(VNMATH - Com) - Phan Loai Va Phuong Phap Giai Toan 10 - THPT Nguyen Van Troi

S GIO DC V O TO TY NINH
TRNG THPT NGUYN VN TRI

---------------------------------------

PHN LOI V PHNG PHP GII
TON LP 10
Theo chuan kien thc k na ng-Ban c ban

TY NINH THNG 3 NM 2011

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1

Li noi au

Trong chng trnh mn Ton lp 10, khi ging dy chng ti nhn thy rng hc
sinh cha tip cn tt vn , nht l k nng gii ton. iu dn n hc sinh cha c
hng th trong hc ton, c bit n s nh hng rt ln cho nhng nm hc tip theo.
Nhm gip cc em ly li cn bn v nng cao cht lng hc tp mn Ton theo chng
trnh ci cch ca B gio dc v o to, chng ti bin son b ti liu : Phn loi v
phng php gii ton lp 10 .
B ti liu gm hai phn : Hnh hc v i s. Ni dung ti liu bm st theo cu trc
ca sch gio khoa Ton 10 (chng trnh chun) v da trn chng trnh Chun kin thc,
k nng ca B gio dc v o to va ban hnh.
Mi bi hc trong b ti liu ny c trnh by nh sau :
A. Kin thc cn nh.
B. Phng php gii ton.
C. Bi tp ngh.
Phn kin thc cn nh chng ti tm tt li ni dung chnh ca bi hc trn nn
Chun kin thc, k nng. Phn phng php gii ton gm nhiu vn , trong mi vn
c nu phng php gii quyt v mt s bi tp c bn c hng dn gii chi tit. Phn bi
tp ngh gip cc em t n li kin thc trong mi bi hc.
Chng ti hy vng b ti liu ny s gip cc em vng bc v t tin hn trn con
ng hc vn ca mnh. Chc cc em hc tp tin b v thnh cng !.
Mc d rt c gng trong qu trnh bin son nhng kh trnh khi sai st. Rt mong
nhn c kin ng gp ca cc thy c v cc em hc sinh ti liu c b sung, iu
chnh ngy mt hon thin hn.
Ty Ninh, thng 3 nm 2011
T Ton, trng THPT Nguyn Vn Tri

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PHN 1
I S

-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x
y
2
4 5 y x x =
1 y x =

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3

CHNG I MNH - TP HP
1. MNH

A. KIN THC CN NH
1. MNH -MNH CHA BIN
1.1. Mnh
Mi mnh (lgc) phi ng hoc sai. Mi mnh khng th va ng va sai.
K hiu mnh bi cc ch ci in hoa : P, Q, A, B
1.2. Mnh cha bin: n chia ht cho 4 l mnh cha bin.
Ch : Vi mi gi tr ca bin x thuc tp hp no , mnh cha bin ( ) P x tr
thnh mt mnh .
2. PH NH CA MT MNH
Cho mnh P . Mnh ph nh ca mnh P l mnh P ,
ta c: P ng khi P sai v P sai khi P ng.
3. MNH KO THEO
Mnh Nu P th Q c gi l mnh ko theo. K hiu: P Q.
Mnh P Q ch sai khi P ng v Q sai
(trong cc trng hp khc P Q u ng)
Cc nh l ton hc l nhng mnh ng v c dng P Q. Khi ta ni:
P l gi thit, Q l kt lun ca nh l, hoc
P l iu kin c Q , hoc
Q l iu kin cn c P .
4. MNH O-HAI MNH TNG NG
Mnh Q P c gi l mnh o ca mnh P Q.
Nu c hai mnh P Q v Q P u ng th ta ni P v Q tng ng.
K hiu: P Q . c l: P tng ng Q , hoc
P l iu kin cn v c Q , hoc
P khi v ch khi Q .

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5. K HIU V
K hiu c l vi mi. K hiu c l tn ti t nht mt (hay c t nht mt).
B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Cch xc nh mnh
Phng php : Cn nm vng khi nim mnh ,mnh cha bin t rt ra kt lun.
Bi tp 1. Xt xem cc cu sau , cu no l mnh , cu no l mnh cha bin v cu
no khng l mnh ?
a/ 2x-3>7 b/ 5-9=3 c/ x, x
2
=25 d/ Hm nay tri ma qu!.
Gii
a/ L mnh cha bin.Vi mi gi tr ca x ta c mt mnh .
b/ L mnh . l mnh sai.
c/ L mnh cha bin.Vi mi gi tr ca x ta c mt mnh .
d/ Khng l mnh .V khng khng nh c tnh ng hoc sai.
Bi tp 2. Vi mi cu sau , hy tm gi tr thc ca x c mnh ng, mnh sai ?
a/ 5x
2
-14x+9=0 b/ 5x-1>x+11 c/ | x+3|= 5 d/ x
2
+4=0.
Gii
a/ Gii phng trnh : 5x
2
- 14x + 9 = 0 .Ta c nghim x = 1 v x = 9/5.
Vi x = 1 v x = 9/5 th c mnh ng.
Vi 1 x v 9/ 5 x th c mnh sai.
b/Gii bt phng trnh .Ta c x > 3
Vi x > 3 th c mnh ng.
Vi 3 x th c mnh sai.
c/ Gii phng trnh
+ = =
+ =

+ = =

3 5 2
3 5
3 5 8
x x
x
x x

Vi x=2 hoc x = - 8 th c mnh ng.
Vi 2 x v 8 x th c mnh sai.
d/ Phng trnh x
2
+ 4 = 0 v nghim. Vy vi mi gi tr ca x u c mnh sai.
Khng c mnh ng.

Vn 2. Pht biu thnh li ca mt mnh . Dng k hiu , vit mnh ph
nh ca n.
Phng php:
1. " ; co tnh cha t T" x P x c mnh ph nh l " ; kho ng co tnh chat P" x P x .
2. " ; co tnh cha t T" x P x c mnh ph nh l " ; khong co tnh chat P" x P x .

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Bi tp. Pht biu thnh li ca mt mnh . Vit mnh ph nh ca n.
a/
2
: =-5 x R x b/
2
: +4x 0 x R x c/
2
: =3 x Z x d/ x x
2
: 5
Gii
a/ Vi mi s thc u c bnh phng bng -5
Mnh ph nh l:
2
: -5 x R x
b/ Vi mi s thc x ta c x
2
+4x u ln hn hoc bng 0
Mnh ph nh l:
2
: +4x<0 x R x
c/ Tn ti mt s nguyn m c bnh phng bng 3
Mnh ph nh l:
2
: 3 x Z x
d/ Tn ti mt s nguyn m c bnh phng chia ht cho 5
Mnh ph nh l:
2
: khong chia het cho 5 x Z x .
Vn 3. Lp mnh o ca nh l nh l o
Phng php :
Dng kin thc, cc nh ngha , nh l hc nhn xt nh gi ri kt lun.

Bi tp. Trong cc trng hp sau y, hy pht biu mnh o ca nh l v xt xem n
c phi l nh l o ca nh l y hay khng?
a/Trong tam gic vung th ng trung tuyn ng vi cnh huyn bng na cnh y.
b/Mt s t nhin tn cng bng 0 th chia ht cho 5.
Gii
a/ Mnh o : Mt tam gic c ng trung tuyn ng vi mt cnh bng na cnh y
th tam gic bng tam gic vung
bit mnh trn c phi l nh l o hay khng th ta phi chng minh mnh .

Do AM = MB, AM = MC nn tam gic MAB, MAC cn
ti M suy ra : gc B = A
1
; gc C = A
2

M tng cc gc B, A
1
, A
2
, C bng 180
0
nn gc
A
1
+ A
2
=90
0
, suy ra tam gic ABC vung ti A.
Vy mnh trn l nh l o.
b/Mnh o l : Mt s t nhin chia ht cho 5 th tn cng bng 0
Mnh ny sai v 15 chia ht cho 5 m tn cng khng bng 0.
Vy mnh khng l nh l o.
Ch : Khng phi nh l no cng c nh l o ca n.

2
1
B
A
C
M

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Vn 4. iu kin cn, iu kin , iu kin cn v
Phng php :
1/Dng: P Q. Khi :
P l iu kin c Q , hoc
Q l iu kin cn c P .
2/ Dng: P Q : P l iu kin cn v c Q , hoc P khi v ch khi Q .

Bi tp 1. Pht biu cc nh l sau ,s dng khi nim iu kin cn, iu kin :
a/ Nu hai tam gic bng nhau th chng c t nht mt cnh bng nhau.
b/Nu mt s t nhin chia ht cho 6 th n chia ht cho 3.
c/ Nu a=b th a
2
=b
2
.
Gii
a/+ hai tam gic bng nhau, iu kin cn l chng c t nht mt cnh bng nhau.
+ hai tam gic c t nht mt cnh bng nhau, iu kin l hai tam gic bng nhau.
b/+ mt s t nhin chia ht cho 6, iu kin cn l n chia ht cho 3.
+ mt s t nhin chia ht cho 3, iu kin l n chia ht cho 6.
c/ + a=b ,iu kin cn l a
2
=b
2
.
+ a
2
=b
2
, iu kin l a=b
Bi tp 2. Cho hai tam gic ABC v ABC . Vi hai mnh :
P : " Tam gic ABC v tam gic ABC bng nhau".
Q : " Tam gic ABC v tam gic ABC c din tch bng nhau"
a) Xt tnh ng sai ca mnh P Q.
b) Xt tnh ng sai ca mnh Q P .
c) Xt tnh ng sai ca mnh P Q.
Gii
a/ Ta c mnh P Q: Nu tam gic ABC v tam gic ABC bng nhau th tam gic
ABC v tam gic ABC c din tch bng nhau , mnh ny hin nhin ng.
b/Ta c mnh Q P : Nu tam gic ABC v tam gic ABC c din tch bng nhau th
tam gic ABC v tam gic ABC bng nhau l mnh sai.
c/ Do P Q ng nhng Q P sai nn P Q l mnh sai.

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C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Trong cc cu sau y th cu no l mnh ? Nu l mnh th n ng hay sai?
a) 10 l s nguyn t
b) "123 l mt s chia ht cho 3".
c) " Ngy mai tri s nng"
d) " Hy i ra ngoi!"
Bi 2. Nu mnh ph nh ca cc mnh sau v cho bit tnh ng sai ca mi mnh
ph nh ?
a) "S 11 l s nguyn t"
b) S 111 chia ht cho 3"
Bi 3. Xt hai mnh : P : " l s v t" v Q : " khng phi l s nguyn"
a) Hy pht biu mnh P Q.
b) Pht biu mnh o ca mnh trn.
c) Xem xt tnh ng, sai ca cc mnh trn.
Bi 4. Xt hai mnh :
P : " 24 l s chia ht cho 2 v 3".
Q : " 24 l s chia ht cho 6".
a) Xt tnh ng sai ca mnh P Q.
b) Xt tnh ng sai ca mnh Q P .
c) Mnh P Q ng hay sai ?
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2. TP HP

A.KIN THC CN NH
1. KHI NIM TP HP
1.1. Tp hp v phn t
Tp hp l khi nim c bn ca ton hc. Thng thng mi tp hp gm cc phn t
cng c chung mt hay mt vi tnh cht. Tp hp thng c k hiu bi cc ch ci
in hoa: , , ,... A B C phn t ca tp hp c k hiu l cc ch ci thng: , , ... a b c
a l phn t ca tp hp A, vit l a A. b khng l phn t ca tp hp B,
vit l b B.
1.2. Cch xc nh tp hp
C 2 cch: a) Lit k cc phn t ca n.
b) Ch r tnh cht c trng cho cc phn t ca tp hp .

Ngi ta thng minh ha tp hp bng
mt hnh phng c bao quanh bi mt ng kn
c gi l biu Ven.

1.3. Tp hp rng
Tp hp rng l tp hp khng cha phn t no. K hiu: .
2. TP HP CON
Nu mi phn t ca tp hp Au l phn t ca tp hp B th
ta ni Al tp hp con ca B.
K hiu: A B(c l A cha trong B) hay B A (c l B cha A).
Tnh cht: a) A A vi mi tp hp A.
b) A B v B C th A C
c) A vi mi tp hp A.

3. HAI TP HP BNG NHAU
Khi A B v B Ata ni tp hp A bng tp hp B v vit l A B = .
B
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B.PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Vit tp hp di dng lit k phn t.
Phng php: K nng gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh,...tnh ton, suy lun.
Bi tp 1. Vit cc tp hp sau di dng lit k phn t
a/ { = < / 5} A x N x b/ { = < / 2 4} B x Z x
c/ { = = < / 3 ; va -1<k 6} C x x k k Z d/

= =
1 1
/ vi k N va }
2 8
k
D x x x
e/
{
= + =
2
/( 2)(3 5 2) 0} E x R x x x f/ F={x / N x l s chnh phng b hn 100}.
Gii
a/ { = 0;1; 2; 3; 4} A
c/ { = 0; 3; 6; 9;12;15} C
e/
2
;1; 2}
3
E
b/ { = 1; 0;1; 2; 3; 4} B
d/

=

1 1 1
; ; ;1}
8 4 2
D
f/ F={0 ;1 ;4 ;9 ;16 ;25 ;36 ;49 ;64 ;81}.

Bi tp 2. Tp hp no sau y l tp rng.
a/
{
= + =
2
/ 4 5} A x R x b/ { = + = / 3 9 6} B n N n .
Gii
a/Gii phng trnh x
2
+4=5 c nghim x= -1 ; 1 nn A={-1 ;1}.
b/

+ = =

3 9 6 1
n N n N
n B
n n
vy = B

Vn 2. Xc nh tp con ca tp hp.
Phng php: Dng nh ngha v tp hp con, tnh ton, suy lun.
Bi tp 1.
a/ Vit tp hp con gm hai phn t ca A={1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6}.
b/ Vit tp hp con gm ba phn t v lun c s 0 ca B={0 ;1 ;2 ;3 ;4 }.
Gii
a/ Tp con gm hai phn t ca A l :
{1 ;2},{1 ;3},{1 ;4},{1 ;5},{1 ;6},{2 ;3},{2 ;4},{2 ;5},{2 ;6},{3 ;4},{3 ;5},{3 ;6},{4 ;5},{4 ;6
},{5 ;6}.
b/ Tp con gm ba phn t lun cha s 0 ca B l :
{0 ;1 ;2},{0 ;1 ;3},{0 ;1 ;4},{0 ;2 ;3},{0 ;2 ;4},{0 ;3 ;4}.

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Bi tp 2. Tm tt c tp hp X tha mn {1 ;2 ;3} X {1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6}
Gii
Cc tp hp tha mn ton l :
X={1 ;2 ;3}
Ghp thm vo X mt phn t cn li ca {4 ;5 ;6} ta c
{1 ;2 ;3 ;4},{1 ;2 ;3 ;5},{1 ;2 ;3 ;6}
Ghp thm vo X hai phn t cn li ca {4 ;5 ;6} ta c
{1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5},{1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;6},{1 ;2 ;3 ;5 ;6}
Ghp thm vo X ba phn t cn li ca {4 ;5 ;6} ta c
{1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6}

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1.Vit tp hp sau theo cch lit k cc phn t :
a)
{ }
= + =
2
( 2 1)( 3) 0 A x R x x x .
b)
{ }
= 30; la boi cua 3 hoac cua 5 B x N x x .
c)
{ }
= / 2 15, va 15 khong co c chung kha c 1 C m Z m m .
d)
{
= = +
2
/ 2 3 vi k N va 30} D x x k x .
e)
{
= + =
2
/ (3 2)(3 5 2) 0} E x N x x x x .
Bi 2.Tm tt c cc tp con ca X={a ;b ;c ;d ;e ;f}.
Bi 3. Tm tt c tp hp X tha mn {1 ;2 ;a ;b} X {1 ;2 ;a ;b ;c ;d ;e}.

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3. CC PHP TON TP HP

A.KIN THC CN NH
1. GIAO CA HAI TP HP
Tp hp C gm cc phn t va thuc A
va thuc Bc gi l giao ca A v B.
K hiu: A B.
Ta c:
{ }
= va A B x x A x B .

2. HP CA HAI TP HP
Tp hp C gm cc phn t thuc A
hoc thuc Bc gi l hp ca A v B.
K hiu: A B.
Ta c:
{ }
= hoac A B x x A x B .

3. HIU V PHN B CA HAI TP HP
Tp hp C gm cc phn t thuc A nhng
khng thuc Bc gi l hiu ca A v B.
K hiu: = \ C A B. Ta c:
{ }
= \ va A B x x A x B
*Ch : Khi B A th \ A B l phn b ca B trong A.
K hiu l:
A
C B.
B.PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn . Xc nh tp hp.
Phng php: Dng nh ngha giao ca hai tp hp, hp ca hai tp hp, hiu, b ca
hai tp hp.

Bi tp 1. Cho hai tp hp A={0 ;1 ;2 ;5 ;7 ;8 ;9} B={1 ;2 ;6 ;8 ;10}.
Tm ; ; \ ; \ A B A B A B B A.
Gii
A B
A B
A B
A B
A
B
\ A B
B
A
A
C B
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Ta c :

=
=
=
=
{0;1; 2; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9;10}
{1; 2; 8}
\ {0; 5; 7; 9}
\ {6;10}
A B
A B
A B
B A

Bi tp 2. Cho A l tp hp bt k. Hy xc nh cc tp hp sau :
a/ A A b/ A A c/ \ A A
d/ A e/ A f/ \ A
g/ \ A h/
A
C A k/
A
C .
Gii
a/ = A A A
d/ = A A
g/ = \ A
b/ A A
e/ = A
h/ =
A
C A
c/ = \ A A
f/ = \ A A
k/ =
A
C A.

Bi tp 3. Cho tp hp A. C th ni g v tp B nu :
= = =
= = =
a A B A b A B B c A B A
d A B B e A B g A B A
/ / /
/ / \ / \ .

Gii

=
/ / /
/ / /
a B A b A B c B A
d A B e A B g A B

Bi tp 4. Mi hc sinh lp 10C1 u chi bng hoc bng chuyn. Bit rng c 30 bn
chi bng , 20 bn chi bng chuyn v 10 bn chi c hai mn th thao ny. Hi lp
10C1 c bao nhiu hc sinh ?
Gii
Gi A l tp hp s hc sinh lp 10C1 chi bng .
Gi B l tp hp s hc sinh lp 10C1 chi bng chuyn.
V mi bn u chi bng hoc bng chuyn,
nn A B l tp cc hc sinh ca lp.
S phn t ca A B l 30 + 20 10 = 40
Vy lp 10C1 c tt c 40 hc sinh.
10
A
B
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C.BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Dng biu Ven biu din giao, hp, hiu ca hai tp hp A v B bt k.
Bi 2. Cho { } = 1; 2; 4; 6; 7; 9 A v { } = 2;3; 4; 5; 7; 8 B . C={2 ;5 ;4 ;5 ;8 ;9 ;10}
Tm ( ) ; ( ) ; ( \ ) ; \ ( ) A B C A B C A B C B A C .
Bi 3. Lit k cc phn t ca tp hp A cc c s t nhin ca 18 v ca tp hp B cc c
s t nhin ca 30. Xc nh :
/ / / \ / \ . a A B b A B c A B d B A.

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4. CC TP HP S

A.KIN THC CN NH
1. CC TP HP S HC
1 ) Tp hp s t nhin :
{ }
= 0;1; 2; 3...
2) Tp hp s nguyn :
{ }
= ... 3; 2; 1; 0;1; 2; 3...
3) Tp hp s hu t :

=
`
)
*
,
m
m Z n N
n

4) Tp hp cc s thc :

2 .CC TP CON THNG DNG CA R.
Khong :
{ }
= < < ( ; ) a b x R a x b

{ }
+ = < ( ; ) a x R a x

{ }
= < ( ; ) b x R x b
on :
{ }
= [ ; ] a b x R a x b
Na khong :
{ }
= < [ ; ) a b x R a x b

{ }
= < ( ; ] a b x R a x b

{ }
+ = [ ; ) a x R a x

{ }
= (- ; ] b x R x b

B.PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn .Thc hin cc php ton v tp hp. Xc nh tp hp.
Phng php: K nng biu din tp hp s thc trn trc s.
Bi tp 1. Cho cc tp hp A=[-3 ;1] ; B=[-2 ;2] ; C=[-2;+ ) .
a/ Trong cc tp trn , tp no l tp hp con ca tp hp no ?
Tm phn b ca chng.
b/ Tm : A B A B A C A B B C ; ; ; \ \
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Gii
a/ Tp B l tp con ca tp hp C. Phn b ca B trong C l
C
C B=(2;+ ) .
b/ = = = + = = A B A B A C A B B C [ 2;1] ; [ 3;2] ; [ 3; ) ; \ [ 3; 2) \
Bi tp 2. Cho cc tp hp :
= { / 5 4} A x R x ;
= < { / 7 14} B x R x ;
= > { / 2} C x R x ;
= { / 4} D x R x .
a/ Dng k hiu on, khong ,na khong vit li cc tp hp trn.
b/ Biu din cc tp hp A, B, C, D trn trc s.
c/ Xc nh A B , A B , A C , A B \ , B C \ , A D .
Gii
a/ A=[-5 ;4], B=[7 ;14), = + (2; ) C , = ( ; 4] D .
b/ A=[-5 ;4] :

B=[7 ;14) :

= + (2; ) C :

= ( ; 4] D :

c/
)
= = = +
A B A B A C , [ 5; 4] [7;14], 5;
A\B= = + = B C A D [ 5; 4] \ (2; 7) (14; ) [ 5; 4].
Bi tp 3. Cho a, b, c, d l cc s thc vi a < b < c < d. Xc nh cc tp hp sau :
a a b c d b a c b d
c a d b c d b d a c
/ ( ; ) ( ; ) / ( ; ] [ ; )
/ ( ; ) \ ( ; ) / ( ; ) \ ( ; ).

Gii
= =
= =
a a b c d b a c b d b c
c a d b c a b c d d b d a c c d
/ ( ; ) ( ; ) / ( ; ] [ ; ) [ ; ]
/ ( ; ) \ ( ; ) ( ; ] [ ; ) / ( ; ) \ ( ; ) [ ; ).

[ ]
-5 4
14 7
[ )
2
(
4
]
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C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Cho cc tp hp: = = = + [ 3;1]; [ 2; 2]; [ 2; ) A B C .
a) Trong cc tp hp trn tp hp no l tp con ca tp no? Tm phn b ca chng?
b) Tm ; ; ; \ ; \ A B A B A C A B B C .
Bi 2. Cho cc tp hp :
= + > { / 2 3 0} A x R x
= < { / 8 2 0} B x R x
= + { / 2 0} C x R x .
a/ Dng k hiu on,khong ,na khong vit li cc tp hp trn.
b/ Biu din cc tp hp A,B,C,D trn trc s.
c/ Xc nh : ; ; ; \ \ A B A B A C A B B C
Bi 3. Sp xp cc tp hp s sau y
*
; ; ; ; theo th t tp hp trc l tp con ca
tp hp sau.

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17

5. S GN NG - SAI S

A. KIN THC CN NH
Cho a l s gn ng ca s ng a .
1. =
a
a a c gi l sai s tuyt i ca s ng a .
2. Nu
a
d th d c gi l chnh xc ca s gn ng a v quy c vit gn l
= a a d .
3. Cch quy trn s gn ng cn c vo chnh xc cho trc :
Cho s gn ng a vi d chnh xc d (tc l = a a d ). Khi c yu cu quy trn s a
m khng ni r l quy trn n hng no th ta quy trn a n hng cao nht m d nh hn
mt n v ca hng .
B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Tm sai s tuyt i ca mt s gn ng.
Phng php :
Cho a l s gn ng ca s ng a .
=
a
a a c gi l sai s tuyt i ca s ng a .
Bi tp 1. Cho ba gi tr gn ng ca 8/17 l 0,4 ; 0,47; 0,471. Hy tnh sai s tuyt i ca
cc s ny.
Gii
Ta c: = <
8 1.2
0.4 0.08
17 17
; = <
8 0.01
0.47 0.001
17 17
; = <
8 0.007
0.471 0.0005
17 17

Vy : Sai s tuyt i ca s gn ng 0.4 l 0.08.
Sai s tuyt i ca s gn ng 0.47 l 0.001
Sai s tuyt i ca s gn ng 0.471 l 0.0005.
Bi tp 2. Cho ba gi tr gn ng ca 23/7 l 3,28 v 3,286 . Hy tnh sai s tuyt i ca
cc s ny.
Gii
Ta c : <
23
3.28 0, 006
7
; <
23
3.286 0, 0003
7
.
Vy : Sai s tuyt i ca s gn ng 3.28 l 0.006.
Sai s tuyt i ca s gn ng 3.286 l 0.0003.

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18

Vn 2 . Cch vit chun s gn ng.
Phng php :
Nu
a
d th d c gi l chnh xc ca s gn ng a v quy c vit gn l
= a a d .
Nu chnh xc ca s gn ng a n hng no th ta quy trn a n hng k trc
n.
Bi tp 1. Cho s = 27975421 150 a . Hy vit s quy trn ca s 27 975 421.
Gii
V chnh xc n hng trm nn ta qui trn s 27 975 421 n hng nghn.
Vy s quy trn l : 27 975 000.
Bi tp 2. Bit s gn ng a=257,4593 c sai s tuyt i khng vt qu 0,01.
Vit s quy trn ca a.
Gii
V sai s tuyt i khng vt qu
1
100
nn s quy trn ca a l 257,5.

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Cho bit = 3 1.7320508... .Vit s gn ng 3 theo quy tc lm trn n
hai,ba,bn ch s thp phn c c lng sai s tuyt i trong mi trng hp.
Bi 2. Dng my tnh cm tay tm gi tr gn ng a ca
3
13 (kt qu lm trn n hng
phn nghn). c lng sai s tuyt i ca a.
Bi 3. cao ca mt ngn ni l = 1856, 7 0,1 h m m.Hy vit s quy trn ca s 1856,7.
Bi 4.Thc hin cc php tnh trn my tnh cm tay.
a/
3
15.(0.13) lm trn kt qu n 4 ch s thp phn.
b/
3
5 : 7 lm trn kt qu n 6 ch s thp phn.
Bi 5. Cho s =13, 6481 a
a) Vit s quy trn ca a n s hng phn trm.
b) Vit s quy trn ca a n s hng phn chc.

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19

CHNG II HM S BC NHT V BC HAI
1. HM S

A. KIN THC CN NH
1. Mt hm s c th cho bng: Bng, Biu , Cng thc, th.
Khi cho hm s bng cng thc m khng ni r tp xc nh ca n th ta qui c tp xc
nh D ca hm s y = f(x) l tp hp tt c cc s thc x sao cho biu thc f(x) c ngha.
2. Hm s y = f(x) gi l ng bin (hay tng) trn khong ( ) a; b nu
( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
x , x a; b : x x f (x ) f (x ) < < .
3. Hm s y = f(x) gi l nghch bin (hay gim) trn khong ( ) a; b nu
( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
x , x a; b : x x f (x ) f (x ) < > .
4. Xt chiu bin thin ca mt hm s l tm cc khong dng bin v cc khong nghch
bin ca n. Kt qu c tng kt trong mt bng gi l bng bin thin.
5. Hm s y = f(x) vi tp xc nh D gi l hm s chn nu
x D th x D v f ( x) f (x) =
th hm s chn nhn trc tung lm trc i xng.
6. Hm s y = f(x) vi tp xc nh D gi l hm s l nu
x D th x D v f ( x) f (x) =
th hm s l nhn gc ta lm tm i xng.
B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Tm tp xc nh ca hm s
Phng php :
Tm tp xc nh ca hm s y = f(x) l tm tp hp tt c cc s thc x sao cho biu thc f(x)
c ngha.

Bi tp. Tm tp xc nh ca cc hm s
a)
2x 1
y
3x 2
=
+
b)
2
1 2x
y
2x 5x 2
=
+

c) y 4x 2 5 x = + d)
x
y 2x 4
x 1
= + +

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20

Gii
a) Hm s xc nh khi
2
3x 2 0 x
3
+
Vy tp xc nh
2
D \
3

=
`
)

b) Hm s xc nh khi
2
x 2
2x 5x 2 0
1
x
2

Vy tp xc nh
1
D \ 2;
2

=
`
)

c) Hm s xc nh khi
1
4x 2 0 x
2
5 x 0
x 5

Vy tp xc nh
1
D ; 5
2
(
=
(

d) Hm s xc nh khi
x 1 0 x 1
2x 4 0 x 2

+ > >

Vy tp xc nh ( ) { } D 2; \ 1 = +
Vn 2. Xt tnh chn, l ca hm s.
Phng php : Hm s y = f(x) :
+ Chn trn D nu
x D x D
f ( x) f (x)

+ L trn D nu
x D x D
f ( x) f (x)

Bi tp. Xt tnh chn l ca cc hm s sau:
a)
4 2
f (x) x 3x 1 = + b)
3
f (x) 2x x = +
c) f (x) x 2 x 2 = + d) ( )
2
f (x) x 1 =

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21

Gii
a)
4 2
f (x) x 3x 1 = +
Tp xc nh : D =
x D x D

4 2
4 2
f ( x) ( x) 3( x) 1
x 3x 1
f (x)

= +
= +
=

Vy hm s l hm s chn.

b)
3
f (x) 2x x = +
Tp xc nh : D =
x D x D

( )
3
3
3
f ( x) 2( x) ( x)
2x x
2x x
f (x)

= +
=
= +
=

Vy hm s l hm s l.
c) f (x) x 2 x 2 = +
Tp xc nh : D =
x D x D

( ) ( )
( )
f ( x) x 2 x 2
x 2 x 2
x 2 x 2
x 2 x 2
f (x)

= +
= +
= +
= +
=

Vy hm s l hm s l.
d) ( )
2
f (x) x 1 =
Tp xc nh : D =
Ly x = 1 D

( )
( )
2
2
f ( 1) 1 1 4
f (1) 1 1 0
f ( 1) f (1)
= =
= =

Vy hm s khng chn khng l.

Vn 3. Tm iu kin mt im thuc th hm s
Phng php : im ( )
0 0
M x ; y thuc th hm s y = f(x) khi v ch khi
0 0
y f (x ) =

Bi tp. Nhng im sau y, im no thuc th hm s y = x 1 + ?
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) A 1; 0 , B 4; 2 , C 0; 0 , D 5; 2
Gii
+ im A( 1; 0) thuc th hm s y = x 1 + v 0 = 1 1 +
+ im B(4; 2) khng thuc th hm s y = x 1 + v 2 4 1 +
+ im C(0; 0) khng thuc th hm s y = x 1 + v 0 0 1 +
+ im D( ) 5; 2 khng thuc th hm s y = x 1 + v
0
x 5 = khng thuc tp xc
nh ca hm s.
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22

C. BI TP NGH
Bi tp 1. Tm tp xc nh ca cc hm s sau:
a)
2
3
+
=
x
x
y b) = + + 2 7 y x x
c)
2
2
4 3
+
=
+
x
y
x x
d)
2
1
2
4
= + +
y x
x

e) y x 3 = + +
x 4
1
f)
x 1
y
(x 3) 2x 1
+
=

Bi tp 2. Xc nh tnh chn l ca cc hm s sau:
a)
3
y 4x 3x = + b)
4 2
y x 3x 1 =
c) y 2x 1 2x 1 = + + d) ( )
2
y 1 2x =
e)
2
y 2x x 2 = + + f)
2
1
y
x 3
=
+

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23

2. HM S y = ax + b

A.KIN THC CN NH
1. Hm s bc nht y = ax + b, ( a 0 )
Tp xc nh D = ;
Bng bin thin
a > 0 : a < 0 :

th l mt ng thng khng song song v khng trng vi cc trc ta .
v ng thng y = ax + b ta ch cn xc inh hai im khc nhau ca n.
2. Hm s hng y = b
Tp xc nh D = ;
Hm s hng l hm s chn;
th l mt ng thng song song hoc trng vi trc honh v ct trc tung ti im
c ta (0;b).
3. Hm s y = x
Tp xc nh D = ;
Hm s hng l hm s chn;
Hm s ng bin trn khong ( ) 0; + v nghch bin trn khong ( ) ; 0 .

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. V th hm s bc nht y = ax + b ( ) a 0
Phng php : Xc nh hai im khc nhau trn th.

x +

y
+

x +

y
+

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24

Bi tp 1. V th ca cc hm s
a) y 3x 4 = + b)
1
y 3 x
2
= c) y 4 = .
Gii
a) y 3x 4 = +

x 0 y 4
x 1 y 1
= =
= =

b)
1
y 3 x
2
=
x 0 y 3
x 2 y 2
= =
= =

th:
-4 -2 2 4 6
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
x
y
y 3x 4 = +

th :

-4 -2 2 4 6
-2
2
4
x
y
1
y 3 x
2
=

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25

c) y 4 =

th:
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-2
2
4
6
x
y
y 4 =

Vn 2 . Vit phng trnh ca ng thng y = ax + b
Phng php :
ng thng i qua hai im
Thay ta hai im vo phng trnh y = ax + b gii h phng trnh tm a, b v
thay vo phng trnh y = ax + b .
ng thng qua mt im v song song vi ng thng y = ax + b
Tng t qua hai im ta lp c mt phng trnh.
Do ng thng y = ax + b song song vi ng thng y = ax + b nn ta c ' a a = , ' b b
ng thng qua mt im v vung gc vi ng thng y = ax + b
Tng t qua hai im ta lp c mt phng trnh.
Do ng thng y = ax + b vung gc vi ng thng y = ax + b nn ta c a.a = 1 .

Bi tp 2. Vit phng trnh ng thng (d): y = ax + b bit:
a) ng thng (d) qua hai im A(2; 3) v B( 1; 3)
b) ng thng (d) qua M(1; 1) v song song ng thng d: y 3x 4 =
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26

c) ng thng (d) qua N(2;1) v vung gc ng thng d:
1
y x 3
2
= +
Gii
a) Do ng thng (d) qua hai im A(2; 3) v B( 1; 3) nn ta c h phng trnh:
3 a.2 b 2a b 3 a 2
3 a.( 1) b a b 3 b 1
= + + = =

= + + = =

Vy d: y 2x 1 =
b) Do ng thng (d) qua M(1; 1) nn ta c phng trnh: 1 a.1 b a b 1 = + + = (1)
Do ng thng (d) song song ng thng d: y 3x 4 = nn ta c a 3 = .
Thay vo (1) ta c b = 2.
Vy d : y 3x 2 = +
c) Do ng thng (d) qua N(2;1) nn ta c phng trnh: 1 a.2 b 2a b 1 = + + = (1)
Do ng thng (d) vung gc ng thng d:
1
y x 3
2
= + nn ta c
1
a. 1 a 2
2
= = .
Thay vo (1) ta c b = 5.
Vy d: y 2x 5 = +
Vn 3. V th hm s cho bng nhiu biu thc
Phng php : Ta v th trn tng khong, on hay na khong c chia.

Bi tp 3. V th hm s
a)
3x, x 0
y
x 1, x 0
vi
vi

=

<
b) y x 2 1 = +
Gii

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27

a)
3x, x 0
y
x 1, x 0
vi
vi

=

<

Xt trn | ) 0; + :
x 0 y 0
x 1 y 3
= =
= =

Xt trn ( ) ; 0 :
x 1 y 2
x 2 y 3
= =
= =

b) y x 2 1 = +
x 2 1, x 2 0
x 2 1, x 2 0
+
=

+ + <
vi
vi

x 1, x 2
x 3, x 2

=

+ <
v i
vi

Xt trn | ) 2; + :
x 2 y 1
x 3 y 2
= =
= =

Xt trn ( ) ; 2 :
x 1 y 2
x 0 y 3
= =
= =

th :
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
x
y
3 y x =
1 y x =

th :
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
x
y
3 y x = +
1 y x =

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28

C. BI TP NGH.
Bi tp 1. V th hm s:
a) 2 = + y x b) 1
2
= +
x
y
c) 2 1 = + y x d) y 3 =
Bi tp 2. Xc nh a, b th hm s y = ax + b
a) i qua hai im A(0;1) v ( ) B 2; 3
b) i qua C( ) 4; 3 v song song ng thng
2
y x 1
3
= +
c) i qua E(4;2) v vung gc ng thng y =
2
1
x + 5
Bi tp 3. V th hm s sau:
a)
x 2, x 1
y
2x 2, x 1
vi
vi
+
=

+ <
b) y 2x 3 1 = +

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29

3. HM S BC HAI

A. KIN THC CN NH
1. Hm s bc hai ( )
2
y bx c, a 0 ax = + + c tp xc nh D = .
2. th hm s bc hai
2
y bx c ax = + + l mt ng parabol c nh l im
I
b
;
2a 4a
| |

|
\
, c trc i xng l ng thng
b
x
2a
= .
Parabol ny quay b lm ln trn nu a > 0, xung di nu a < 0.
3. v ng parabol
2
y bx c ax = + + , ( a 0 ) ta thc hin cc bc sau:
Xc nh ta nh I
b
;
2a 4a
| |

|
\
;
V trc i xng d l ng thng
b
x
2a
=
Xc nh giao im ca parabol vi cc trc ta (nu c). Xc nh thm mt s im
thuc th. Chng hn, im i xng vi giao im ca th vi trc tung qua trc
i xng ca parabol.
Da vo kt qu trn, v parabol.
4. Bng bin thin :
a > 0 : a < 0 :

x
b
2a
+
y
+ +

4a

x
b
2a
+
y

4a

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30

Vn 1. Lp bng bin thin v v th ca hm s bc hai ( )
2
y = ax + bx+ c, a 0
Phng php:
+ Tm tp xc nh: D =
+ Xc nh ta nh I
b
;
2a 4a
| |

|
\

+ Xc nh trc i xng
b
x
2a
=
+ Xc nh giao im ca th vi cc trc ta (nu c)
+ Tm im i xng vi giao im ca th vi trc tung qua trc i xng ca
parabol.
+ T cc d liu tm c, lp bng bin thin v v th ca hm s.

Bi tp 1. Lp bng bin thin v v th hm s :
a)
2
y 3x 4x 1 = + b)
2
y 3x 2x 1 = + c)
2
y 4x 4x 1 = + .
Gii
a)
2
y 3x 4x 1 = +
Tp xc nh: D =
Ta nh: I
2 1
;
3 3
| |
|
\

Trc i xng:
2
x
3
=
Giao im ca th vi trc Oy l A(0;1).
Giao im ca th vi trc Ox
l B(1;0), C
1
; 0
3
| |
|
\
.
A
4
;1
3
| |
|
\
i xng A qua trc i xng
th:
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
2
3
x =
2
3 4 1 y x x = +

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31

Bng bin thin :
x

2
3
+

y
+ +

1
3

b)
2
y 3x 2x 1 = +
Tp xc nh: D =
Ta nh: I
1 2
;
3 3
| |
|
\

Trc i xng:
1
x
3
=
Giao im ca th vi trc Ox l khng
c.
A
2
; 1
3
| |
|
\
i xng A qua trc i xng.
th:
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
x
y
2
y 3x 2x 1 = +
1
3
x =

Bng bin thin:
x

2
3
+

y

2
3

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32

c)
2
y 4x 4x 1 = +
Tp xc nh: D =
Ta nh: I
1
; 0
2
| |
|
\

Trc i xng:
1
x
2
=
Giao im ca th vi trc Ox l
B
1
; 0
2
| |
|
\

A ( ) 1;1 i xng A qua trc i xng.
th:
-4 -2 2 4
2
4
6
x
y
2
4 4 1 y x x = +
1
2
x =

Bng bin thin:
x

1
2
+

y
+ +

0

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33

Vn 2. Xc nh hm s bc hai.
Phng php :
Bit th qua mt im.Thay ta im vo phng trnh hm s ta c mt phng trnh.
Bit th c trc i xng
0
x x = . Suy ra
0
b
x
2a
= .
Bit nh ( )
0 0
I x ; y .Suy ra
0
0
b
x
2a
y
4a

Bit honh nh l
0
x . Suy ra
0
b
x
2a
=
Bit tung nh l
0
y . Suy ra
0
y
4a
=
T cc gi thit bi cho, ta thnh lp h phng trnh.

Bi tp 2. Xc nh hm s bc hai
2
y 2x bx c = + + , bit rng th ca n:
a) C trc i xng l ng thng x = 1 v ct trc tung ti im (0;4).
b) C nh l ( ) I 1; 2 .
c) i qua hai im ( ) ( ) A 0; 1 , B 4; 0 .
d) C honh nh l 2 v i qua im ( ) M 1; 2 .
Gii
a) Do th c trc i xng l ng thng x = 1 nn ta c:
b
1 b 2a 4
2a
= = =
Do th ct trc tung tai im (0;4) nn ta c: 4 2.0 b.0 c c 4 = + + =
Vy hm s cn tm l :
2
y 2x 4x 4 = +
b) Do th c nh l ( ) I 1; 2 nn ta c:
2
b
b 2a
1
b 4
2a
4ac b
c 0
2
2
4a
4a
= =
=

=
=

=

Vy hm s cn tm l :
2
y 2x 4x = + .
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34

c) Do th i qua hai im ( ) ( ) A 0; 1 , B 4; 0 nn ta c h phng trnh:
c 1
1 2.0 b.0 c c 1
31
0 2.16 4.b c 32 4b c 0 b
4
=
= + + =

= + + + + = =

Vy hm s cn tm l :
2
31
y 2x x 1
4
= .
d) Do th c honh nh l 2 nn ta c
b
2 b 8
2a
= =
Do th i qua im ( ) M 1; 2 nn ta c: 2 2.1 b.1 c 2 2 8 c c 4 = + + = + =
Vy hm s cn tm l :
2
y 2x 8x 4 = + .

C. BI TP NGH
Bi tp 1. Lp bng bin thin v v th ca hm s:
a)
2
y 2x 4x 6 = + b)
2
y 3x 6x 4 = +
c)
2
1
y x 2x 1
2
= + + d)
2
y 2x 2 =
Bi tp 2. Xc nh hm s bc hai
2
y 4x c ax = + , bit rng th ca n
a) i qua hai im ( ) A 1; 2 v ( ) B 2;3 .
b) C nh l ( ) I 2; 1 .
c) C honh nh l 3 v i qua im P( 2;1) .
d) C trc i xng l ng thng x = 2 v ct trc honh ti im M(3;0).
Bi tp 3. Xc nh parabol
2
y bx 1 ax = + + bit parabol :
a) Qua ( ) A 1; 2 v ( ) B 2;3 .
b) C nh l ( ) I 1; 0 .
c) Qua M(1;6) v c trc i xng c phng trnh l x 2 = .
d) Qua N(1;4) v c tung nh l 0.

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35

CHNG III PHNG TRNH-H PHNG TRNH

1. I CNG V PHNG TRNH

A. KIN THC CN NH
I. KHI NIM PHNG TRNH
1. Phng trnh mt n:
Phng trnh n x l mt mnh cha bin dng ( ) ( ) f x g x = , trong ( ) f x v ( ) g x l
cc biu thc ca x .
2. iu kin xc nh ca phng trnh
iu kin xc nh ca phng trnh (gi tt l iu kin ca phng trnh) l nhng iu
kin ca n x cc biu thc ca phng trnh iu c ngha.
3. Nghim ca phng trnh-gii phng trnh
Nu
0 0
( ) ( ) f x g x = th
0
x c gi l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x =
Gii phng trnh l tm tp hp tt c cc nghim ca n (ngha l tm tp nghim).
4. Phng trnh nhiu n
Ngoi cc phng trnh mt n cn c cc phng trnh nhiu n. Nghim ca phng hai
n , x y l cp s thc
0 0
( ; ) x y tha mn phng trnh , cn nghim ca mt phng trnh ba n
, , x y z l mt b ba s thc
0 0 0
( ; ; ) x y z tha mn phng .
II. PHNG TRNH TNG NG V PHNG TRNH H QU
1. Phng trnh tng ng:
Hai phng trnh ( ) ( ) (1) f x g x = v
1 1
( ) ( ) (2) f x g x = c gi l tng ng nu chng c
cng tp nghim (c th l tp rng). K hiu: (1) (2) .
2. Php bin i tng ng:
Nu thc hin cc bin i sau y trn mt phng trnh m khng lm thay i iu kin
xc nh ca n th ta c mt phng trnh tng ng.
a) Cng hay tr hai v ca phng trnh vi mt s khc 0 hoc vi cng mt biu thc
lun c gi tr khc khng.
b) Nhn hoc chia hai v ca phng trnh vi mt s khc 0 hoc vi cng biu thc
lun c gi tr khc 0.
3. Phng trnh h qu
Nu mi nghim ca phng trnh (1) cng l nghim ca phng trnh (2) th ta ni
phng trnh (2) l phng trnh h qu ca phng trnh (1). K hiu: (1) (2) .
Chng hn, vi s nguyn dng n ty ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n
f x g x f x g x ( ( = =

Phng trnh h qu c th c nghim ngoi lai, nghim khng phi l nghim ca
phng trnh ban u. loi nghim ngoi lai ta phi th li nghim tm c vo phng trnh
ban u.

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Tm iu kin ca n phng trnh c ngha
Phng php : Tm iu kin ca n x cc biu thc ca phng trnh iu c ngha.

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36

Bi tp 1. Tm iu kin ca cc phng trnh sau:
a)
2
3
4
1
x
x
x
=
b)
2
2
3
x
x
x
+
=

Gii
a) iu kin ca phng trnh l:
2
1 1 0
4 4 0
x x
x x

.
b) iu kin ca phng trnh l:
3 0 3
2 0 2
x x
x
x x
> >

.
Vy khng c gi tr no ca x tha mn iu kin ca phng trnh.
Ch : Khi khng c gi tr no ca x tha mn iu kin ca phng trnh th phng trnh
cho v nghim.

Bi tp 2. Chng t cc phng trnh sau v nghim
a)
2 1
4
3
x
x
x
=
+
; b) 5 3 5 x x x + = + .

Gii
a) iu kin ca phng trnh l:
3 0 3
4 0 4
x x
x
x x
+ > <

. Do : khng c gi tr no
ca x tha mn iu kin ca phng trnh.
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
b) iu kin ca phng trnh l:
5 0 5
5
5 0 5
x x
x
x x

=

. Gi tr ny khng tha mn
phng trnh.

Vn 2. Bin i tng ng, bin i h qu phng trnh; Xc nh quan h tng
ng, h qu ca cc phng trnh.
Phng php :
1) Nu thc hin cc bin i sau y trn mt phng trnh m khng lm thay i iu kin
xc nh ca n th ta c mt phng trnh tng ng.
a) Cng hay tr hai v ca phng trnh vi mt s khc 0 hoc vi cng mt biu thc lun
c gi tr khc 0.
b) Nhn hoc chia hai v ca phng trnh vi mt s khc 0 hoc vi cng biu thc lun
c gi tr khc 0.
2) Nu mi nghim ca phng trnh ( ) ( ) (1) f x g x = cng l nghim ca phng trnh
1 1
( ) ( ) (2) f x g x = th ta ni phng trnh (2) l phng trnh h qu ca phng trnh (1). K hiu:
(1) (2) .
Phng trnh h qu c th c nghim ngoi lai, nghim khng phi l nghim ca
phng trnh ban u. loi nghim ngoi lai ta phi th li nghim tm c vo phng trnh
ban u.
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37

php bnh phng tr thnh php bin i tng ng ta phi thm iu kin hai v
cng du v tha mn iu kin ca phng trnh.

Bi tp 1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a) 2 4 2 x x x + + = + + ; b) 4 2 4 x x x = +
Gii
a) iu kin ca phng trnh l: 2 0 2 x x + . Ta c:
2 4 2
4 2 2
4
x x x
x x x
x
+ + = + +
= + + +
=

Gi tr 4 x = tha mn iu kin 2 x v l nghim ng ca phng trnh.
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l: 4 x = .
b) iu kin ca phng trnh l: 4 0 4 x x . Ta c:
4 2 4 x x x = +
2 4 4
2
x x x
x
= +
=

Gi tr 2 x = khng tha mn iu kin 4 x .
Bi tp 2. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
2 1 2
3 3
x x
x x
+ +
=

; b)
2
2 8
1 1
x
x x
=
+ +

Gii
a) iu kin ca phng trnh l 3 x > .
Vi iu kin , ta c
+ + + +
= =

+ = +
=
2 1 2 2 1 2
. 3 . 3
3 3 3 3
2 1 2
1
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x

Gi tr 2 x = khng tha mn iu kin 3 x > nn b loi.
b) iu kin ca phng trnh l 1 x > .
Vi iu kin , ta c
2 2
2
2 8 2 8
. 1 . 1
1 1 1 1
2 8
2
2
x x
x x
x x x x
x
x
x
= + = +
+ + + +
=
=

Gi tr 2 x = khng tha mn iu kin 1 x > nn b loi. Gi tr 2 x = tha mn iu kin
1 x > v nghim ng phng trnh.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l 2 x = .

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38

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Nu iu kin xc nh ca cc phng trnh sau:
a)
2
3 1 x x x + = + ; b) 1 1 1 x x x + = + ;
c)
1
2 2
1
x
x
x
= +
+
.
Bi 2. Gii cc phng trnh
a)
1 2 1
2
1 1
x x
x x
+
+ =

; b) 2 2
1
x
x
x
+ =
;
c)
( )
2
2 3 4 0 x x x = ; d) 1 8 x x = ;
e)
2 2
5
4 3 4
2
x
x x x + + = + :
Bi 3. Trong cc cp phng trnh sau, hy ch ra cc cp phng trnh tng ng:
a)
2
3 4 x x = v
2
3 4 0 x x = ; b) 6 12 0 x = v 2 x = ;
c)
2 2
( 2) 3( 2) x x x + = + v 3 x = ; d) 1 3 x = v
2
( 1) 0 x = ;
e) 2 4 x = v
2
( 2) 16 x + = .

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39

2. PHNG TRNH QUY V PHNG TRNH BC NHT BC HAI

A. KIN THC CN NH

1. Gii v bin lun phng trnh 0 ax b + = (1)
H s 0 ax b + = (1)
0 a
Phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht
b
x
a
=
0 a =
0 b Phng trnh (1) v nghim
0 b = Phng trnh (1) nghim ng vi x
Khi 0 a phng trnh (1) c gi l phng trnh bc nht mt n.
2. Gii v bin lun phng trnh
2
0 ( 0) ax bx c a + + = (2)
Bit thc
2
4 b ac =
Kt lun
0 > Phng trnh (2) c 2 nghim phn bit
1,2
2
b
x
a

=
0 =
Phng trnh (2) c nghim kp
2
b
x
a
=
0 < Phng trnh (2) v nghim
3. nh l Vi-et
Nu phng trnh (2) c hai nghim
1 2
, x x th
1 2
b
x x
a
+ = ,
1 2
.
c
x x
a
= .
Ngc li, nu hai s u v v c tng u v S + = v tch . u v P = th u v v l cc nghim
ca phng trnh
2
0 x Sx P + = (iu kin:
2
4 0 S P ).
4. Phng trnh trng phng
C dng
4 2
0 ax bx c + + = ( 0) a .
Cch gii: t
2
t x = ( 0 t ) v a v phng trnh bc hai
2
0 at bt c + + = .
5. Phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i
C th kh du gi tr tuyt i trong phng trnh cha n trong du gi tr tuyt i nh
s dng nh ngha:
2
neu a 0
neu 0
a
a a
a a

= =

<

c bit, ta c:
*
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x f x g x = = hoc
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
=
=

=
.
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40

*
( ) 0 (hay ( ) 0)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
> >
=

=
; *
2
( ) 0
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
g x
f x g x
f x g x
>
=

=
.

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Gii v bin lun phng trnh 0 ax b + = .
Phng php :
* 0 a : Phng trnh c nghim duy nht
b
x
a
= .
* 0 a = : Phng trnh tr thnh ax b =
+ 0 b : Phng trnh v nghim
+ 0 b = : Phng trnh c v s nghim x

Bi tp. Gii v bin lun phng trnh ( 1)( 3) 3 0 m m x m + = (1)
Gii
( 1)( 3) 3 0 ( 1)( 3) 3 m m x m m m x m + = = (1 )
*
1 0 1
( 1)( 3) 0
3 0 3
m m
m m
m m

: phng trnh (1 ) c nghim duy nht:
3 1
( 1)( 3) 1
m
x
m m m
= =

*
=
=

=
1
( 1)( 3) 0
3
m
m m
m

+ Vi 1 m = : Phng trnh (1 ) tr thnh 0 2 x = (phng trnh v nghim)
+ Vi 3 m = : Phng trnh (1 ) tr thnh 0 0 x = (phng trnh c v s nghim x).
Vy * Vi 1 m v 3 m : Phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht
1
1
x
m
=
.
* Vi 1 m = : Phng trnh (1) v ngim.
* Vi 3 m = : Phng trnh (1) c v s nghim x.
Vn 2. Gii phng trnh c n mu s n gin
Phng php :
Bc 1: t iu kin ca phng trnh (Ch iu kin mu s khc 0).
Bc 2: Quy ng, kh mu v tm nghim ca phng trnh.
Bc 3: Kim tra nghim tm c vi iu kin. Nu nghim tha mn iu kin th n l
nghim ca phng trnh, ngc li n khng phi l nghim.

Bi tp. Gii phng trnh sau:
2
4 3
2 3
1 1
x
x
x x
+
+ + =

Gii
a) iu kin ca phng trnh: 1 x . Vi iu kin , ta c:
+
+ + = + + = +

2
2
4 3
2 3 (2 3)( 1) 4 3
1 1
x
x x x x
x x

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41

=
+ =

=
2
1(loa i)
2 0
2 (nha n)
x
x x
x

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: 2 x = .

Vn 3. Gii phng trnh trng phng
4 2
0 ax bx c + + = ( 0) a .
Phng php :
t
2
t x = ( 0 t ) v a v phng trnh bc hai
2
0 at bt c + + = .

Bi tp. Gii phng trnh
4 2
5 4 0 x x + =
Gii
t
2
, 0 t x t = > . Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh:
2
1(nhan)
5 4 0
4 (nhan)
t
t t
t
=
+ =

=

Vi 1 t = , ta c:
2
1 1 x x = = .
Vi 4 2 t x = = .
Vy phng trnh cho c 4 nghim: 1; 2 x x = = .

Vn 4. Gii phng trnh dng: ; ; ; A B A B A B A B = = = = .
Phng php : S dng cc cng thc
2
0
; ;
0 0 (hay 0)
; .
B
A B
A B A B A B
A B
A B
B A B
A B A B
A B A B

=

= = =

=

=

= =

= =

.

Bi tp. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a) 3 2 1 x x = + ; b) 2 1 5 2 x x = ;
c) 2 3 3 x x = ; c)
2
2 1 x x x + = + .

Gii

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42

2 1 0
a) 3 2 1 3 2 1
3 2 1
1
2
4
3 2
1
2
4
2
3
2
3
x
x x x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
+
= + = +

=

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l:
2
3
x =
2
2
2
3 0
c) 2 3 3
2 3 ( 3)
3
2 3 6 9
3
8 12 0
3
2 (loai)
6 (nhan)
6
x
x x
x x
x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x

=

=

= +

+ =
=

=
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: 6 x =
2 1 5 2
b) 2 1 5 2
2 1 5 2
7 1
3 3
1
7
1
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
=
=

= +

1
7
x = ; 1 x = .

2
2
2
1 0
d) 2 1
2 1
1
2 3 0
1
1(nhan)
3 (nhan)
1
3
x
x x x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
+
+ = +

+ = +

+ =
=

=

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: 1; 3 x x = =

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43

Vn 5. Vn dng nh l Vi-et vo vic nhm nghim ca phng trnh bc hai, tm hai
s khi bit tng v tch ca chng.
Phng php :
a) Cho phng trnh:
2
0 ( 0) ax bx c a + + = .
+ Nu 0 a b c + + = th phng trnh c mt nghim
1
1 x = , nghim cn li
2
c
x
a
= .
+ Nu 0 a b c + = th phng trnh c mt nghim
1
1 x = , nghim cn li
2
c
x
a
=
b) Nu hai s u v v c tng u v S + = v tch . u v P = th u v v l cc nghim ca phng
trnh
2
0 x Sx P + = (iu kin:
2
4 0 S P ).

Bi tp 1. Nhm nghim cc phng trnh sau:
a)
2
6 5 0 x x + = ; b)
2
3 6 9 0 x x = .
Gii
a) V 1 ( 6) 5 0 + + = nn phng trnh c mt nghim
1
1 x = , nghim kia
2
5
5
1
x = = .
b) V 3 ( 6) 9 0 = nn phng trnh c mt nghim
1
1 x = , nghim kia
2
9
3
3
x

= = .
Bi tp 2. Tm hai s c tng bng 18 v tch bng 45.
Gii
Hai s cn tm l nghim nghim ca phng trnh:
2
3
18 45 0
15
x
x x
x
=
+ =

=
.
Vy hai s cn tm l: 3 v 15.

Vn 6. Gii cc bi ton thc t a v gii phng trnh bc nht, bc hai bng cch
lp phng trnh.
Phng php :
Bc 1: t n s v xc nh iu kin ca n.
Bc 2: T yu cu bi xy dng phng trnh. Tm nghim ca phng trnh .
Bc 3: Kim tra nghim tm c vi iu kin v kt lun.

Bi tp. C hai r qut cha s qut bng nhau. Nu ly 30 qu r th nht a sang r th hai
th s qu qut r th hai bng
1
3
ca bnh phng s qu cn li r th nht. Hi s qu
qut mi r lc ban u l bao nhiu?
Gii
Gi x l s qu qut mi r lc ban u. iu kin: x:nguyn dng v 30 x > .
Theo bi ta c phng trnh:
( )
2 1
30 30
3
x x + =
2
45 (loai)
63 810 0
18 (nhan)
x
x x
x
=
+ =

=

Vy s qu qut mi r lc ban u l 45 qu.

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44

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau: ( 2) 3 1 m x x = +
Bi 2. Tm hai s c tng bng 15 v tch bng -34.
Bi 3. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
2
2 1
2;
1 1
x
x x
=
+
b)
2 2 2
( 2 ) (3 2) 0; x x x + + = c)
4 2
8 9 0 x x =
a/ 2 1 3 + = x x b/ ,x
2
2x, = ,x
2
5x + 6,
c/ ,x + 3, = 2x + 1 d/ ,3x
2
x 2 , = x 2
a/
2
3 9 1 + x x = x 2 b/ x 2 5 x = 4
c/ 2 7 4 + = x x d/ 1 13 + = x x
Bi 6. Mt ngi dng 300000 u t cho sn xut th cng. Mi sn phm ngi c li
1500 ng. Sau mt tun, tnh c vn ln li ngi c 1050 nghn ng. Hi trong tun ,
ngi y sn xut c bao nhiu sn phm?
Bi 7. Mt cng ty vn ti d nh iu ng mt s t cng loi chuyn 22,4 tn hng.
Nu mi t ch thm 1 t so vi d nh th s t gim i 4 chic. Hi s t cng ty d
nh iu ng ch ht s hng trn l bao nhiu?

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45

3. PHNG TRNH V H PHNG TRNH BC NHT NHIU N

A. KIN THC CN NH
I. PHNG TRNH V H PHNG TRNH BC NHT HAI N
1. Phng trnh bc nht hai n
Phng trnh bc nht hai n c dng + = ax by c , trong , , a b c l cc s thc cho v
, a b khng ng thi bng 0; , x y l n s.
2. H hai phng trnh bc nht hai n
H hai phng trnh bc nht hai n , x y c dng
1 1 1
2 2 2
a x b y c
a x b y c
+ =
+ =
, trong c hai phng

trnh u l phng trnh bc nht hai n.
* C hai cch gii h phng trnh bc nht hai n quen thuc
a) Phng php th: T mt phng trnh no ca h, biu th mt n qua n kia ri th vo
phng trnh cn li c phng trnh bc nht mt n.
b) Phng php cng: Bin i h s ca mt n no trong hai phng trnh l hai s i
nhau ri cng tng v hai phng trnh li c phng trnh bc nht mt n.
II. H BA PHNG TRNH BC NHT BA N
1. Phng trnh bc nht ba n
Phng trnh bc nht ba n c dng + + = ax by cz d , trong , , , a b c d l cc s thc
cho v , , a b c khng ng thi bng 0; , , x y z l n s.
2. H ba phng trnh bc nht hai n
a) Dng tam gic ca h ba phng trnh bc nht ba n l:
1 1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3
(1)
a x b y c z d
b y c z d
c z d
+ + =
+ =
hoc
1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3 3
(2)
a x d
a x b y d
a x b y c z d
=
+ =
+ + =

Cch gii:
T phng trnh cui ca h (1) tnh c z, th gi tr z va tm c vo phng trnh
th hai tnh c y ri th c , y z tm c vo phng trnh u tnh c x .
T phng trnh u ca h (2) tnh c x , th gi tr x va tm c vo phng trnh
th hai tnh c y ri th c , x y tm c vo phng trnh th ba tnh c z.

b) H ba phng trnh bc nht ba n , , x y z c dng
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
a x b y c z d
a x b y c z d
a x b y c z d
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
, trong c ba
phng trnh u l phng trnh bc nht ba n.
Cch gii: (theo phng php Gau-x): Kh dn n s a v h phng trnh dng tam gic.

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Gii v biu din tp nghim ca phng trnh bc nht hai n
Phng php :
+ Cho phng trnh
2 2
( 0) ax by c a b + = + > ;
+ Gi s 0 b , cho
0
x x = ta c:
0
0
c ax
y
b
= ;
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46

+ Tp nghim ca phng trnh l
0
0
;
c ax
x
b
| |
|
\
.

Bi tp. Gii phng trnh 2 3 5 x y + =
Gii
Ta c:
5 2
2 3 5
3
x
x y y

+ = = . Cho
0
x x = ta c:
0
0
5 2
3
x
y

=
0
0
5 2
;
3
x
x
| |
|
\

Vn 2. Gii h phng trnh bc nht hai n, ba n n gin
Phng php : Theo phng php Gau-x
Kh dn n s a v h phng trnh dng tam gic.

Bi tp. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
6 9
4 14;
x y
x y
=
+ =
b)
3 2 8
2 2 6
3 6 .
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

Gii
6 9 6 9
a)
4 14 25 50
6 9
2
3
2
x y x y
x y y
x y
y
x
y
= =

+ = =

=

Vy nghim ca h phng l
3
2
x
y
=

3 2 8 3 2 8
b) 2 2 6 4 3 10
3 6 . 8 5 18
3 2 8 1
4 3 10 1
2 2
x y z x y z
x y z y z
x y z y z
x y z x
y z y
z z
+ + = + + =

+ + = =

+ + = =

+ + = =

= =

= =

Vy nghim ca h phng l
1
1
2
x
y
z
=

Vn 3. Gii mt s bi ton c ni dung thc t bng cch a v vic lp v gii h
phng trnh bc nht hai n, ba n.
Phng php :
Bc 1: t n s v xc nh iu kin ca n.
Bc 2: T yu cu bi xy dng h phng trnh. Tm nghim ca h phng trnh .
Bc 3: Kim tra nghim tm c vi iu kin v kt lun.

Bi tp 1. Hai bn Vn v Lan n ca hng mua tri cy. Bn Vn mua 10 qu qut, 7 qu cam
vi gi tin l 17 800 ng. Bn Lan mua 12 qu qut, 6 qu cam vi gi tin l 18 000 ng.
Hi gi tin mi qu qut v cam l bao nhiu?
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47

Gii
Gi x l gi tin mi qu qut.
y l gi tin mi qu cam.
iu kin: , 0 x y > .
Theo bi ta c h phng trnh:
10 7 17 800 800
12 6 18 000 1400
x y x
x y y
+ = =

+ = =

Vy gi mi qu qut l 800 ng v gi mi qu cam l 1 400 ng,
Bi tp 2. Mt ca hng bn o s mi, qun u nam v vy n. Ngy th nht bn c 12 o,
21 qun v 18 vy, doanh thu l 5 349 000 ng. Ngy th hai bn c 16 o, 24 qun v 12
vy, doanh thu l 5 600 000 ng. Ngy th ba bn c 24 o, 15 qun v 12 vy, doanh thu l
5 349 000 ng. Hi gi bn mi o, mi qun, mi vy l bao nhiu?
Gii
Gi x l gi bn mi o.
y l gi gi bn mi ci qun.
z l gi bn mi vy.
iu kin: , , 0 x y z > .
Theo bi ta c h phng trnh:
+ + = =

+ + = =

+ + = =

12 21 18 5 349 000 98 000
16 24 12 5 600 000 125 000
24 15 12 5 259 000 86 000
x y z x
x y z y
x y z z

Vy gi bn mi o l 98 000 ng, gi bn mi qun l 125 000 ng v gi bn mi vy l 86
000 ng

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh 3 7 x y + = .
Bi 2. Gii h phng trnh
3 2 6
9 4 6
x y
x y
=
+ =
.
Bi 3. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
3 4 5 8
6 9
21
x y z
y z
z
+ =
+ =
; b)
2
3 1
2 3 1
x y z
x y z
x y x
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

Bi 4. Mt on xe gm 13 xe tc xi ti ch 36 tn xi mng cho mt cng trnh xy dng. on
xe ch gm c hai loi: xe ch 3 tn v xe ch 2,5 tn. Tnh s xe mi loi.
Bi 5. Ba my trong mt gi sn xut c 95 sn phm. S sn phm my III lm trong 2 gi
nhiu hn s sn phm my I v my II lm trong 1gi l 10 sn phm. S sn phm my I lm
trong 8 gi ng bng s sn phm my II lm trong 7 gi. Hi trong mt gi, mi my sn xut
c bao nhiu sn phm.

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48

CHNG IV BT NG THC. BT PHNG TRNH
1. BT NG THC
A. KIN THC CN NH
I. KHI NIM BT NG THC
Cc mnh dng: " "," "," "," " a b a b a b a b > < c gi l nhng bt ng thc.
II. TNH CHT CA BT NG THC
1. a b > v b c a c > > .
2. . a b a c b c > + > +
3. Nu 0 c > th ; a b ac bc > >
Nu 0 c < th . a b ac bc > <
4. a b > v c d a c b d > + > + .
5. 0 a b > v 0 c d ac bd > > .
6. Vi 0 ab > ta c :
1 1
. a b
a b
> <
7. Vi
* 2 2
, 0, : .
n n
a b n a b a b > >
8. Vi , a b v
* 2 1 2 1
: .
n n
n a b a b
+ +
> >
9. 0 . a b a b > >
10.
3 3
. a b a b > >
III. BT NG THC C-SI
1) Bt ng thc C-si cho hai s khng m
Cho 0 a v 0, b ta c : 2 . a b ab + ng thc xy ra . a b =
2) Bt ng thc C-si cho ba s khng m
Cho 0, 0 a b v 0, c ta c :
3
3 . a b c abc + + ng thc xy ra . a b c = =
IV. BT NG THC C CHA DU GI TR TUYT I
1. 0; ; . x x x x x
2. Vi 0 a > , ta c:
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49

. x a a x a
x a x a hoc x a .

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Chng minh bt ng thc bng cch dng tnh cht ca bt ng thc hoc
dng php bin i tng ng
Phng php :
Bin i bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi mt bt ng thc bit.
S dng mt bt ng thc bit, bin i dn n bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Mt s bt ng thc thng dng:
+ A
2
0 + A B
2 2
0 + + AB . 0 vi A, B 0. + A B AB
2 2
2 +
Mt s hng ng thc thng dng:
( )
2
2 2
2 a b a b ab = + ; ( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 a b c a b c ab bc ca + + = + + + + +

Bi tp 1. Cho , a b . Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:
a)
2 2
2 a b ab + b) ( )
2
4 a b ab +
c)
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 a b a b + + d)
( ) ( )
2
4 4 2 2
2 a b a b + +
Gii
a) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 0 0 a b ab a b ab a b + + (lun ng)
Vy bt ng thc (1) c chng minh.
b) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
4 2 2 4 2 0 0 a b ab a b ab ab a b ab a b + + + + (lun ng)
c)
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 3 2 2 2 2 0 a b a b a b a b ab a b ab + + + + + +
( )
2
0 a b (lun ng)
d)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
2 4 2 2 2 0 a b a b a b a b a b a b + + + + + (lun ng)
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50

Bi tp 2. Cho , , a b c. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:
a) a b c ab bc ca
2 2 2
+ + + + b) a b ab a b
2 2
1 + + + +
c) a b c a b c
2 2 2
3 2( ) + + + + + d) a b c ab bc ca
2 2 2
2( ) + + +
Gii
a)
( )
+ + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 a b c ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 0 a b ab b c bc c a ca
( ) ( ) ( )
+ +
2 2 2
0 a b b c c a (lun ng)
b)
( )
+ + + +
2 2
1 2 a b ab a b
( )
( )
+ + + +
2 2
2 1 2 a b ab a b
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + + +
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 0 a b ab b b a a
( ) ( ) ( )
+ +
2 2 2
1 1 0 a b b a (lun ng)
c)
( )
+ + + + +
2 2 2
3 2( ) 3 a b c a b c
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + + +
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 0 a a b b c c
( ) ( ) ( )
+ +
2 2 2
1 1 1 0 a b c (lun ng)
d)
( )
+ + +
2 2 2
2( ) 4 a b c ab bc ca + + +
2 2 2
2 2 2 0 a b c ab bc ca
( )
+
2
0 a b c (lun ng)
Bi tp 3. Cho a, b, c, d R. Chng minh rng a b ab
2 2
2 + (1). p dng chng minh cc bt
ng thc sau:
a) a b c d abcd
4 4 4 4
4 + + + b) a b c abc
2 2 2
( 1)( 1)( 1) 8 + + +
Gii
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51

a) Ta c:
( )
4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
2 ; 2 2 a b a b c d c d a b c d a b c d + + + + + + .
Mc khc:
2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
2 2.2 4 a b c d abcd a b c d abcd abcd + + + + = (pcm)
b) Ta c: + + +
2 2 2
1 2 ; 1 2 ; 1 2 a a b b c c .
Nhn v theo v ca 3 bt ng thc ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Vn 2. Chng minh bt ng thc bng cch dng bt ng thc C-si
Phng php :
Bt ng thc C-si cho hai s khng m
Cho 0 a v 0, b ta c : 2 . a b ab + ng thc xy ra . a b =
Bt ng thc C-si cho ba s khng m
Cho 0, 0 a b v 0, c ta c :
3
3 . a b c abc + + ng thc xy ra . a b c = =

Bi tp 1. Cho , 0. a b > Chng minh:
a) 2.
a b
b a
+ ng thc xy ra khi no ?
b) ( )
1 1
4. a b
a b
| |
+ +
|
\
ng thc xy ra khi no ?
c) ( ) ( ) 1 4 . a b ab ab + + ng thc xy ra khi no ?
d)
bc ca ab
a b c
a b c
+ + + + . ng thc xy ra khi no ?
Gii
a) p dng bt ng thc C-si cho hai s dng ,
a b
b a
, ta c :
2 . 2
a b a b a b
b a b a b a
+ + (pcm). ng thc xy ra .
a b
a b
b a
= =
b) p dng bt ng thc C-si cho hai cp s dng a, b v
1 1
,
a b
ta c :
( ) 2 1 a b ab +
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52

( )
1 1 1
2 2
a b ab
+
Nhn (1), (2) v theo v ta c : ( )
1 1 1
2 .2 a b ab
a b ab
| |
+ +
|
\

( )
1 1
4 a b
a b
| |
+ +
|
\
(pcm).
ng thc xy ra
1 1
a b
a b
a b
=

c) p dng bt ng thc C-si cho hai s cp s dng a, b v 1, ab ta c :
( ) 2 1 a b ab +
( ) 1 2 2 ab ab +
Nhn (1), (2) v theo v ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 .2 1 4 a b ab ab ab a b ab ab + + + + (pcm)

ng thc xy ra 1
1
a b
a b
ab
=
= =
.
d) p dng bt ng thc C-si ta c :

+ = =
2
2 . 2 2
bc ca bc ca
c c
a b a b
(1)
+ = =
2
2 . 2 2
ca ab ca ba
a a
b c b c
(2)
+ = =
2
2 . 2 2
ab bc ab bc
b b
c a c a
(3)
Cng (1), (2), (3) v theo v ta c :
( )
| |
+ + + + + + + +
|
\
2 2
bc ca ab bc ca ab
a b c a b c
a b c a b c
(pcm)
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53

ng thc xy ra
2 2 2
bc ca
a b
ca ab
a b c a b c
b c
ab bc
c a
= = = = =
.
Bi tp 2. Cho Cho , 0. a b > Chng minh: ( )
2
2 1 1
8. a b
a b
| |
+ + +
|
\

ng thc xy ra khi no ?
Gii
p dng bt ng thc C-si, ta c :
( )
2
2 4 a b ab a b ab + + (1)
2
1 1 1 1 1 4
2
a b ab a b ab
| |
+ +
|
\
(2)
Cng (1), (2) v theo v ta c :
( )
2
2 1 1 4
4 a b ab
a b ab
| |
+ + + +
|
\
(3)
Tip tc p dng bt ng thc C-si cho hai s 4ab v
4
ab
, ta c :
4 4
4 2 4 . 8 ab ab
ab ab
+ = (4)
T (3) v (4) ( )
2
2 1 1
8. a b
a b
| |
+ + +
|
\

ng thc xy ra 1 a b = = .
Vn 3. Tm gi tr ln nht(GTLN) v gi tr nh nht(GTNN) ca hm s
Phng php :
S M c gi l GTLN ca f(x) trn D nu:
( ) : x D f x M v ( )
0 0
: x D f x M = .
S m c gi l GTNN ca f(x) trn D nu:
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54

( ) : x D f x m v ( )
0 0
: x D f x m =
+ Nu x, y > 0 c S = x + y khng i th P = xy ln nht x = y.
+ Nu x, y > 0 c P = x y khng i th S = x + y nh nht x = y.
+ x, y > 0, ta c :
2
2
x y
xy
+ | |
|
\

+ x, y, z > 0, ta c :
3
3
x y z
xyz
+ + | |
|
\

Bi tp 1. Cho 2 x > . Tm GTNN ca biu thc ( )
3
.
2
f x x
x
= +

Gii
( )
3 3
2 2
2 2
f x x x
x x
= + = + +

p dng bt ng thc C-si cho hai s dng
3
2,
2
x
x
, ta c :
( ) ( )
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2
2 2 2
f x x x x
x x x
= + = + + + = +

ng thc xy ra ( )
2
2 3
3
2 2 3 2 3
2
2 3
x
x x x
x
x
= +
= = = +
(do x > 2)
Vy ( )
3
2
f x x
x
= +
t GTNN bng 2 3 2 + khi 2 3 x = + .

Bi tp 2. Cho 0 x > . Tm GTNN ca biu thc
2
3 9 x x
y
x
+ +
= .
Gii
2
3 9 9
3
x x
y x
x x
+ +
= = + +
p dng bt ng thc C-si cho hai s dng
9
, x
x
, ta c :
2
3 9 9 9
3 2 . 3 9
x x
y x x
x x x
+ +
= = + + + = .
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55

ng thc xy ra
2
3
9
9 3
3
x
x x x
x x
=
= = =
(do x > 0)
Vy
2
3 9 x x
y
x
+ +
= t GTNN bng 9 khi 3 x = .
Bi tp 3. Cho y = x(6 x) , vi 0 x 6 . Tm GTLN ca y.
Gii
p dng bt ng thc C-si cho 2 s khng m x v 6 x (v 0 x 6), ta c :
( )
2
6
6 9.
2
x x
y x x
+ | |
= =
|
\

ng thc xy ra x = 6 x x = 3
Vy y t GTLN bng 9 khi x = 3.
Bi tp 4. Cho y = (6x + 3)(5 2x) ,
1
2
x
5
2
. Tm GTLN ca y.
Gii
y = 3(2x + 1)(5 2x).
p dng bt ng thc C-si cho 2 s khng m 2x + 1 , 5 2x ,
| |

|
\
1 5
x
2 2
, ta c :
y = 3(2x + 1)(5 2x)
2
2 1 5 2
3 27
2
x x + + | |
=
|
\

ng thc xy ra 2 1 5 2 4 4 1 x x x x + = = =
Vy y t GTLN bng 27 khi x = 1.
Bi tp 5. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s 3 6 . y x x = + +
Gii
y xc nh khi
3 0
3 6
6 0
x
x
x
+

nn TX | | 3; 6 D =
Ta c ( ) ( )
2
9 2 3 6 y x x = + +
Ta c :
2
9 3. y y ng thc xy ra 3 x = hoc 6 x = .
Vy y t GTNN bng 3 khi 3 x = hoc 6 x =
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56

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
9 2 3 6 9 3 6 18 3 2 y x x x x y = + + + + + =
ng thc xy ra
3
3 6
2
x x x + = =
Vy y t GTLN bng 3 2 khi
3
2
x = .
C. BI TP NGH
Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Cho a, b, c R. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:
a)
a b a b
3
3 3
2 2
| | + +
|
\
; vi a, b 0 b) a b a b ab
4 4 3 3
+ +
c) a a
4
3 4 + d) a b c abc
3 3 3
3 + + , vi a, b, c > 0.
Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Cho a, b, c 0. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:
a) a b b c c a abc ( )( )( ) 8 + + + b) a b c a b c abc
2 2 2
( )( ) 9 + + + +
c)
( )
a b c abc
3
3
(1 )(1 )(1 ) 1 + + + + d) a b b c c a abc
2 2 2 2 2 2
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 6 + + + + +
Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Cho a, b, c l ba s dng. Chng minh :
a) ( )
1 1 1
9 a b c
a b c
| |
+ + + +
|
\
b)
3
2
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + +
.
Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. p dng BT Csi tm GTNN ca cc biu thc sau:
a)
x
y x
x
18
; 0
2
= + > . b)
x
y x
x
2
; 1
2 1
= + >
.
c)
x
y x
x
3 1
; 1
2 1
= + >
+
. d)
x
y x
x
5 1
;
3 2 1 2
= + >

Bai 5. Bai 5. Bai 5. Bai 5. p dng BT Csi tm GTLN ca cc biu thc sau:
a) y x x x ( 3)(5 ); 3 5 = + b) = (9 ); 0 9 y x x x
c) y x x x
5
( 3)(5 2 ); 3
2
= + d) y x x x
5
(2 5)(5 ); 5
2
= +
Bai 6. Bai 6. Bai 6. Bai 6. Cho
+
=
3
2
x 1
y
x
, x > 0 . nh x y t GTNN.
Bai 7. Bai 7. Bai 7. Bai 7. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca cc hm s
a) 1 3 y x x = + b) 2 4 8 y x x = +
c) 7 2 3 4 y x x = + + d) 3 2 1 2 8 3 y x x = + +

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57

2. BT PHNG TRNH V H BT PHNG TRNH MT N

A. KIN THC CN NH
I. Khi nim bt phng trnh mt n
Bt phng trnh n x l mnh cha bin c dng
( ) ( ) f x g x < hoc ( ) ( ) f x g x (*)
trong f(x) v g(x) l nhng biu thc ca x. Ngi ta cng gi f(x) v g(x) tng ng l v
tri v v phi ca bt phng trnh (*). S thc x
0
sao cho ( ) ( )
0 0
f x g x < hoc
( ) ( )
0 0
f x g x l mnh ng c gi l nghim ca bt phng trnh (*).
Gii bt phng trnh l tm tp nghim ca n.
H bt phng trnh n x gm mt s bt phng trnh n x m ta phi tm nghim chung
ca chng.

II. iu kin ca bt phng trnh
iu kin ca mt bt phng trnh l iu kin ca n s x cc v ca bt phng
trnh c ngha.
III. Hai bt phng trnh tng ng
Hai bt phng trnh (h bt phng trnh) c gi l tng ng ng vi nhau khi
chng c cng tp nghim.
IV. Cc php bin i bt phng trnh
K hiu D l tp cc s thc tha mn iu kin xc nh ca bt phng trnh
( ) ( ) P x Q x < .
1) Php cng : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) P x Q x P x f x Q x f x < + < + .
2) Php nhn :
Nu ( ) , 0 x D f x > th ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . . P x Q x P x f x Q x f x < <
Nu ( ) , 0 x D f x < th ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . . P x Q x P x f x Q x f x < >
3) Php bnh phng :
Nu ( ) , 0 x D P x v ( ) 0 Q x th ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
. P x Q x P x Q x < <
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58

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Tm iu kin xc nh ca mt bt phng trnh
Phng php :
Cn ch cc iu kin sau :
A c ngha 0 A ;
A
B
c ngha 0 B ;
A
B
c ngha 0 B > .

Bi tp 1. Tm iu kin xc nh ca bt phng trnh sau :
a) 2 4 3 1 x x + b)
2 1 1
1
1
x
x x
+
<

Gii
a) iu kin :
2 4 0 2
2 3.
3 0 3
x x
x
x x

b) iu kin :
1 0 1
0 0
x x
x x

> >

.
Bi tp 2. Tm iu kin xc nh ca bt phng trnh sau :
a)
2
2
2 6 1
15
x x
x
+
b)
2 1
1
3 3 2 6
x
x x
>

Gii
a) iu kin :
2
6 0
6
6.
5
25 0
x
x
x
x
x

b) iu kin :
2 0 2
3 3 0 1 3.
2 6 0 3
x x
x x x
x x

>

> >

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59

Vn 2. Xt s tng ng hai bt phng trnh
Phng php :
Ta so snh hai tp nghim ca hai bt phng trnh v da vo nh ngha xt s tng ng
ca chng.

Bi tp 1. Hai bt phng trnh sau c tng ng khng ? V sao ?
a) (x + 7)(2x + 1) > (x + 7)
2
(1) v 2x + 1 > x + 7 (2).
b)
2
3 5
1
x
x

+
> 7 (3) v 3x - 5 > 7(x
2
+ 1) (4).
Gii
a) Bt phng trnh (1) v (2) l khng tng ng v x = -8 l mt nghim ca (1) nhng
x = -8 khng l nghim ca bt phng trnh (2).
b) Hai bt phng trnh (3) v (4) l tng ng v t bt phng trnh (3) ta nhn hai v vi
biu thc x
2
+ 1 > 0 ta c bt phng trnh (4).

Bi tp 2. Hai bt phng trnh sau c tng ng khng ? V sao ?
a) ( ) 2 0 5 x v ( ) 2 0 6 x .
b) ( )
2
1 0 7 x x + + < v ( )
2
1 0 8 x x + < .
Gii
a) ( ) { }
1
5 2 0 2 2 x x S = = =
( ) ( |
2 1
6 2 ; 2 x S S = . Vy (5) v (6) khng tng ng vi nhau.
b) ( ) ( )
2
1 3
7 0 7
2 4
x
| |
+ + <
|
\
v nghim
1
. S =
( ) ( )
2
1 3
8 0 8
2 4
x
| |
+ <
|
\
v nghim
2 1
. S S = =
Vy (7) v (8) tng ng nhau.

Vn 3. Gii bt phng trnh, h bt phng trnh
Phng php :
t iu kin cho bt phng trnh, h bt phng trnh;
Bin i bt phng trnh, h bt phng trnh cho v bt phng trnh, h bt phng
trnh n gin hn;
Gii bt phng trnh, h bt phng trnh ;
So snh vi iu kin v kt lun tp nghim.
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60

Lu : C th da vo iu kin ca bt phng trnh nhn xt v s v nghim, v s
nghim ca bt phng trnh.

Bi tp 1. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a) ( ) 1 1 1 x x b)
( )

2 4
2
4 4
x
x x

Gii
a) K :
1 0 1
1
1 0 1
x x
x
x x

=

.
Thay x = 1 vo ( ) 1 ta c 1 1 1 1 ( ng) nn x = 1 l nghim ca (1).
b) K : x > 4.
( ) 2 2 4 6. x x Kt hp vi iu kin x > 4 ta c 4 6 x < .
Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh (2) l ( | 4; 6 S = .
Bi tp 2. Gii cc h bt phng trnh sau:
a)
x
x
x x
15 8
8 5
2
3
2(2 3) 5
4

>
>
b)

< +
x
x
x
x
4 5
3
7
3 8
2 5
4

Gii
a)

> >
> >

> < <

>

x
x x
x x x
x
x x x x
x x
15 8
2 8 5
16 10 15 8 2
2
21
3 16 24 20 3 4 21
2(2 3) 5
4
4

Vy h bt phng trnh cho v nghim ( S = ).
b)

< + >

< + >
<

+ +

x
x x
x x x
x
x x x x
x x
4 5 26
3
26 28
4 5 7 21 3 26
7 3
3 8 3 8 8 20 5 28 28
3 5
2 5
4 5
.
Vy h bt phng trnh cho c tp nghim
26 28
; .
3 5
S
| (
=
(
\

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61

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Tm iu kin xc nh ca cc bt phng trnh sau :
a) x x b) 4 1 4 x x x + < +
c)
( )
2 2
3 1
1
1
2
x
x
x
+
+

d) 2 2 x x x + < +
e)
3
16 2
1
x
x
x

+
f)
( )( )
1 1 3
3 4 1 6
x
x x x x
+
+
+
.
Bi 2. Cc cp bt phng trnh sau c tng ng khng ? V sao ?
a)
3 7
1 2 3 x x
>
+
v ( ) ( ) 3 2 3 7 1 x x + >
b)
3 3
7
3 3
x
x x
+ < +

v 7 x <
c)
2
2 7 0 x x + v
2
1 0 x + <
d) 1 x x v ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 x x x x + +
Bi 3. Chng minh cc bt phng trnh sau v nghim :
a) 6 3 4 x x + b) ( )
( )
4 2
3 10 1 16 x x x x > +
c)
2
2
4
1 4
1
x
x
+ + <
+
d)
4 2 3
1 1 2 1 x x x x + + + < + .
Bi 4. Gii cc bt phng trnh :
a) 1 3 1 x x < + b)
( ) 10 4
4
4
x x
x

>

c) ( ) ( )
( )
2
5 3 10 25 0 x x x x + + > d) 2 x x + .
Bi 5. Gii cc h bt phng trnh sau :
a)
x x
x
x
2 3 3 1
4 5
5
3 8
2 3
+
<
+ <
b)
x x x
x x x
3 1 3( 2) 5 3
1
4 8 2
4 1 1 4 5
3
18 12 9

>
>

Bi 6. Tm cc nghim nguyn ca cc h bt phng trnh sau :
a)
x x
x
x
5
6 4 7
7
8 3
2 25
2
+ > +
< +
b)
x x
x
x
1
15 2 2
3
3 14
2( 4)
2
> +
<
.
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62

3. DU CA NH THC BC NHT

A. KIN THC CN NH
I. Nh thc bc nht
Nh thc bc nht i vi x l biu thc c dng ( ) f x ax b = + , trong a, b l hai s thc
cho, vi 0 a .
II. Du ca nh thc bc nht
Cho nh thc bc nht ( ) ( ) 0 f x ax b a = +
( ) f x cng du vi h s a ;
b
x
a
| |
+
|
\
.
( ) f x tri du vi h s a ;
b
x
a
| |

|
\
.
Bng xt du:

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Xt du biu thc
Phng php :
Bin i biu thc f(x) v tch, thng cc nh thc
Tm cc nghim ca cc nh thc c trong biu thc f(x)
Lp bng xt du cc nh thc v suy ra du ca biu thc f(x).
Bi tp 1. Xt du cc nh thc :
a) ( ) 3 5 f x x = b) ( ) 5 6 f x x = c) ( )
( )
2
1 2 f x m x m = +
Gii
x
b
a
+
ax + b
0 a > - 0 +
0 a < + 0 -

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63

a) Ta c :
5
3 5 0
3
x x = = .
Bng xt du :
x
5
3
+
f(x) - 0 +

Vy : ( )
5
0 ;
3
f x x
| |
> +
|
\
; ( )
5
0 ;
3
f x x
| |
<
|
\

b) Ta c :
6
5 6 0
5
x x = = .
Bng xt du :
x
6
5
+
f(x) + 0 -

Vy : ( )
6
0 ;
5
f x x
| |
>
|
\
;
( )
6
0 ;
5
f x x
| |
< +
|
\
.
c) Ta c :
( )
2
2
2
1 2 0
1
m
m x m x
m
+ = =
+

H s
2
1 0, . a m m = + >
Bng xt du :
x

2
2
1
m
m +
+
f(x) - 0 +
Vy : ( )
2
2
0 ;
1
m
f x x
m
| |
<
|
+ \
;
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64

( )
2
2
0 ;
1
m
f x x
m
| |
> +
|
+ \
.

Bi tp 2. Xt du cc biu thc sau :
a) ( ) ( )( ) 1 3 4 f x x x = + b) ( ) ( )
2
1 9 2
3 4
f x x
x
| |
=
|
\
.
Gii
a) Ta c : 1 0 1 x x = = ;
3
3 4 0
4
x x

+ = = .
Bng xt du :
x
-1
3
4
+
- x -1 + 0 - | -
3x + 4 - | - 0 +
f(x) - 0 + 0 -
Vy : ( )
3
0 1;
4
f x x
| |
>
|
\
;
( ) ( )
3
0 ; 1 ;
4
f x x
| |
< +
|
\
.
b) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 3 6 9 2 2
1 9 2
3 4 3 4
x x
f x x
x x

| |
= =
|

\

Ta c : 3 6 0 2; x x = =

9
9 2 0 ;
2
x x = =

4
3 4 0 .
3
x x = =

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65

Bng xt du :
x

4
3
2
9
2
+
3x - 6 - | - 0 + | +
9 2x + | + | + 0 -
3x - 4 - 0 + | + | +
f(x) + || - 0 + 0 -
Vy : ( )
4 9
0 ; 2;
3 2
f x x
| | | |
>
| |
\ \
;
( )
4 9
0 ; 2 ;
3 2
f x x
| | | |
< +
| |
\ \
.
Vn 2. Gii bt phng trnh
Phng php :
Chuyn ht cc s hng sang cng mt v v a chng v tch, thng cc nh thc, gi v
l v tri (VT) ca bt phng trnh.
Lp bng xt du v tri ca bt phng trnh.
Da vo bng xt du kt lun tp nghim ca bt phng trnh.

Bi tp 1. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau :
a) x x x ( 1)( 1)(3 6) 0 + > (1) b) (2 7)(4 5 ) 0 x x (2)
Gii
a) Ta c : + = = 1 0 1; x x
= = 1 0 1; x x
= = 3 6 0 2 x x .

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66

Bng xt du :
Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l ( ) ( ) 1;1 2; S = + .
b) Ta c : = =
7
2 7 0 ;
2
x x
= =
4
4 5 0
5
x x . .
Bng xt du :
x

4
5

7
2
+
4 5x + 0 - | -
2 7 x - | - 0 +
VT(2) - 0 + 0 -
Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l
4 7
; ;
5 2
S
| ( |
= +
|
(
\
.

a)
x
x
2 5
1
2
b)
2 3
1 2 1 x x
+

Gii
a)

+

2 5 2 5 3
1 1 0 0
2 2 2
x x x
x x x
(3)
Ta c : = = 3 0 3; x x
= = 2 0 2. x x
x -1 1 2 +
x + 1 - 0 + | + | +
x - 1 - | - 0 + | +
3x - 6 - | - | - 0 +
VT(1) - 0 + 0 - 0 +
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67

Bng xt du :
x 2 3 +
3 x - | - 0 +
2 x + 0 - 0 -
VT(3) - || + 0 -
Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l ( | 2;3 S = .
b)
( )( )
2 3 2 3 7 1
0 0
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
x
x x x x x x

+ + +
(4)
Ta c : = =
1
7 1 0 ;
7
x x
= = 1 0 1 x x ;

1
2 1 0
2
x x + = = .
Bng xt du :
Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l ( )
1 1
; 1;
2 7
S
| (
= +
(
\
.
Vn 3. Bt phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i
Phng php :
1) Vi a > 0, ta c :
( ) ( ) f x a a f x a
( ) ( ) f x a f x a hoc ( ) f x a .
x
1
2

1
7
1 +
7 1 x - | - 0 + | +
1 x + | + | + 0 -
2 1 x + - 0 + | + | +
VT(4) + || - 0 + || -
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68

2) p dng cng thc :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x g x f x g x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x f x g x hoc ( ) ( ) f x g x .

a) 2x 8 7 b) x 3 2 7 >
Gii
a)
15
1 15
2 8 7
2
2x 8 7
2 8 7 1
2 2
2
x
x
x
x
x

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim l
1 15
;
2 2
S
(
=
(

.
b)
>
>

>
< <

3
3 2 7
3 2 7 5
3 2 7
3
x
x
x
x x

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim l ( )
5
; 3;
3
S
| |
= +
|
\
.
a) x x 2 1 + b) x x 2 1 > +
Gii
a)

+
+

+
1
2 1
2 1 1
2 1
3
x
x x
x x
x x x
(v l)
Vy bt phng trnh v nghim.
b)
> + >
> + <

< <

1
2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1
2
x x
x x x
x x x

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim l
1
;
2
S
| |
=
|
\
.
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69

Ch : Ta c th gii cc bt phng trnh trn bng cch s dng nh ngha kh du gi tr
tuyt i ,
, 0
, 0
A A
A
A A

=

<
.

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Xt du cc biu thc sau :
a) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) 2 1 4 3 3 f x x x x = + b) ( )
1 4
2 5 8 3
f x
x x
= +

Bi 2. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a) + > (2 1)( 1) 0 x x b) ( 2 7)(4 5 ) 0 x x
c)
x x
x
(2 5)( 2)
0
4 3
+
>
+
d)
x x
2 5
1 2 1

.
a)
1 1 1
1 2 2 x x x
+ >

b)
4 3 3 4
7
2 3
x x
x x

+
c)
3 2
2
2 4
0
12
x x x
x x
+

.
a) x 5 12 3 < b) x 3 15 3 +
c) + 2 1 4 x x d)
+

1
2 5
2
x
x .

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70

4. BT PHNG TRNH BC NHT HAI N

A. KIN THC CN NH
I. Bt phng trnh bc nht hai n
1. nh ngha :
Bt phng trnh bc nht hai n x, y c dng tng qut l ax by c + < hoc ax by c +
hoc ax by c + > hoc ax by c + (*), trong a, b, c l cc s thc cho v a, b khng ng
thi bng 0 cn x, y l cc n s.
Trong mt phng ta 0xy, tp hp cc im c ta l nghim ca bt phng trnh
(*) c gi l min nghim ca n.
H bt phng trnh bc nht hai n x, y gm mt s bt phng trnh bc nht hai n x,
y m ta phi tm min nghim chung ca chng.
2. Biu din hnh hc tp nghim ca bt phng trnh ax by c + (1), trong a, b l hai
s khng ng thi bng 0 :
Bc 1 : Trn mt phng ta 0xy, v ng thng :ax by c + = .
Bc 2 : Ly mt im ( )
0 0 0
; M x y (ta thng ly gc ta 0).
Bc 3 : Tnh
0 0
ax by + v so snh vi c.
Bc 4 : Kt lun :
Nu
0 0
ax by c + < th na mt phng b l cha im
0
M l min
nghim ca ax by c +
Nu
0 0
ax by c + > th na mt phng b l khng cha im
0
M l
min nghim ca ax by c +
Biu din hnh hc tp nghim ca h bt phng trnh bc nht hai n
' ' '
ax by c
a x b y c
+
+ <
.
V cc ng thng : ax by c + = v ' : ' ' ' a x b y c + = .
Biu din min nghim ca mi bt phng trnh v tm giao ca chng.
II. Gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc F ax by = +
Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca cc biu thc dng F ax by = + , trong (x;
y) nghim ng mt h bt phng trnh bc nht hai n cho.
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71

V min nghim ca h bt phng trnh cho, thng l mt min a gic. Tnh gi
tr ca F ng vi (x;y) l ta cc nh ca min a gic ny ri so snh cc kt qu. T suy
ra gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc.
B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Xc nh min nghim ca bt phng trnh bc nht hai n
Phng php :
Xem phn kin thc cn nh
Ch : Min nghim ca bt phng trnh ax by c + < l min nghim ca bt phng trnh
ax by c + b i b : ax by c + = .

Bi tp 1. Xc nh min nghim ca bt phng trnh 2 2 x y .
Gii
V ng thng : 2 2 x y = .
Ly im ( ) 0; 0 O . Ta c : 2.0 0 2 < .
Vy min nghim ca bt phng trnh
l na mt phng cha gc ta 0 (k c b
: 2 2 x y = ). l min khng b gch
cho.

-2 -1 1 2
-2
-1
1
2
x
y
O
: 2 2 x y =

Bi tp 2. Xc nh min nghim ca bt phng trnh 4 x y x + > .
Gii
Ta c : 4 2 4 x y x x y + > + >
V ng thng : 2 4 x y + = .
Ly im ( ) 0; 0 O . Ta c : 2.0 0 4 + < .
Vy min nghim ca bt phng trnh
l na mt phng khng cha gc ta 0
(khng k b : 2 4 x y + = ). l min
khng b gch cho.
-4 -2 2 4
-4
-2
2
4
x
y
0
: 2 4 x y + =

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72

Vn 2. Xc nh min nghim ca h bt phng trnh bc nht hai n
Phng php :
Xc nh min nghim ca mi bt phng trnh trong h v gch b phn cn li.
Sau khi xc nh ht tt c cc min nghim ca cc bt phng trnh trong h th min cn
li khng b gch chnh l min nghim ca h.

Bi tp. Xc nh min nghim ca h bt phng trnh
3
3 3
3 3
x y
x y
x y
+
.
Gii
V cc ng thng :

1
: 3 d x y + = ;

2
: 3 3 d x y = ;

3
: 3 3 d x y = .
Ta c :
( )
1 2
0;3 d d A = ;
( )
1 3
3; 0 d d B = ;

2 3
3 3
;
2 2
d d C
| |
=
|
\
.
Vy min nghim ca h bt phng
trnh l min khng b gch cho (k c b
tc cc cnh ca tam gic ABC).
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
O
1
: 3 d x y + =
2
: 3 3 d x y =
3
: 3 3 d x y =
A
B
C

Vn 3. Gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc F ax by = + , vi (x;y) nghim
ng ca h bt phng trnh bc nht hai n cho trc
Phng php :
Tm min nghim ca h bt phng trnh, thng l mt a gic.
Tnh gi tr ca F ng vi (x;y) l ta cc nh ca a gic.
Gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca F ln lt l s ln nht v s nh nht trong cc gi tr
tm c.

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73

Bi tp. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca 25 40 5 F x y = + vi (x;y) l nghim ca
h bt phng trnh
3
3 3
3 3
x y
x y
x y
+
.
Gii
Min nghim ca h l min khng b
gch cho (k c cc cnh ca tam gic ABC)
Ti ( ) 0;3 A , 25.0 40.3 5 115 F = + = ;
Ti ( ) 3; 0 , 25.3 40.0 5 80 B F = + = ;
Ti
3 3
;
2 2
C
| |

|
\

3 3 55
25 40 5
2 2 2
F
| | | |
= + =
| |
\ \
.
Vy GTLN ca F l 80 t c khi
x = 3, y = 0.
GTNN ca F l -115 t c khi
x = 0, y = 3.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
O
1
: 3 d x y + =
2
: 3 3 d x y =
3
: 3 3 d x y =
A
B
C

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Tm min nghim ca cc bt phng trnh :
a) 2 5 2 8 x y + b) 8 4 6 x y x <
Bi 2. Tm min nghim ca cc h bt phng trnh :
a)
3 0
2 3 1 0
y
x y
<
+ >
b)
2 2
3 9
x y
x y

c)
2 1 0
3 5 0
x
x

+ <
d)
3 6
4
0
0
x y
x y
x
y
+

Bi 3.
a) Biu din hnh hc tp nghim ca h bt phng trnh :
( )
2 0
1 0
2 1 0
x y
H x y
x y
+ +

b) Tm x, y tha (H) sao cho 2 3 4 F x y = + t gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht.
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74

5. DU CA TAM THC BC HAI

A. KIN THC CN NH
1. Du ca tam thc bc hai
Cho ( ) ( )
2 2
0 , 4 f x ax bx c a b ac = + + = .
Nu 0 < th ( ) f x cng du vi h s a, x .
Nu 0 = th ( ) f x cng du vi h s a, \
b
x
a

`
)
.
Nu 0 > th ( ) 0 f x = c hai nghim x
1
, x
2
(quy c x
1
< x
2
). Khi ( ) f x cng du vi h
s a khi x < x
1
hoc x > x
2
, tri du vi h s a khi x
1
< x < x
2
.
Bng xt du :

2. Mt s iu kin tng ng
Nu
2
ax bx c + + l mt tam thc bc hai ( 0 a ) th :
1)
2
0 ax bx c + + = c nghim
2
4 0 b ac = ;
2)
2
0 ax bx c + + = c hai nghim tri du 0 ac < ;
3)
2
0 ax bx c + + = c hai nghim dng
0
0
0
c
a
b
a
>
>

4)
2
0 ax bx c + + = c hai nghim m
0
0
0
c
a
b
a
>
<

5)
2
0
0,
0.
a
ax bx c x
>
+ + >
<

6)
2
0
0,
0.
a
ax bx c x
>
+ +

7)
2
0
0,
0.
a
ax bx c x
<
+ + <
<

x
1
x
2
x +
( ) f x cng du vi a 0 tri du vi a 0 cng du vi a

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75

8)
2
0
0,
0.
a
ax bx c x
<
+ +

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Xt du biu thc
Phng php :
p dng nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai.
Bin i biu thc f(x) v tch, thng cc nh thc, tam thc bc hai.
Tm cc nghim ca cc nh thc, tam thc c trong biu thc f(x).
Lp bng xt du cc nh thc, tam thc v suy ra du ca biu thc f(x).

Bi tp 1. Xt du cc tam thc bc hai :
a) ( )
2
1 f x x x = + + b) ( )
2
4 4 f x x x = + c) ( )
2
4 5 f x x x = + .
Gii
a) Ta c :
2
1 4.1.1 3 0 = = < m a = 1 > 0 ( ) 0, f x x > .
b) Ta c : ( )
2
4 4.1.4 0 f x = = c nghim kp x = 2 m a = 1 > 0
( ) { } 0, \ 2 f x x > .
c) Ta c :
2
1
4 5 0
5
4
x
x x
x
=
+ =
.
Bng xt du :
x
5
4
1 +
( ) f x + 0 - 0 +
Vy : ( ) ( )
5
0 ; 1;
4
f x x
| |
> +
|
\
; ( )
5
0 ;1
4
f x x
| |
<
|
\
.

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76

Bi tp 2. Xt du cc biu thc sau :
a) ( )
( )( )
2 2
9 14 5 4 f x x x x x = + + b) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
7 2
2 3
x x x
f x
x x
+
=
+
.
Gii
a) Ta c :
2
2
9 14 0
7
x
x x
x
=
+ =

=
;

2
1
5 4 0
4
x
x x
x
=
+ =

=
.
Bng xt du :
x 1 2 4 7 +
2
9 14 x x +
+ | + 0 - | - 0 +
2
5 4 x x +
- 0 + | + 0 - | -
( ) f x - 0 + 0 - 0 + 0 -
Vy : ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1; 2 4; 7 f x x > ;
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ;1 2; 4 7; f x x < + .
b) Ta c : 7 0 7 x x = = ;

2
1
2 0
2
x
x x
x
=
+ =

=
;

2
2 3 0 x x + = (v nghim).
Bng xt du :
x -2 1 7 +
7 x - | - | - 0 +
2
2 x x +
+ 0 - 0 + | +
2
2 3 x x +
+ | + | + | +
( ) f x - 0 + 0 - 0 +
Vy : ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 2;1 7; f x x > + ;
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77

( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ; 2 1; 7 f x x < .
Vn 2. Gii bt phng trnh
Phng php :
Chuyn ht cc s hng sang cng mt v v a chng v tch, thng cc nh thc, tam thc
bc hai, gi v l v tri (VT) ca bt phng trnh.
Lp bng xt du v tri ca bt phng trnh.
Da vo bng xt du kt lun tp nghim ca bt phng trnh.

Bi tp 1. Gii cc bt phng trnh :
a) x
2
+ 6x 9 > 0 (1) b) 12x
2
+ 3x +1 < 0 (2).
Gii
a) Ta c : x
2
+ 6x 9 = 0 3 x = (nghim kp)
Bng xt du :
x 3 +
VT(1) - 0 -
Vy bt phng trnh cho v nghim.

b) Ta c : 12x
2
+ 15x - 3 = 0
1
1
4
x
x
=

Bng xt du :
x
1
4
1 +
VT(2) - 0 + 0 -
Vy bt phng trnh cho c tp nghim ( )
1
; 1;
4
S
| |
= +
|
\
.
Bi tp 2. Gii cc bt phng trnh :
a) (2x 8)(x
2
4x + 3) 0 (3) b)
2
2
6 7 3
1
3 2 5
x x
x x

Gii
a) Ta c : 2 8 0 4 x x = = ;
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78

2
1
4 3 0
3
x
x x
x
=
+ =

=
.
Bng xt du :
x 1 3 4 +
2 8 x - | - | - 0 +
2
4 3 x x +
+ 0 - 0 + | +
VT(3) - 0 + 0 - 0 +
Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l | | | ) 1;3 4; S = + .
b)
2 2 2
2 2 2
6 7 3 6 7 3 3 5 2
1 1 0 0
3 2 5 3 2 5 3 2 5
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
+

(4).
Ta c :
2
1
3 5 2 0
2
3
x
x x
x
=
+ =

=
;

2
1
3 2 5 0
5
3
x
x x
x
=
=

=
.
Bng xt du :
x
-1
2
3
1
5
3
+
2
3 5 2 x x +
+ | + 0 - 0 + | +
2
3 2 5 x x
+ 0 - | - | - 0 +
VT(4) + || - 0 + 0 - || +
Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l
2 5
1; 1;
3 3
S
| ( |
=
|
(
\
.
Bi tp 3. Gii h bt phng trnh :
( )
( )
2
3 10 3 0 1
2
0 2
5
x x
x
x

.
Gii

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79

Gii (1) :
Ta c :
2 2
3
1
3 10 3 0 3 10 3 0
1
3
3
x
x x x x x
x
=
+ = +
hoc 3 x
tp nghim ca bt phng trnh (1) l
| )
1
1
; 3;
3
S
| (
= +
(
\
.
Gii (2) :
2
0 2 5
5
x
x
x
<

tp nghim ca bt phng trnh (2) l | )
2
2;5 S = .
Vy tp nghim ca h bt phng trnh l | )
1 2
3;5 S S S = = .
Trong thc hnh ta thng gii h trn bng php bin i tng ng nh sau :

2
1
1
3
3 10 3 0
3
2 5
3 5
2
3
3 5
0
3
5
2 5
2 5
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

+

<
<

<

<

<

.
Vy tp nghim ca h bt phng trnh l | ) 3;5 S = .
Vn 3. nh m ( (( ( ) )) )
2
f x ax bx c = + + = + + = + + = + + c du khng i
Phng php :
p dng h qu ca du tam thc (phn 2) vi ch rng khi a cha tham s, ta phi xt
trng hp a = 0.
Bi tp 1. Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m phng trnh sau v nghim
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 3 5 6 0 1 m x m x m + + = .
Gii
Trng hp 2 0 2 m m = = :
( ) 1 2 4 0 2 x x + = = , phng trnh (1) c nghim.
Trng hp 2 0 2 m m :
(1) v nghim
( ) ( )( )
2
2
2
2
2
' 0
2 3 2 5 6 0 4 3 0
m
m
m
m m m m m

<
< + <

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80

2
1
1
3
3
m
m
m
m
m

<
<

>

>

.
Vy phng trnh v nghim
1
3
m
m
<

>
.

Bi tp 2. Cho bt phng trnh ( ) ( )
2
1 2 1 3 3 0 m x m x m + + (2).
Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m bt phng trnh (2) v nghim .
Gii
Trng hp 1 0 1 m m + = = :
(2)
3
4 6 0
2
x x , bt phng trnh (2) c nghim.
Trng hp 1 m :
(2) v nghim
( ) ( )( )
2
2
1
1
1 0
' 0
1 1 3 3 0 2 2 4 0
m
m
m
m m m m m
< < + <

<
+ < + <

1
2 2
1
m
m m
m
<
< <

>

.
Vy bt phng trnh v nghim 2 m < .
Bi tp 3. Cho bt phng trnh ( ) ( )
2
1 2 1 1 0 m m x m x + + (3).
Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m bt phng trnh (3) nghim ng x .
Gii
Trng hp ( ) 1 0 0 m m m = = hoc 1 m = :
Vi 0 m = , (3)
1
2 1 0
2
x x + , (3) khng nghim ng x .
Vi 1 m = , (3) 1 0 , x , (3) nghim ng x .
Trng hp ( ) 1 0 0 m m m v 1 m :
(3) nghim ng x
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 0
0
0
' 0
1 0
1 1 0
m m
a
m m
m
m m m
>
> >

+

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81

0
1 1
1
m
m m
m
<
> >
.
Vy 1 m , bt phng trnh nghim ng x .

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Xt du cc biu thc sau :
a)
2
2 5 2 x x + + b)
2
4 3 1 x x c)
2
3 5 1 x x + +
d) ( )
2
(3 10 3)(4 5) f x x x x = + e) ( )
2
10 1
2
5
x
f x
x
=
+

Bi 2. Gii bt phng trnh :
a) x x
2
2 3 7 0 + b) x x
2
3 4 4 0 + c) x x
2
6 0
d)
x x
x x
2
2
3 4
0
3 5
+
>
+ +
e)
x x
x x
2
2
4 3 1
0
5 7
+
>
+ +
f)
x x
x x
2
2
5 3 8
0
7 6
+
<
+
.

Bi 3. Gii h bt phng trnh :
a)
<
2
2
9 0
4 3 0
x
x x
b)
+ +
<
2
2
4 3 0
2 10 0
x x
x x
c)
2
2
2 7
4 1
1
x x
x

+
.

Bi 4. Tm m cc phng trnh sau c nghim
a) m x mx m
2
( 5) 4 2 0 + = b) m x m x m
2
( 2) 2(2 3) 5 6 0 + + = .
Bi 5. Tm m cc phng trnh sau v nghim
a) m x m x m
2
(3 ) 2( 3) 2 0 + + + = b) m x mx m
2
(1 ) 2 2 0 + + = .
Bi 6. Tm m cc bt phng trnh sau v nghim
a) m x m x
2
( 2) 2( 1) 4 0 + + < b) + +
2
( 3) ( 2) 4 0 m x m x .
Bi 7. Tm m cc bt phng trnh sau nghim ng vi mi x
a) + +
2
2 ( 2) 4 0 x m x m b) mx m x m
2
( 1) 1 0 + + < .

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82

CHNG V THNG K
1. BNG PHN B TN S V TN SUT
A.KIN THC CN NH
1. Tn s
Tn s ca gi tr x
i
l s ln lp li ca gi tr x
i
trong cuc iu tra. Tn s ca gi tr x
i
c
k hiu l n
i
.
2. Tn sut
Tn sut ca gi tr x
i
l t s gia tn s ca gi tr x
i
vi tng s n cc phn t iu tra. Tn
sut ca gi tr x
i
k hiu l f
i
.
Nh vy:
i
i
n
f
n
= .
3. Bng phn b tn s v tn sut
T s liu ban u ta lc ra cc gi tr x
i
v tn s n
i
tng ng ca chng, ri sp xp thnh
mt bng phn b tn s - tn sut v c trnh by nh sau:
Bng 1
Gi tr ca x
i
Tn s n
i
Tn sut f
i
(%)
x
1
n
1
f
1
x
2
n
2
f
2
x
3
n
3
f
3
x
4
n
4
f
4
.. .. ..
x
m
n
m
f
m
Tng n Tng 100%

4. Bng phn b tn s v tn sut ghp lp
Khi mu iu tra c kch thc ln (nhiu phn t) ngi ta thng nhm cc gi tr thnh
tng lp v lp bng phn b tn s - tn sut ghp lp c trnh by nh sau:
Bng 2
Gi tr ca x
i
Tn s n
i
Tn sut f
i
(%)
[x
1
; x
2
) n
1
f
1
[x
2
; x
3
) n
2
f
2
[x
3
; x
4
) n
3
f
3
[x
4
; x
5
) n
4
f
4
.. .. ..
[x
m-1
;x
m
] n
m
f
m
Tng n Tng 100%
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83

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Lp bng phn b tn s v tn sut.
Phng php :
Xc nh cc gi tr x
i
;
m s ln xut hin cc gi tr x
i
( tn s n
i
) ;
Tnh :
i
i
n
f
n
= .

Bi tp . Chiu cao ca mt nhm 30 hc sinh( n v : m ) lp 10 c lit k bng sau :

Hy lp bng phn b tn s - tn sut.

1.45 1.58 1.51 1.52 1.52 1.67
1.50 1.60 1.65 1.55 1.55 1.64
1.47 1.70 1.73 1.59 1.62 1.56
1.48 1.48 1.58 1.55 1.49 1.52
1.52 1.50 1.60 1.50 1.63 1.71

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84

Gii
Bng phn b tn s - tn sut:
Chiu cao Tn s Tn sut
1.45 1 3.33
1.47 1 3.33
1.48 2 6.67
1.49 1 3.33
1.50 3 10.0
1.52 4 13.33
1.55 3 10.0
1.56 1 3.33
1.58 2 6.67
1.59 1 3.33
1.60 2 6.67
1.61 1 3.33
1.62 1 3.33
1.63 1 3.33
1.64 1 3.33
1.65 1 3.33
1.67 1 3.33
1.70 1 3.33
1.71 1 3.33
1.73 1 3.33
n=50

Vn 2. Lp bng phn b tn s - tn sut ghp lp.
Phng php:
Xc nh cc lp ghp theo yu cu ca bi;
m s phn t ca mi lp ghp ( tn s ca lp );
Tnh tn sut ca mi lp:
i
i
n
f
n
= .

Bi tp 1. Chiu cao ca mt nhm 30 hc ( n v: m ) lp 10 c lit k bng sau :
1.45 1.58 1.51 1.52 1.52 1.67
1.50 1.60 1.65 1.55 1.55 1.64
1.47 1.70 1.73 1.59 1.62 1.56
1.48 1.48 1.58 1.55 1.49 1.52
1.52 1.50 1.60 1.50 1.63 1.71
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85

Hy lp bng phn b tn s - tn sut ghp lp vi cc lp l: [1.45 ; 1.55) ;
[ 1.55 ; 1.65) ; [ 1.65 ; 1. 75].
Gii
Tn s ca lp 1 : [1.45 ; 1.55 ) l n
1
= 12 ; tn sut
1
1
12
40
30
n
f
n
= = = %.
Tn s ca lp 2 : [1.55 ; 1.65 ) l n
2
= 13 ; tn sut
2
2
13
43.33
30
n
f
n
= = %.
Tn s ca lp 3 : [1.65 ; 1.75 ] l n
3
= 5 ; tn sut
3
3
5
16.67
30
n
f
n
= = %.
Bng phn b tn s - tn sut ghp lp :
Lp chiu cao (m) Tn s Tn sut (%)
[ 1.45 ; 1.55) 12 40.00
[ 1.55 ; 1.65) 13 43.33
[ 1.65 ; 1.75] 5 16.67
Cng 30 100 %

C. BI TP NGH
Bi tp 1. Cho cc s liu thng k ghi trong bng sau:
thi gian hon thnh mt sn phm mt nhm cng nhn (n v: pht)
42 42 42 42 44 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45
45 45 45 54 54 54 50 50 50 50 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 50 50 50 50
a) Hy lp bng phn b tn s, tn sut;
b) Trong 50 cng nhn c kho st, nhng cng nhn c thi gian han thnh mt sn phm
t 45 pht n 50 pht chim bao nhiu phn trm?
Bi tp 2. Cho cc s liu thng k ghi trong bng sau:
thi gian (pht) i t nh n trng ca bn A trong 35 ngy.
21 22 24 19 23 26 25 22 19 23 20 23 27 26 22 20 24 21 24 28 25 21 20 23 22 23
29 26 23 21 26 21 24 28 25
a) Lp bng phn b tn s, tn sut ghp lp, vi cc lp:
[19 , 21) ; [21 , 23) ; [ 23 , 25) ; [25 , 27) ; [27 , 29).
b) Trong 35 ngy c kho st, nhng ngy bn A c thi gian i n trng t 21 pht n
di 25 pht chim bao nhiu phn trm ?
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86

2. BIU

A. KIN THC CN NH
1. Biu tn sut hnh ct
Cch v biu hnh ct:
V hai ng thng vung gc. Trn ng thng nm ngang ( dng lm trc s) ta nh
du cc khong xc nh lp.
Ti mi khong ta dng ln mt hnh ct ch nht, vi y l khong , cn chiu cao
bng tn sut ca lp m khong xc nh.
2. ng gp khc tn sut
Cch v ng gp khc tn sut :
Ta v hai ng thng vung gc ( nh v biu hnh ct). Trn mt phng ta xc
nh cc im ( c
i
; f
i
) , i = 1, 2,.,n sau v cc on thng ni cc im ( c
i
; f
i
) vi cc
im ( c
i+1
; f
i+1
), i = 1,2,, n ta thu c mt ng gp khc. ng gp khc ny gi l
ng gp khc tn sut.
3. Biu hnh qut

Cch v biu hnh qut :
V hnh trn, chia hnh trn thnh nhng hnh qut. mi lp tng ng vi mt hnh qut m
din tch ca n t l vi tn sut ca lp .

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. V biu tn sut hnh ct.
Phng php:
V hai ng thng vung gc. Trn ng thng nm ngang ( dng lm trc s) ta nh
du cc khong xc nh lp.
Ti mi khong ta dng ln mt hnh ct ch nht, vi y l khong , cn chiu cao
bng tn sut ca lp m khong xc nh.

Bi tp 1. Thng k im ton cu 40 hc sinh cu mt lp ngi ta thu c mu s liu ban
u nh sau :
5 6 6 5 7 1 2 4 6 9
4 5 7 5 6 8 10 5 5 7
2 1 3 3 6 4 6 5 5 9
8 7 2 1 8 6 4 4 6 5
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87

a) Hy lp bng phn b tn s, tn sut ghp lp vi cc lp nh sau:
[1;2] ; [3;4] ; [5;6] ; [7;8] ; [9;10].
b) V biu hnh ct tn s.
Gii
im ton Tn s Tn sut %
[1;2] 6 15
[3;4] 7 17,5
[5;6] 17 42,5
[7;8] 7 17,5
[9;10] 3 7,5

6
7
17
7
3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Biu tn s
[1;2]
[3;4]
[5;6]
[7;8]
[9;10]
tn s
im

Bi tp 2. Doanh thu ca 20 cng ty sn xut t trong nm va qua c cho nh sau:
( n v triu la)
8 32 54 12 50 80 90 64 54 52
20 43 70 56 20 12 7 14 22 35
a) Hy lp bng phn b tn s -tn sut ghp lp vi cc lp nh sau:
[0 ; 20) ; [20 ; 40) ; [40;60) ; [60 ; 80) ; [80 ; 100)
b) V biu tn s hnh ct

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88

Gii
a) Bng phn b tn s -tn sut ghp lp :

b) Biu tn s hnh ct :

Vn 2. V biu ng gp khc tn s , tn sut ghp lp.
Phng php:
Ta v hai ng thng vung gc ( nh v biu hnh ct). Trn mt phng ta xc
nh cc im ( c
i
; f
i
) , i = 1, 2,.,n sau v cc on thng ni cc im ( c
i
; f
i
) vi cc
im ( c
i+1
; f
i+1
), i = 1,2,, n ta thu c mt ng gp khc.

Bi tp. Thng k im ton cu 40 hc sinh cu mt lp ngi ta thu c mu s liu
ban u nh sau:
5 6 6 5 7 1 2 4 6 9
4 5 7 5 6 8 10 5 5 7
2 1 3 3 6 4 6 5 5 9
8 7 2 1 8 6 4 4 6 5
a/ Hy lp bng phn b tn s, tn sut ghp lp vi cc lp nh sau:
[1;2] ; [3;4] ; [5;6] ; [7;8] ; [9;10]
b/ V biu ng gp khc tn sut.
Gii
Lp doanh thu Tn s Tn sut (%)
[0 ; 20) 5 25
[20 ; 40) 5 25
[40 ; 60) 6 30
[60 ; 80) 2 10
[80 ; 100) 2 10
5 5
6
2 2
Biu tn s
[0 ; 20)
[20 ; 40)
[40;60)
[60 ; 80)
[80 ; 100)
triu la
tn s
6
5
2
0
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89

a/ Bng phn b tn s, tn sut ghp lp :
im ton Tn s Tn sut %
[1;2] 6 15
[3;4] 7 17,5
[5;6] 17 42,5
[7;8] 7 17,5
[9;10] 3 7,5

b/ V biu ng gp khc tn sut :
15
17.5
42.5
17.5
7.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
[1;2] [3;4] [5;6] [7;8] [9;10]
tn sut
im
Biu ng gp khc tn sut

Vn 3. V biu hnh hnh qut.
Phng php:
V hnh trn;
Chia hnh trn thnh cc hnh qut;
Mi lp c v tng ng vi mt hnh qut m din tch ca n t l vi tn sut ca ca
lp .

Bi tp 1. V biu hnh qut thng k chiu cao ca 36 hc sinh(n v : cm) nam ca mt
trng trung hc ph thng c cho bi bng phn b tn s - tn sut sau:
Nhm Lp Tn s Tn sut
1 [160; 162] 6 16,7
2 [163; 165 ] 12 33,3
3 [166; 168 ] 10 27,8
4 [169; 171 ] 5 13.9
5 [172; 174 ] 3 8,3
n=36 100%

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90

Gii
16.7 %
33.3 %
27.8 %
13.9 %
8.3 %
Biu tn sut hnh qut
1 2 3 4 5

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. C cu cc loi t Vit Nam nm 2000 cho bi bng sau:
Loi t
t nng
nghip
t lm nghip
t chuyn dng
v th c
t cha s dng
T l % 28,4 35,2 6,0 30,4
V biu c cu cc loi t Vit nam nm 2000?
Bi 2. Sau mt thng gieo trng mt ging hoa, ngi ta thu c s liu sau v chiu cao (n v
l milimt) ca cc cy hoa c trng:
Nhm Chiu cao S cy t c
1 T 100 n 199 20
2 T 200 n 299 75
3 T 300 n 399 70
4 T 400 n 499 25
5 T 500 n 599 10
a) Lp bng phn b tn sut ghp lp ca mu s liu trn.
b) V biu tn sut hnh ct .
c) Hay tnh so trung bnh cong , phng sai , o lech chuan cua cac so lie u thong ke

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91

Bi 3. Chieu cao cua 40 van ong vien bong chuyen.
Lp chieu cao
( cm )
Tan so
[ 168 ; 172 )
[ 172 ; 176 )
[ 176 ; 180 )
[ 180 ; 184 )
[ 184 ; 188 )
[ 188 ; 192 ]
4
4
6
14
8
4
Cong 40
a) Hay lap bang phan bo tan suat ghep lp ?
b) Neu nhan xet ve chieu cao cua 40 van ong vien bong chuyen ke tren ?
c) Tnh so trung bnh co ng , phng sai , o lech chuan ?
d) Hay ve bieu o tan suat hnh cot e mo ta bang phan bo tan suat ghep lp a lap cau 1.

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92

3. S TRUNG BNH CNG S TRUNG V - MT

A.KIN THC CN NH
1. S trung bnh cng
Trng hp bng phn b tn s tn sut
( )
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
1
..... ....
k k k k
x n x n x n x f x f x f x
n
= + + + = + + + ( 1)
Trong n
i
, f
i
ln lt l tn s , tn sut ca gi tr x
i
, n l cc s liu thng k
( n = n
1
+ n
2
+ + n
k
)
Trng hp bng phn b ghp lp
( )
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
1
..... ....
k k k k
x n c n c n c f c f c f c
n
= + + + = + + + ( 2 )
Trong c
i
, n
i
, f
i
ln lt l gi tr i din, tn s, tn sut ca lp th i , n l s cc s liu
thng k ( n = n
1
+ n
2
+ + n
k
).
2. Mt
Mt ca mt bng phn b tn s l gi tr c tn s ln nht v c k hiu l M
0
.
3. S trung v.
Sp th t cc s liu thng k thnh mt dy khng gim. S ng gia ca dy sp th t ny
l s trung v , k hiu l M
e.
Gi s mu c N s liu
Nu N l mt s l th s liu ng th
1
2
N +
l s trung v.
Nu N l s chn , ta ly s trung bnh cng ca hai s liu ng th
2
N
v
2
N
+1 lm s
trung v.

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Tnh s trung bnh
Phng php : Xc nh xem l bng phn b ri rc hay ghp lp. Nu l bng ri rc th dng
cng thc (1), nu l bng ghp lp th dng cng thc (2).

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93

Bi tp 1. im thi hc k II mn ton ca mt t hc sinh lp 10A ( quy c rng im
kim tra hc k c th lm trn n 0,5 im) c lit k nh sau :
2 ; 5; 7,5 ; 8 ; 5 ; 7 ; 6,5 ; 9 ; 4,5 ; 10.
Tnh im trung bnh ca 10 hc sinh ( ch ly n mt ch s thp phn sau khi
lm trn)

Gii
im trung bnh ca 10 hc sinh l:
( )
1 64, 5
2 2.5 7, 5 8 7 6, 5 9 4, 5 10 6, 5
10 10
= + + + + + + + + = = x .
Bi tp 2. Thu nhp gia nh/ nm ca hai nhm dn c hai x ca mt huyn c cho trong
bng sau: ( thu nhp tnh theo n v triu ng).
Thu nhp / nm S gia nh
Lp Nhm 1 Nhm 2
[ 12,5; 13,0 )
[ 13,0; 13,5 )
[ 13,5; 14,0 )
[ 14,0 ; 14,5 )
[ 14,5 ; 15,0 ]
4
40
73
0
3
2
20
42
10
16
a/ Tm s trung bnh ca thu nhp gia nh / nm ca nhm 1.
b/ Tm s trung bnh ca thu nhp gia nh / nm ca nhm 2.
Hi nhm no c thu nhp cao hn.

Gii
a/ S trung bnh ca thu nhp gia nh / nm ca nhm 1
( )
1 1 1 2 2
1
.....
k k
x n c n c n c
n
= + + +
( )
1
4.12, 75 40.13, 25 73.13, 75 0.14.25 3.14.75
120
= + + + + =13,575.
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94

b/ S trung bnh thu nhp gia nh trn nm ca nhm 2
( )
2 1 1 2 2
1
.....
k k
x n c n c n c
n
= + + + = 13,85.
Do nhm 2 c thu nhp cao hn.
Vn 2. Tnh Mt
Phng php:
Lp bng phn b tn s ca du hiu.
Xc nh gi tr c tn s ln nht l mt.

Bi tp 1. im iu tra v cht lng sn phm mi ( thang im 100) nh sau:
80 65 51 48 45 61 30 35 84 83 60 58 75 72 68 39 41 54 61 72
75 72 61 50 65
Tm mt ca bng s liu trn.

Gii
Lp li bng phn b tn s:
im 30 35 39 41 45 48 50 51 54 58 60 61 65 68 72 75 80 83 87
Tn s 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 1

Bng trn c 2 s c tn s ln nht l 61 v 72
Vy phn b trn c hai mt l M
0
= 61, M
0
= 72.
Bi tp 2. S lng giy bn ra ca mt ca hng cc thng trong nm 2010 c cho bi bng
sau ( s lng tnh theo i).
Thng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
S lng 430 560 450 550 760 430 525 410 635 450 800 950
Tnh mt ca bng s liu trn.

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95

Gii
Sp xp li bng s liu trn nh sau :
S lng 410 430 450 525 550 560 635 760 800 950
Tn s 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Suy ra mt l 2 s : 430 v 450.
Vn 3. Tnh s trung v
Phng php :
Xc nh s liu phn b n l chn hay l
Nu n l th s trung v l s ng th
1
2
n +
;
Nu n chn th s trung v l s trung bnh cng ca hai s lin tip ng th
2
n
v 1
2
n
+ .

Bi tp 1. o chiu cao ca 36 hc sinh ca mt trng, ta c mu s liu sau, sp xp
theo th t tng ( n v cm)
160 161 161 162 162 162 163 163 163 164 164 164 164 165 165 165 165 165
166 166 166 166 167 167 168 168 168 168 169 169 170 171 171 172 172 174
Tm s trung v ca mu s liu ny.
Gii
V n = 36 l s chn nn s trung v l trung bnh cng ca hai s liu ng th 18 v 19
Do vy s trung v l :
165 166
165, 5
2
e
M
+
= =
Bi tp 2. im iu tra v cht lng sn phm mi ( thang im 100) nh sau:
80 65 51 48 45 61 30 35 84 83 60 58 75 72 68 39 41 54 61 72
75 72 61 50 65
Tnh s trung v ca dy s liu trn.
Gii
Sp xp li s liu trn theo th t tng dn ca im s
im 30 35 39 41 45 48 50 51 54 58 60 61 65 68 72 75 80 83 87
Tn s 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 1

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V n = 25 l s l nn s trung v l s ng v tr th 13
D s trung v l : 61
e
M =

C. BI TP NGH
Bi tp 1. S lng giy bn ra ( tnh theo i) ca mt ca hng cc thng trong nm 2009
c cho bi bng sau:
Thng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
S
lng
430 560 450 550 760 430 525 410 635 450 800 950
Tnh s trung bnh, s trung v v mt.
p s
S trung bnh :579,17
S trung v : 537,5
Mt l : 430 v 450.
Bi tp 2. iu tra mt s ngi bng cch cho im sn phm mi ( thang im 100), kt qu
nh sau:
80 65 51 48 45 61 41 84 72 60 58 75 72 68 39 35 61 75 72 61 50 65 30 54 83
Tm s trung bnh, s trung v, mt.
p s
S trung bnh 60,2
S trung v: 61. Mt 61 v 72.

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97

4. PHNG SAI V LCH CHUN

A. KIN THC CN NH
1. Phng sai dng o mc bin ng, chnh lch gia cc gi tr ca du hiu. k hiu
s
x
2
.
Trng hp bng phn b tn s, tn sut :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
1 1 2 2
1
...
x k k
s n x x n x x n x x
n
(
= + + +
(

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
...
k k
f x x f x x f x x = + + +
Trng hp bng phn b tn s v tn sut ghp lp:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
1 1 2 2
1
...
(
= + + +
(

x k k
s n c x n c x n c x
n
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
... = + + +
k k
f c x f c x f c x .
Trong n
i
, f
i
, c
i
ln lt l tn s , tn sut ,gi tr i din ca lp th i ; n l s cc s liu
thng k ; x l s trung bnh cng ca cc s liu thng k cho.
Ch : C th tnh phng sai theo cng thc
( )
2
2 2
x
s x x =
Vi
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
1
... ...
k k k k
x n x n x n x f x f x f x
n
= + + + = + + +
( i vi bng phn b tn s tn sut ).

( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
1
... ...
k k k k
x n c n c n c f c f c f c
n
= + + + = + + +
( i vi bng phn b tn s, tn sut ghp lp).
2. Cn bc hai ca phng sai c gi l lch chun, k hiu l s
x
:
2
x x
s s = .

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Tnh phng sai v lch chun i vi bng phn b tn s, tn sut.
Phng php
Lp bng phn b tn s tn sut ;
p dng cng thc
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
1 1 2 2
1
...
x k k
s n x x n x x n x x
n
(
= + + +
(

.

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98

Bi tp 1. Ngi ta tin hnh phng vn mt s ngi v cht lng ca mt loi sn phm mi.
ngi iu tra yu cu cho im sn phm (thang im 100), kt qu nh sau:
80 65 51 48 45 61 30 35 84 83 60 58 75 72 68 39 41 54 61 72 75 72 61 50 65 .
Tm phng sai v lch chun. Nhn xt g v cc kt qu nhn c.

Gii
Ta lp bng phn b tn s nh sau:
im 30 35 39 41 45 48 50 51 54 58 60 61 65 68 72 75 80 83 84
Tn s 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 1
Ta c : ( )
1 1 2 2
1
..... 60, 2 = + + + =
k k
x n x n x n x
n
.
Phng sai :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
1 1 2 2
1
...
x k k
s n x x n x x n x x
n
(
= + + +
(

= 216,8.
lch chun :
2
x x
s s = = 216, 8 =14,724.
Nhn xt : mc chnh lch im gia cc gi tr l kh ln.
Bi tp 2. Sn lng la ( n v t) ca 40 tha rung th nghim c cng din tch c trnh
by trong bng tn s sau y:
Sn lng 20 21 22 23 24
Tn s 5 8 11 10 6
a/ Tm sn lng trung bnh ca 40 tha rung;
b/ Tm phng sai v lch chun.

Gii
a/ Sn lng trung bnh ca 40 tha rung l:
( )
1
5.20 8.21 11.22 10.23 6.24 22,1
5 8 11 10 6
= + + + + =
+ + + +
x (t ).
Phng sai: S
2
x
= 1,54 . lch chun: S
x
= 1,24 ( t).

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99

Vn 2. Tnh phng sai v lch chun i vi bng phn b tn s, tn sut ghp lp.
Phng php :
Lp bng phn b tn s, tn sut ghp lp, xc nh gi tr i din;
p dng cng thc :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
1 1 2 2
1
...
(
= + + +
(

x k k
s n c x n c x n c x
n
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
... = + + +
k k
f c x f c x f c x .

Bi tp 1. Bng phn b sau y cho bit chiu cao ( tnh bng cm ) ca 500 hc sinh
trong mt trng THCS.
Chiu cao [150 ; 154) [154; 158) [158; 162) [162; 166) [166; 170]
Tn s 25 50 200 175 50
Tnh :
a/ S trung bnh x .
b/ Tnh phng sai v lch tiu chun.

Gii
Lp chiu cao Gi tr i din Tn s
[ 150; 154)
[ 154 ; 158)
[ 158 ; 162 )
[ 162 ; 166 )
[ 166 ; 170 ]
152
156
160
164
168
25
50
200
175
50

a/ S trung bnh: ( )
1
152.25 156.50 160.200 164.175 168.50 161, 4
500
x = + + + + = .
b/ Phng sai : s
2
x
= 14,48 .
lch chun : s
x
= 14, 48 = 3,85.

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100

Bi tp 2. Trn hai con ng A v B, trm kim sot ghi li tn s ca 30 chic t
trn mi con ng nh sau :
Con ng A :
60 65 70 68 62 75 80 83 82 69 73 75 85 72 67
88 90 85 72 63 75 76 85 84 70 61 60 65 73 76
Con ng B :
76 64 58 82 72 70 68 75 63 67 74 70 79
80 73 75 71 68 72 73 79 80 63 62 71 70
74 69 60 63
a)Tm s trung bnh , s trung v, phng sai, lch chun ca tc trn mi con
ng A, B .
b)Theo em th xe chy trn con ng no th an ton hn.

Gii
2
73, 55
73
77,14
8, 78
A
e
A
A
x
M
S
S
=
=
=
=

2
70, 81
71
37, 73
6,11
B
e
B
B
x
M
S
S
=
=
=
=

Chy trn ng B an ton hn.

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Chiu cao ca 50 hc sinh lp 5 ( tnh bng cm ) c ghi li nh sau :
102 102 113 138 111 109 98 114 101
103 127 118 111 130 124 115 122 126
107 134 108 118 122 99 109 106 109
104 122 133 124 108 102 130 107 114
147 104 141 103 108 118 113 138 112
a) Lp bng phn b ghp lp [ 98 ;103); [103 ;108); [108 ; 113 );[113 ; 118 );[118 ;123 ); [123 ;
128 ); [128 ;133 ); [133 ; 138 ); [138 ;143 ); [143 ;148].
b) Tnh s trung bnh cng.
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101

c) Tnh phng sai v lch chun.
Bi 2. So tiet t hoc tai nha trong 1 tuan (tiet/tuan) cua 20 hoc sinh lp 10 trng THPT
Nguyn Vn Tri c ghi nhan nh sau :
9 15 11 12 16 12 10 14 14 15 16 13 16 8 9 11 10 12 18 18.
a) Lap bang phan b tan so , tn sut cho day so lieu tren.
b) Ve bieu o ng gap khuc theo tan so bieu dien bang phan b tren.
c) Tnh so trung bnh cong va phng sai v lch chun cua gia tr nay.

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102

CHNG VI GC V CUNG LNG GIC.
CNG THC LNG GIC

1. GC V CUNG LNG GIC

A. KIN THC CN NH
1. Quan h gia v raian

0
0
180
1 ; 1
180
rad rad
| |
= =
|
\
.
2. di ca cung trn
di ca cung trn c s o a rad v bn knh bng R
= l R
3. S o ca cung lng gic
S o ca cung lng gic c im u l A im cui l B
2 , s AB k k = +
.
Trong l s o ca mt cung lng gic ty c im u A ,im cui B, mi gi tr
ca k ng vi mt cung.
Nu vit s o bng th ta c:

0 0
360 , s AB a k k = +

4. Biu din cung lng gic trn ng trn lng gic
biu din cung lng gic c s o trn ng trn lng gic ta chn im A (1;0)
lm im u ca cung. Ta xc nh im cui M ca cung trn ng trn lng gic sao cho
cung
AM c s AM =
.
5. Gc lng gic
Mi cung lng gic CD
ng vi mt gc lng gic (OC, OD) v ngc li. S o ca cung

lng gic v s o ca gc lng gic tng ng trng nhau.

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. i n v gc t sang raian v ngc li.
Phng php:
1) i n v gc t sang raian : Nhn gc cn i vi
180

2) i n v gc t raian sang : Nhn gc cn i vi
180

Bi tp 1. i cc gc sau sang raian
a) 135
0
b)
0
45 30 .
Gii
a)
0
3
135 135.
180 4

= = .
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103

b)
0 0 0 0
91
45 30 45 0.5 45, 5 45.5.
180 360

= + = = =
Bi tp 2. i cc cung sau sang , pht, giy.
a b
5
) )
12 4
.
Gii
a)
0
0
180
. 15
12 12

= = .
b)
0
0
5 5 180
. 71 37 11
4 4
=
Vn 2. Tnh di cung trn.
Phng php :
S dng cng thc tnh di cung trn: = l R .
Ch : Nu s o ca cung l ta phi i sang raian sau tnh di cung.

Bi tp. Mt ng trn c bn knh 10 cm. Tm di ca cc cung trn ng trn c s o
a)
18
b)
0
45 .
Gii
) . 10. 1.76
18
a l R cm
= = .
b) Ta c :
0
45
4
=
10. 7.85
4
l cm
= .

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. i cc gc sau sang raian
a) -230
0
b)
0
135 30 c)
0
12 15 d)
0
137 .
Bi 2. Mt ng trn c bn knh 15 cm. Tm di ca cc cung trn ng trn c s o
a)
3
4
b)
0
135 c)
0
720 d) 1,5;

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104

2. GI TR LNG GIC CA MT CUNG

A. KIN THC CN NH
1. Trn ng trn lng gic gc A, cho cung AM
c s AM =
. Tung ca M l sin,
honh ca M l os c .
sin
tan
cos
(nu cos 0 ),
cos
cot
sin
(nu sin 0 ).
2. 1 sin 1; 1 cos 1 vi mi .
3. tan xc nh khi v ch khi ,
2
k k
+ .
4. cot xc nh khi , k k .
5. Du ca cc gi tr lng gic

6. Gi tr lng gic cc cung c bit

Gc phn t

Gi tr lng gic
I II III IV
sin + + - -
cos + - - +
tan + - + -
cot + - + -

0
6

sin 0
1
2

2
2

3
2
1
cos 1
3
2

2
2

1
2
0
tan 0
1
3

1
3
||
cot ||
3
1
1
3

0
K hiu: || l khng xc nh.
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105

7. Hng ng thc lng gic

+ =
+ =
+ =
=
c
2 2
2
2
2
2
sin cos 1
1
1 tan
os
1
1 cot
sin
tan . cot 1.

8. Gi tr lng gic ca cc cung c lin quan c bit
a. Cung i nhau : v

=
=
=
=
c
sin( ) sin
cos( ) os
tan( ) tan
cot( ) cot .

c. Cung hn km : v +

sin( ) sin
os( + ) os
tan( + ) tan
cot( ) cot
c c
+ =
=
=
+ =

d. Cung ph : v
2
| |
=
|
\
| |
=
|
\
| |
=
|
\
| |
=
|
\
c sin os
2
cos sin
2
tan cot
2
cot tan .
2

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Xc nh du ca cc gi tr lng gic ca mt cung
Phng php:
Tm v tr im cui ca cung xem nm phn t no, sau da vo bng du ca cc gi tr
lng gic xc nh.

Bi tp. Cho 0
2
< < . Xc nh du ca cc gi tr lng gic :

a) sin
2
| |
+
|
\
b) tan
3
2
| |
|
\
.

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106

Gii
) a Ta c 0
2
< < , do
2 2

< + <
Vy sin 0
2
| |
+ >
|
\
.
b) Ta c 0
2
< < , do 0
2
< < nn
3 3
2 2

< <

Vy tan
3
2
| |
|
\
> 0.
Vn 2. Tnh cc gi tr lng gic ca mt gc.
Phng php :
Vn dng hng ng thc lng gic tnh ton cc gi tr lng gic.

Bi tp 1. Tnh cc gi tr lng gic ca gc bit
a)
1
sin
3
= v
3
2
< < .
b)
2
cos =
3
v
3
2
2
< < .
Gii
a) Ta c
| |
= = =
|
\
2
2 2
1 8
cos 1 sin 1
3 9

=
8 2 2
cos =
9 3

Do
3
2
< < nn < cos 0

Vy
2 2
cos =
3
.

1
sin 2
3
tan
os 4 2 2
3
c
= = =

1 1
cot 2 2
tan 2
4
= = =
.
b) Ta c
2
2 2
2 5
sin 1 os 1
3 9
c
| |
= = =
|
\

5 5
sin =
9 3
=
Do
3
2
2
< < nn sin 0 <

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107

Vy
5
sin =
3
.

5
sin 5
3
tan
2
os 2
3
c
= = =

1 1 2 5
cot
tan 5 5
2
= = =
.
Bi tp 2. Tnh cc gi tr lng gic ca gc bit :
a)
13
tan
8
= v 0
2
< < .
b)
19
cot
7
= v
2
< < .
Gii
a) Ta c + = = = =
+
| |
+
|
\
2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 64
1 tan cos
233 cos 1 tan
13
1
8

8
cos =
233

V 0
2
< < nn os >0 c

Vy cos
8
233
=
sin =
8 13
cos .tan = .
8
233
13
233
=
cot
1 8
tan 13
= =

b) Ta c
2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 49
1 cot sin
sin 1 cot 410
19
1
7
+ = = = =
+
| |
+
|
\

7
sin
410
=
V
2
< < nn sin 0 >

Vy
7
sin
410
=
19
os =sin .cot =
410
c
1 7
tan
cot 19
= =
.
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108

Vn 3. Chng minh ng thc, rt gn cc biu thc n gin
Phng php :
Vn dng cc hng ng thc lng gic c bn gia cc gi tr lng gic chng minh, rt
gn cc h thc n gin.

Bi tp1. Chng minh cc ng thc sau:
a)
2 2 2 2
sin tan sin . tan x x x x = .
b)
4 4 2
sin os 1 2cos x c x x = .

Gii
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
sin 1
) tan sin sin sin 1
os os
sin (1 tan 1) tan .sin
x
a VT x x x x
c x c x
x x x x VP
| |
= = =
|
\
= + = =

b)
4 4 2
sin os 1 2cos x c x x =

4 4 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
sin os (sin ) ( os )
(sin os )(sin os )
1 os os 1 2cos
VT x c x x c x
x c x x c x
c x c x x VP
= =
= +
= = =

Bi tp 2. Rt gn cc biu thc sau :

=
= +
A
B x x x
2 2
2 2 2
(t anx+cotx) (t anx cotx)
(1 sin ) cot 1 cot .

Gii
= + = + + + + A x x x x x x x x x x x x
2 2
(tan cot ) (tan cot ) (tan cot tan cot )(tan cot tan cot )
= = x x 4tan . cot 4 .
= + = + B x x x x x x x
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(1 sin ) cot 1 cot cot cot .sin 1 cot
= + = =
c x
x c x x
x
2
2 2 2
2
os
.sin 1 1 os sin .
sin

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Cho
2

a)
3
sin
2
| |
|
\
b) tan
3
2
| |
|
\
c) os +
2
c
| |
|
\
d) cot
2
| |
|
\
.
Bi 2. Cho
3
2

a) sin
2
| |

|
\
b) tan
3
2
| |
|
\
c) os +
2
c
| |
|
\
d) ( ) cot + .
Bi 3. Tnh cc gi tr lng gic ca gc bit :
a)
2
sin
3
= v
3
2
< < .
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109

b)
4
os =
5
c v
3
2
2
< < .
c) tan 3 = v 0
2
< < .
b) cot 4 = v
2
< < .

Bi 4. Chng minh cc ng thc sau :
+
=
+

=
+ +
+ =
a
b
c
3 3
2 2
4 4 6 6 2 2
sin cos
) 1 sin cos .
sin cos
sin cos tan 1
) .
1 2sin cos tan 1
) sin cos sin cos sin cos .

Bi 5. Rt gn cc biu thc :

=

= + + +
+
=

= + + + +
A
B
C
D c
2 2
2 2
2 3 3
2
2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0
sin tan
.
cos cot
(1 cot )sin (1 tan ) cos .
(sin cos ) 1
.
cot sin cos
sin (180 ) tan (180 ) tan (270 ) sin(90 ) os( -360 ).

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110

3. CNG THC LNG GIC

A. KIN THC CN NH
1. Cng thc cng

+ = +
=
+ =
= +
+
+ =
=
+
sin( ) sin cos cos sin
sin( ) sin cos cos sin
cos( ) cos cos sin sin
cos( ) cos cos sin sin
tan tan
tan( )
1 tan tan
tan tan
tan( )
1 tan tan
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
a b

2. Cng thc nhn i

=
= = =
=
a a a
a a a a a
a
a
a
2 2 2 2
2
sin2 2sin cos
cos2 cos sin 2cos 1 1 2sin
2tan
tan2
1 tan

3. Cng thc h bc

+
=
=
+
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
2
2
2
1 cos2
cos
2
1 cos2
sin
2
1 cos2
tan
1 cos2

4. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng

( = +

( = + +

( = + +

a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
1
sin .sin cos( ) cos( )
2
1
sin . cos sin( ) sin( )
2
1
cos . cos cos( ) cos( )
2

5. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch

+
+ =
+
=
sin sin 2sin cos
2 2
sin sin 2cos sin
2 2
u v u v
u v
u v u v
u v

+
+ =
+
=
cos cos 2cos cos
2 2
cos cos 2sin sin .
2 2
u v u v
u v
u v u v
u v

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111

B. PHNG PHP GII TON

Vn 1. Tnh cc gi tr lng gic.
Phng php :
S dng cng thc lng gic a gi tr lng gic cn tnh v cc gi tr lng gic bit.

Bi tp 1. Tnh
0 0
cos105 , tan15 .

Gii
* Ta c = + =
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
cos105 cos(45 60 ) cos 45 cos60 sin 45 sin60

2 1 2 3 6 2
. .
2 2 2 2 4
+
= =
* Ta c
0 0 0
tan15 tan(45 30 ) =

0 0
0 0
tan 45 tan30
1 tan 45 tan30
=
+
= 2 3
Vn 2. Rt gn biu thc lng gic, chng minh ng thc lng gic.
Phng php :
S dng cng thc lng gic rt gn, chng minh.

Bi tp 1. Rt gn cc biu thc sau :
+
=
+ +
= +
a a
A
a a
B x x x x
sin 2 sin
;
1 cos2 cos
sin5 2sin (cos 4 cos2 ).

Gii
+
=
+ +
+ +
= = =
+ + +
= +
=
= =
a a
A
a a
a a a a a
a
a a a a
B x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x
2
sin2 sin
1 cos2 cos
2sin cos sin sin (2cos 1)
tan .
cos (2cos 1) 1 2cos 1 cos
sin5 2sin (cos 4 cos2 )
sin5 2sin cos 4 2sin cos2
sin5 (sin5 sin3 ) (sin3 sin ) sin .

Bi tp 2. Chng minh cc ng thc sau :
+ =
=
a x c x x
b x x
4 4 2
4 4
1
) sin os 1 sin 2 .
2
) cos sin cos2x .

Gii
= + = +
= = =
a VT x x x x x x
x x x VP
4 4 2 2 2 2 2
2
) sin cos (sin cos ) 2sin cos
1
1 2(sin cos ) 1 sin2 .
2

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112

= =
= + =
b VT x x x x
x x x x x
4 4 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
) cos sin (cos ) (sin )
(cos sin )(cos sin ) cos2 .

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Tnh
0 0
os75 , sin( 105 ) c ,
0
cot 15 , sin
12

Bi 2. Rt gn cc biu thc :
=

A
tan2
tan 4 tan2
;
= + < < B 1 sin 1 sin , 0

2

+
=
+ +
c
C
c
3 4cos os4
3 4cos os4
;
+ +
=

D
c
sin sin3 sin5
os +cos3 +cos5
.

Bi 3. Chng minh :

| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \
=
=
=
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \
a x x x x
b x x x
c x x x
x x
d x
x
x
e x x x x
f x x x x
3
3
3
2
3 3
1
) cos cos cos cos3 ;
3 3 4
) sin3 3sin 4sin ;
) cos3 4cos 3cos ;
3tan tan
) tan3 ;
1 3tan
sin 4
) cos sin sin cos ;
4
) tan tan tan tan3 .
3 3

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113

PHN 2
HNH HC

O
y
x
a
b
I
M(x ; y)
R
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114

CHNG I CHNG I CHNG I CHNG I VECT VECT VECT VECT
1. CAC NH NGHA 1. CAC NH NGHA 1. CAC NH NGHA 1. CAC NH NGHA

A. KI A. KI A. KI A. KIN TH N TH N TH N THC C C C C C C CN NH N NH N NH N NH
1. e xac nh mot vect can biet mot trong hai ieu kien sau:
- iem au va iem cuoi cua vect.
- o dai va hng.
2. Hai vect a
va b
c goi la cung phng neu gia cua chung song song hoac trung nhau.
Neu hai vect a
va b
cung phng th chung co the cung hng hoac ng c hng.

3. dai cua mot vect la khoang cach gia iem au va iem cuoi cua vect o.
4. a
=b
khi va ch khi a b =

va a
, b
cung hng.
5. Vi moi iem A ta goi AA
la vect khong. Vect khong c k hieu la 0
va quy c
rang 0 0 =
vect 0
cung phng va cung hng vi moi vect.

B. PHNG PHAP GIA I TOAN B. PHNG PHAP GIA I TOAN B. PHNG PHAP GIA I TOAN B. PHNG PHAP GIA I TOAN
Dang 1: Dang 1: Dang 1: Dang 1: Xac nh mot vect, s cung phng va hng cua hai vect Xac nh mot vect, s cung phng va hng cua hai vect Xac nh mot vect, s cung phng va hng cua hai vect Xac nh mot vect, s cung phng va hng cua hai vect.
Phng phap: Phng phap: Phng phap: Phng phap:
- e xac nh vec t 0 a

ta can biet a
va hng cua
a hoac biet iem au va iem

cuoi cua
a . Chang han,v i hai iem phan biet A va B ta co hai vec t khac vec t
0 la

AB va BA
- Vec t
a la vec t khong khi va ch khi a
= 0 hoac =

a AA vi A la iem bat k.
Dang 2: Dang 2: Dang 2: Dang 2: Chng minh hai vect bang nhau Chng minh hai vect bang nhau Chng minh hai vect bang nhau Chng minh hai vect bang nhau
Phng phap: Phng phap: Phng phap: Phng phap: e chng minh hai vect bang nhau ta co the dung mot trong ba cach sau:
*
=

=
`
)
a b
a b
a va b cung h ng

.
* T giac ABCD la hnh bnh hanh = =

AB DC va BC AD .
* Neu = = = a b b c a c , th

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115

Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Cho hai vect va cung phng. Ket luan g ve ba iem A, B, C

AB AC ?
Giai Giai Giai Giai
AB AC Hai vec t va cu ng phng va co ie m A chung nen chung cung na m
tren mo t ng tha ng . Va y A, B, C tha ng ha ng.

Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Cho tam gia c ABC ca n tai A. Goi M la trung ie m cu a BC va N la trung iem AC.

a). Ta co ung hay sai?
b). Cac vect nao cung hng vi ? Cac vect nao ngc hng vi ?
). Cac vect nao bang nhau?
=

AB AC
AB BC
c

Giai Giai Giai Giai
a). Hai vect AB,AC khong cung phng nen khong bang nhau

.

b). Ta co MN no i trung ie m hai ca nh BC va AC ne n MN song song AB.
Va y cu ng h ng v i . NM AB

Ba iem B, C, M thang hang nen cac vect ngc hng vi la: , ,

BC CB CM MB.
= = = =

c).Ta co ca c ca p vec t sau ay ba ng nhau v cu ng h ng va co o da i ba ng nhau.
, , , . BM MC CM MB AN NC CN NA

Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Cho hnh bnh ha nh ABCD. La y iem M tre n oa n AB va ie m N tren oa n CD
= = AN MC MD BN sao cho AM=CN.Chng minh rang va

. .. .
Giai Giai Giai Giai
=
=
AN MC
MD BN
Ta co: AM=CN ( gt)
AM CN ( v AB CD)
Do o AMCN la hnh bnh ha nh
Tng t BMDN la hnh bnh ha nh

C. BAI TAP E NGH C. BAI TAP E NGH C. BAI TAP E NGH C. BAI TAP E NGH
Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Cho tam giac e u ABC. Ca c a ng th c sau a y u ng hay sai ?
= = = = AB AC AB BC AB BC CA a). b). c).

Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Cho tam giac ABC. Goi I, J, K lan lt la trung ie m cu a AB, BC, CA. Tm tren
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116

hnh ve cac vect lan lt bang cac vect: , va

IK BJ IJ . .. .
Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Cho hnh bnh ha nh ABCD. Go i M , N lan lt la trung iem cua AB va CD.
= =

AN va CM lan lt cat BD ta i E va F. CMR: . DE EF FB
Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. Cho hnh bnh ha nh ABCD. Go i E la ie m oi x ng cu a C qua D . .. .
= = AE EF FB CMR: .

2. TONG VA HIEU CUA HAI VEC T 2. TONG VA HIEU CUA HAI VEC T 2. TONG VA HIEU CUA HAI VEC T 2. TONG VA HIEU CUA HAI VEC T

A. KIEN THC CAN NH A. KIEN THC CAN NH A. KIEN THC CAN NH A. KIEN THC CAN NH
nh ngha: Cho AB a =

; BC b =

. Khi o AC a b = +

Tnh chat : * Giao hoan : a b +

= b a +

* Ket hp ( a b +

) +c
= ( a b +

+c
)
* Tnh chat vect kho ng a
+0
=a

Quy tac 3 iem : Cho A, B ,C tuy y, ta co : AB
+ BC
= AC

Quy tac hnh bnh hanh . Neu ABCD la hnh bnh hanh th AB
+ AD
= . AC

Dang 1: Dang 1: Dang 1: Dang 1: Tm tong cua hai vect va tong cua nhieu vect. Tm tong cua hai vect va tong cua nhieu vect. Tm tong cua hai vect va tong cua nhieu vect. Tm tong cua hai vect va tong cua nhieu vect.
Phng phap: Phng phap: Phng phap: Phng phap: Dung nh ngha tong cua hai vect, quy tac ba iem, quy tac hnh bnh hanh
va cac tnh chat cua tong cac vect.
Dang 2 Dang 2 Dang 2 Dang 2: :: : Tm vect oi va hieu cua hai vect Tm vect oi va hieu cua hai vect Tm vect oi va hieu cua hai vect Tm vect oi va hieu cua hai vect
+ Ve , AB a AC b a b CA = = =

+ Van dung quy tac OB OA AB =

vi ba iem O, A, B bat k.
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117

Dang 3 Dang 3 Dang 3 Dang 3: :: : Tnh o dai cua Tnh o dai cua Tnh o dai cua Tnh o dai cua , a b a b +

Phng phap: Phng phap: Phng phap: Phng phap: au tien tnh , a b AB a b CD + = =

. Sau o tnh o dai cac oan thang AB
va CD bang cach gan no vao cac a giac ma ta co the tnh c o dai cac canh cua no hoac
bang phng phap tnh trc tiep khac.
Dang 4 Dang 4 Dang 4 Dang 4: :: : Chng minh ang thc vect Chng minh ang thc vect Chng minh ang thc vect Chng minh ang thc vect.
Phng phap: Phng phap: Phng phap: Phng phap: Moi ve cua mot ang thc vect gom cac vect c noi vi nhau bi cac phep
toan vect.
+ Dung quy tac tm tong, hieu cua hai vect, tm vect oi e bien oi ve nay thanh ve kia
cua ang thc hoac bien oi ca hai ve cua ang thc e c hai ve bang nhau.
+ Bien oi ang thc vect can chng minh o tng ng vi mot ang thc vect c
cong nhan la ung.

Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Cho tam giac ABC vuong ta i A bie t AB=2a, AC=a. Tnh o dai cua cac vect:
+ AB AC AB AC va

. .. .
Giai Giai Giai Giai
0
+ = AB AC AD
Ve hnh bnh ha nh ABDC.
Theo qui ta c hnh bnh hanh ta co :
vi AD la ng che o cua hbh ABCD
Ma A= 90 ne n ABCD la hnh ch nha t. Do o AD=BC
A p du ng nh ly Pit

2 2 2 2 2 2
4 5
5
5
= + = + =
+ = = = =
=
= = =
AB AC a a a
AB AC AD AD BC a
AB AC CB
AB AC CB BC a
ago trong tam gia c vuo ng ABC ta co:
BC
Va y:
Theo qui ta c hieu vec t ta co:
Va y .

Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Cho sau ie m A, B, C, D, E, F tuy y . Chng minh ra ng:
+ + = + + AC BD EF AF BC ED.

Giai Giai Giai Giai
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118

= +
= +
= +
+ + = + + + +
AC AF FC
BD BC CD
EF ED DF
AC BD EF AF BC ED FC CD D
Theo quy ta c ba ie m ta co:
Co ng theo ve 3 ang th c tre n ta c:
. ( v

0 = F )

Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Cho hnh bnh ha nh ABCD tam O. CMR: : : :
0 = + = BD BA OC OB BC BD BA a). b).

.
Giai Giai Giai Giai
( )
= =
=
=
BD BA AD OC OC BC
AD BC
BD BA OC OB
a). Theo quy tac hie u hai vec t ta co:
va
Ma v ABCD la hnh bnh ha nh
Nen: .

0
= =
+ =

b). Ta co : ma BC BD DC DC BA
BC BD BA

Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. + = + AC BD AD BC Ch ng minh ra ng vi bo n ie m ba t ky A, B, C, D ta luo n co .

Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Cho bo n iem A, B, C, D. Tm ca c vec t to ng sau ay:
+ + + + + DC AB BD AB CD BC DA a). b).

Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. + = + AB CD AD CB Cho bo n ie m A, B, C, D. CMR:

va AB CD AC BD =

.
Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. + + = + + AD BE CF AE BF CD Cho 6 iem A, B, C, D, E, F. Ch ng minh ra ng:

.
Bai 5. Bai 5. Bai 5. Bai 5. + AB AC Cho tam giac e u ABC co canh ba ng a. Tnh o da i cu a vec t to ng

.
Bai 6. Bai 6. Bai 6. Bai 6. + = + MA MC MB MD Cho hnh bnh ha nh ABCD, M la mo t ie m tu y y . CMR:

.

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119

3. TCH CUA VECT VI 3. TCH CUA VECT VI 3. TCH CUA VECT VI 3. TCH CUA VECT VI MOT SO MOT SO MOT SO MOT SO

A. KIEN THC CAN NH A. KIEN THC CAN NH A. KIEN THC CAN NH A. KIEN THC CAN NH
Cho kR , k a la 1 vect c xac nh:
* Neu k 0 th k a cung hng vi a ; k < 0 th k a ngc hng vi a
* o dai vect k a bang k . a
Tnh chat :
a) k(ma ) = (km) a
b) (k + m) a = k a + ma
c) k( a + b) = k a + kb
d) k a = 0
k = 0 hoac a = 0
.
b
cung phng a
( a
) khi va ch khi co so k thoa b
=k a
.
ieu kien can va u e A , B , C thang hang la co so k sao cho AB
=k AC
.
Cho b
khong cung phng a
, x
ta co x
= ma
+ nb
( m, n duy nhat ).
Neu I la trung iem cua AB va M la iem tuy y ta co : 2 MA MB MI + =

.
G la trong tam cua tam giac ABC 0 GA GB GC + + =

.

B. B. B. B. PHNG PHAP GIA I TOAN PHNG PHAP GIA I TOAN PHNG PHAP GIA I TOAN PHNG PHAP GIA I TOAN
Dang 1: Dang 1: Dang 1: Dang 1: Xac nh vect Xac nh vect Xac nh vect Xac nh vect ka
. .. .
Phng phap: Phng phap: Phng phap: Phng phap: Da vao nh ngha vect ka

* ka k a =

.
- Neu k > 0, ka va a cu ng h ng

.
- Neu k < 0, ka va a ng c h ng

.
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120

*
= k k 0 0,

0. 0, a a =

*
( )
1. ; 1 a a a a = =

* Cho iem A va cho a
. Co duy nhat iem M sao cho AM a =

.
*
1 1
, AB AC B C AB AB A A = =

.
Dang 2: Dang 2: Dang 2: Dang 2: Phan Phan Phan Phan tch ( tch ( tch ( tch (bieu th) mot vec t theo hai vec t khong cung phng bieu th) mot vec t theo hai vec t khong cung phng bieu th) mot vec t theo hai vec t khong cung phng bieu th) mot vec t theo hai vec t khong cung phng.
Phng phap Phng phap Phng phap Phng phap : :: : Dung qui tac 3 iem e bien oi mt vect thanh tong hay hieu hai vect khac
= + AC AB BC

; = AC OC OA

.
Dang 3: Dang 3: Dang 3: Dang 3: Chng minh ang thc vect Chng minh ang thc vect Chng minh ang thc vect Chng minh ang thc vect. ( Xem phan trc) . ( Xem phan trc) . ( Xem phan trc) . ( Xem phan trc)

Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Cho tam giac ABC. Tren ca c oa n AB, BC va CA la n l t lay ca c iem M, N, P
1 1 1
3 3 3
AB BC CA sao cho: AM= , BN = , CP= .
0 + + = AN BP CM CMR:

. .. .

1 1
3 3
1 1
3 3
1 1
3 3
| |
= + = +
|
\
| |
= + = +
|
\
| |
= + = +
|
\
+
AN AB BN AB BC BC
BP BC CP BC CA CA
CM CA AM CA AB AB
AN BP
do BN=
Ta co: do CP=
do AM=

( )
( )
4 4
0 0
3 3
+ = + + = = CM AB BC CA pcm .

Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2.
2
3
= BD BC Cho tam giac ABC. Goi D la ie m sao cho va I la trung ie m cua AD.

2
5
= AM AC Go i M la ie m thoa ma n .

BI BA BC
BM BA BC
a). Tnh theo va ;
b). Tnh theo va .

Giai Giai Giai Giai
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121

( )
1 1 2 1 1
2 2 3 2 3
| |
= + = + = +
|
\

a). Do I la trung ie m cu a AD ne n ta co :
BI BA BD BA BC BA BC
( )
2 2
5 5
3 2
5 5
= =
= +

b). Ta co : AM AC BM BA BC BA
BM BA BC

C. C. C. C. BAI TAP E NGH BAI TAP E NGH BAI TAP E NGH BAI TAP E NGH
Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Cho hnh bnh ha nh ABCD ta m O, go i G la trong ta m cu a tam gia c ABC.
3 + = a AB AC AG ). CMR: .

4 + + = b AB AC AD AO ). CMR: .

4 + + + = c MA MB MC MD MO ). Cho M la ie m tuy y, chng minh : .

Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Cho t gia c ABCD. Go i M, N la n l t la trung ie m cu a AC va BD. .. .
2 + = AB CD MN CMR:

. .. .
Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Go i G va G' la n l t la trong tam cu a hai tam gia c ABC va A'B'C'.
Go i G va G' la n l t la trong tam cu a hai tam gia c ABC va A'B'C'.
3 + + = AA BB CC GG CMR: ' ' ' '.

Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. AB GB GC Cho tam giac ABC tro ng ta m G. Tnh theo va .

Bai 5. Bai 5. Bai 5. Bai 5. Cho tam giac ABC tro ng ta m G. Go i I la trung ie m cu a AG.
6 0 + + = AB AC GI CMR:

. .. .
Bai 6. Bai 6. Bai 6. Bai 6. Cho 4 iem A, B, C, D. Go i M, N la n l t la trung iem cu a AB va CD.
2 + = + = AD BC AC BD MN CMR:

. .. .
Bai 7 Bai 7 Bai 7 Bai 7. 2 = MB MC Cho tam giac ABC, M la mo t iem thoa man .

1 2
3 3
= + AM AB AC CMR: .

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122

4. TRUC TOA O VA HE TRUC TOA O 4. TRUC TOA O VA HE TRUC TOA O 4. TRUC TOA O VA HE TRUC TOA O 4. TRUC TOA O VA HE TRUC TOA O

A. A. A. A. KIEN THC CAN NH KIEN THC CAN NH KIEN THC CAN NH KIEN THC CAN NH
Truc la ng thang tren o xac nh iem O va 1 vect i
co o dai bang 1.
Ky hieu truc (O; i
) hoa c xOx
A,B nam tren truc (O; i
) th AB = AB i
. Khi o AB goi la o dai ai so cua AB

He truc toa o vuong goc gom 2 truc Ox Oy. Ky hieu Oxy hoac (O; i
; j
)
oi vi he truc (O; i
; j
), neu a
=x i
+y j
th (x;y) la toa o cua a
.
Ky hieu a
= (x;y)
Cho a
= (x;y) ; b
= (x;y) ta co
a
= (x x;y y)
k a
=(kx ; ky) ; k R
b
cung phng a
( a
) khi va ch khi co so k thoa x=kx va y= ky

Cho M(x
M
; y
M
) va N(x
N
; y
N
) ta co :
+ P la trung iem MN th x
p
=
2
M N
x x +
va y
P
=
2
M N
y y +

+ MN
= (x
M
x
N
; y
M
y
N
)
+ Neu G la trong tam tam giac ABC th x
G
=
3
A B C
x x x + +
va y
G
=
3
+ +
A B C
y y y

Dang 1: Dang 1: Dang 1: Dang 1: Xa c nh toa o c Xa c nh toa o c Xa c nh toa o c Xa c nh toa o ca vect va cua iem tren mat phang toa o Oxy. a vect va cua iem tren mat phang toa o Oxy. a vect va cua iem tren mat phang toa o Oxy. a vect va cua iem tren mat phang toa o Oxy.
Phng phap Phng phap Phng phap Phng phap: :: : Can c vao nh ngha toa o cua vect va toa o cua mot iem tren mat
phang toa o Oxy.

( )
1 2 1 2
, . . a a a a a i a j = = +

( )
, . . A x y OA x i y j = +

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123

( )
;
B A B A
AB x x y y =
.
Dang 2: Dang 2: Dang 2: Dang 2: Tm toa o cua cac vec t Tm toa o cua cac vec t Tm toa o cua cac vec t Tm toa o cua cac vec t ; ; . u v u v k u +

Tnh theo cac cong thc toa o cua ; ; . u v u v k u +

( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
, ma ma nb pc ma nb pc nb pc + + = + + + +

Dang 3: Dang 3: Dang 3: Dang 3: Chng minh ba iem thang hang, hai Chng minh ba iem thang hang, hai Chng minh ba iem thang hang, hai Chng minh ba iem thang hang, hai ng thang song song bang toa o ng thang song song bang toa o ng thang song song bang toa o ng thang song song bang toa o .
Phng phap: Phng phap: Phng phap: Phng phap: S dung cac ieu kien can va u sau:
+ Ba iem phan biet A, B, C thang hang AB k AC =

.

( )
( )
+ = =
=
a b b co so k e a k b a b a b
a b
b
a b
1 2 2 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
, cu ng phng 0 . 0
v i a , 0

Dang 4: Dang 4: Dang 4: Dang 4: Tnh toa o trung iem cua m Tnh toa o trung iem cua m Tnh toa o trung iem cua m Tnh toa o trung iem cua mot oan thang, toa o trong tam cua tam gia c. ot oan thang, toa o trong tam cua tam gia c. ot oan thang, toa o trong tam cua tam gia c. ot oan thang, toa o trong tam cua tam gia c. Phng Phng Phng Phng
phap: phap: phap: phap: S dung cac cong thc sau:
+ P la trung iem MN th x
p
=
2
M N
x x +
va y
P
=
2
M N
y y +

+ G la trong tam tam giac ABC th x
G
=
3
A B C
x x x + +
va y
G
=
3
+ +
A B C
y y y
.

( ) ( )
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 = = = = + a b c u a b c Cho ( , ), , , , .Tm to a o vec t

.
Giai Giai Giai Giai
Ta co :
( ) ( )
2 2 1 3 5 2 2 4 1 0 = + = + + = u a b c . ; .( ) ( ) ; 1

.
( )
1 1 2 1 4 1 Cho ( ; ), ; . Hay phan tch vect ( ; ) theo va = = =

a b c a b .
Giai Giai Giai Giai
2
2 4 2
2
1 1
= + = + +
+ = =
= +

+ = =

c ka hb k h k h
k h k
c a b
k h h
Gia s ( ; )
Taco: . Va y .

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124

Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Cho A(2, 0), B(0, 4), C(1, 3). Tm toa o trung iem I cua oan thang AB va toa o
trong tam cua tam giac ABC.
Giai Giai Giai Giai

2 0
1
2
1 2
0 4
2
2
2 0 1
1
7
3
1
3 0 4 3 7
3 3
+
= =
= =
+ +
= =
| |

|
+ +
\
= =
Go i ( , ) la trung ie m AB, ta co : ( , ).
x
Go i ( , ) la tro ng tam ABC, ta co: , .
G
G G
G
x
I x y I
y
G x y G
y

Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. Moi cap vect sau, cap nao cung phng ?
1 1 2 1 3
2 1 0 2010 0
3 1 2 3 6
= =
= =
= =
a b
a b
a b
). ( , ) va ( , );
). ( , ) va ( ; );
). ( , ) va ( ; ).

Giai Giai Giai Giai
1 2
1
1 3

a b ). ta co : , kho ng cu ng phng.

2 2010 ). , cung phng b b a b =

.
1 2
3
3 6
). , khong cung phng a b

.


Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Cho tam giac ABC vi A( -5 ; 6) ; B (-4 ; -1) va C(4 ; 3). Tm D e ABCD la hnh bnh
hanh.
Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Cho tam giac ABC co A(1 ; 2) ; B( 5 ; 2) va C(1 ; -3). Tm toa tam I cua ng tron
ngoai tiep tam giac ABC.
Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Cho a
=(1 ; 2) va b
= (3 ; 4). Tm toa o cua vect m
= 2 a
+3b
.
=3 i
-4 j
va b
= i
- j
. Tm :
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125

a) a
b) b
c) a
- b
d) 3 a b +

Bai 5 . Bai 5 . Bai 5 . Bai 5 . Cho tam giac ABC . Cac iem M(1; 0) , N(2; 2) , p(-1;3) lan lt la trung iem cac
canh BC, CA, AB. Tm toa o cac nh cua tam giac .
Bai 6 . Bai 6 . Bai 6 . Bai 6 . Cho A(1; 1); B(3; 2); C(m+4; 2m+1). Tm m e 3 iem A, B, C thang hang.
Bai 7. Bai 7. Bai 7. Bai 7. Cho tam giac eu ABC canh a . Chon he truc toa o (O; i ; j ), trong o O la trung
iem BC, i cung hng vi OC , j cung hng OA.
a) Tnh toa o cua cac nh cua tam giac ABC.
b) Tm toa o trung iem E cua AC.
c) Tm toa o tam ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC.
Bai 8. Bai 8. Bai 8. Bai 8. Cho A(-1; 2), B (3; -4), C(5; 0). Tm toa o iem D neu biet:
a) AD
2 BD
+ 3CD
= 0
.
b) AD
2 AB
= 2 BD
+ BC
.
c) ABCD hnh bnh hanh.
d) ABCD hnh thang co hai ay la BC, AD vi BC = 2AD.
Bai 9 . Bai 9 . Bai 9 . Bai 9 . Cho hai iem I(1; -3), J(-2; 4) chia oan AB thanh ba oan bang nhau AI = IJ = JB
a) Tm toa o cua A, B.
b) Tm toa o cua iem I oi xng vi I qua B.
c) Tm toa o cua C, D biet ABCD hnh bnh hanh tam K(5, -6).
=(2; 1) ; b
=( 3 ; 4) va c
=(7; 2).
a) Tm toa o cua vect u
= 2a
- 3 b
+ c
;
b) Tm toa o cua vect x
thoa x
+ a
=b
- c
;
c) Tm cac so m ; n thoa c
= ma
+ n b
.

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126

CHNG II TCH V HNG CA HAI VECT V NG DNG
1. GI TR LNG GIC CA MT GC BT K T 0
0
N 180
0

A. KIN THC CN NH
I.GI TR LNG GIC CA MT GC

1. Trong mt phng Oxy, vi mi gc
( )
0 0
0 180
ta xc nh im M trn na ng trn n v
sao cho :
xOM = , gi s im M c to ( )
0 0
; M x y .
Khi :
( ) ( )
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
sin ; os ;
tan 0 ; cot 0
y c x
y x
x y
x y

= =
= =

V cc gi tr sin ; cos ; tan ; cot c gi l cc gi tr lng gic ca gc .
Lu : 1) Nu l gc t th os 0, tan 0, cot 0 c < < < .
2) tan xc nh khi
0
90 v cot xc nh khi
0
0 v
0
180
2. Tnh cht
Gc ph nhau :

0
0
0
0
sin(90 ) cos
cos(90 ) sin
tan(90 ) cot
cot(90 ) tan

=
=
=
=

0
0
0
0
sin(180 ) sin
cos(180 ) cos
tan(180 ) tan
cot(180 ) cot

=
=
=
=

3. Gi tr lng gic ca cc gc c bit

y
0

M(x
0
;y
0
)
y
x
O
x
0

0
0
30
0
45
0
60
0
90
0
180
0

sin 0
1
2

2
2

3
2
1 0
cos 1
3
2

2
2

1
2
0 1
tan 0
3
3
1
3 ,, 0
cot ,, 3
1
3
3
0 ,,

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127

II. GC GIA HAI VECT
Cho hai vect ; a b

u khc vect 0
, t mt im O bt k ta v ; OA a OB b = =

. Khi gc
0 0
0 180 AOB gi l gc gia hai vect ; a b

. K hiu: ( ; a b

).
Lu : ( ; a b

)=( ; b a

)

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Tnh gi tr lng gic ca mt s gc c bit, cho bit mt gi tr lng gic
ca mt gc, ri tm cc gi tr lng gic cn li c gc .
Phng php : Da vo bng gi tr lng gic c bit, v cc cng thc lin quan
Cc h thc c bn :

sin
tan (cos 0)
cos
cos
cot (sin 0)
sin
tan . cot 1 (sin . cos 0)

=
=
=

+ =
+ =
+ =
2 2
2
2
2
2
sin cos 1
1
1 tan (cos 0)
cos
1
1 cot (sin 0).
sin

Ch : 0 sin 1; 1 cos 1 .

Bi tp 1. Tnh
0 0 0
3sin135 os60 4sin150 A c = + + .
Gii
0 0 0
3sin 45 os60 4sin30
2 1 1 3 2 5
3 4
2 2 2 2
A c = + +
+
= + + =

Bi tp 2. Cho gc t x, bit
1
sinx
5
= . Hy tnh cc gi tr lng gic ca gc x.
Gii
Ta c :
2 2
cos sin 1 x x + =
Suy ra :
2
1 2 6
cos 1 sin 1
25 5
x x = = = (Do x l gc t nn cosx < 0)
+
sinx 1 6
tan
cos 12 2 6
x
x
= = = ;
+
cosx
cot 2 6
sin
x
x
= =
Bi tp 3. Cho gc x nhn, vi
1
cos
3
x = . Tnh cc gi tr lng gic ca gc x.
Gii
Ta c:
2 2
cos sin 1 x x + =
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128

Suy ra:
2
1 2 2
sin 1 cos 1
9 3
x x = = =
+
sinx 1
tan 2 2
cos
2 2
x
x
= = = ;
+
cosx 2
cot
sin 4
x
x
= =
Vn 2. Tnh gc gia hai vect, di ca vect
Phng php : tnh gc gia hai vect ta a v tnh gc gia hai vect c cng im u.

Bi tp. Cho tam gic ABC u cnh a, ng cao AH. Tnh gc gia cc cp vect sau:
( ) ( ) ( )
) , ; ) , ; ) , a AB BC b AC CB c AH BC

.
Gii
Ta v ' BA AB =

, khi :
( ) ( )

0
, ', ' 120 AB BC BA BC CBA = = =

(V gc
0
60 ABC = , A, B, B thng hng)
Tng t: ta v ' CC AC =

, khi :
( ) ( )

0
, ', ' 120 = = =

AC CB CC CB BCC
( )
0
, 90 =

AH BC .

C. BI TP NGH
Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:
a) a b c
0 0 0
sin 0 cos 0 sin90 + + b) a b c
0 0 0
cos90 sin90 sin180 + + .
c) a a a
2 2 0 0 2 0 2
4 sin 45 3( tan 45 ) (2 cos 45 ) + d)
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
cos 12 cos 78 cos 1 cos 89 + + + .
Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Cho bit mt gi tr lng gic ca mt gc, tnh cc gi tr lng gic cn li:
a)
1
sin
4
= , nhn. b)
1
cos
3
= c) x tan 2 2 =
Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Cho tam gic u ABC c trng tm G . Tnh gc gia :
a) AB
v AC
b) AB
v BC
c) AG
v BC

d) GB
v GC
e) GA
v AC
.
Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, AB = a, BC = 2a. Xc nh gc gia cc cp vect sau:
a)
( )
, AB AC

b)
( )
, AC CB

c)
( )
, AB BC

.
Bai 5. Bai 5. Bai 5. Bai 5. Cho tam gic ABC u cnh bng a. Xc nh gc gia cc cp vect sau:
a)
( )
, AB AC

b)
( )
, AC CB

c)
( )
, AB BC

.
C
A
A
C
H
B
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129

2. TCH V HNG CA HAI VECT

A. KIN THC CN NH
1.nh ngha tch v hng

( )
. os ; a b a b c a b =

; vi 0; 0 a b

Lu : 1) Nu 0 a =

hoc 0 b =

th . 0 a b =

.
2) Vi 0; 0 a b

, ta c: . 0 a b a b =

.
2. Biu thc to ca tch v hng
Cho hai vect ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
; ; ; a a a b b b = =

, khi :
1 1 2 2
. a b a b a b = +

3. ng dng ca tch v hng
a) di ca vect ( )
1 2
; a a a =
c tnh nh sau:
2 2
1 2
a a a = +

b) Gc gia hai vect ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
; ; ; a a a b b b = =

u khc vect 0
, khi :

( )
1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
.
os ;
a b a b a b
c a b
a b a a b b
+
= =
+ +

c) Khong cch gia hai im ( ) ( ) ; ; ;
A A B B
A x y B x y c tnh theo cng thc:
( ) ( )
2 2
B A B A
AB AB x x y y = = +
.

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Tnh tch v hng ca hai vect
Phng php :
Dng nh ngha :
( )

.

Bi tp. Cho tam gic u ABC cnh a, trng tm G.
Tnh cc tch v hng: . ; . ABCA GAGB

theo a;
Tnh :
( ) ( )
sin , ; cot , . GA GB AB BC

Gii
p dng cng thc tch v hng:
( )

Ta c :

( )
2
2 2 0
. os ; ' os120
2
a
ABCA a c AB AC a c = = =

.

. os GAGB GA GB c AGB =

.
Gi ng cao xut pht t nh A, B, C l , ,
A B C
h h h ,
khi :
3
2
A B C
a
h h h = = =
Do G l trng tm tam gic u ABC cnh a nn:
B
'
C
a
G
A
B
C
G
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130

2 3
3 3
A
a
GA GB h = = =
2
2
0
3
. cos120
3 6
| |
= =
|
|
\

a a
GAGB
Ta c:
( )

0
, 120 GA GB AGB = =

;
( ) ( )

0
, ', ' 120 AB BC BB BC B BC = = =

( )
0
3
sin , sin120 ;
2
GA GB = =

( )
0
3
cot , cot120 .
3
= =

AB BC
Vn 2. Tnh di vect, khong cch gia hai im, gc gia hai vect
Phng php :
S dng cc cng thc sau :
Cho hai vect ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
; ; ; = =

a a a b b b , khi :
1 1 2 2
. a b a b a b = +

.
di ca vect ( )
1 2
; a a a =
c tnh nh sau:
2 2
1 2
a a a = +
.
Gc gia hai vect ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
; ; ; a a a b b b = =

u khc vect 0
, khi :

( )
1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
.
cos ;
+
= =
+ +

a b a b a b
a b
a b a a b b

Khong cch gia hai im ( ) ( ) ; ; ;
A A B B
A x y B x y c tnh theo cng thc:
( ) ( )
2 2
B A B A
AB AB x x y y = = +
.

Bi tp 1. Cho tam gic ABC c ( ) ( ) ( ) 10;5 , 3; 2 , 6; 5 A B C .
Tnh chu vi tam gic ABC.
Tam gic ABC l tam gic g ?
Gii
p dng cng thc tnh khong cch gia hai im :
Ta c: ( ) ( )
2 2
7 3 58 AB = + = ;
( ) ( )
2 2
4 10 116 AC = + = ; ( )
2
2
3 7 58 BC = + =
chu vi tam gic ABC: 58 58 116 + +
Ta c:
( ) 7; 3 =
BA ; ( ) 3; 7 =
BC
p dng cng thc tnh gc gia hai vect :

( )
. 7.3 3.( 7)
cos ; 0
58. 58 .
+
= =

BA BC
BA BC
BA BC
.
Suy ra
0
90 ABC = .
M AB = BC
Vy tam gic ABC vung cn ti B.

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131

Bi tp 2. Trn mt phng ta Oxy, hy tnh gc gia hai vect a
v b
trong cc trng hp
sau :
a)
( ) ( )
3 4 4 3 ; , ; a b = =

b/
( ) ( )
3 2 5 1 ; , ; a b = =

c)
( ) ( )
2 2 3 3 3 ; , ; a b = =

Gii
a)
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
2
2 2 2
3.4 3 .4
.
cos ; 0 , 90 .
2 3 . 6 4
a b
a b a b
a b
+
= = = =
+ +

b)
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
2
2 2 2
3.5 2. 1
. 13 13 2
cos ; , 45 .
2 13. 26 13 2
3 2 . 5 1
+
= = = = = =
+ +

a b
a b a b
a b

c)
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
2.3 2 3 . 3
. 12 12 3 3
cos ;
2 16. 12 8 3 2 3
2 2 3 . 3 3
+

= = = = = =
+ +

a b
a b
a b

( )
0
, 150 . =

a b

C. BI TP NGH
Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, AB = a, BC = 2a. Tnh cc tch v hng:
a) AB AC .

b) AC CB .

c) ABBC .

Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Bai 2. Cho tam gic ABC u cnh bng a. Tnh cc tch v hng:
a) AB AC .

b) AC CB .

c) ABBC .

Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Bai 3. Cho tam gic ABC vi A ( 3; -1) ; B(-4;2) ; C(4; 3). Tm D ABDC l hnh bnh hnh.
Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. Cho AB
=(2x - 5 ; 2) ; AC
=(3 x; -2). nh x A , B , C thng hng.

Bai 5. Bai 5. Bai 5. Bai 5. Cho tam gic ABC c A (-2 ; 2) , B(6 ; 6) , C(2 ; -2).
a) Chng minh rng A ; B ; C khng thng hng;
b) Tm ta im D ABCD l hnh bnh hnh ;
c) Tm im M trc xOx tam gic ABM vung ti B;
d) Tam gic ABC l tam gic g ?
e) Tm ta trc tm H ca tam gic ABC.
Bai 6. Bai 6. Bai 6. Bai 6. Cho tam gic ABC c AB = 5, BC = 7, AC = 8.
a) Tnh AB AC .

, ri suy ra gi tr ca gc A.
b) Tnh CACB .

.
c) Gi D l im trn CA sao cho CD = 3. Tnh CDCB .

.
Bai 7. Bai 7. Bai 7. Bai 7. Cho tam gic ABC c A(1; 1), B(5; 3), C(2; 0).
a) Tnh chu vi v nhn dng tam gic ABC.
b) Tm to im M bit CM AB AC 2 3 =

.
c) Tm tm v bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
Bai 8. Bai 8. Bai 8. Bai 8. Cho tam gic ABC c A(1; 2), B(2; 6), C(9; 8).
a) Tnh AB AC .

. Chng minh tam gic ABC vung ti A.
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132

b) Tm tm v bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
c) Tm to trc tm H v trng tm G ca tam gic ABC.
d) Tnh chu vi, din tch tam gic ABC.
e) Tm to im M trn Oy B, M, A thng hng.

3. H THC LNG TRONG TAM GIC V GII TAM GIC
A. KIN THC CN NH
1. nh l csin
Trong tam gic ABC bt k vi ; ; BC a CA b AB c = = = ta c:

2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 cos ;
2 cos ;
2 cos ;
a b c bc A
b a c ac B
c a b ab C
= +
= +
= +

T ta c cng thc tnh gc ca tam gic ABC bt k, khi bit di cc cnh:

2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
cos ;
2
cos ;
2
cos ;
2
b c a
A
bc
a c b
B
ac
a b c
C
ab
+
=
+
=
+
=

Tnh di trung tuyn ca tam gic bt k
Cho tam gic ABC cc cnh ; ; BC a CA b AB c = = = . Gi , ,
a b c
m m m l di cc ng trung
tuyn ln lt t cc nh A, B v C, ta c:

( )
( )
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2( )
;
4
2
;
4
2
;
4
a
b
c
b c a
m
a c b
m
a b c
m
+
=
+
=
+
=

2. nh l sin
Trong tam gic ABC bt k vi ; ; BC a CA b AB c = = = v R l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip,
ta c: 2
sin sin sin
a b c
R
A B C
= = =
3. Cng thc tnh din tch tam gic
Cho tam gic ABC bt k vi ; ; , ; ; = = =
a b c
BC a CA b AB c h h h ln lt l di ng cao xut
pht t cc nh A, B, C. Gi R v r ln lt l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip, ni tip tam gic
v
2
a b c
p
+ +
= l na chu vi ca tam gic. Din tch S ca tam gic ABC c tnh nh sau:

1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
S ah bh ch = = = ;
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133

1 1 1
sin sin sin ;
2 2 2
; ;
4
S ab C bc A ac B
abc
S S pr
R
= = =
= =

( )( )( ) S p p a p b p c = (cng thc H-rng)

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Tm cc yu t ca mt tam gic khi bit mt vi yu t.
Phng php :
p dng cc nh l sin, csin, cng thc trung tuyn.

Bi tp 1. Cho tam gic ABC bit
0
120 A = , cnh 8 ; 5 . b cm c cm = = Tnh cnh a, v cc gc

, B C ca tam gic .
Gii
p dng nh l csin ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 0
2 cos 8 5 2.8.5cos120 129 a b c bc A = + = + =
129 a =
p dng h qu ca nh l Cosin, ta c:
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2
0
129 5 8
3 129
cos
2 43
2.5 129
37 35' 20''
a c b
B
ac
B
+
+
= = =

Tng t :
0
22 24' 39'' C
Cch khc:
Ta c:

0
180 A B C + + =

( )
0 0
180 22 24' 39'' C A B = + =
Bi tp 2. Cho tam gic ABC c 6, 2, 3 1 a b c = = = + . Tnh cc gc A, B, bn knh R ca
ng trn ngoi tip, trung tuyn
a
m ca tam gic ABC.
Gii
p dng h qu nh l cosin, ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2 2
0
2 3 1 6
1
cos
2 2
2.2 3 1
60
b c a
A
bc
A
+ +
+
= = =
+
=

p dng nh l sin, ta c:
sin sin
a b
A B
=
0
sin 2sin 60 2
sin
2 6
b A
B
a
= = =
0
45 B =
Mt khc: 2
sin
a
R
A
=
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134

0
6
2
2sin 2sin 60
a
R
A
= = =
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 3 1 6
2( ) 5 2 3
4 4 2
a
b c a
m
(
+ +
(
+ +

= = =
Bi tp 3. (Bi ton thc tin)
Hai im A, B cch nhau bi mt h nc. Ngi ta ly mt a im C v o c gc BAC
bng 75
0
, gc BCA bng 60
0
, on AC di 60 mt. Hy tnh khong cch t A n B.

Gii
p dng nh l sin, ta c:

sin sin
AC AB
ABC BCA
=
Mt khc:

( ) ( )
0 0 0 0 0
180 180 75 60 45 ABC BCA BAC = + = + =
0
0
sin 60sin 60
30 6
sin 45
sin
AC BCA
AB
ABC
= = = (m)
Vn 2. Din tch tam gic
Phng php :
p dng cc cng thc tnh din tch tam gic (mc 3)

Bi tp 1. Tam gic ABC c
0
58 25 35 , , a b C = = = .
a) Tnh din tch tam gic ABC.
b) Tnh ng cao xut pht t nh A.
c) Tnh bn knh ng trn ni tip v ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
Gii
a) Ta c :
0
1 1
sin 58.25.sin35 415, 84
2 2
= = = S ab C (vdt).
b) Ta c :
1 2 2.415, 84
14, 3
2 58
= = = =
a a
S
S ah h
a

c) p dng nh l csin , ta c :
2 2 2
2 cos = + c a b ab C
2 2 0
58 25 2.58.25.cos35 1613, 46
40,17
= + =
= c

p dng nh l sin, ta c :
0
40,17
2 35, 02
sin 2sin 2.sin35
= = = =
c c
R R
C C
.

58 25 40,17
61, 585
2 2
+ + + +
= = =
a b c
p
Ta c :
415 84
6 75
61 585
,
. ,
,
S
S p r r
p
= = = = .
Bi tp 2. Tam gic ABC c 45 35 20 , , a b c = = = .
a) Tnh din tch tam gic ABC.
b) Tnh bn knh ng trn ni tip v ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
Gii
B
75
0

60
0

C
A
60
m
? m
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135

a)
45 35 20
50
2 2
+ + + +
= = =
a b c
p .
p dng cng thc H-rng ta c :
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( ) 50 50 45 50 35 50 20 = = S p p a p b p c =335,4 (vdt).
b) Ta c :

335 4
6 71
50
,
. ,
S
S p r r
p
= = = = .

45.35.20
23, 5
4 4 4.335, 4
= = = =
abc abc
S R
R S
.
Bi tp 3. Cho ABC c a = 7, b = 8, c = 5. Tnh : , S, h
a
, R, r, m
a
.
Gii
a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
- 2bc cosA 49 = 64 + 25 - 2.8.5 cos A
cos A =
1
2
= 60
0
.
S =
1
2
. b.c.sinA =
1
2
. 8.5. 3 10 =
2
3
(vdt).
S =
1
2
.a.h
a
h
a =
7
3 20
=
a
S 2
.

S =
R
abc
4
R =
3
3 7
=
4S
abc

S = p.r r =
( )
10 3
3
1
7 8 5
2
S
p
= =
+ +
.

2
a
m =
( )
2 2
2
129
4 4
b c +
=
2
- a
m
a
=
2
129
.
C. BI TP NGH
Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Bai 1. Gii tam gic ABC, bit:
a)

c A B
0 0
14; 60 ; 40 = = = b)

b A C
0 0
4, 5; 30 ; 75 = = =
a)
a b C
0
6, 3; 6, 3; 54 = = = b)
b c A
0
32; 45; 87 = = = .
a) a b c 14; 18; 20 = = = b) a b c 6; 7, 3; 4, 8 = = = .
Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. Bai 4. Cho tam gic ABC
a) a=5 ; b = 6 ; c = 7. Tnh S, h
a
, h
b
, h
c
,R, r.
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136

b) a= 2 3 ; b= 2 2 ; c= 6 - 2 . Tnh 3 gc ca tam gic ABC.
c) b=8; c=5; gc A = 60
0
. Tnh S , R , r , h
a ,
m
a

d) a=21; b= 17;c =10.Tnh S, R , r , h
a
, m
a

e) A = 60
0
; h
c
= 3 ; R = 5 . Tnh 3 cnh a , b, c.
f) A=120
0
; B =45
0
; R =2. Tnh 3 cnh a , b, c.

g) a = 4 , b = 3 , c = 2. Tnh S
ABC
, suy ra S
AIC
( I trung im AB)
h) c = 3 , b = 4 ; S = 3 3 . Tnh a
Bai 5. Bai 5. Bai 5. Bai 5. Gi G l trng tm tam gic . Chng minh rng : GA
2
+ GB
2
+ GC
2
= 1/3 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) .
Bai 6. Bai 6. Bai 6. Bai 6. Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC ta c:
a) a b C c B . cos . cos = + b) A B C C B sin sin cos sin cos = +
c)
a
h R B C 2 sin sin = d)
a b c
m m m a b c
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
( )
4
+ + = + +
e)
( )
ABC
S AB AC AB AC
2
2 2
1
. .
2
=

f) 4m
a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
+ 2bc.cosA.
g) S =2R
2
sinA.sinB.sinC h) S=Rr(sinA + sinB + sinC)
i) h
a
= 2RsinBsinC.

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137

CHNG 4 PHNG PHP TA TRONG MT PHNG
1. PHNG TRNH NG THNG

A. KIN THC CN NH
1. Vect ch phng ca ng thng
Vect u
c gi l vect ch phng ca ng thng nu 0 u

v gi ca vect u
song
song hoc trng vi ng thng .
Ch : Mt ng thng c v s vect ch phng.
2. Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng
Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng
i qua ( )
0 0 0
; M x y
v c vect ch phng ( )
1 2
; u u u =

l
( )
0 1 2 2
1 2
0 2
, 0
= +
+
= +
x x u t
u u
y y u t

3. Phng trnh ng thng c h s gc k
Phng trnh ng thng i qua ( )
0 0 0
; M x y v c h s gc k l :
( )
0 0
y y k x x = .
4. Vect php tuyn ca ng thng
Vect n
c gi l vect php tuyn ca ng thng nu 0 n

v n
vung gc vi vect
ch phng ca ng thng .
Ch : Mt ng thng c v s vect php tuyn.
5. Mi quan h gia vect ch phng, vect php tuyn v h s gc
Nu c vect ch phng ( )
1 2
; u u u =
vi
1
0 u th h s gc ca l
2
1
u
k
u
= .
Nu c h s gc l k th c mt vect ch phng l ( ) 1; u k =
.
c ( ) ( ) ; ; u a b n b a = =

6. Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng
x
O
u

y
0
M
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138

Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng i qua ( )
0 0 0
; M x y v c vect php tuyn
( ) ; n a b =
l ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
0 0
0, 0 a x x b y y a b + = + .
Phng trnh 0 ax by c + + = vi
2 2
0 a b + gi l phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng
nhn ( ) ; n a b =
lm vect php tuyn.

7. Phng trnh theo on chn
ng thng ct Ox v Oy ln lt ti
( ) ; 0 A a v ( ) 0; B b c phng trnh theo
on chn l ( ) 1 0, 0
x y
a b
a b
+ = .
8. V tr tng i ca hai ng thng
Cho hai ng thng :
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
: 0;
: 0.
a x b y c
a x b y c
+ + =
+ + =

a) xt v tr tng i ca hai ng thng
1
v
2
ta xt s nghim ca h phng trnh
( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
0
0
a x b y c
I
a x b y c
+ + =
+ + =

H (I) c mt nghim :
1
ct
2
.
H (I) v nghim :
1 2
/ / .
H (I) c v s nghim :
1 2
.
b) Nu
2 2 2
0 a b c th :

1 1
1
2 2
a b
a b
ct
2
;

1 1 1
1 2
2 2 2
/ /
a b c
a b c
= ;

1 1 1
1 2
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
= = .
c)
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
. 0 0 n n a a b b

= + =

.
9. Gc gia hai ng thng
Cho hai ng thng
y
x
O
B
A
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139

1 1 1 1
: 0 a x b y c + + = c ( )
1 1 1
; n a b =

v
2 2 2 2
: 0 a x b y c + + = c ( )
2 2 2
; n a b =
.
Gc gia chng c tnh theo cng thc
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
cos ; cos ;
.
a a b b
n n
a b a b
+
= =
+ +

.
10. Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng
Khong cch t mt im ( )
0 0 0
; M x y n mt ng thng c phng trnh
0 ax by c + + = c tnh theo cng thc : ( )
0 0
0
2 2
;
ax by c
d M
a b
+ +
=
+

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Vit phng trnh tham s, phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng
Phng php :
lp phng trnh tham s ca ng thng ta cn xc nh
mt imM x y
0 0 0
( ; ) v mt VTCP u u u
1 2
( ; ) =
ca .
Phng trnh tham s ca :
x x tu
y y tu
0 1
0 2
= +
= +
.
lp phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng ta cn xc nh mt im
M x y
0 0 0
( ; ) v mt VTPT n a b ( ; ) =
ca .
Phng trnh tng qut ca : a x x b y y
0 0
( ) ( ) 0 + = .
Nu ct trc Ox , trc Oy ln lt ti A(a; 0), B(0; b) (a, b 0) th :
x y
a b
1 + = .
Nu i qua im M x y
0 0 0
( ; ) v c h s gc k th : y y k x x
0 0
( ) = .

Bi tp 1. Lp phng trnh tham s v phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng :
a) i qua ( ) 4; 2 A v c vect ch phng ( ) 1;3 u =
.
b) i qua ( ) 1; 2 B v c vect php tuyn ( ) 5; 3 n =
.
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140

c) i qua ( ) 0;3 C v c h s gc 1 k = .
d) i qua ( ) ( ) 1; 4 , 2;8 D E .
e) i qua ( ) ( ) 3; 0 , 0; 2 G H .
Gii
a) i qua ( ) 4; 2 A v c vect ch phng ( ) 1; 3 u =
. Vy phng trnh tham s ca ng

thng l ( )
4
2 3
x t
t
y t
= +

= +
.
i qua ( ) 4; 2 A v c vect ch phng ( ) 1; 3 u =
nn c vect php tuyn l ( ) 3; 1 n =
.
Vy phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng l ( ) ( ) 3 4 1 2 0 x y + =
3 14 0 x y =
b) i qua ( ) 1; 2 B v c vect php tuyn ( ) 5; 3 n =
. Vy phng trnh tng qut ca

ng thng l ( ) ( ) 5 1 3 2 0 5 3 11 0 x y x y + = = .
i qua ( ) 1; 2 B v c vect php tuyn ( ) ( ) 5; 3 3; 5 n u = =

l vect ch phng ca
. Vy phng trnh tham s ca ng thng l ( )
1 3
2 5
x t
t
y t
= +

= +
.
c) i qua ( ) 0;3 C v c h s gc 1 k = nn c phng trnh tng qut l
( ) 3 1 0 3 0 y x x y = + = .
i qua ( ) 0;3 C v c h s gc ( ) 1 1;1 k u = =
l vect ch phng ca ng thng

nn c phng trnh tham s l ( )
3
x t
t
y t
=

= +
.
d) i qua ( ) ( ) ( ) 1; 4 , 2;8 3; 4 D E u DE = =

l VTCP ca ng thng . Vy phng
trnh tham s ca l ( )
1 3
4 4
x t
t
y t
=

= +
.
i qua ( ) 1; 4 D v c VTCP ( ) ( ) 3; 4 4; 3 u n = =

l VTPT ca . Vy phng trnh
tng qut ca l ( ) ( ) 4 1 3 4 0 4 3 16 0 x y x y + = + = .
e) i qua ( ) ( ) 3; 0 , 0; 2 G H nn phng trnh c dng 1 2 3 6 0
3 2
x y
x y + = + + =
.
i qua ( ) ( ) ( ) 3; 0 , 0; 2 3; 2 G H u GH = =

l VTCP. Vy phng trnh tham s ca
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141

l ( )
3 3
2
x t
t
y t
=

.

Bi tp 2. Lp phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng :
a) i qua ( ) 1; 2 M v song song vi ng thng
1
: 2 1 0 d x y + = .
b) i qua ( ) 1; 2 N v vung gc vi ng thng
2
: 8 11 15 0 d x y + = .
Gii
Ch :
1) Nu : 0 d ax by c + + = c dng : ' 0 bx ay c + = .
2) Nu / / : 0 d ax by c + + = c dng : ( ) ' 0 ' ax by c c c + + = .
a) song song vi ng thng
1
: 2 1 0 d x y + = nn c dng : 2 0 x y c + = .
V i qua ( ) 1; 2 M nn 2.1 2 0 0 c c + = = . Vy phng trnh tng qut ca l
2 0 x y = .
b) vung gc vi ng thng
2
: 8 11 15 0 d x y + = nn c dng : 11 8 0 x y c + = .
V i qua ( ) 1; 2 N nn ( ) 11.1 8 2 0 5 c c + = = . Vy phng trnh tng qut ca l
11 8 5 0 11 8 5 0 x y x y = + + = .
Bi tp 3. Lp phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng :
a) i qua ( ) 3;5 M v song song vi ng thng
1
2 3
:
1 2
x t
d
y t
= +
.
b) i qua ( ) 1; 2 N v vung gc vi ng thng
2
4 2
:
11 7
x t
d
y t
=
= +
.
Gii
a) V
1
/ /d nn VTCP ca d
1
l VTCP ca ( ) ( )
1
3; 2 2; 3
d
u u n
= = =

l VTPT ca .
Vy phng trnh tng qut ca l ( ) ( ) 2 3 3 5 0 2 3 9 0 x y x y + + = + = .
b) V
2
d nn VTCP ca d
2
l VTPT ca ( )
2
2; 7
d
n u
= =

. Vy phng trnh tng
qut ca l ( ) ( ) 2 1 7 2 0 2 7 16 0 x y x y + + = + + = .

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142

Bi tp 4. Lp phng trnh ng trung trc ca on thng AB bit ( ) ( ) 1;3 , 3; 7 A B .
Gii
Gi I l trung im ca AB ( ) 2; 2 I .
Gi d l ng trung trc ca AB d i qua I v d AB .
d AB d c VTPT l ( ) 2; 10 n AB = =

.
Vy phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng d l :
( ) ( ) 2 2 10 2 0 x y + =
2 10 24 0 x y =
5 12 0 x y = .
(d)
I A
B

Vn 2. Chuyn i gia phng trnh tng qut, phng trnh tham s ca ng thng
Phng php :
1) c phng trnh tng qut 0 ax by c + + = , ta lp phng trnh tham s ca nh sau :
Cch 1 : : 0 ax by c + + = ( ) ( ) ; ; n a b u b a

= =

. Ta tm im ( )
0 0 0
; M x y , t
lp c phng trnh tham s ca .
Cch 2 : : 0 ax by c + + = . Ta cho x t = ( nu 0 a ), suy ra y theo t . Trong trng hp
0 a = th PTTS ca l
x t
c
y
b
=
( ) t
2) c phng trnh tham s
x x tu
y y tu
0 1
0 2
= +
= +
, ta lp phng trnh tng qut ca nh sau :

Cch 1 : i qua M x y
0 0 0
( ; ) v c VTCP = =
1 2 2 1
( ; ) ( ; ) u u u VTPT n u u
.
Cch 2 : Kh t ta c PTTQ.
Bi tp 1. Lp phng trnh tham s ca ng thng c PTTQ : 2 5 3 0 x y + = .
Gii
Cch 1 :
: 2 5 3 0 x y + = ( ) ( ) 2;5 5; 2 n u

= =

. Ta c : ( )
0
1;1 M .
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143

Vy phng trnh tham s ca l ( )
1 5
1 2
x t
t
y t
= +

.
Cch 2 :
: 2 5 3 0 x y + = , cho
3 2
5
t
x t y

= = .
Vy phng trnh tham s ca l ( )
3 2
5 5
x t
t
y t
=
.
Bi tp 2. Lp phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng c PTTS :
2
1 3
x t
y t
= +
= +
.
Gii
Cch 1 :
i qua ( 2; 1) M v c VTCP = = (1;3) (3; 1) u VTPT n
.
Vy phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng l ( ) ( ) 3 2 1 1 0 3 5 0 x y x y + + = + = .
Cch 2 : Kh t ta c PTTQ ca
2 3 6 3
3 5 3 5 0
1 3 1 3
x t x t
x y x y
y t y t
= + =
+ = + =

= + = +

.
Vn 3. Tm hnh chiu ca im M trn ng thng .
Tm im i xng ca im M qua .
Phng php :

Bi tp. Cho ng thng : 2 4 0 x y + = v im ( ) 1; 5 M .
a) Tm hnh chiu H ca M ln .
b) Tm im i xng M ca M qua .
Bc 1: Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua M v d .
Bc 2: Gi H l hnh chiu ca M trn .
Khi , H d = .
Bc 3: M l im i xng ca im M qua
H l trung im ca MM.
d
M
M'

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144

Gii
a) Lp phng trnh ng thng d qua M v vung gc vi :
ng thng : 2 4 0 d x y d + = c dng : 2 0 x y c + = .
V d qua ( ) 1; 5 M nn ( ) 2.1 5 0 7 : 2 7 0 c c x y + = = = .
Gi hnh chiu H ca M ln , khi H d =
ta H l nghim ca h :
2 7 0
2 4 0
x y
x y
=
+ =
.

18
5
1
5
x
y
. Vy
18 1
;
5 5
H
| |
|
\
.
b) M l im i xng ca M qua H l trung im ca MM.
( )
'
'
'
'
18 31
2 2. 1
5 5 2
1 27
2 2. 5
5 5 2
M M
M H M H
M M
M H M H
x x
x x x x
y y
y y y y
+
= = = =

+

= = = =

.
Vy
31 27
' ;
5 5
M
| |
|
\
.
Vn 4. V tr tng i ca hai ng thng
Phng php :
Cho hai ng thng :
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
: 0;
: 0.
a x b y c
a x b y c
+ + =
+ + =

To giao im ca
1
v
2
l nghim ca h phng trnh:
a x b y c
a x b y c
1 1 1
2 2 2
0
0
+ + =
+ + =
(I)

1
ct
2
h (I) c mt nghim
a b
a b
1 1
2 2
(nu
2 2 2
0 a b c ).

1
//
2
h (I) v nghim
a b c
a b c
1 1 1
2 2 2
= (nu
2 2 2
0 a b c ).

1

2
h (I) c v s nghim
a b c
a b c
1 1 1
2 2 2
= = (nu
2 2 2
0 a b c ).
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145

Bi tp 1. Xt v tr tng i ca cc cp ng thng sau, nu chng ct nhau th tm to
giao im ca chng :
a) + = + + =
1 2
: 2 1 0, : 4 2 5 0 x y x y .
b) + = + + =
1 2
: 2 5 0, : 2 4 10 0 x y x y .
c) + + = =
1 2
: 2 0, : 2 5 0 x y x y .
d) + = + =
1 2
: 3 4 6 0, : 12 16 24 0 x y x y .
Gii
a) Ta c :
1 2
2 1 1
/ /
4 2 5
= .
b) Ta c :
1
1 2
2 4
ct
2
ti M.
Ta M l nghim ca h :
( )
+ = =

+ + = =

2 5 0 5
5; 0
2 4 10 0 0
x y x
M
x y y
.
c) Ta c :
1 2
1 1
2 1
N =

ta N l nghim ca h :
( )
+ + = =

= =

2 0 1
1; 3
2 5 0 3
x y x
N
x y y
.
d) Ta c :
1 2
3 4 6
12 16 24
= =

.
Bi tp 2. Xt v tr tng i ca cc cp ng thng sau, nu chng ct nhau th tm to
giao im ca chng :
a)
1 2
5 4 2
: , :
3 2 7 3
x t x t
y t y t
= + = +

= = +

.
b)
1 2
4 2
: 4 5 6 0 , :
7 3
x t
x y
y t
= +
+ =

= +
.
c)
2 1
6 5
: 8 10 12 0, :
6 4
x t
x y
y t
= +
+ =

=
.
d)
1 2
5
: , : 5 0
1
x t
x y
y
= +
+ =
.

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146

Gii
Ch : Nu c ng thng no dng tham s ta a chng v dng tng qut ri xt v tr
tng i.
a) Ta c
1
5 2 10 2
: 2 7 0
3 2 3 2
x t x t
x y
y t y t
= + = +
+ =

= =

.

2
4 2 3 12 6
: 3 2 26 0
7 3 2 14 6
x t x t
x y
y t y t
= + = +
=

= + =

.
V
1 2
2 1
3 2
A =

ta A l nghim ca h :
40
2 7 0
40 31
7
;
3 2 26 0 31 7 7
7
x
x y
A
x y
y
+ = | |

|
=
\
.
b) Ta c :
1 2
: 6 4 21 0 , : 3 2 26 0 x y x y + + = = (theo cu a)
V
1 2
6 4 21
/ /
3 2 26

c) Ta c
2
: 8 10 12 0 x y + = .

1
6 5 4 24 20
: 4 5 6 0
6 4 5 30 20
x t x t
x y
y t y t
= + = +
+ =

= =

.
V
1 2
4 5 12
8 10 6
= =
.
d) Ta c
1
5
: 1 0
1
x t
y
y
= +
+ =

2
: 5 0 x y + =
V
1 2
0 1
1 1
B = .
ta B l nghim ca h : ( )
1 0 6
6; 1
5 0 1
y x
B
x y y
+ = =

+ = =

.

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147

Vn 5. Gc gia hai ng thng
Phng php :
Cho hai ng thng

1 1 1 1
: 0 a x b y c + + = c VTPT ( )
1 1 1
; n a b =

v
2 2 2 2
: 0 a x b y c + + = c VTPT ( )
2 2 2
; n a b =
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
cos ; cos ;
.
a a b b
n n
a b a b
+
= =
+ +

Ch : 1)
1

2
a a b b
1 2 1 2
0 + =
2) Cho
1
: y k x m
1 1
= + ,
2
: y k x m
2 2
= + th :

1
//
2
k
1
= k
2

1

2
k
1
. k
2
= 1.

Bi tp 1. Tnh gc gia hai ng thng
a)
1
: 2 4 0 x y + + = v
2
: 3 6 0 x y + = .
b)
1
: 4 2 3 0 x y = v
2
: 3 1 0 x y + = .
c)
1
: 3 2 0 x y + + = v
2
: 3 2 3 0 x y + = .
d)
1
: 2 0 x y + + = v
1
: 1 0 x y + = .
e)
1
1
:
7 2
x t
y t
= +

= +
v
2
:
3 3
x t
y t
=
.
Gii
a) Ta c :
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 2 1 2
2
2 2 2
1.1 2. 3
5 5 1
cos ; cos ;
5 10 5 5 2 2
1 2 . 1 3
n n
+
= = = = =
+ +

.
Vy
( )
0
1 2
; 45 = .
b) Ta c :
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
2 2
2 2
4.1 2 . 3
10 1
cos ;
20 10 2
4 2 . 1 3
+
= = =
+ +
.
Vy
( )
0
1 2
; 45 = .
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148

c) Ta c : ( )

( )
0
1 2 1 2
1. 3 1 3 0 , 90 + = = .
d) Ta c :
( )

( )
0
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1.1 1.1
2
cos ; 1 ; 0
2
1 1 . 1 1
+
= = = =
+ +
.
e) Ta c :
1
1 2 2 2
: 2 5 0
7 2 7 2
x t x t
x y
y t y t
= + =
+ =

= + = +

2
3 3
: 3 3 0
3 3 3 3
x t x t
x y
y t y t
= =
+ =

= =

.
( )
( )

( )
0
1 2 1 2
2
2 2 2
2.3 1.1
5 1
cos ; ; 45 .
5 10 2
2 1 . 3 1
+
= = = =
+ +

Bi tp 2. Cho hai ng thng
1
: 2 5 0 mx y m + = v
2
: 3 2 1 0 x my m + = .
nh m gc to bi
1
v
2
bng
0
45 .
Gii
( )

( )
0
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
.3 2.
2 2 1
; 45 cos ;
2 2 2
2 3
m m
m m
+
= = = =
+ +

( )( )
2 2 4 2 2 4 2
2 5 4 9 13 36 50 37 36 0 m m m m m m m m = + + + + = + =
2
2
1 1
6
36
m m
m
m
= =

=
=

Vy
1
6
m
m
=
th
( )
0
1 2
; 45 = .
Bi tp 3. Cho hai ng thng : 2 0 x y + = .
Lp phng trnh ng thng d i qua ( ) 1; 0 M v to vi mt gc
0
60 .
Gii
V d i qua ( ) 1; 0 M nn d c dng : ( ) ( ) 1 0 0 0 a x b y ax by a + = + = .
d to vi mt gc
0
60 nn
( )
2 2 2 2
1. 1.
1 1
cos ,
2 2
1 1
a b
d
a b
+
= =
+ +
.
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 4 2 2 2 a b a b a b a b a b ab a b + = + + = + + + = +
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149

2 2
4 0 a b ab + + = ( ) *
Chia hai v ca ( ) * cho
2
b ta c
2
4 1 0
a a
b b
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ \

2 3
2 3
a
b
a
b
= +

Trng hp 1 :
( ) 1
1 2 3 : 2 3 2 3 0 b a d x y = = + + + + = .
Trng hp 2 :
( ) 2
1 2 3 : 2 3 2 3 0 b a d x y = = + + + = .
Vy c hai ng thng cn tm l :

( ) 1
: 2 3 2 3 0 d x y + + + = ;

( ) 2
: 2 3 2 3 0 d x y + + + = .
Vn 6. Khong cch t im n ng thng
Phng php :
1) Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng
Cho ng thng : ax by c 0 + + = v im M x y
0 0 0
( ; ) l
ax by c
d M
a b
0 0
0
2 2
( , )
+ +
=
+

2) V tr tng i ca hai im i vi mt ng thng
Cho ng thng : ax by c 0 + + = v hai im
M M N N
M x y N x y ( ; ), ( ; ) .
Hai im M, N nm cng pha i vi
M M N N
ax by c ax by c ( )( ) 0 + + + + > .
Hai im M, N nm khc pha i vi
M M N N
ax by c ax by c ( )( ) 0 + + + + < .
3) Phng trnh cc ng phn gic ca cc gc to bi hai ng thng
Cho hai ng thng
1
: a x b y c
1 1 1
0 + + = v
2
: a x b y c
2 2 2
0 + + = ct nhau.
Phng trnh cc ng phn gic ca cc gc to bi hai ng thng
1
v
2
l
a x b y c a x b y c
a b a b
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
+ + + +
=
+ +

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150

Bi tp 1. Tnh khong cch t cc im n cc ng thng tng ng sau y :
a) ( ) 1; 1 M v : 3 4 1 0 x y + =
b) ( ) 2; 1 N v : 2 5 5 0 x y + + = .
c) (2; 3) P v
=
= +
2
:
2 3
x t
y t
.
Gii
a)
( )
+
= =
+
2 2
3.1 4. 1 1
2
( , )
5
3 4
d M .
b)
( )
( )
+ +
= =
+
2
2
2.2 5 1 5
4
( , )
3
2 5
d N .
c) Cch 1 :
= =
+ =

= + =

2 3 6
: 3 2 4 0
2 3 2 4 6
x t x t
d x y
y t y t
.
( )
+
= =
+
2 2
3.2 2 3 4
16
( , )
13
3 2
d P
Cch 2 :
Ly ( ) 2 ; 2 3 H t t + .
Ta c : ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
22 29
2 2 3 5 13 22 29 13
13 13
PH t t t t t t
| |
= + + = + + = + +
|
\

2 2 2
2
11 11 121 29 11 256 11 256
13 2. 13 13
13 13 169 13 13 169 13 13
t t t t
| | | |
| | | | | |
= + + + | = + + | == + +
| | |
| |
\ \ \
\ \

Mc khc :
2 2
11 256 256 11 256 16
13 13
13 13 13 13 13 13
t t
| | | |
+ + + +
| |
\ \
(*)
=
16
( , )
13
d P .
Ch : Cch ny dng tm ta hnh chiu ca im ln ng thng khi ng thng c
phng trnh tham s.
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151

Trong bi ton trn, ng thc (*) xy ra
11
13
t = . Vy ta hnh chiu ca im P ln
ng thng l
22 7
;
13 13
H
| |

|
\
.
Bi tp 2. Tm bn knh ca ng trn (C) c tm ( ) 1; 3 I v tip xc vi ng thng
: 3 4 5 0 x y = .
Gii
tip xc vi (C) ( ) , d I R = , vi R l bn knh ca ng trn (C)
( )
( )
2
2
3.1 4 3 5
10
2
5
3 4
R

= = =
+
.
Bi tp 3. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A(2; 5) v cch B(5; 1) mt khong bng 3
Gii
ng thng i qua A(1; 1) c dng : ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 5 0 0 a x b y a b + = +
: 2 5 0 ax by a b + = .
Ta c :
+ =
= = = +
+
2 2
2 2
.5 .1 2 5 0
( , ) 3 3 3 4 3
a b a b
d B a b a b
a b

( )
( )
= + + = +
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 4 9 9 24 16 9 9 a b a b a ab b a b
( )
= =
2
7 24 0 7 24 0 b ab b b a (*).
Chn
1
0, 1 : 2 0 b a x = = = .
Chn
2
24 7 : 7 24 2.7 5.24 0 7 24 134 0 b a x y x y = = + = + = .
Vy c hai ng thng cn tm l :

1
: 2 0 x = ;
2
: 7 24 134 0 x y + = .
Bi tp 4. Cho ng thng : 2 5 8 0 x y + = . Chng t rng ( ) 1;1 A v ( ) 2;1 B nm khc
pha i vi .
Gii
Ta c : 2 5 8 2.1 5.1 8 5
A A
x y + = + = v ( ) 2 5 8 2. 2 5.1 8 1
B B
x y + = + =
( )( ) 2 5 8 2 5 8 0
A A B B
x y x y + + <
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152

A v B nm v khc pha i vi .
Bi tp 5. Cho hai ng thng
1
: 4 3 1 0 x y = v
2
:12 5 3 0 x y + = .
a) Chng t
1
v
2
ct nhau.
b) Lp phng trnh hai ng phn gic ca cc gc to bi
1
v
2
.
Gii
a) V
1
4 3
12 5
ct
2
.
b) Phng trnh hai ng phn gic ca cc gc to bi
1
v
2
l :
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
4 3 1 12 5 3 4 3 1 12 5 3
5 13
4 3 12 5
x y x y x y x y + +
= =
+ +

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
13 4 3 1 5 12 5 3
13 4 3 1 5 12 5 3
x y x y
x y x y
= +

= +

8 14 28 0 4 7 14 0
112 64 2 0 56 32 1 0
x y x y
x x x y
+ + = + + =

+ = + =

.

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Lp phng trnh tham s ca ng thng bit rng :
a) i qua A(2;3) v c VTCP ( 5; 2) u =
.
b) i qua B(4;5) v c VTPT (3; 2) n =
.
c) i qua C(9;5) v c h s gc 3 k = .
d) i qua D(-1;2) v to vi trc honh gc
0
45 .
Bi 2. Lp phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng bit rng:
a) i qua A(1;2) v c VTPT (4;1) n =
.
b) i qua B(1;0) v c VTCP ( 2; 5) u =
.
c) i qua C(2;1) v c h s gc k = 1.
d) i qua D(5;2) v to vi trc honh gc
0
45 .
Bi 3. Lp phng trnh ng thng trong cc trng hp sau :
a) i qua M(8;2) v song song vi ng thng
1
1
:
1 2
x t
y t
= +

= +
.
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153

b) i qua N(5;-3) v vung gc vi ng thng 0 3 2 :
2
= + y x .
Bi 4. Cho ng thng 0 1 3 2 : = + y x .
a) Tm VTPT v VTCP ca ng thng .
b) Lp phng trnh tham s ca ng thng .
Bi 5. Cho tam gic ABC c A(2;1), B(4;3), C(6;7).
a) Lp phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC.
b) Lp phng trnh ng cao AA.
c) Tm to trc tm H ca tam gic ABC.
d) Lp phng trnh 3 ng trung trc ca tam gic. T tm to tm ng trn ngoi
tip tam gic.
Bi 6. Xt v tr tng i ca cc cp ng thng sau :
a)
+ =
=
t y
t x
d
4 2
5 1
: v
=
+ =
t y
t x
d
4 2
5 6
: '
b)
+ =
=
t y
t x
d
2 2
4 1
: v 0 10 4 2 : ' = + y x d
c) 0 2 : = + y x d v 0 3 2 : ' = + y x d
Bi 7. Tm gc gia cc cp ng thng sau:
a) 0 4 2 : = + y x d v 0 1 3 : ' = + + y x d
b)
+ =
+ =
t y
t x
d
2 1
5 5
: v 0 1 5 2 : ' = + y x d
c)
+ =
=
t y
t x
d
2 3
2
: v
=
+ =
t y
t x
d
2 3
5 3
: '
Bi 8. Tnh khong cch t im I(1;2) n ng thng : x - 3y + 2 = 0 bng hai cch.
Bi 9. Cho tam gic ABC c A(5;3), B(-1;2), C(-4;5).
a) Lp phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC.
b) Lp phng trnh cc ng cao ca tam gic. T tm to trc tm H ca tam gic.
c) Tm to im I l tm ng trn ngoi tip ABC.
d) Lp phng trnh cc ng phn gic trong ca tam gic ABC.
e) Tm to trng tm G ca tam gic ABC. Hy chng minh I, G, H thng hng.
Bi 10. Vit phng trnh ng thng trong cc trng hp sau :
a) i qua im M(-2;-4) v ct cc trc to ln lt ti A v B sao cho tam gic OAB
vung cn.
b) i qua im N(5;-3) v ct cc trc to ti A v B sao cho N l trung im ca AB.
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154

c) i qua M(1;2) v to vi ng thng d: 2x-3y+1=0 gc
0
60 .
Bi 11. Cho ng thng d c phng trnh tham s l
=
+ =
t y
t x
2 1
2
.
a) Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua M(-2;1) v vung gc vi ng thng d.
b) Tm giao im ca ng thng vi ng thng d.
c)Tm im M i xng vi im M qua d.
Bi 12. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua M(2;5) v cch u hai im
A(-1;2) v B(5;4).
Bi 13. Tm phng trnh ca tp hp cc im cch u hai ng thng:
0 3 3 5 :
1
= + y x v 0 7 3 5 :
2
= + + y x .
Bi 14. Cho ABC c A(1;3). Cc ng trung tuyn qua B v C ln lt l 1 0 y = v
2 1 0 x y + = . Hy xc nh to B v C.
Bi 15. Cho ABC c phng trnh ng thng AB : 5x - 3y + 2 = 0. Cc ng cao qua A
v B ln lt c phng trnh: 4x - 3y + 2 = 0 v 7x + 2y 22 = 0.
Lp phng trnh ng thng AC v BC.
Bi 16. Cho ABC c A(1;2). ng cao BE: 2x + y + 1 = 0 v ng phn gic trong CD: x
+ y + 2 = 0. Lp phng trnh 3 cnh tam gic ABC.
Bi 17. Cho ABC c A(1;1). ng phn gic trong BD : 2x y + 3 = 0 v trung tuyn CM :
x + y + 1 = 0. Lp phng trnh 3 cnh tam gic ABC.
Bi 18. Lp phng trnh 4 cnh ca hnh vung ABCD bit AB, BC, CD, DA ln lt qua
M(1;2), N(3;0), P(5;1), Q(-2;7).
Bi 19. Cho A(1;2), B(3;7) v d: x + y + 1 = 0.
a) Chng minh A,B nm cng pha vi d.
b) Tm im M thuc ng thng d sao cho MA + MB t gi tr nh nht.
Bi 20. Cho 2 ng thng d
1
: 2x y 1 = 0 v d
2
: 3x + 2y 5 = 0.
Lp phng trnh ng thng d
3
i xng vi ng thng d
1
qua ng thng d
2
.

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155

2. PHNG TRNH NG TRN

A. KIN THC CN NH
1. Phng trnh ng trn
Phng trnh ng trn tm
( ) ; I a b v bn knh R l : ( ) ( )
2 2
2
x a y b R + = .
Nu
2 2
0 a b c + > th phng trnh
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + =
l phng trnh ca ng trn vi tm ( ) ; I a b
v bn knh
2 2
R a b c = + .
2. Phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn
Tip tuyn ti im ( )
0 0 0
; M x y ca ng trn tm ( ) ; I a b c phng trnh l :
( )( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
0 x a x x y b y y + = .

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Lp phng trnh ng trn
1) Cch 1 : Dng tm v bn knh
Tm tm ( ) ; I a b v bn knh R ca ng trn (C).
Phng trnh ng trn (C) c dng : ( ) ( )
2 2
2
x a y b R + = .
2) Cch 2 : Dng phng trnh tng qut
Phng trnh ng trn (C) c dng :
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + = , vi
2 2
0 a b c + > .
Lp h phng trnh vi cc n s l a, b, c.
Tm a, b, c suy ra phng trnh ng trn (C).

Bi tp 1. Vit phng trnh ng trn c tm I(1; 2) v
a) i qua im A(3; 5).
b) tip xc vi ng thng c phng trnh : x + y 1 = 0.
y
x
b
a O
My(x;y)
I
R
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156

Gii
a) (C) c tm (1; 2) v i qua A(3; 5) nn c bn knh
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 5 2 4 49 53 R IA = = + = + = .
Vy phng trnh ca ng trn (C) l : ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 53 x y + + = .
b) C) c tm (1; 2) v tip xc vi ng thng : x + y 1 = 0
( )
1 2 1
2
, 2
2 2

= = = = R d I .
2 2
1 2 2 x y + + = .
Bi tp 2. Vit phng trnh ng trn (C) trong cc trng hp sau :
a) (C) c ng knh AB bit A(3; 5) v B(- 1; 3).
b) (C) c i qua ba im A(1;-2), B(2;5) v C(4;-3).
c) (C) i qua hai im (2; 3), A ( 1;1) B v c tm nm trn ng thng = : 3 11 0 x y
Gii
a) Tm I ca (C) l trung im ca AB
Ta c :
( )
( )
3 1
1
2 2
1; 4
5 3
4
2 2
A B
I
A B
I
x x
x
I
y y
x
+ +
= = =
+ +
= = =
.
(C) c bn knh ( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 5 4 4 1 5 R IA = = + = + = .
2 2
1 4 5 x y + = .
b) Phng trnh ng trn (C) c dng :
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + = vi
2 2
0 a b c + > .
(C) c i qua ba im A(1;-2), B(2;5) v C(4;-3) nn ta c h :

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
41
11 1 2 2 2 2 0
2 4 5
13
2 5 2 .2 2 .5 0 4 10 29
11
8 6 25
4 3 2 .4 2 . 3 0
25
11
a
a b c
a b c
a b c a b c b
a b c
a b c
c
+ + =
+ + =

+ + = + = =

+ + =
+ + =

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157

Vy phng trnh ca ng trn (C) l :
2 2
82 26 25
0
11 11 11
x y x y + = .
c) Phng trnh ng trn (C) c dng :
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + = vi
2 2
0 a b c + > .
(C) c tm nm trn ng thng = = : 3 11 0 3 11 0 x y a b ; (1)
(C) i qua hai im + + = + = (2; 3) 4 9 4 6 0 4 6 13 A a b c a b c ; (2)
(C) i qua hai im + + + = + = ( 1;1) 1 1 2 2 0 2 2 2 B a b c a b c ; (3)
T (1), (2), (3) ta c h :

=

+ = =

+ =
7
2
3 11
5
4 6 13
2
2 2 2
14
a
a b
a b c b
a b c
c
.
Vy phng trnh ca ng trn (C) l :
2 2
7 5 14 0 x y x y + + = .
Bi tp 3. Vit phng trnh ng trn (C) i qua hai im (1; 0), A (3; 0) B v tip xc vi
+ = : 1 0 x y .
Gii
Gi ( ) ; I a b l tm ca ng trn (C).
(C) i qua (1; 0) A v (3; 0) B nn
2 2
IA IB IA IB = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 0 3 0 1 3 2 a b a b a a a + = + = = ( ) 2; I b
(C) tip xc vi
( )

+
= + =
+
2
2 2
2 1
, 1
1 1
b
IA d I b
( )
( )
=
+ = + =

=
2
2 2 1
2 1 3 6 7 0
7
b
b b b b
b
.
Vy c hai ng trn cn tm l :
Tm ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1
2;1 1 1 1 2 : 2 1 2 I R IA b C x y = = + = + = + + = .
Tm ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1
2; 7 1 7 50 : 2 7 50 I R IA C x y = = + = + + = .

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Vn 2. Nhn dng phng trnh bc hai l phng trnh ng trn. Xc nh ta
tm v bn knh ca ng trn.
Phng php :
1) Cch 1 : a phng trnh v dng : ( ) ( )
2 2
2
x a y b R + = . Khi phng trnh cho l
phng trnh ng trn c tm ( ) ; I a b v bn knh R .
2) Cch 2 : a phng trnh v dng :
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + = .
Tm a, b, c v tnh gi tr
2 2
a b c + .
Nu
2 2
0 a b c + > th phng trnh trn l phng trnh ng trn c tm ( ) ; I a b v bn
knh
2 2
R a b c = + .
Nu
2 2
0 a b c + th phng trnh trn khng l phng trnh ng trn.

Bi tp 1. Xt xem cc phng trnh sau c l phng trnh ca ng trn khng ? Nu c hy
tm tm v bn knh :
a)
2 2
4 8 29 0 x y x y + + = .
b) + + + =
2 2
6 4 14 0 x y x y .
c) + + =
2 2
4 4 8 16 19 0 x y x y .
Gii
a) Cch 1 :
Phng trnh (C) c dng :
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + = .
Ta c :
2 2
2 4 2
2 8 4 4 16 29 49 0
29 29
a a
b b a b c
c c
= =

= = + = + + = >

= =

.
Vy (C) l ng trn c tm ( ) 2; 4 I v bn knh 49 7 R = = .
Cch 2 :
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
4 8 29 0 4 4 8 16 4 16 29 0 x y x y x x y y + + = + + + + =
( ) ( )
2 2
2 4 49 x y + + = .
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159

Vy (C) l ng trn c tm ( ) 2; 4 I v bn knh 49 7 R = = .
b) Phng trnh (C) c dng :
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + = .
Ta c :
2 2
2 6 3
2 4 2 9 4 14 1 0
14 14
a a
b b a b c
c c
= =

= = + = + = <

= =

.
Vy phng trnh (C) khng l phng trnh ca ng trn.
c) + + = + + =
2 2 2 2
19
4 4 8 16 19 0 2 4 0
4
x y x y x y x y .
Ta c :
2 2
2 2 1
19 1
2 4 2 1 4 0
4 4
19 19
4 4
a a
b b a b c
c c

= =

= = + = + = >

= =

.
Vy (C) l ng trn c tm ( ) 1; 2 I v bn knh
1 1
4 2
R = = .
Bi tp 2. Cho (C
m
) :
2 2
4 2 2 3 0 x y mx my m + + + + = .
nh m (C
m
) l ng trn. Khi , hy tm ta tm v tnh bn knh ca ng trn (C
m
)
theo m.
Gii
Ta c :

2 4 2
2 2
2 3 2 3
a m a m
b m b m
c m c m
= =

= =

= + = +

( )
2 2 2 2 2
4 2 3 5 2 3 a b c m m m m m + = + + =
(C
m
) l ng trn
2 2 2
3
0 5 2 3 0
5
a b c m m m + > > < hoc 1 m > .
Khi , (C
m
) c tm ( ) 2 ; I m m v bn knh
2
5 2 3 R m m =

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Vn 3. Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn
Phng php :
Cho ng trn (C) c tm ( ) ; I a b v bn knh R .
1) Loi 1. Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ti im
( )
0 0 0
( ; ) M x y C .
c dng : ( )( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
0 x a x x y b y y + = .
2) Loi 2. Lp phng trnh tip tuyn c phng cho trc.
Dng iu kin tip xc xc nh. tip xc vi (C) ( ) , d I R = .
Dng 1 : Tip tuyn song song vi ng thng : 0 d ax by c + + = .
Tip tuyn ( ) / / : ' 0 ' d ax by c c c + + = .
tip xc vi (C) ( ) , ' d I R c = .
Thay c vo phng trnh suy ra tip tuyn cn tm.
Dng 2 : Tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng : 0 d ax by c + + = .
Tip tuyn : ' 0 d bx ay c + = .
tip xc vi (C) ( ) , ' d I R c = .
Thay c vo phng trnh suy ra tip tuyn cn tm.
3) Loi 3. Lp phng trnh tip tuyn i qua ( ) ( ) ;
A A
A x y C .
i qua ( ) ( ) ( ) ; : 0
A A A A
A x y a x x b y y + = .
tip xc vi (C) ( ) , d I R = . Chn mt gi tr b a .
Thay , a b vo phng trnh suy ra tip tuyn cn tm.

Bi tp 1. Cho ng trn (C) c phng trnh
2 2
4 8 5 0 x y x y + + = .
a) Xc nh tm v bn knh ca (C).
b) Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im ( ) 1; 0 M .
c) Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) song song vi ng thng
1
: 4 3 5 0 d x y + = .
d) Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) vung gc vi ng thng
2
:12 5 3 0 d x y + = .
Gii
a) Phng trnh (C) c dng :
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + = .
Ta c :
2 2
2 4 2
2 8 4 4 16 5 25
5 5
a a
b b a b c
c c
= =

= = + = + + =

= =

.
Vy ng trn (C) c tm ( ) 2; 4 I v bn knh 25 5 R = = .
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b) Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im ( ) 1; 0 M c dng :

( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
0 0 0 0
0
1 2 1 0 4 0 0
3 4 3 0
x a x x y b y y
x y
x y
+ =
+ + + =
+ =

c) Tip tuyn
1
/ / : 4 3 5 0 d x y + = Phng trnh c dng : ( ) 4 3 0 5 x y c c + = .
tip xc vi (C) ( ) , d I R =
( )
( )
2
2
4.2 3 4 20 25 5
5 20 25
20 25 45
4 3
c c c
c
c c
+ + = =
= + =

+ = =

+
( loi c = 5)
Vy tip tuyn cn tm l : 4 3 45 0 x y = .
d) Tip tuyn
2
:12 5 3 0 d x y + = Phng trnh c dng : 5 12 0 x y c + + = .
( )
2 2
5.2 12. 4 38 65 103
5 38 65
38 65 27
5 12
c c c
c
c c
+ + = =
= =

= =

+

Vy c hai tip tuyn cn tm l :

1
2
: 5 12 103 0
: 5 12 27 0.
x y
x y
+ + =
+ =

Bi tp 2. Cho ng trn (C) c phng trnh ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 5 x y + + = .
Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn (C) i qua ( ) 4; 7 A .
Gii
(C) c tm ( ) 1; 2 I v bn knh 5 R = .
Tip tuyn i qua ( ) 4; 7 A c dng : ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
4 7 0 0 a x b y a b + = +
: 4 7 0 ax by a b + = .
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
. 1 .2 4 7
5 5 5 5 5 5
a b a b
a b a b a b a b
a b
+
= = + + = +
+

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2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
5 5 5 10 4 10 4 0 a b a b a b ab a b a ab b + = + + + = + + + =
2 2
2 5 2 0 a ab b + + = (*)
Chia hai v ca (*) cho
2
b ta c
2
1
2
2 5 2 0
2
a
a a
b
a b b
b
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ \

=

Chn
1
1 2 : 2 10 0 a b x y = = + = .
Chn
2
2 1 : 2 1 0 a b x y = = = .
Vy c hai tip tuyn cn tm l :

1
2
: 2 10 0
: 2 1 0.
x y
x y
+ =
=

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Trong cc phng trnh sau, phng trnh no l phng trnh ng trn. Tm tm v
bn knh ca ng trn :
a) x y x y
2 2
2 2 2 0 + = ; b) + + =
2 2
6 4 1 0 x y x y ;
c) + + + + =
2 2
2 2 4 8 18 0 x y x y ; d) + + =
2 2
6 7 0 x y x .
Bi 2. Tm m cc phng trnh sau l phng trnh ng trn :
a) + + + =
2 2
4 2 2 4 0 x y mx my m ;
b) x y m x my m
2 2 2
2( 1) 2 3 2 0 + + + + = ;
c) x y m x my m m
2 2 2
2( 3) 4 5 4 0 + + + + = ;
d) x y mx m y m m m m
2 2 2 4 4 2
2 2( 1) 2 2 4 1 0 + + + = .
Bi 3. Lp phng trnh ng trn trong mi trng hp sau:
a) ng trn tm A bn knh AB v ng trn ng knh AB bit A(1 ; 1) , B(5 ; 3)
b) ng trn tm I(4 ; 2) v tip xc vi ng thng 3x + 4y 16 = 0
c) ng trn tip xc vi ng thng 3x 4y 31 = 0 ti im A(1 ; 7) v c bn knh
bng 5.
d) ng trn tip xc vi hai trc ta v i qua ( ) 4;8 M .
Bi 4. Lp phng trnh ng trn i qua 3 im A , B , C trong mi trng hp sau:
a) A(1 ; 3) , B(5 ; 6) , C(7 ; 0) ;
b) A(0 ; 1) , B(1 ; 1) , C(2 ; 0).
Tm tm v bn knh ca cc ng trn cho.
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163

Bi 5. Lp phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) :
2 2
2 8 1 0 x y x y + + + = bit tip tuyn song song
vi ng thng 5x + 12y 6 = 0.
Bi 6. Lp phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C):
2 2
6 2 0 x y x y + + = v vung gc vi ng thng
3 6 0 x y + = .
Bi 7. Lp phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C):
2 2
8 12 5 0 x y x y + + = bit tip tuyn i qua
im ( ) 1;1 M .

3. PHNG TRNH NG ELIP

A. KIN THC CN NH
1. nh ngha ng elip

2. Phng trnh chnh tc ca elip
Phng trnh chnh tc ca elip (E) l :
( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b c
a b
+ = = + .
3. Cc yu t ca elip
Hai tiu im : ( ) ( )
1 2
; 0 , ; 0 F c F c .
Bn nh : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
; 0 , ; 0 , 0; , 0; A a A a B b B b .
di trc ln :
1 2
2 A A a = .
di trc b :
1 2
2 B B b = .
Tiu c :
1 2
2 F F c = .
4. Hnh dng ca elip
(E) c hai trc i xng l Ox, Oy v c tm i xng l gc ta .
Mi im ca elip (E) u nm trong hnh ch nht c kch thc 2a v 2b gii hn bi cc
ng thng x a = , y b = . Hnh ch nht c gi l hnh ch nht c s ca elip (E).
Trong mt phng ta Oxy cho hai im ( )
1
; 0 F c ,
( )
2
; 0 F c v di khng i 2a ( ) 0 a c > > .
Elip l tp hp cc im M sao cho
1 2
2 F M F M a + = .
Ta c th vit : ( ) { }
1 2
| 2 E M F M F M a = + = .

x
y
O
F
1
F
2
M(x;y)
A
1
B
1
A
2
B
2
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164

B. PHNG PHP GII TON
Vn 1. Xc nh cc yu t ca mt elip
Phng php :
a phng trnh elip v dng chnh tc.
Tm a, b, c.
Kt lun theo yu cu ca bi ton.
Cn nh cc yu t ca elip :

( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b c
a b
+ = = +
1 2
; 0 , ; 0 F c F c .
Bn nh : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
; 0 , ; 0 , 0; , 0; A a A a B b B b .
di trc ln :
1 2
2 A A a = .
di trc b :
1 2
2 B B b = .
Tiu c :
1 2
2 F F c = .
Phng trnh cc ng thng cha hnh ch nht c s l , x a y b = = .

Bi tp 1. Cho elip (E) :
2 2
1
16 9
x y
+ = .Tm to cc tiu im , ta cc nh, di trc
ln, di trc b ca elip. V elip (E).
Gii
Phng trnh elip (E) c dng :
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ =
Do
2
2
16 4
3
9
a a
b
b
= =

=
=
.
Ta c :
2 2 2 2
4 3 7 c a b = = = .
Vy elip (E) c :
Hai tiu im :
( ) ( ) 1 2
7; 0 , 7; 0 F F .
Bn nh : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
4; 0 , 4; 0 , 0; 3 , 0;3 A A B B .
b

-b

A
1
B
1
A
2
B
2
x
y

O F
1
F
2
-c

c

-a

a

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di trc ln :
1 2
2 2.4 8 A A a = = = .
di trc b :
1 2
2 2.3 6 B B b = = = .
Tiu c :
1 2
2 2 7 F F c = = .
Hnh v ca elip (E) hnh bn.

Bi tp 2. Cho elip (E) :
2 2
9 25 225 x y + = .Tm to cc tiu im , ta cc nh, di
trc ln, di trc b ca elip (E).
Gii
Ta c :
2 2 2 2
2 2
9 25
9 25 225 1 1
225 225 25 9
x y x y
x y + = + = + = .
Phng trnh elip (E) c dng :
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = .
Do
2
2
25 5
3
9
a a
b
b
= =

=
=
.
2 2 2 2
5 3 16 4 c a b = = = = .
Vy elip (E) c :
1 2
4; 0 , 4; 0 F F .
Bn nh : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
5; 0 , 5; 0 , 0; 3 , 0;3 A A B B .
di trc ln :
1 2
2 2.5 10 A A a = = = .
di trc b :
1 2
2 2.3 6 B B b = = = .
Tiu c :
1 2
2 8 F F c = = .
Vn 2. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca elip
Phng php :
T cc yu t bit ca elip xc nh a, b. Nu bi cho c th tm a, b theo cng thc
2 2 2
a b c = + suy ra phng trnh (E) :
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = .

7
O
7
F
1
F
2
A
1
B
1
B
2
A
2
y
x
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166

Bi tp. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca elip (E) trong mi trng hp sau :
a) di trc ln bng 12, trc nh bng 8.
b) di trc ln bng 10, tiu c bng 8
c) di trc ln bng 8, di trc nh bng tiu c.
d) Tiu c bng 8 v i qua im
( )
M 15; 1 .
e) di trc nh bng 6 v i qua im
( )
M 2 5; 2 .
f) Mt tiu im l F
1
( 2; 0) v di trc ln bng 10.
g) Mt tiu im l
( )
F
1
3; 0 v i qua im M
3
1;
2
| |
|
\
.
h) i qua hai im
( ) ( )
M N 4; 3 , 2 2; 3 .
Gii
Phng trnh chnh tc ca elip (E) c dng :
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = (a > b > 0).
a) Theo gi thit di trc ln bng 12, trc nh bng 8

2 12 6
2 8 4
a a
b b
= =

= =

. Vy (E) :
2 2
1
36 16
x y
+ = .
b) di trc ln bng 10, tiu c bng 8
2 10 5
2 8 4
a a
c c
= =

= =

M
2 2 2 2 2
5 4 9 3 b a c b = = = = . Vy (E) :
2 2
1
25 9
x y
+ = .
c) di trc ln bng 8, di trc nh bng tiu c
Ta c : 2 8 4 a a = = ; 2 2 b c b c = = .
M
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4
2 8 8
2 2
a
b a c a b b a b b = = = = = = = .
Vy (E) :
2 2
1
16 8
x y
+ = .
d) Tiu c bng 8 v i qua im
( )
M 15; 1 .
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167

Ta c : 2 8 4 c c = =
(E) i qua
( )
M 15; 1 ( )
2 2
15 1
1 *
a b
+ = .
Mc khc
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 16 a b c b b = + = + = + (**)
( )
( )
2 2 2 2 4 2
2 2
15 1
* 1 16 15 16 16 4
16
b b b b b b
b b
+ = + = + + = =
+
.
Vi
2
4 b = thay vo (**) ta c
2 2
16 4 16 20 a b = + = + = .
Vy (E) :
2 2
1
20 4
x y
+ = .
e) di trc nh bng 6 v i qua im
( )
M 2 5; 2 .
Ta c : 2 6 3 b b = =
(E) i qua
( )
M 2 5; 2
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 5
2 20 4
1 1 *
a b a b
+ = + = .
Thay 3 b = vo (*) ta c
2
2 2
20 4 20 4 5 9.20
1 1 36
9 9 9 5
a
a a
+ = = = = = .
Vy (E) :
2 2
1
36 9
x y
+ = .
f) Mt tiu im l F
1
( 2; 0) v di trc ln bng 10.
Ta c : 2 c = ; 2 10 5 a a = =
M
2 2 2
25 4 21 b a c = = = .
Vy (E) :
2 2
1
25 21
x y
+ = .
g) Mt tiu im l
( )
F
1
3; 0 v i qua im M
3
1;
2
| |
|
\
.
Ta c : 3 c = .
(E) i qua M
3
1;
2
| |
|
\
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
3
2
1 1 3
1 1 *
4 a b a b
| |
|
\
+ = + = .
M
2 2 2 2
3 a b c b = + = + (**). Thay vo (*) ta c :
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168

( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2 4 2
2 2 2
1
1 3
1 3 4 4 3 3 4 5 9 0
9
3 4
4
b
b b b b b b
b b b
+ = + = + + + =

+ =
loa i

(**)
2 2 2
3 1 3 4 a b = + = + =
Vy (E) :
2 2
1
4 1
x y
+ = .
h) i qua hai im
( ) ( )
M N 4; 3 , 2 2; 3 .
(E) i qua
( )
4; 3 M
2 2
16 3
1
a b
+ = (1)
(E) i qua
( )
2 2; 3 N
2 2
8 9
1
a b
+ = (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c h
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
16 3 1 1
1
20
20
8 9 1 1
15
1
15
a
a b a
b
a b b

+ = =

=

=

+ = =

. Vy (E) :
2 2
1
20 15
x y
+ = .

C. BI TP NGH
Bi 1. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca elip (E) trong mi trng hp sau
a) nh ( ) ; A
2
13 0 (E) i qua im M(5 ; -2).
b) di trc ln bng 10 v (E) i qua im B(0 ; 3).
c) Elip i qua im
15
(1; )
2
M v c tiu c l 4 3 .
d) Elip i qua 2 im :
8 2
( ; 1)
3
M v
3 3
(2; )
2
N .
Bi 2. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca elip (E) bit :
a) Hnh ch nht c s c nh ( ) ; P 3 2 .
b) (E) c nh B(0 ; 2), tiu c bng 4 5 .
Bi 3. Xc nh ta cc nh, cc tiu im, tnh di cc trc v tm tm sai ca elip c
phng trnh sau :
a)
2 2
4 9 36 x y + = b)
2 2
4 1 0 x y + =
c) x y + =
2 2
9 16 144 0 d) x y =
2 2
9 12 .
Bi 4. Cho elip (E) c phng trnh chnh tc:
2 2
1
25 9
x y
+ = c hai tiu im F
1
, F
2

a) Tm ta cc giao im ca (E) vi ng thng 3x + 5y = 0. Vit phng trnh
tip tuyn ca elip ti cc giao im .
b) Tm im M trn (E) sao cho F
1
M = 3F
2
M.

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169

MC LC

LI NI U ..................................................................................................................................1
PHN 1 I S.............................................................................................................................2
Chng I. Mnh - tp hp ....................................................................................................3
1. Mnh .....................................................................................................................3
2. Tp hp ......................................................................................................................8
3. Cc php ton tp hp .............................................................................................11
4. Cc tp hp s .........................................................................................................14
5. S gn ng sai s ................................................................................................17
Chng II. Hm s bc nht v bc hai .................................................................................19
1. Hm s .....................................................................................................................19
2. Hm s y ax b = + ...................................................................................................23
3. Hm s bc hai ........................................................................................................29
Chng III. Phng trnh v h phng trnh ......................................................................35
1. i cng v phng trnh ......................................................................................35
2. Phng trnh quy v phng trnh bc nht v bc hai ...........................................39
3. Phng trnh v h phng trnh bc nht nhiu n ...............................................45
Chng IV. Bt ng thc. Bt phng trnh .......................................................................48
1. Bt ng thc ...........................................................................................................48
2. Bt phng trnh v h bt phng trnh bc nht mt n ......................................57
3. Du ca nh thc bc nht .......................................................................................62
4. Bt phng trnh bc nht hai n ............................................................................70
5. Du ca tam thc bc hai ........................................................................................74
Chng V. Thng k .................................................................................................................82
1. Bng phn b tn s v tn sut ..............................................................................82
2. Biu ....................................................................................................................86
3. S trung bnh cng - s trung v - mt ....................................................................92
4. Phng sai v lch chun ...................................................................................97
Chng VI. Gc v cung lng gic. Cng thc lng gic ..............................................102
1. Gc v cung lng gic .........................................................................................102
2. Gi tr lng gic ca mt cung ............................................................................104
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170

3. Cng thc lng gic ............................................................................................110
PHN 2 HNH HC .................................................................................................................113
Chng I. Vect ......................................................................................................................114
1. Cc nh ngha .......................................................................................................114
2. Tng v hiu ca hai vect ....................................................................................116
3. Tch ca vect vi mt s .....................................................................................119
4. Trc ta v h trc ta .................................................................................122
Chng II. Tch v hng ca hai vect v ng dng ........................................................126
1. Gi tr lng gic ca mt gc bt k t 0
0
n 180
0
...........................................126
2. Tch v hng ca hai vect .................................................................................129
3. H thc lng trong tam gic v gii tam gic .....................................................132
Chng III. Phng php ta trong mt phng ............................................................137
1. Phng trnh ng thng .....................................................................................137
2. Phng trnh ng trn .......................................................................................155
3. Phng trnh ng elip ........................................................................................163

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S GIO DC V O TO TY NINH

TRNG THPT NGUYN VN TRI

, trong c hai phng

t GTNN bng 2 3 2 + khi 2 3 x = + .

ng vi mt gc lng gic (OC, OD) v ngc li. S o ca cung

< < . Xc nh du ca cc gi tr lng gic :

< < nn < cos 0

< < nn sin 0 <

< < nn os >0 c

< < nn sin 0 >

< < . Xc nh du ca cc gi tr lng gic :

< < . Xc nh du ca cc gi tr lng gic :

= + < < B 1 sin 1 sin , 0

cung phng th chung co the cung hng hoac ng c hng.

la vect khong. Vect khong c k hieu la 0

cung phng va cung hng vi moi vect.

a hoac biet iem au va iem

a la vec t khong khi va ch khi a

) khi va ch khi co so k thoa b

khong cung phng a

. Co duy nhat iem M sao cho AM a =

. Khi o AB goi la o dai ai so cua AB

th (x;y) la toa o cua a

) khi va ch khi co so k thoa x=kx va y= ky

= (3 ; 4). Tm toa o cua vect m

=(3 x; -2). nh x A , B , C thng hng.

c gi l vect ch phng ca ng thng nu 0 u

c gi l vect php tuyn ca ng thng nu 0 n

lm vect php tuyn.

. Vy phng trnh tham s ca ng

nn c vect php tuyn l ( ) 3; 1 n =

. Vy phng trnh tng qut ca

l vect ch phng ca ng thng

, ta lp phng trnh tng qut ca nh sau :

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