cy, tsy.
ava.&2ar.sahe: be-br3nin<3h, cn> brin hn ml ke xn
a:is ved.
ava.CXarMsa is, like CXarsah (cut), the sinful act with
bloodshed.
Av. ava.*5ar-sa- m. cut, sahe gen./1 is derived from /ars, /orosa-
pres. to carve, cut, create, ava /ars to hew, upa-/ars to cut off (nails),
upa./arosa- m. breach is rendered by abar-brinisnih cf. Vd 8.10.
Pers. brin cut, part; cutting; decree; end; fate, destiny 5 Syr. .C/B. Y
19.8 h /arst kohrpva sun in fashioned form Z xarsed brin kerb [tan i

205
xarsed]. Av. /arosah- m. end is translated by brin, cf. N 40 /aros5sca
frataurunasca: brin [sar] ud fr:-girisnih [bun]. Pers. brin is rendered by Skt.
bhgva- fate, destiny, cf. GV 14.71-2 brin ud baxsisn ud baxt, Bd 10
:amn brin, MX 26.10 vi:ir i brin.
The Pers. word ml is derived from OPers. *mard 5 Skt. mrdhati. Av.
maroo- f. is the name of a calamity or sinful act, and is rendered by sAy$, cf.
Vd 1.5 gl. sAy$ i asvrn hn gvg kunend, Bd 206 6$%! s$ asvrn nh
ves kunend.
x
v
arahe: x
v
ar, cn res, hn ml ke xn a:is ved. pas d-s
k, cn ud cand, ped ce :aned.
x
v
ara is, like rasa (physical damage), the sinful act with
bloodshed, thereafter, whither, how, how much, and by which
[means] does one blow.
Av. raesa- m., raesah- nt. (physical) damage, wound from ris, Pers. res.
x
v
ara- m. wound from *xar, rahe gen./1, Pers. xar, Fars. :'[ y /xr/to
itch. Cf. Vd 4.34 taca.vohunim xarom : ta:g-xn xar [res e /risovag],
Petit II 3.1 ke kas-e rv res kuned, ke hn res d do-ud-nem angust burridag
baved, hn vinh rv xar ged. If one wounds a person so that the wound
cuts two fingers and a half, it is called x
v
ara sin.

2

hn i a: bunih res, hn i a: hn be ab:ved QL P 3 cn I)($ Z
xnend.
[if] there was before (lit. from the beginning) an injury,
(and) he increases that injury, [this act] is called QL P 3 , and also
X
v
arcm.

Bartholomae proposes svs from 7yu to move, set in motion; go away;
shake. Kl. : s(a)vs (nom./1, m. of savant- < savant-) Als Bedeutung ware
somit etwa (eine Schdigung,) die (eine andere Schdigung) in Bewegung
setzt, schaff anzunehmen.
QL P 3 : Pers. ($%& ($ ]- /sus/, Paz. sn / savnas, cf. Petit ern
g
14. Or
an1s? Av. anant- ptc. from san = Skt k!an, k!ati to hurt, injure, wound;
break (a bow), ksana- m. killing, k!ati- f. injury, hurt, wound, k!aanu-
m. wound, sore.

206
I)($ Z :
xarom-iz? Cf. N 45 xarom. Kl. : anarm from Av. *an-aroma-

nicht stillstehend (von einer Schdigung, die eine andere Schdigung nach
sich zieht).
1g.r.pta:
+
+grift, hn baved ka :adan i avinh rv sneh
abar gired.
@gMrMpta is that when one seizes a weapon with a view to
smite an innocent person.
Av. +-g-r-ptant. taking up (of a weapon) from grab to take, Pers.
grift, cf. Vd 4.17, Petit II 3.1, n 11.
23=>-($: vardin, hn baved ka avinh rv sneh abar varded.
avaoirista is that when one turns a weapon upon an innocent
person.
Av. avaoirista- (nt. lit. turned towards) assault, from urvis to turn,
ava urvis to turn towards, Pers. irist, avirist, cf. Vd 4.17, Dk viii M 698.
Pers. vardisn turning cf. 9.
<ar.du>: ka ped vinhgrih dast abar nihed ardus nm.
When through sinfulness one lays hand on (an innocent
person), the name is arMdu.
Av. ar-du- nt. torment, distress, arodus nom.-acc./1, nt., from ard =
Skt ard to move; torment, hurt, cf. Vd 4.17, Dk viii M 712.
: ka hambun-: res baved xar nm.
Any physical damage whatever is called xara.
Cf. N 56 ke res hambun-:.
<bzu.jata> : b+z+-zanin3h
bzu.jata, the arm-injuring.
Av. b:u- arm; the arm as a measure of length, cf. 3.7. Pers. b: arm,
a degree of sin, b:g, bvg.
Av. jata-, Skt. hat-, Pers. zad.
Av. b:u.fata- nt. rendered by Skt. bhu-ghta. Cf. N 42, Petit II 3.1.
23&: ravin viz+red, k ravisn i mardm ped~ pedistn
sved bdan. pedistn-:anisnih fd-e t:isn.
yta is translated by going. The going of man is possible
[thanks to his] legs. The penalty for the leg-injuring is one yta.
Av. vta- nt., the traditional commentary relates it to the root i to go.
See 18.
Petit II 3.1 pv rv res kuned, k be skanned, k a: si angust d pan:
angust res kuned, hn rv fd ged. This yta corresponds to Av. ast.bicm

207
xarcm. (Dhabhar, 1963, 131) Av. ast.bioom xarom blow breaking the
bone, cf. Vd 4.37, 39.
ravisn going cf. 18.
pedistn-:anisnih [Neryosang, Skt. pdaghta] from *paitistBna.fata-, cf.
3.3.
[u-s res] ka a: ani dar hn and baved, hamgnag grift ud
avrist ud ardus ud xar ud b: ud fd xnihed. kirbag-i: ped
ham-hand:agih girihed, [ud] nm i sang ud pevmn(ag)
hamgnag xnihed.
If [the wounds] are by other modes, they are likewise called
gcrcpta, avaoirista, arcdus, xara, bzu.jata and yta. The merits
also are ranged in the same proportion, in the same [manner], and
they are likewise counted in the same proportion as [the sin
committed].
p.2$.tanu
tan+m piryete. :and. tanbuhl. cn si-sad

kirbag, si-sad hamgnag ham-hand:agih rv tanbuhl
xnend. env-: ham nm i~ tanbuhl ped vinh andar ved.
ud a: tanbuhl ast i fud(-kirrenid-ustn), ast i fr:-ustn ke
'fr:-a:-gvn` vi:red ped en k-s a: gvn fudg abved guftan.
be harv ce tanbuhl-mah ne hvand pdifrh, ne-: ham
pdsn, ce a: kirbagih ast i hvandih i hn i did ves-mi:ddar
ged.
pMs>.tanu, one whose body is forfeited.
pM>.tanu: The Zand (interpretation) is a tanbuhl. As they
call a merit of three hundred a tanbuhl, because that is in the
same proportion as [the sin], and is likewise [of the size of] three
hundred. Otherwise, the name of tanbuhr is used for a sin. The
tanbuhl is [a blow], vkcrc[.ustna or Iraz.ustna that is
translated by out-of-breath of life on this account that one may
call it (= the tanbuhl) separated from the breath-of-life. But any
[sin or merit] that has the size of one tanbuhl, does not [deserve]
the same punishment or the same reward, because it is said that
some merits that are in the same proportions to the other [sins
receive] more compensation.
Av. p-!'.tan- adj. of forfeited body, us nom./1, m., cf. 10.

208
Av. tan- f. body; self, us nom./1, m acc./1, OPers. tan-, tanm,
Skt. tan,-, Pers. tan, Bact. . Cf. N 42 tanm
pirvete
porot.tanunm.
Av. par to condemn, confiscate, pirya- pass. pres., piryete ind. mid. s3.
Cf. H 7.5 paiti.se tanm pirvete: v be tanbuhl baved.
Av. fra-:- adj. from fra-: to abandon, go off.
Av. ustBna- m. vitality, Pers. ustn.
Av. *fra:.ustBna- adj. out of breath 5 fra:-baooah- adj. (a blow) that
leaves (the body) unconscious rendered by fr:-a:-bv off from senses, cf.
Vd 5.37.
Av. vikoro.ustna- adj. (a blow) that makes (the body) bereft of vitality
from vi-kar, rendered by fud-kirrened-gvn which cuts off the life, (a blow)
which severs life (from the body) from vi-kart. Cf. Vd 5.37.
Pers. tanbuhl < Av. tanu.poro/a- adj. (one) whose body is forfeit, cf.
3.3.
Pers. tanbuhl-mah of the size of one tanbuhl sin. Cf. Av.
tanu.mazah- nt. of the size (/ extent) of a body. The glossarist interprets it as
one tanbuhl sin or merit, cf. Vd 7.51, P 17.
Pers. vi:r- to separate; perform; dissolve; absolve; translate, interpret <
*vi-car, vi:r rendered by Skt. vicra- m., vinh vi:r- to atone for sins,
vinh vi:risn expiation of sins.
Pers. pdifrh punishment, requital < *pti-frsa-, Aram. ptyprs,
Armen. patuhas, Toch. A ptsFk, B pats(ts)F.
2! C 23& : hn baved ka xarisn ud xrisn a: suv ud tisn pedis
ab: dred 3!' E$%&($ d%3& ped ($%! gh C 2,$%&(F) . cn ped
u
skdum
ged k. &ripi&2$
+
z! asti 1tar ahurahe mazd hama bipi&2$
ai2i.g1me a&a nar$ a2avan$: ce si-pih ast tas i ohrma:d
ped~ hamin, do-pih~ ped :imestn, edn cn~ mard i ahl.
ka cahr adbadd a: pedisr bd ested andar varomandih ah
ped abv drisn.
aaditi is that when one stops somebody who is hungry
and thirsty from eating and drinking and neglects that creature,
in need, in that place. As it is said in the
u
Skdum that:
The fire of Ahura Mazd receives three meals in summer
and two in winter, so is the truthful (/ holy) man. For the fire of
Ahura Mazd is thrice-supplied in summer, twice in winter.

209
If there is any suspicion concerning four successive
aaditi, then they should be considered aby (unaware).
Haug, 73, supposes that the passage from E$%&($ to kemistih is an
interpolation.
Av. aoa-diti- I. (sin of) abandonment < *ad)a-dti-. Cf. H 9.8
pascaeta raesaca aoaditvaca strveiti: pas v ped res ud adbadd
( ! C 23& ) strenend, Dk viii, M 715 abar vinh i adbadd kirdan i ast a:
margar:nn, Purs. !darfarrbay, 79 adbadd rv b pdixsv ddan avb
ne? Cf. also Vd 13.20, 24, Dk iii, M 5.
Av. pi/a- meal is translated by pih or pid, Skt. pitv-, Pers. pih
meal, Khot. paihR food, Aram. ptp" /pi/f/ ration. Av. /ri-pi/a- adj.
having three meals, . bi-pi/a- adj. having two meals, ditv.pi/a- nt.
lawful meal. Av. ppi/- f. is translated by Pers. pid i puxt.
Av. pitu- m. meal, food, Skt. pit- m., Parth.-Pers. pid meal; meat,
Osset. fyd/ fid flesh, cf. 10.
Av. :i part. for, indeed, however.
Av. ah to be, ah- pres., asti ind. s3.
Av. tar- m. fire, tars nom./1 < *t-s.
Av. ahura- m. lord rahe gen./1.
Av. ma:d- m. wise, f. wisdom, da gen./1.
Av. ham- m. year; summer, ma inst./1, m gen./1, cf. Vd 9.6, ham-a-
m. id., cf. Vd 5.10, Skt. sm-- f. year, half-year, season, Av. hmina- adj.
of the summer, nt. summer season. Av. ham-/ hmina- is rendered by Pers.
hmin. Pers. hamin/ hmin, Sogd. ""mynyy summer, Khot. hamna-
summer, Armen. am year, OIrish sam summer.
Av. aii.gma- m. year; winter, me loc./1 is from gam to go, come,
aii gam to come to, reach. Av. aii.gma is translated by Pers. :imestn, cf.
N 48 ta hama ta aii.gma: edn ped hmin edn ped :imestn. Pers. vm
time, age, season, period, Parth. ym, Paz. ym.
Av. a/B adv. thus, so, likewise, cf. A 4.3 a/a.:i.
Av. nar- m. man; hero, r nom./3.
Av. a!avan- adj. truthful, orderly, van nom./3, m., OPers. tv, Skt.
t-v=n-, t-vn- possessor of rt, potency of truth, t-vna+ nom../3, m., Pers.
ardy, ahly, ahlav, Parth. ardv, Sogd. "rt"w /ertv/.
Pers. a-bv unaware; senseless. It renders Av. a-hm.baooomn adj., cf.
Vd 13.35, 37. Dk iii, M 106 aburnvag i a:er ast-slag ud abv, M 366 abar
abv :anisn ud bvig :adan, VZ 11.1 fra:end abv ud halag, Bd 7 stard ud
abv.

210
Pers. pedisr order, sequence, a: pedisr from the beginning, ped
pedisr in order, in sequence, pedisrig sequential, ham-pedisrig in
sequence (VZ 3.1). Dk vii, M 698 a: en fr: d sih sar pedisrig gved, Bd
129 cahr va/-ah-vairv a: pedisr be gved, PursEA 17.15 hamg
abestg ped pedisr va:isnih, DD 47.28 pedisr i hn i denig gbisn.
Pers. xarisn ud xrisn, cf. VZ 30.23 xarisnn ud xrisnn.
Pers. suv ud tisn, cf. Yt 19.69 suoom tarsnomca hunger and thirst.
E$%&($ /hangm/ or /hn dm/? Hoshengji hangm.
3!' d%3& /niv:ih/?
($%! /ani/ or /hn/. Hoshengji (& Kl.) hvan.
C 2,$%&(F) /fragsed/ ? Hoshengji frvsed, Kl. plgwsyt.
v!ci&r.mci5: be-b.d+g3h-iz, and k didan tavn ahan
n
: bun
kemistih.
vYciCrMmci[: and variegated manifestation. As much as it is
possible to see, it is still the minimum [of reaching] the origin [of
that manifestation].
Av. v3ci*r-mci, Reich. statt v3ci*-mci. But v3ci*ra- 5 Skt. vi-citra- adj.
variegated, various, brilliant ; wonderful, nt. variegated colour ; wonder,
vicitram manifoldly, variously. Av. ci/ra- (adj.) bright, (nt) brightness,
visible manifestation is rendered by pedgih cf.Vr 14.2.
Av. vici/a- nt. discrimination, discernment rendered by be-vi:inisn, cf.
Y 30.2.
Pers. pedgih manifest state; manifestation; evidence; revelation; be-
bedgih variegated manifestation.
Pers. "hnwc / ahan
n
:/ still, yet, Fars. 3^75 /han:/. Reich. axca, Kl.
"5RNc.
+
xraosy$: xr'sag, hn baved ka vng a: pas kuned.
xraosy> is that when one cries aloud after [another one].
Av. xraosya- adj. howling, m.-nt. howl, cry, clamour, v nom./1, v-
ca inst./1 rendered by xrustagih. xraosv'.tara- adj. howling louder, Cf. Vd
15.5 xraosyeiti : xrsed [k-s vng a: pas kuned], Pers. xrh call, cry [Av.
xrus, xraosa-, xraosya- to cry], Fars. xrs 5 Skt. kr)a- (m) cry, yell,
shout, Skt. krsati, Maralbashi krus, krusta- called out, read out.
Pers. xrsag = Parth. xrsag one who calls, proclaimer, Aram. krwz"
herald, Armen. k;aroz-em I announce.
voy$: x
v
istag, hn baved ka h xehend.
voy> is that when one may pursue [another one].

211
Av. voyo- gerund who is to be pursued < *vaiH-i/a-, or *vya- < *)iH-a-
from vi to pursue. voya-ca inst./1, voy nom./1, vov.tara- adj. who is to be
pursued more.
Pers. xeh-. xist to pursue, chase, xistag pursued, cf. 2.4.
Vd 13.8 xraosv.taraca vov.taraca, 13.9 xraosvca vovaca, 15.5
vayeiti v xraosveiti v [one] pursues [her] or makes a loud shout [after her]
Z xehed [k-s a: pas i v daved] avb xrsed [k-s vng a: pas kuned]
One pursues (a pregnant bitch) [that is, he runs after her], or makes a loud
roar [that is, he makes a loud shout after her].
zyei5: zin3d+r, u-s ddestn apparagih.
zyei[ : It should be tried as a case of robbery.
Reichelt: zyei ist vielleicht aus :vti verdorben. Bartholomae: *zyeite
pass.
Av. *zi- spoiling, second part of a compound, cf. Skt. brahma-jy- adj.
oppressing Brhmans, Av. :vei < *z/a/t abl./1. Av. :i to take away,
deprive; despoil, :in- pres., zya- pass. pres., OPers. di to take away, rob,
din- pres., dita- ppp., Skt. fv to deprive (any one of property), Sogd. zyn-/
zyt- to take away, carry off, remove, Khot. ysn id., Pers. :in-: :id to
deprive; inflict loss, damage, :inih- pass. to be deprived; sustain a loss (/
damage), :inen- caus., :inidr depriver, one who takes away, despoiler. Av.
:vn- f., :vni- f. damage = Pers. :vn loss, detriment.
Pers. appar robbery; removal, adj. predatory, apparagih adv., cf. M
49 appar ud :vn kuned. Pers. appar-. appurd to rob, carry oI`, cI. 10.
haz$: stahmag
Av. hazah- nt. strength, force; violence, oppression, : nom./1, Skt.
shas- nt. force, victory, Skt. shasvant- adj. powerful, mighty, victorious
5 Av. *ha:ahant-, Av. ha:ahan- m. oppressor, robber; ha:ahi- f.
violence.
Pers. stahm oppression; strength, stahmag strong, dominant, stambag
oppressive from *stak.
Cf. Y 29.1 ha:asc: stahmag [k-m be appared], Y 12.2 g5us tvac
ha:ahac theft of cattle and violence Z gspend a: du:n ud
stahmagn, Y 65.8 v tvus v ha:aha : ke du:d ud ke stahmag, H 6.6 ka
ha:aha ankaso tvus : ka skrag apparag ka nihn du:, Dk iii, M 216
stahmag dusmen.
("$ C 2& :
stahm3h+ appurd baved.

("$ C 2& : It means confiscated by force.
Kl. hzw"pyt.
tay$: truft, du:dih truft baved.

212
tay> means stealing in secret.
Av. taya- m. secret; stealth, adj. secret; stealthy, cf. 18. Av. tav may
be the first member of a compound.
Pers. truft(ag) stolen, Av. tarp, trofva- to steal.
+
t1yusca: duzd-
+
ayy+rag-iz, ud duzd-
+
ayy+rag-iz edn
vinhgr cn du:d.
t@yusca means one who assists a thief. He is just as
culpable as if he is a thief.
Av. t+yusca nom./1 of *tvus.avah-? Kl.: Der Ansatz einer Wurzl s
,pressen, drcken ergibt sich wohl aus av. tiiu-s-, PahlavI-bersetzung
dwc-"pslk, den Dieb pressend.
Pers. duzd-+ayy+rag one who assists a thief rendering tvu- thief +
avah- help? Cf. Dk viii, M 717 abar du:-avvrag ped pvag ud~ nibg
hvand i~ du:n bdan, M 722 abar vinh i du:-avvrag, M 707 abar
:endn skastan ud~ virixtan i du:, gumn i abar kas ped du:-avvragih
a:is.
Or: #>$%3& is a heterogram (for hamb:) from Aram. srk (Arab. 7Gz
partner, associate). Then we have to read du:-hamb:.
du:d mvag t:isn.
+"?@".dasa pasv$ sraoni.mas ped ham ' (8 ghih pn:dah
b:ag-mah cn pn:dah pah s
r
enag-mah.
pn:dah b:ag-mah. cn nemag i pes b:-mah ud hn i
pas s
r
enag-mah. cn gspend-e ar: dv:dah drahm i purr, sih
kardag, harv r:-e do kardag avb hvand i~ xarisn-: i do
kardag ar:ed, r:ig i mard i purnv i bxtag rv g
b
ed. ud
mvag vastarag hvand i ar: i xarisn handxtan.
The thief should atone for (/ restitute) the stock [stolen].
Fifteen pieces of a cattle, each of the size of a hip. Also
(according to the teaching of the Zand) fifteen pieces of the size
of an arm equal fifteen pieces of the size of a hip.
[It is said] fifteen pieces of the size of an arm, because the
front of [it] is of the size of an arm, and the back of [it] of the
size of a hip. For the value of a piece of cattle, calculated at
twelve full silver coins, is divided into thirty parts. It is said
that, sustenance of a man, free and adult, is each day two parts,
or the food equal to two parts. And the stock, clothing (or,
bedding) should be measured equal to the value of food.

213
Cf. Dk viii M 721 ped mvag du: hn i-s truft , M 778 du:
t:isnih i xstag
Av. panca.dasa indecl. 15, Skt. pcadasa.
Av. pasu-/ fsu- m. cattle, sheep, sacrificial cattle, pas5us/ pasv gen./1,
Skt. pa)-, pa)v* gen./1, cf. N 65 aevahe pasv, Pers. pah.
Av. sraoni- f. ahuric (opp. :aoah-) hip, cf. 3.7. Av. sraoni.masah- adj.
of the size of hip, sa nom./3, nt.
Pers. sren(ag) hip, hip and loins, buttocks, sen(ag) breast, chest, cf.
3.7.
Pers. b:ag-mah is from Av. *b:u.masah-. Av. b:u.stavah- adj. as
thick as an arm, cf. Vd 6.20 astom b:u.stavahom v sraoni.masahom v
a bone as thick as an arm, or of the size of a hip Z ast b:-:ah [b:-
drahnv] avb s
r
enag-mah [drahnv].
Pers. mvag matter, stock; the principal; (market) value, Paz. mdaa <
*mtar-. Cf. n 8.15 vinh i hamemln ka-sn mvag vi:red, -s pvag
vi:red.
Pers. drahm i purr 5 Av. asporona- m., cf. HKR 105 dv:dah ha:r
drahm i purr dahed.
' E$ (8 /hamg/? Or: (ped) ham even(ag).

214
26

p1za-
v
ha!t.m
: mi:d-ar:nigih
Av. p+za6
v
ha%t- adj. having pzah 5 Skt. p-jas-vant-, Av. p:ah- nt.,
Skt. p-jas- nt. surface, frame, p-jas-i nom./2 an epithet of heaven and earth,
pjasy- nt. the region of the belly (of an animal), flank, Khot. pvsa-
surface, Sogd. p"z /p:/ face, rp"z /fra-p:/ (lit. with face forward)
prone on the face, Osset. faz/ faz half, side, cheek, face, surxfaz
kizg/ftkhu red-cheeked girl/ apple, Yid. fSz/ f?z breast, forepart of an
animal, Wax. p;z breast, Khow. pz id.. Cf. N 65 C C("$ @
Pers. mizd-ar:nigih adv. in a manner worthy of his hire
(pasu.haurv'n) : pasusharvn. pasusharv cn slr,
sabn-: xnend, [baved.]
pasu.haurvRn is like a leader [of the flock], and it is called
also shepherd.
Av. pasus.haurva- adj. who protects the sheep, with span- shepherd
dog, the dog protecting the cattle, vn acc./3, m., cf. Lat. servanti pecus.
Pers. sabn, cf. Bd 96 pasusharv i ast sabn, Dk viii M 725 fsah i
gspendn pasusharv vi:in.
p1r.m: abm
Cf. 10.
x
v
afra/ta: raft. vaxs i abm baved.
x
v
afra<ta means the interest of a debt.
Av. xafraeta- interest < *h)a-fra-ita-, from fr i to step forward,
advance, cf. Vd 15.1 fraeta ppp. : franft.
Pers. raft gone from rav- to go, walk, proceed, cf. MHD A31 strih
ped mard ped raft drisn.
Pers. vaxs growth, interest, percentage, usury from vaxs- to grow;
blaze; increase, bun ud vaxs the principal and interest, cf. DD 10.2 bun i
kirbag vaxs i kirbag.
: tan i veh i ab:nig a: parvarisn baved.
The good which is vivacious because of (good) fostering.
Pers. tan i veh a good body/ person.
vizuta: v:ragnih baved.
vizuta means trade.

215
Av. vi-zuti- f. lit. the calling in different places (/ markets), ta loc./1,
from zu to call
Pers. v:ragnih trade, commerce, v:r market, place of trading <
*vah-carana-, Armen. vaDaO market, Georg. vaDHari merchant.
v1stry'm: kr-var:isnih baved.
Av. vstrv- f. pastoral work, agriculture, vm acc./1, cf. 8.
Pers. kr-var:isnih agricultural labour cf. 8.
Vd 3.33 uyrm vstrvm strong pasture Z cer ped kr-var:isnih.
kvaci( ai%h z.m$: cigm-i:-e ped en :amig. harv-gvg rv
guftag.
kvaci6 ai7h zMm>: anywhere on this earth. It is said about
everywhere.
Y 23.3, Yt 12.22.
Av. kva-ci anywhere; in a certain place, kva < *ku)a where?, Skt.
kv, Pers. k.
Av. a- dem. pron., ai#h gen./1, f.
Av. zam- f. earth, :om gen./1, cf. 20.
kasci( a-h.u astvat$: <kadr-:-e ox i astomand>. harv-kas
rv guftag.
kasci6 a#hMu astvat>: anyone of corporeal existence. It is
said for everybody.
Vd 8.100.
Av. ka- interrog. pron. who, which, what?, kasci&/ G kas-ci nom./1
anyone, somebody, OPers. kas-civ, Skt. k7-cit.
Av. ahu-/ ahu- m. existence, world, ah5us gen./1, Pers. ax/ ox.
Av. astvant- adj. having bones, corporeal, physical, vat/ astvatas-c
gen./1, m., Skt. asthanvnt-.
Pers. astomand, Skt. asthi-mant- having bones, vertebrated.
ca(ca a&aon$ st$i: cigm-i:-e hn i ahlavn sti. harv-kas
rv guftag.
ca6ca a&a>n> st>i: and even of the truthful individual
existence. It is said for everybody.
Y 4.2.
Av. ca-ca = ci-ca. Cf. Vd 1.14 xstmi.caca, Vr 8.1 frv5bis.caca

216
Av. a$avan- m. truthful, orderly, asaon- < *rta-)n-, a$aon, asaonas-
ca/ G asun gen./1, Pers. ahlav/ ahl.
Av. sti- m. individual existence, stis gen./1, Pers. sti.
ya/tu1*a: ped en ged k a: hn i ested ped vi:idan (?
vizistan) ud nivsidan (? dsidan) i v sa:gdar.
ya<tu@Ba: this term means: he is more worthy in choosing
and liking among those who stand (/ exist).
Av. vaetus-/ vi/h- perf. ptc. who has taken up his proper place/
position, vaetusi- f., s/ soa abl./1, m. from yat to take ones place, put
in its assigned place, take a stand, cf. 4.6.
Pers. nivsidan. Kl. dwsytn' /dsidan/.
Pers. vi:idan ud nivsidan, cf. vi:idag Chosen and nivsidag Hearer in
Manichaeism.
niz.?t.m: nizend. hn i ped xnag :ved.
nizM8tMm: one who is born in ones (own) house.
Av. ni-:onta adj. innate, born in the house, tom acc./1, m., Pers. nizend,
cf. Skt. nij- adj. innate, native, Bact. id., Fars. 6"!}\ /ni:d(a)/.

217
27

1

pa*.m : pv. cn s:dah angust.
paBMm: said to be 16 fingers.
Av. pad- m. foot, poom acc./1, Skt. pad- m., p-dam acc./1, Av. pada-/
paoa- foot; the foot as a measure of length, oom nom./1, Skt. pad- nt.,
Pers. pay, pv, Parth. po, Gr. %(&, %6=&, Syr. D&7EF. Cf. n 21. Av.
/ri-paoa- nt. three feet 5 Skt. trpada- adj. measuring three feet, Av.
frabda- m. fore-foot, frabd.drfah- nt. the length of the forepart of the
foot, cf. 3.7.
Pers. angust (Av. angusta- m. big toe) finger translates Av. oro:u- m.
finger, digit, a measure of length. There are unequal fingers, cf. Vd 6.10-18.
Av. aura-, Skt. a&gula (astr.) digit, twelfth part, twelve a&gulas
making a vitasti, Fars. ~R\!, Bal. lankuk, Osset. ngulj, Wax. v-gea, Tab.
engel 5 Gr. 6G9$)<%&.
Av. basi two fingers, cf. 16.
vitasti: cn dv:dah angust
vitasti: 12 fingers
Av. vStasti- f. (normal) span, a measure of length (defined either as a
long span between the extended thumb and little finger, or as the distance
between the wrist and the tip of the fingers), Sogd. wyB"t, Skt. v-tasti- = 12
a&gulas, Pers. videst, vidast, Fars. @940, Bal. gidisp span, Past wlest 5 Gr.
'EL,., Syr. DG:;. Cf. Vd 8.78 gl. andar vidast within a span, be az
vidast farther than a span, Bd (Ind. 22) mard-e pevmnag ast videst 4($%v8, Bd
162 mard-e pevmnig sas (TD1 haft) videst ($%v8, Vn 59 vitast
frr/ni:
videst fr:-aresn.
diti: dist, cn dah angust
disti: 10 fingers
Av. disti- f. short span (thumb and forefinger), a measure of length,
from dis, Skt. di$4i- f. indication, a measure of length, ku-di$4i- f. a measure

218
of length (longer than a di$4i, shorter than a vitasti), Kalasha 8i$4 span from
thumb to little finger, Pers. dist, e dist, cf. Vd 17.5. 5 Gr. <EDG&.
Vd 17.5 a/ra mayom ava.kanis !distim xr:disme vitastim varodusme
you should dig a hole there, one disti in hard earth, one vitasti in soft earth Z
nh may be kane e dist ka saxt-:amig, e vidast ka narm.
uzati: ul-ast, cand ast angust
uzasti: as much as 8 fingers
Av. uz-asti- f., Pers. ul-ast 5 Gr. 6EDG&
Av. asti- f. palm, a measure of length 5 Gr. ,<,E'$. palm = 4
fingers. Av. asti.masah- adj. of the size of a palm`, Pers. astag-mah, cf. N
66.
ga/m: gvn
Av. gaya- m. life, gaem acc./1, cf. 4.5.
Pers. gvn breath (of life), cf. 21.
g1im: gm. hn i ped videvdd si-bv, ud hn i ped abrig
gvg frrst do guftag.
gim: in the Vidvdd it has been said that one pace
measures three feet, and in the other text it measures two cubits.
Av. gva- m. pace, step, gva- paced 5 Skt. gva-. Av. gim acc./1.
Pers. gm, Av. gman- nt. pace, Skt. gman-, vi-gman- nt. step, pace,
stride, Gr. (Macedonian) M@, step (= three feet), Pers. gm i sibv. Cf. Vd
9.8 ka/a aev.gim? va/a /ripaoom how [much] is one pace ? As [much as]
three feet Z cn ek gm? cand sibv.
Pers. frrst cubit 5 Av. frr/ni- m. cubit, Pers. fr:-aresn, Av.
frr/ni.drfah- nt. the length of a cubit rendered by fr:-aresn-drahnv,
cf.Vd 7.30, Gr. @D)& elbow; cubit.
Av. aro/n-, OPers. arsnis acc./3, Skt. aratn- m. elbow; a cubit of the
middle length from the elbow to the tip of the little finger, Sogd. ""r"ync
cubit, Pers. Bresn, ran(j), cf. 3.7. Syr. D&,! fore-arm, cubit = 1%H; 1%GHG.
Av. frab:u- m. rendered by fr:-b:, Av. frab:u.drfah- nt. the
length of a fore-arm rendered by fr:-b:-drahnv, cf. Vd 7.33.
Av. vib:u- m. the distance measured by both arms outstretched, fathom
rendered by jud-nv, cf. Vd 9.2, Sogd. w""z, Past w:o, Bal. Ke%, Sarwn
gwz 5 Skt. da%Pa rod (= 4 hasta), Gr. A0>)EG.
Av. naoa- m. reed, Skt. naP- id., Pers. nv reed; flute, a measure of
length 5 Gr. 9G<,%& reed.
Av. nae:a- nt., Pers. ne:ag lance, a measure of length, RP 10g ne:ag i
si-nv.

219
cvaiti a/t%aya: cand hn angust
How long is that finger?
Or: cvaiti
aeta
sava? How big is that abode?

Av. cvant- adj. how much, how big, cvaiti- f., Skt. k.vant- interrog. adj.
how long, Pers. cand. Cf. 19: caiti.
Av. aeta- this, t- f., *aeta nom./1, f., taya inst./1, f., aesa- this, that,
aesa nom./1, f.,
aesava inst./1, f.
Av. *sav- f. from si to abide.
Pers. hn that renders Av. aeta or aesa.
ya&a v1 g1m'n dvaca dasaca a!tar..i&2'm: cand
dv:dah gm i andarag-ravisn. avb cand vist-u-cahr gm i an-
andarag-ravisn.
yaCa v@ g@mRn dvaca dasaca a8tarM.iCXRm or as much as
12 paces in the state of movement: equalling 12 paces in
motion and or 24 paces motionless.
Av. gman- nt. pace, step, mn nom./3.
Av. ya*B adj., conj. just like, so that, in which manner
Av. v part. or.
Av. i/a verbal adj. of i to go
Av. antaro prep.-postp., prev. within, between, OPers. a
n
tar, Skt. antr
adv., Pers. andar.
Av. antaro.i/a- adj. in the state of movement, /m nom./3, nt.
rendered by Pers. andarag-ravisn, Av. *an-antaro.i/a- adj.
Av. dva.dasa 12, dvaca dasaca, Skt. dv-da7a.
bi a/tava( daxmayasti yava( yujyasti: do hn i~
and dasmavast cand vufvast.
bi a<tava6 daxmayasti yava yujyasti: so long as two
daxsmayasti is as long as one yujyasti.
Av. bis numeral adv. twice, once again, Skt. dvs, duvs, Lat. duis, bis.
Av. aetavant- adj. this much, va abl. with following vava, Skt. et-vat.
Av. yasti- line-up < *-/at
s
ti- from yat to line up, place in order, Av.
daxsmavasti- f. or daxsmae-vasti- lit. line-up by marking (of the road), a
measure of length, tis (nom/1), cf. N 70 daxsmaestim aeta barosma.
Av. vava correlative of aetava as long as, cf. 4.4.
Av. yj(a)-yasti- f. < */j(a)-/asti- lit. line-up for the harnessing (of
draught animals), a measure of distance, derived from yuj, tis nom./1,

220
semantically 5 Skt. yjana- = 4 or 8 kr7a. Cf. N 71 antar naem
vfvastis, PB 16,13, 12 vofane caturvhin traipade pras4ivhin
gavvtau dvvugena krose sthrin.
<bi a/tava( asnayasti yava( daxmayasti>: do hn i~
and asnavast cand dasmavast.
So long as two asnayasti is as long as one dasmayasti.
Av. *asna-vasti- or *asnae-vasti- f. a measure of distance 5 gvyuti. Av.
asna- adj. near, =snae adv. from nearby.
Dk viii, M 707 abar pevmnag i vfvast, dasmavast, (8%,$ 21 ' , ud ta:ar ud
h/r kehist.
<bi a/tava( tacar.m yava( asnayastim>: do hn i~ and
ta:ar cand asnavast.
So long as two tacara is as long as one asnayasti.
Av.
1
tacara- residence, palace, Yt 5.90 5 Elam. t-za-ra-um, Parth.
ta:ar. Farsi :#% N F.\'l'[ !^$" p&r n :#% * '<,C O
Av.
2
tacara- m. course = Av. carot- f. racecourse, cf. 19.
bi a/tava( h'&r.m yava( tacar.m: do hn i~ and h/r
cand ta:ar. h/r cand evenag, ast-i: k pevmn(ag) vi:red.
h/r i mevnag ped :amig ke frasang-i: xnend ha:r gm i
dobv andar ravisn. abg sa:isn i :amn h/r i mevnag r:-
sabn handxtag.
So long as two hIra is as long as one tacara. There are
several kinds of hIra, some of which express the normal
measure. A medium geographical hIra which one also calls
parasang equals 1,000 paces of two feet in the state of walking.
A medium hIra applied to the passing of the time reckons the
nychthemeron.
1 yjyasti = 2 daxsmayasti = 4 asnayasti = 8 tacara = 16 hIra.
Av. h/ra- nt. a length measure, Pers. hsr a measure of distance or
time; time (opp. gvg place). Av. h/r.masah- adj. having the length of a
h/ra`, Yt 8.23 h/r.masahom aoanom a distance of the length of one
hIra`, Dk viii M 707 pevmnag i tacar ud hsr.
Pers. frasang a measure of distance < *fra-saha-, cf. VZ 3.13 frasang i
ayri i harv frasang i kemist vist-ha:r pv, 3.51 do frasang-drahnv i ayri,
4.5 h/r-e drahnv i ast frasang-e humng, Bd 68 do frasang humng ke
ped den s:dah h/r ged, 94 andar :amig ast h/r ke e frasang humng,

221
113 e h/r drahnv i ast cahr ek i frasang-e, 161 h/r-e ped :amig frasang-e
ha:r gm i dobv. frasang i pevmnig and cand k mard-e dr-venisn fr:
nigered, str-e vened, svhih andar spedih snsed.

2

ayar.: r:. ke a:is nem-e fravar, ud nem-e u:avar nm. a:
u:avar nem-e rabihvin nm ud nem-e u:aveirin nm. ud ped
:imestn bahr i rabihvin ab: hvan gumixted.
ayarc, day, the name of half of which is frayara, and that
of another half uzayara. The name of half of the uzayara is
rapiIina, and that of another half uzayeirina. In winter the
rapiIina part merges into the hvani.
Av. ayan-/ r- nt. day, daytime, ro nom.-acc./1, apara adj. with ayan-,
cf. Aog 53 apaire avn ( ayT) in the next [part] of the day, avn ( ayT) <
*a/oh < *a*ans, Gr. I0-$%UVy first meal of the day, breakfast, Engl. ear-ly.
Pers. r: id., Av. raocah- nt. light; day, OPers. raucah- day
Pers. frayar from Av. frayara- nt. beginning of the day, the day-light day
before noon, adj. of tomorrow; of morning < fra- a*ara-, yaire loc./1 in
the morning, cf. Aog 53 frayeire avn in the morning of the day Z fradg
andar r:.
($ s?B < Av. uz-ayara- nt. the day-light day after noon, afternoon, Pers.
uzerin < Av. uzayeirina- adj. belonging to the part of the day from afternoon
till sunset, m. genius of the late afternoon, Av. u:irah- nt. afternoon from
uz-ira- (pres.) to go up (of the sun), cf. 13.
Cf. H 9.6, N 47, 49, 50.
Av. rapi/ina- adj. belonging to the part of the day from noon till the
middle of afternoon, in the afternoon, m. genius of the noon-time, rapi/-
f. noon, midday, ar5m.pi/- f. (time) fitting for the meal, noon,
rapi/inom :rvnom until the RapiIina-hour, cf. Y 9.11, Pers. rabihvin,
rabihvin fradom the first (in-coming) rapi/ina, cf. Petit 9.
Av. hvani- adj. related to the time of the haoma pressing in the
morning, m. the genius of the haoma-preparation; one of the five watches,
Pers. hvan.
Cf. N 47 ped :imestn bahr i rabihvin ab: hvan gume:ed.
xapa: sab. a: sab cahr bahr. bahr i fradom h+
fr1m$.d1it!m h-frsmdd xnend. bahr i didigar

222
.r.zaurva/s1( abe:agn-vardisnih xnend. en do bahr
ai2i.sr+&r.m. bahr i sidigar u'm s+r'm us i ab:r xnend ke
usahin pedis andar ved. bahr i cahrom raoca-h'm fragat$i(
rsnih fr:-rasisnih, ke us i bm, u-s hvan gh-i: xnend.
xsapa, night, is divided into four parts:
1 The first part is called hK fr@m>.d@iti, sunset;
2 The second part is called MrMzaurva<sa, evening, the
turning of the pure;
Both these parts are counted in the aiXi.srKCrima.
3 The third part is called uah sKr, the morning dawn,
the strong dawn, with which the usahina commences;
4 The fourth part is raoca(hRm fragati, the approach of
daylight, the arrival of the light. This part is also called usi
bmya, the luminous dawn, and even the hvani watch.
The Vd divides each night into three parts: 18.18 paoirvi /risvi xsafne
during the first third of the night, 18.20 bitvi /risvi xsafne during the
second third of the night, 18.22 /ritvi /risvi xsafne during the third third
of the night.
Av. xsapan-/ par- nt. or f. night; nightfall, pB nom./1, xsap- f. id.,
OPers. xsap- f., Skt. k$p- f. night, Pers. sab, Sogd. "xsp /
e
xsap/. Cf. Aog 51
avaro xsapa , Y 44.5 usa ar5m.pi/ xsapc dawn, noon and
nightfall,
Av. hvar-/ xan- nt. sun, h, hv *hu) < *hu)5 < *hu)anh <
*hu)Uh < *suH-ans, G x5ng gen./1, frsm.diti- f., ditim acc./1, h
frsm.ditim sunset. Skt. suvr- nt. sun, sunshine, bright sky, Pers. xar,
Osset. xr/ xor, Sogd. xwr /xar/. Cf. Y 57.10 pasca h frsm.ditim, Yt 5.91
haca h vaxs h frsm.dti from the rising of the sun till the setting of
the sun.
Av. oro:aurvaesa- m., s abl./1 5 aro:ah- nt. evening, urvaesa- m.
turning-point; wave, cf. 9.
Av. aiisr/ra- nt. name of a part of the night, aii.sr/rima- m. the
fourth watch, adj. related to the fourth watch, aii-gva- (derived from
*aii-g to sing) is an epithet of aiisr/rima (derived from aii-sru to
hear, pay attention). Cf. Y 1.6, G 4.1, Vn 106, N 50.
Av. usah- f. dawn, daybreak, usa nom./1, usahom/ usm acc./1,
usahm gen./3, usahva loc./3, usi loc./1, Skt u$s- f., us-sam, Sogd. "ws-

223
/us-/, Lat. aurra. Cf. Vd 19.28 usi bmva the shining/ luminous dawn,
Pers. us i bm, cf. T III 260 b II (Man.) ud hm-sahr us-i-bm bavn.
Av. sra- adj. morning, rom acc./1 used as an adverb in the morning,
cf. Yt 10.142, Skt 7vs to-morrow, Khot. svi < *suvah- to-morrow. Av.
sirva- morning meal, breakfast, Pers. sr banquet. Cf. Yt 14.20, Y 62.7.
Av. usm srm the morning dawn, cf. Vd 18.15 h moroy vcim
baraiti upa usahom vm srm the bird (called par.dars fore-seer, cock)
lifts its voice towards the morning dawn.
Av. raocah- adj. light, nt. day (-light), cahm gen/3.
Av. fragati- f. approach from fra gam (Skt. pr gam to go forwards,
reach), ti abl./1, raocahm fragati from the approach of daylight.
Av. usahina- adj. related to the Usahina watch (from midnight till
sunrise) from usah- dawn, m. genius of Usahina. Cf. N 46 haca
maiovav xsapa h vaxsi pairi.saciti [the usahina] passes through the
middle of the night up to sunrise. Cf. also Dk ix M 793, Bd 159.
Pers. vardisn change; turning rendering Av. urvaesa-, cf. 9.
Pers. abe:ag pure, neat rendering Av. oro:u- adj. straight, cf. Y 43.3.
Pers. ab:r powerful, strong rendering Av. sra-, cf. 12.
Pers. fr:-rasisnih approach from ras- (OPers. ras), cf. Dk iv M 427,
VZ 30.20.
dva.dasa#h1&r.m asti a3rim ayar.: dv:adah-hsr ast hn
i agri r:. hn i r:-sabn ke r: agri andar dv:dah hsr i agri
ud astdah i mevnag ud vist-u-cahr i nidum. hsr vas
pevmnag mr. a/t.m nit.m.m h1&r.m &ri.vacahim: ed
nidum pevmn i si-g
b
isn.
The longest day is of twelve hIra. The longest day has 12
longest hIra, 18 medium hIra, and 24 shortest hIra. There
are several measures for the reckoning of the time. The shortest
hIra (unit of time) is the time of [pronouncing] three words.
Av. h/ra- nt. a measure of time, hour from hi, rendered by
pevmn(ag), cf. H 13.3 antar naem h/rahe during the period of a
hIra` Z a: andarn nemag i v i pevmnag, Pers. hsr.
Av. dva.dasah/ra- adj. of twelve hIra`, rom nom./1, nt.
Av. ah to be, asti is
Av. ayrva- adj. foremost, first, premier; longest, rAm nom./1, nt., acc./1,
ayra- adj. foremost, first, nt. top, foremost point, summit, Pers. agri(g), cf.
7.
Av. nitoma- adj. lowest, least; smallest, shortest, mom nom./1, nt., Pers.
nidum, cf. 4.1.
Av. maooma- adj. medium; middle rendered by Pers. mevnag, Av.
maoomva- adj. medium cf. Vd 7.41 nitomom maoomom ayrim, Dk viii

224
M 715 agri ud mevnag ud nidum, M 734 pahlum mevnag nidum. Cf.
4.1
Av. ayan-/ r- nt. day, daytime, ro nom.-acc./1.
Av. aeta- this, tom nom./1, nt.
Av. vacahya- cf. Yt 15.1, Skt. vacasy- adj. worthy of mention,
vacasy-- f. readiness of speech. Av. /ri.vacahva- adj. of three words, him
nom./1, nt., */ri.vacah- nt., cf. Dk viii, M 704 ka ped si-g
b
isnih i g
b
ed, ab:
ne abespred.
Dk viii, M 715 abar r: ud sab i agri ud mevnag ud nidum k fud fud
cand h/r. u-sn rasisn andar kadm radih, brinag i-sn ek ek ped :amn,
n 9.1 h/r i agri r:-sabn ped dv:dah bahr e bahr, ud h/r i keh ped
astdah bahr e bahr, Bd 158 r: hminig mahist cand do i :imestnig kahist,
sab i :imestnig mahist cand do i~ hminig kahist. r: i hminig mahist~
dv:dah h/r ud sab sas h/r. sab i :imestnig mahist~ dv:dah h/r ud
r: sas h/r. ud h/r-e :amn-e, ud h/r-: i ped :amig.
ta( g1mahva &ri.g1mim: a: gmn hn i si-gm.
That (pace) among paces is three paces.
Av. ta- this, that, correlatif of ya-, ta nom.-acc./1, nt., adv. then, there,
Skt. t-, tt, OPers. ta-ya, Khot. tta-.
Av. gman- nt. a unit of measure, mahva loc./3, Pers. gm.
Av. /ri.gmva- nt. the length of three paces, mim nom.-acc./1. In the
original text it was possibly written /ri.gim, Pers. si-gm three paces
rendering /ri-gva- nt., gim cf.Vd 3.17.
ta( (ka/ahe ta( v!kayehe: edn dvvar edn gugv andar si
gm
That of a guide, that of a witness: thus the judge [and] the
witness are within a distance of three paces.
Av. kaesa- m. guidance, teaching; belief; guide, teacher, a negative
equivalent of varona- choice, belief, Pers. kes, cf. 5.
Av. vi-kaya- m. witness, cf. 8.
Cf. MHD A 25.3 andar si gm and in (the placing of litigants at a
distance of) three paces (from each other and from the judges).
Pers. ddvar/ dvvar judge, law official, adjudicator < *dta-bara-, cf.
4.3.
ta( ar.&ahe ta( ar.&avan$: edn ddestn [soxan hamg
andar si-gm drisn], edn ddestnomand [peseml ud
paseml tan i ddestn andar si gm].
That of a lawsuit, that of a suitor (or plaintiff): thus the
judgement [any speech should be within a distance of three

225
paces], thus those who are judged [the distance of the plaintiff
from the defendant, in a lawsuit, should be of three paces].
Av. aro/a- nt. (dutiful) purpose, goal, objective; (in law) lawsuit,
litigation, action rendered by Pers. ddestn, cf. Y 43.13, Skt. rtha- nt. aim,
purpose, thing, object, political utility. Av. ham-oro/a- m. opponent
rendered by Pers. hameml. Av. an-aro/e without purpose rendered by ped
a-ddestnih, cf. Y 65.9, Skt. anartha-. Av. vy-aro/a- rendered by (ped hn i)
fud-ddestn(ih), cf. Vd 17.3, Skt. vyartha-.
Av. aro/avan- adj. according to a purpose, suitable to the object; (in law)
plaintiff prosecutor or defendant.
Pers. ddestn judgement, verdict, sentence; case, process, legal affair;
law, cf. 4.3, Pers. ddestnomand law-abiding, cf. Dk iv M 428.
Pers. peseml plaintiff < pes (OPers. paisiv) + hamoro/a-, 5 Syr.
.2,"K (.L%= M7E).
Pers. paseml defendant, respondant < pas (OPers. pas) + hamoro/a-,
5 .%+#! (.L%= M7E). Cf. the Law-book of Is!bxt.
u
vay$ zut$: dvvar. en vi:red k xstr i varomand
nivsidr i evarih ast cn ged (>- (8%,$ Z 2& .
u
vay> zut> (in both satisfied) is a judge. This [term]
expresses that the petitioner who is doubtful is a hearer of an
authentic testimony, as it is said [in the Avesta book] (>- (8%,$ Z 2&
(DuzdIr.jata?).
Av. uva-/ G uba- adj. both, uvay/ ubv loc./2, uvaya-/ G ubaya- adj.
both, one and another, in both ways
Av. :usta- ppp. liked, pleased from :us to be pleased or satisfied, like,
:ust nom./1, m., cf. 20.
Cf. Dk viii, M 724 abar dvvar i vav:ust, hn i ne vav:ust, :amn i a:
dvvar ne vav:ust hn i vav:ust, M 715 abar :amn i a: evarih
varomandih.
Pers. varomand in doubt, doubtful, uncertain from var < varah-, ant.
evar certain, assured, cf. Dk viii M 704.

226
I ndex

ainik> 3.4 an@hita 5
ainit>i# 7 a8tarM.iCXRm 27.1
ainit>i 7 a!tMmMmci# 3.5
ai7h 26 a&ye 3.3
aiXi.g@me 25.2 a#hMu 26
aiXi.srKCrMm 27.2 aphu-/ ahu 2.6
airit> 7 a#hu 3.8
aurva# 7 a#hMn 4.5
a<ta 5 a#
v
he 6
a<taya 27.1 ahv-/ aph 2.5
a<tava6 27.1 apa 2.4
a<t) 3.3 apaiti.MrMta 3.8
a<tMm 27.2 aparaya 3.3
a<te 4.5 ap@rMzu 3.7
a<Crapaiti 7 apivaite 7
a<Ba 3.2 apuyR 3.8
aoxte 4.4 apMm> 7
aojasca 4.7 apMrMn@yuka 2.5
aora 7 apcrcnyukanRm 2.5
aor@ca 3.1 apMrMn@yuk> 2.5
aotra 3.4 afriCy> 3.8
aTa 7 aXra 7
aTra 7 amana 7
aTrim 7, 27.2 amarR 3.8
aTrMm 7 amavata 3.5
aTry>.tMm> 3.8 am@i 7
aciC> 7 am@ta 7
aciCr> 7 amM&a 7
aCa 4.1, 7, 25.2 amRsta 3.3
aCaurun> 7 ayaCnavanta 23
aBa 7 ayarM 27.2
aBar> 3.7 arMj> 3.8
aB@# 7 arMt>.kMrMiCin> 7
aaditi 25.2 arMCavan> 27.2
anaTra 7 arMCahe 27.2
*anantarc.iIa 27.1

227

arMCn
y
3.7 a&@ 4.2
arMCra 5 a&Mmc@ 4.3
arMdu 25.2 ata 3.8
arMdra 7 ata#hum 1
arMm 7 ati 4.1
ar)na 7 a.vandrMm 8
ava<Rm 4.1 a.varMc 8
avaoirista 25.2 a.vMrMCra 8
ava[ 4.2 azarMs> 3.8
avaB@# 7 az@ta 7
ava.barMtRm 4.7 azinRm 3.8
avarM 7 ahubya 4.3
avarMta 4.6 ahurahe mazd 4.7, 25.2
avarMt 20 ahur> mazd 4.2
avava# 7 ahm@i 7
ava.CXarMsahe 25.1 ahm@kMm 7
ava.st@tMm 3.6 @ 4.1, 7
as 7 @a# 7
asta 7 @gMrMpta 25.1
ast@t> 7 @tarM.friCitMmca 7
asti 5, 25.2, 27.2 @tar 25.2
astMm 3.3, 3.8 @tMrMtar@# 7
astvaite 6 @tMrM.marMzan> 7
astvat> 26 @tMrM.vazan> 7
astv 3.8 @trM.kMrMta 7
asnayasti 27.1 @trMvax> 7
aspMrMn> 7 @[ 4.1, 7
asp> 3.8 @Ca 7
aay 3.7 @Ba 7
a&aon> 26 @!ty 3.4
asavan> 25.2 @pMm 4.6, 4.7
a&ahe 4.3 @frYn@mi 4.7

228
@bMrMtMm 7 urvatMm 3.7
rmata 7 urvaC> 9
@rmaiti 4.2 urviByeiti 9
s 7
u
va 2.2, 9
@su 7
u
vaca 2.2
stcrciti 25.1
u
vay<ibya (
u
vaibya) 2.2
stcrcIa 25.1
u
vaye/ uye 2.2
@ste 7
u
vayo 2.2
@stryete 4.6
u
vay> 27.2
@snat@rMm 7
u
vay 2.2
@zai!tivaitY 3.5
u
vaysci# 2.2
@z@ta 7 us 3.7, 9
@z>i 7 u 9
iCXRm 27.1 usaam 3.7
is@i 4.4 uibya 9
ium 7 uRm sKrRm 27.2
Ym 4.1 uta 9
uxBana 3.6 utat@tMm 9
uxB>.vac 3.6 uza<iti 4.2
uxBMm 3.6 uzati 27.1
uxB 3.6 uzyazd@na 3.4
uxBRm 24 uzy> 9
uTrMm 9 MrMzaurva<s@6 27.2
uta 9 MrMzi 3.7
ut@ 4.1 MrMzu 3.7
una 9 oiCra 2.2
unMm 9 oYm 1
upar> 3.7 >im 3.2
ub>iby@ 2.2 (ha 3.4
ubda<nMm 9 kainik 2.6
uruCa# 9 kaya 3.3
uruCXarM 3.7 karasci# 5
uruna<ca 3.8 karuy 5
urun> 7 karo 5
urupa 3.4 kar>.r@zRm 5
urva 9 kart)e 5
urva<BRs 9 karvRm 5
urva<sa 9 kasci6 26
urva<s> 9 kasya(h> 3.2

229
kaa<ibya 3.7 gaya 4.5
ka& 5 gay> 4.5
kahm@ici[ 4.2 {ava 21
k@iBy>.jata 25.1 gav@stry@varMza 21
kMrMfMmca 3.8 gavRm 3.8
k> 5 g@im 27.1
kvaci6 26 g@tum 4.4
xraosy> 25.2 g@tumca 4.3
xratum 6 g@CX>itaci# 21
xratu 23 g@mahva 27.2
xrudi.vac 3.5 g@mRm 27.1
xa<t> 5 guBra 21
xaCr> 5 guta 3.6, 21
xapa 27.2 guzr@.sa(h> 3.5
xayamna 3.8, 5 { 21
xaya#.v@x 3.5 gMrMBa 21
xay> 5 gMrMXna# 21
xim 5 gMrMd@ 21
xudr 3.7 gRm 21
xu
s
tasme 5 gRmc@ 4.3
x
ustMm 5 grhm> 21
xt@# 5 Tna# 22
xtKm 1 Tn@# 22
xnuta 5 Tn 22
xva 1 caiti 19
xvYBa 5 ca<tM8ti 19
x
v
a<BMm 3.8 cakana 19
xa-Iryaon 2.6 ca6ca 26
x
v
a#ha 2.6 caCXarM.aspahe 4.6
x
v
afra<ta 26 caCru 1
x
v
ara 25.2 caCruvaBa 1
x
v
arahe 25.1 caritik 2.6
x
v
ar.ciCRm 3.2 carMtut@r> 19
ga<CanRm 4.6 carMtu.dr@j> 19
ga<m 21, 27.1 carMtRm 19
ga<sa 3.2 carMCrRm 19
gaoa 3.7 c@rRm 19
gate 21 cika<n 2.3

230
cikaya# 2.3 tarasca 3.1
cikayat> 2.3, 3.3 tarMman> 18
cici 4.4 tav@c@ 4.4
ciCa 19 taa# 18
ciCra 19 t@ca 18
ci!kaBavat> 3.7 t@t> 18
cinman> 19 t@yusca 25.2
cisti 19 tir> 1
cvaiti 27.1 tKirYm 1
jaiBya# 15 tKm 18
ja< 2.6 tuni 18
ja< 15 t< 4.6, 4.7
jaxv 15 6ka<ahe 27.2
jata 15 #ka<> 5
jafra 15 #ba< 16
jana# 15 CamnMm 23
ja#ha# 15 Cn@t> 23
jarMta 15 Cax@i 4.5
jasa# 15 CXRm 2.4, 23
jahi 2.6 Cra<taonahe 4.6
jin@iti 15 Cra# 23
jimaitY 4.4 CrayRm/ CryRm 1
jima# 15 Cr@Cr@ 23
jum 15 Cr@y> sata 23
j 2.6 CritYm 1
jvaiti 4.5 CrisatMm 23
taca 18 Cri.yaxtica 4.7
tacarMm 27.1 Criva 1
ta6 27.2 CrRfB> 23
tanKm 25.2 Cri.g@mim 27.2
tanu.mRCr> 18 CripiCX> 25.2
ta8citMm 18 Cri.vacahim 27.2
tanva<ca 3.8 da<saya# 14
taya 18 daoa 3.7
tay> 25.2 daxm> 14
taraB@t> 18 daxta 14

231
daxmayasti 27.1 naomahe 1
da!t@n> 3.4 namra.v@x 3.5
da(r> 3.5 , 3.6 nara 2.5, 4.4
daphave 3.8 nar> 2.5, 25.2
darMTMm 3.8 nar 2.5, 3.2, 4.1
darMsa# 14 n@ 2.4, 4.1
dasaca 27.1 n@irY 4.1
dasMmahe 1 n@irika 2.6
dain> 3.7 n@irikanRm 2.6
dazdi 14 n@irikay 2.6
daa# 14 n@f> 3.7
dahm> 14 nitMmaci[ 4.1
d@itya 4.3 nitMmMm 27.2
d@[ 4.3 nizMntMm 26
d@t@i 4.3 n 2.4
d@ra 4.7 n> 2.4
d@ta 14 n>i[ 4.3
diBiXi.buzda 25.1 n(ha 3.4
diti 27.1 nm@n>.paCni 2.6
duTBa 2.6 paiti 3.3, 10
dunma 4.7 paiti.ast>.vac 3.6
du.d@ma 14 paiti.daB@iti 4.3
du.sasti 14 paitit@i 4.5
d)u/ du.srava7he 14 paitit@na 3.7
dMmRn>.paCni 2.6 paitit@nMm 3.3
dMrMt>.sraosMm 3.6 paityahmi 4.1
d
M
rMzra 14 paity@Ba 3.6
d>iCra 3.4 paityete 10
drujMm 4.4 pairi 5
drvat@tMm 3.8 pairikanRmca 4.6
dva 1 pairit@.xudra 2.6
dvaca 27.1 pairitMm 3.6
dva.dasa(h@CrMm 27.2 paurva 1
dvay 1 pa<sa 10
naire 4.3, 4.4 paoirYm 1
na<m@# 7 paourua.gaonMm 3.2
na<mR 3.7 paourvaya 3.3

232
pao 10 pcrcnyunRm 2.5
pata# 10 pMrMn@yu 2.5
patM8ta 4.6 pMrMn@vay 10
paC> 10 pMrMnMm 10
paBMm 27.1 pMrMnMmn@i 4.3
panca.dasa 25.2 pM&>.tanu 10, 25.2
panca sata 10 pouruy> 4.7
pa!casatMm 10 pouruasp> 4.6
pa#ta#hum 1 pRsnu 10
pay> 10 pRstahe 3.2
par@ca 3.1 fMBri 13
par@!ty 3.4 fra<ta 13
parMsui 3.7 frak@ray>i 5
par> 3.7 fragat>i6 27.2
parta 10 frajaBaite 4.5
parva 5 frajaiByeiti 4.5
pas@n> 3.7 fradaC@i 13
pasu.vastrahe 3.2 fradaCMm 4.2
pasu.haurvRn 26 frabda 3.7
pasca 3.7 fram@t> 16
pasca.vaTBanMm 3.7 frav@x 3.7
pasv> 25.2 frasasta 13
panMm 3.4 frasyazjayeiti 25.1
p@iri 3.7 franMm 3.7
p@ta 10 Iraz.ustna 25.2
p@Ba 10 fraz@naiti 5
p@rMm 10, 26 frazd@naom 4.7
p@za#
v
ha8tMm 26 fr@ 4.4
pitum 10 fr@raiCya 4.3
piryete 10, 25.2 fr@rMzu 3.7
puxBa 1, 10 fr@m>.d@itYm 27.2
puCra 4.6 frim 13
puCr> 4.7 frR 13
pusRm 10 fu 5
pMrMtu 10 futa 13
pMrMC@ 4.4 fuy> 5, 13
pMrMn@i 10 ft@na 3.7
pMrMn@yu 2.5, 10 ba< 16

233
ba<aza 16 ma# 11, 2.2
baoBa#h> 16 maBu 11
baoB> 16 maBMmyehe 4.1
baoB>.jaiti 25.1 manaoCri 3.7
baoB>.vartahe 2.3, 25.1 ma8t@ 4.7
baoMm 16 maya# 6
baxBra 16 may 11
baxa[ 4.2 marMta 4.5
baTa 16 mastMrMTnRm 3.3
ba8t 16 mastMrMTnya 3.3
ba8d 16 masya(h> 3.3
bara<te 4.4 ma 11
barMCri 2.6, 16 ma&y@ka 4.6
barodahim 3.7 masy> 3.6, 11
bai 16 maza 11
b@Ba 16 mazgMmca 3.8
b@maniv 5 mazdayasn> 11
b@mya 3.1 mazdi uxam 24
b@zava 3.7 m@ 2.2, 6
bzu.jata 25.2 m@i 6
bitim 1 m@ta 2.6, 6
bipiCX> 25.2 miC.s@sta 25.1
bi 27.1 miCXa 11
bii 16 miCr> 6
buji 16 mimar> 11
bunMm 4.1 midMm 11
buy@# 16 muCrMm 11
buzda 25.1 mustMm 11
bMrMzata 3.5 muti.mas> 3.7
bRCr> 16 mMrMx 11
bya#ha 16 mMrMz@n@i 11
bva[ 3.8 mMrMzu 11
maite 6 mM&> 11
ma<sma 3.7 m< 4.4
maocata 11 mou 11
maxi 11 m 6
maTa 11 mRm 4.7, 6, 11
maTMm 11 mya 4.6
ya<tu@Ba 26 y@skMrMstMmMmca 4.6
ya<tu<>> 4.6 yuxta 4.6
ya<syM8ta 4.6 yujyasti 27.1
ya<sya8tYm 4.6 yunji8ti 4.6
yaoxtay> 4.7 yKm@kMm 2.4
yaoTMm 4.5 yKMm 4.6
yaocina 4.7 y 4.3
yaodanahe 4.7 yezi 4.7
yakarc 3.7 yehy@ 4.4
ya[ 3.8 y> 3.3, 4.3, 4.4, 5, 6
yaCa 3.6, 4.1, 27.1 y>i 3.3, 4.6
yaCaca 4.2 y>it> 4.5
yaC@ 4.1 y#hya 4.6
yaCra 4.2 raire 17
yaCr@ 4.2 ra<va 17
yayata 4.7 raoca#hMm 17
yava 4.5 raoca#hRm 27.2
y
a
va 4.5 raoBa# 17
yava<ca 4.7 ratubya 4.3
yava<tata<ca 4.7 raCXya 4.3
yavata 4.5 raCXy 3.6
yava# 4.4, 27.1 rafn) 17
yavahe 4.7 raz> 17
y
a
v@kMm 2.4 r@jim 17
yave 3.8 r@na 3.7
yas>.bMrMt@by> 4.7 r@tMm 17
yast@ 4.7 r@z> 17
yasnMmca 4.7 vaiti 25.1
yaza<a 4.7 va<j> 8
yaz@i 4.7 va<Bayama 8
yazu 4.7 va<d@ 4.1
y@ 4.4 va<Bim 8
yta 25.2 va<na# 8
y@tuxta 25.1 va<m 8

235
vaoxte 8 vavaxBa 8
vakauvaris 8 vas>.xaCrRm 3.8
vaxa(ha 3.5 vaste 8
vaTBanMm 3.3, 4.1 vastra 8
vaca 3.5, 8 vastrsca 5
vacah 3.5 vasmi 8
vac> 3.5 vazaTa 8
vaBairyao 8 vahitahe 4.3
vaBu 2.6 vahitMm 8
vana 8 vahm@i 8
vanaite 8 vahmMmca 4.7
vana<m@ 4.4 v@ 4.1, 27.1
vanatRm 8 v@iti 25.1
vanarM 8 v@x 3.5
va8ta 2.6 v@x.bMrMtiby> 3.5
va8tanRm 2.6 v@cim 8
va8t@hva 2.6 v@tMm 8
va!drMm 8 v@raiti 8
va#ri 8 v@rMCraTniby> 3.5
va#h@n> 8 v@r> 8
vaph 3.6 v@st
a
ryapha 8
va(hRm 3.7 v@stryRm 26
vafra 8 viusaiti 8
varasca 4.3 vY 2.4
varMkahe 8 vYkayehe 27.2
varMc 8 vikay> 8
varMtata 8 vkcrc[.ustna 25.2
varMdv> 8 vYc@ 8
varMBa 3.8 vYciCrMmci[ 25.2
varMBaya 8 vYcir> 8
varMna 8 vitasti 8, 27.1
varMnava 8 vidu 8
varMmn> 3.8 vidu.d@t> 5
varMsa 8 viBava 2.6
varMy> 8 vinda# 8
var> 3.7 vir>.maza#h> 4.6
vart> 8 vise 8
varsa 3.2 vis> 8

236
viste 8 sarMBa 4.7
vispa 8 s@sn 3.6
vispaca 4.3 siBya# 12
vYspaca 3.3 sukMm 12
visp@i 3.8 suca 12
vYsp) 3.7 surahe 4.7
vYspcm*i 6 suri 3.2
vYsp> 3.8 sKr 12
vizuta 26 sKrRm 27.2
vMrM[ka 3.7 sui 3.7
vMrMCra 8 sMvita 12
vMrMd@ 4.4 s#ha 12
varMdv> 8 skaptMm 12
vMrMnava# 8 sci8daya# 12
vMrMnuite 8 staxt> 12
vMrMzya# 8 staxr> 12
v 2.4, 4.2 st@ta 12
vMhrkahe 8 st@rRm 4.1
vo/ v> 2.4, 8 stM8bya 12
v>iCXa 8 st>i 26
v>istrMm 8 stri 12
voy> 25.2 strYm 2.6
vouru.gaoyaoiti 6 snaiIis 25.1
vohK 8 sn@t> 12
vohu.gaonMm 3.2 sn@varM 12
vohuni 3.8 snus 12
vRCXa 8 spaxtim 12
vy@xanRm 5 spar(ha 3.4
vy@xti 2.6 spMrMza 3.7
saiBe 12 sraoni 3.7
sa< 2.6 sraoni.mas 25.2
sa<te 12 srava# 12
saxta 12 sravat> 12
sata 23 srita 12
sadaya# 12 srira/ srYra 3.5
sa#ha# 12 srYrMm 3.6
sa(hMm 3.5, 12 srYr 12

237
sruta 12 zut> 27.2
srunaoiti 12 zM(a 3.7
sv> 12 zMmana 20
a<t> 5 zMm> 5, 26
uRs 25.2 zMrMBa<m 3.7, 20
uBMm 5 z 4.1, 20
Miti 5 zRCra 20
Mnma 5 zgaCa# 20
>iCr> 5 zgMrMsnMm 20
tuiti 5 zbayemi 20
)@t> 5 zyei[ 25.2
)@ma 3.7 zyRm 20
)(y)avaiti/ usaiti 5 zrva 20
)y@t> 5 zrv@nMmca 4.3
zaurura 2.6 nKm 3.7
za<na#ha 20 haiti 24
za<man> 4.6 haiCi 24
za<> 20 haiCYm 4.1
zaoCra 20 haiCYm.vac 3.5
zaoCr@by> 4.7 ha<na 24
zaoo 20 haoy> 3.7
zat> 20 haosrava(hMm 3.8
zaBa#ha 3.7 haosrava7he 24
zanta 20 haka# 2.2
zaraCutra 4.5 hakMrM# 2.2
zarva 20 haxa 24
zavarMca 4.7 haxMm 3.7
zasta 3.7, 20 haxti 3.7
zastava# 20 hacait< 4.2
z@t> 20 hacita 24
z@maoy> 20 haBa 2.2, 24
z@m@ta 20 haBa#r> 24
z@rasca 3.7 haBa#r>.pRm 24
z@varM 20 hana 2.6
zY 20, 25.2 hank@rayemi 24
zita 20 hand@ta 24
zinda 20 handMrMiti 25.1
zur>.bMrMt 20 ha(h@ma 3.8
zua 20 ha(
v
harne 3.7
zuta 20 hapaCni 2.6

238

hapta 5
hapta#hum 1
hama 25.2
harMta 24
hava 2.6
hava(
v
hMm 3.8
haz> 25.2
h@ta 24
h@tRm 4.2
h*CrMm 27.1, 27.2
hiku 24
hixa# 24
hit> 3.5
hinca# 24
hizva 3.5
hK 27.2
hukMrMf 3.1
hugaonMm 3.2
hu-tarasca 3.1
hut@t> 3.1
huraoB> 3.1
huvirRm 3.1
hMnti 3.3
hvarM 4.2
hv>it> 4.5
hvRm 24

Avesta Glossary Text

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Avesta Glossary Text

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3

aor+ca par+ca tarasca

y'i aparaya paiti mast-r-0nya

da#have var-mn' ata

mengn? Cf. Yt 13.76

aor1ca par1ca tarasca: rn ud parrn ud tarist (tarasc)

aor+ca/ G aor-c adv., Skt.

nek a: hamg kustag

y$i aparaya paiti mast.r.3nya ke pas masturg. |abarag

par1ty : visn ud savisn i vCn

cika*avat$: resn-:-vand/ cand resn

ap1r.zu: pes ud pas angust

!"%7"v8 var.mn$ ata

dehn dsid ested ped xadv slrih

vidu.d1t$: kadr ast ddvar i gh-dd?

7(y)avaiti/ 7usaiti: raved

1t.r.tar1 na/m1: tas tar nemag

paosa- from pu to stink, rot, cf. P 41 acistom paosistomca :

dioii < *didi)-i, cf. Skt.

xarom-iz? Cf. N 45 xarom. Kl. : anarm from Av. *an-aroma-

tan+m piryete. :and. tanbuhl. cn si-sad

stahm3h+ appurd baved.

sava? How big is that abode?

You might also like